{"id":585,"name":"Anna Akhmatova","url":"http:\/\/archive.damau.org\/index.php?option=com_magazine&#38;func=author_articles&#38;authorid=285&#38","description":"Anna Akhmatova (1889-1966) l\u00e0 b\u00fat danh c\u1ee7a Anna Andreyevna Gorenko. Ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Odessa, Akhmatova \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00f4n trang c\u00f3 t\u00ean Tsarskoye Selo n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n Petersburg v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u01a1 ca c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y. B\u00e0 l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Nikolai Gumilyov, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i th\u01a1 Acme (Cao \u0110\u1ec9\u1ec3m) - m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ng\u1eafn, \u0111\u1ea7y b\u00e3o t\u00e1p; v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Osip Mandelstam, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Acme kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng chia x\u1ebb ho\u1ea1n n\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft trong nh\u00e0 t\u00f9. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ba t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Acme, d\u1eabu r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Anna Akhmatova m\u1edbi mang tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a thi ph\u00e1i, th\u1ee7y chung t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i - m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd khi x\u00e9t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh cao \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng c\u00e1p nam t\u00ednh trong tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n th\u01a1 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m.\r\n<br \/><br \/>\r\nCh\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u thi nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Akhmatova l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef, m\u00e0 theo b\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5m l\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng s\u01b0\u1edbt m\u01b0\u1edbt, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t b\u1edfi t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m bi l\u1ee5y. Qua nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 v\u1ea7n c\u00f4 \u0111\u00fac, mang t\u00ednh truy\u1ec7n cao, Akhmatova n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng-t\u00ecnh-y\u00eau h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, th\u1ee9 t\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0, th\u1ee9 t\u00ecnh c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3; nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng-g\u1eb7p-g\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 (ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1eef \"kh\u00f4ng\" xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng trong th\u01a1 b\u00e0).\r\n<br \/><br \/>\r\nD\u1eabu r\u1eb1ng n\u0103m t\u1eadp th\u01a1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1912 \u0111\u1ebfn 1922 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0a Anna Akhmatova v\u00e0o trang \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 Nga h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u00ec ch\u00ednh v\u1ee5 x\u1eed t\u1eed ch\u1ed3ng b\u00e0, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Nikolai Gumilyov, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1921 (v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i danh b\u1ecb cho l\u00e0 m\u01b0u toan ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng) \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9 m\u1ecdi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n trong 20 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y Akhmatova v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi - nh\u01b0ng b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p in th\u00eam m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u01a1 n\u00e0o.\r\n<br \/><br \/>\r\nM\u1ed9t s\u1eafc th\u00e1i m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong th\u01a1 Akhmatova l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 b\u00ed nhi\u1ec7m, v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga. D\u00f9 b\u00e0 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u00ecm k\u1eb9p v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 th\u1eddi Stalin, b\u1ecf ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft, th\u00ec b\u00e0 l\u00ean \u00e1n s\u1ef1 b\u1ecf r\u01a1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong c\u01a1n ho\u1ea1n n\u1ea1n; di c\u01b0 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00e0, cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n b\u00e0. Cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga c\u1ee7a Hitler trong th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y gi\u00f2ng th\u01a1 \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u1edf Akhmatova, m\u1ed9t gi\u00f2ng th\u01a1 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u1edf ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng t\u00ednh bi ph\u1eabn d\u1eef d\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Milton v\u00e0 \"t\u00ednh c\u1ee9ng c\u00e1p, nam t\u00ednh\" m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Acme kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, b\u00e0 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng b\u1eb1ng th\u01a1 khi London c\u1ee7a Shakespeare b\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng ph\u00e1o c\u01a1 \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1eadp k\u00edch. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nga nh\u1edb thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng, n\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn cho gi\u1edbi th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 Li\u00ean S\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i n\u1edbi d\u00e3n, v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u1eafn b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in b\u00e0i v\u1edf tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1946, khi chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u1ebft th\u00fac, cu\u1ed9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e2n b\u1ea7u b\u1ea1n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa Li\u00ean S\u00f4 v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i, th\u00ec Akhmatova l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o (chung v\u1edbi Zoshchenko v\u00e0 Osip Mandelstam - d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t). Qua mi\u1ec7ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i \u0111ao th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quan v\u0103n d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbng Stalin l\u00fac \u1ea5y b\u00e0 b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \"k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a n\u1eef tu v\u00e0 g\u00e1i \u0111\u0129.\"\r\n<br \/><br \/>\r\nAkhmatova s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u - v\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng minh, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u Pushkin th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o nh\u1ea5t; b\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u0103n nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Pushkin nh\u01b0 b\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 c\u0169ng t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf th\u00f4n trang Tsarkoye Selo n\u00e0y v\u1eady. Phong th\u00e1i cao nh\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Anna Akhmatova g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc Nga, b\u1ea1n v\u0103n, gi\u1edbi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 \u1edf nh\u1eefng quan v\u0103n S\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p b\u00e0.\r\n<br \/><br \/>\r\nHai tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Akhmatova \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1958 v\u00e0 1961, nh\u01b0ng hai danh t\u00e1c \u1edf th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i th\u01a1 d\u00e0i - l\u00e0 <em>Requiem<\/em> (C\u1ea7u H\u1ed3n), v\u1ec1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ed3ng m\u1ea5t, con trai b\u1ecb lao t\u00f9, \u0111\u00e1y c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c Kh\u1ee7ng B\u1ed1 Kinh Ho\u00e0ng; v\u00e0 <em>Poem Without a Hero<\/em> (B\u00e0i Th\u01a1 Kh\u00f4ng Anh H\u00f9ng), m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m k\u00fd m\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi trong \u0111\u1eddi - th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n sau khi Li\u00ean S\u00f4 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 Akhmatova \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p xu\u1ea5t ngo\u1ea1i hai l\u1ea7n: t\u1edbi \u00dd \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 t\u1edbi Oxford \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc v\u1ecb danh d\u1ef1.\r\n<br \/><br \/>\r\n[Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed t\u1eeb Tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Nga Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 Hai M\u01b0\u01a1i Thu G\u1ecdn (<em>The Portable Twentieth - Century Russian Reader<\/em>), NXB Penguin, 1985, Clarence Brown bi\u00ean t\u1eadp.]","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/author\/akhmatova","slug":"akhmatova","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/585","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users"}]}}