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T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i><\/b> c\u1ee7a Cristoforo Borri[1]<\/a> <\/i>nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng \u00dd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec7 l\u00ean Gi\u00e1o <\/i>Ho\u00e0ng Urbain VIII (1623-1644), theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u0129 t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha v\u00e0 T\u00f2a th\u00e1nh v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, in n\u0103m 1631,<\/i> <\/i>cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean ba m\u1eb7t: l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/i> v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef.<\/i> V\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/i> trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i>.<\/p>\n Gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Cristoforo Borri (1583-1632), th\u00f4ng b\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t, t\u1eeb sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u00ean v\u0103n, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch “gi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7p” cho T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n y\u00eau m\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, h\u00f2a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. <\/p>\n Cristoforo Borri \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng n\u0103m 1618, sau s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp<\/i>, \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Khi c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u1edf N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n (Quy Nh\u01a1n) th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp xong, n\u0103m 1622, \u00f4ng r\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong v\u1ec1 \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u <\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong><\/i><\/p>\n K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong <\/i>x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Cristoforo Borri l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, v\u1edbi 70 ch\u1eef,<\/i><\/b> in r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/i> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft khi Borri c\u00f2n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u00f4ng \u1edf v\u1edbi Francisco de Pina t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng v\u00e0 Quy Nh\u01a1n (1618-1620), h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i <\/i>phi\u00ean \u00e2m v\u00e0 <\/i>ghi t\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u00e0ng, t\u1ec9nh,<\/i> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t, r\u1ed3i <\/i>ngh\u0129 c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft ngay<\/i>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I <\/i>c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba danh ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean \u00e2m v\u00e0 ghi l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 La tinh l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II<\/i>, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u ng\u1eafn ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.<\/i><\/p>\n S\u00e1ch in t\u1ea1i Roma l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1631, m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Borri qua \u0111\u1eddi, hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m<\/i> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-B\u1ed3-La (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn) c\u1ee7a Alexandre Rhodes, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Roma (1651). Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef trong s\u00e1ch K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i> c\u00f2n \u1edf t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n nhau<\/i>, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u1edf d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/i>.<\/b><\/p>\n <\/b><\/p>\n K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i><\/b> <\/i>chia l\u00e0m hai ph\u1ea7n:<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea7n I- \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i> v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n II- \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i>.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n Ph\u1ea7n I, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba danh l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi \u00e2m b\u1eb1ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 La tinh<\/i> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u ng\u1eafn vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/i>.<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea7n II, vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb 1615 \u0111\u1ebfn 1622, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft hi\u1ebfm qu\u00fd h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o ghi l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft: ch\u00faa Ti\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1613. Ch\u00faa S\u00e3i Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u00ean k\u1ebf v\u1ecb (1613-1635). C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u0103m 1615, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00faa S\u00e3i.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng trong ph\u1ea7n II n\u00e0y, Borri, v\u00ec ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh sai l\u1ea7m kh\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a Robert Ashley ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n I[4]<\/a>. V\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed<\/i>, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 in ph\u1ea7n I, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n II, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c, v\u00f5 \u0111o\u00e1n, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong.<\/p>\n B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i> c\u1ee7a Bonifacy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong chuy\u00ean lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, in \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 hai ph\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m d\u01b0\u1edbi ba kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh:<\/p>\n – \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong.<\/p>\n -Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong.<\/p>\n – Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Borri.<\/p>\n Ri\u00eang s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Borri, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n s\u00e2u h\u01a1n \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 13: S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/i>. <\/p>\n Cristoforo <\/b>Borri v\u00e0 <\/b>K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i><\/b><\/i><\/p>\n K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i> l\u00e0 t\u1eadp k\u00fd s\u1ef1 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00faa S\u00e3i Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u00ean; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ghi l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. Cristoforo Borri l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1ch ch\u00faa S\u00e3i t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea7u, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Nam tri\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p di\u1ec5n ch\u00ed<\/i> c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Khoa Chi\u00eam, so\u1ea1n n\u0103m 1719, sau K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i> c\u1ee7a Borri kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 [5]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong> S\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Khoa Chi\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9. \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi K\u00fd s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Borri, l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Khoa Chi\u00eam kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng mang t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n s\u1ee5 m\u00e0 \u00edt quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Borri c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung cho nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t trong ch\u00ednh s\u1eed. <\/p>\n Trong b\u00e0i T\u1ef1a, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Bonifacy, linh m\u1ee5c L\u00e9opold Cadi\u00e8re vi\u1ebft:<\/i><\/p>\n Borri l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 x\u1ee9 Annam, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, phong t\u1ee5c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang. D\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 5 n\u0103m trong v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng v\u00e0 Quy Nh\u01a1n; nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 cho \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. Nh\u1edd ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef <\/i>[ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t], \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 hi\u1ebfm hoi trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y; m\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u th\u1ee9 hai b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/i> (…)<\/i><\/p>\n Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, cu\u1ed1n k\u00fd s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau noi theo. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o s\u0129, du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn sau, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1edf Annam hay Tonkin y h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u00e1o, gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean c\u00e2u ch\u1eef <\/i>[c\u1ee7a Borri], v\u1ec1 voi, v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 y\u1ebfn, v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt y h\u1ecdc, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nhanh nh\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1o binh, v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3 m\u00edt, hay tr\u00e1i s\u1ea7u ri\u00eang (…) Cristoforo Borri l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, sau Cha Fran\u00e7ois de Pina, \u0111\u00e3 mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Cu\u1ed1n k\u00fd s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/i>. <\/strong>[6]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4n vinh h\u1ebft m\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a Alexandre de Rhodes, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Cadi\u00e8re \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh khi vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Borri tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 cao vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a de Rhodes, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft th\u00eam: ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a de Pina v\u00e0 Borri thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n Alexandre de Rhodes<\/i>. L\u00e0m nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef Alexandre de Rhodes. <\/i>V\u00e0 Cadi\u00e8re c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Gaspar d’Amaral v\u00e0 Antonia Barbosa, hai gi\u00e1o s\u0129 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-B\u1ed3-La v\u00e0 B\u1ed3-Vi\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 de Rhodes d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-B\u1ed3-La c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/i><\/p>\n K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng[7]<\/a>. B\u1ea3n in trong t\u1eadp san \u0110\u00f4 Th\u00e0nh Hi\u1ebfu C\u1ed5<\/i>, t\u1ee9c Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hu\u1ebf<\/i> (BAVH) 1931, quy\u1ec3n 3-4, do \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 Bonifacy d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i. Bonifacy l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean m\u00f4n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c ph\u00e1i vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u00e1c C\u1ed5. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u00f9ng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Bonifacy. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trang<\/i> (ch\u1eef in th\u1eb3ng) v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111o\u1ea1n <\/i>(ch\u1eef in nghi\u00eang) sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/b><\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean: Ngay \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch, l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u1ee7a Cristoforo Borri, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n \u0110\u00e0ng Trong chia l\u00e0m 5 dinh (provinces); dinh \u0111\u1ea7u, ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i (Tonkin) n\u01a1i ch\u00faa (le Roi) \u1edf, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sinuua <\/i>[Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1]. Dinh th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec l\u00e0 Cacciam <\/i>[C\u1ed5 Chi\u00eam t\u1ee9c Qu\u1ea3ng Nam] do Th\u1ebf t\u1eed con ch\u00faa cai tr\u1ecb; dinh th\u1ee9 ba g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Quamguya <\/i>[Qu\u1ea3ng Nghi\u00e3, Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i], dinh th\u1ee9 th\u01b0 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 Quignin <\/i>[Qui Nh\u01a1n] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Pullucambi v\u00e0 dinh th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, s\u00e1t v\u1edbi Champa <\/i>[Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh] g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Renran <\/i>[Renran phi\u00ean \u00e2m t\u00ean s\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e0 R\u1eb1ng \u1edf Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean] [8]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Th\u1ef1c ra l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u00f3 7 dinh, Borri ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft hai dinh: Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh, do Ch\u00faa Ti\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng l\u1eadp v\u00e0 B\u1ed1 Ch\u00ednh, do ch\u00faa S\u00e3i Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u00ean l\u1eadp. Nh\u01b0ng Borri \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 hai n\u01a1i: Ch\u00faa \u1edf Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a<\/i> [v\u00ec khi v\u00e0o Nam Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng l\u1eadp dinh (\u0111\u00f4) \u1edf \u00c1i T\u1eed, Tr\u00e0 B\u00e1t, r\u1ed3i Dinh C\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o<\/i> c\u1ee7a Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1] v\u00e0 ch\u00faa cho Th\u1ebf t\u1eed cai tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ea3ng Nam<\/i>, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00ean hay vi\u1ebft sai.<\/p>\n Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I<\/i> n\u00e0y, Borri c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba danh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean \u00e2m b\u1eb1ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 la tinh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef: Sinuua, Cacciam, Quamguya, Quignin, <\/i>\u0111\u00f3 <\/i>ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/i>, v\u00ec c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 theo c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd<\/i>, h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3<\/i>. Ta n\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd: sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef “ki\u1ec3u Ph\u00e1p”, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Alexandre de Rhodes sinh \u1edf Avignon, mi\u1ec1n trung nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y Roland Jacques <\/b>\u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n Ch\u1eef L\u00f9t<\/i> v\u00e0 c\u00e2u qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II<\/i>, Borri n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u00e0ng Trong kh\u00ed h\u1eadu t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 (x\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f9a). \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1ed1n m\u00f9a, tuy kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. Ba th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u, B\u1ea9y, T\u00e1m, tr\u1eddi th\u1eadt n\u00f3ng, sang th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn, M\u01b0\u1eddi, M\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ed9t, m\u00e1t h\u1eb3n, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u00f9a m\u01b0a, l\u1ee5t, l\u00e0m cho m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng m\u1ea7u m\u1ee1, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa. Khi m\u00f9a l\u1ee5t \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi vui m\u1eebng nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00faa ra l\u1ec7nh: nh\u1eefng tr\u00e2u b\u00f2, hay gia s\u00fac l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0n, s\u1ebd thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o v\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi nhau ch\u00e8o m\u1ea3ng \u0111i v\u1edbt g\u00e0 v\u1ecbt, l\u00e0m ti\u1ec7c \u0103n m\u1eebng… Chu\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1ed1n tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn c\u00e2y, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n rung c\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u00fang r\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 sung, h\u1edbt \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ea3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1edbt c\u1ee7i, v\u1edbt g\u1ed7 l\u00e0m nh\u00e0. L\u1ee5t qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i m\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u01a1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ee3 h\u1ecdp nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ecbp nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00fac th\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, do kinh nghi\u1ec7m, l\u00e0m cao, t\u1eebng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n Ch\u0169 L\u1ee5t<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi \u00e2m (qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef) l\u00e0 L\u00f9t.<\/i><\/p>\n Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II<\/i> n\u00e0y, Borri \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn, \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau<\/i> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t: D\u00e0d\u00e8n, L\u00f9t, D\u00e0d\u00e8n, L\u00f9t,<\/i> (\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee5t, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee5t), ch\u1eef v\u1eabn c\u00f2n d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00e2u qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/i> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/i>[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 m\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/b><\/p>\n Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III<\/i>, Borri m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong nh\u01b0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eddi ph\u00fa cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n kh\u00f4ng n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3: M\u1ed9t n\u0103m ba m\u00f9a l\u00faa, v\u00ec th\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1ea5m no, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m thu\u00ea \u0111\u1ec3 l\u0129nh l\u01b0\u01a1ng. Hoa tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 quanh n\u0103m, c\u00e1 t\u00f4m \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1ea1ch… \u00d4ng d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u trang m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng “hoa qu\u1ea3 tr\u1eddi ban<\/i>” kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00ean \u00c2u ch\u00e2u nh\u01b0: chu\u1ed1i, m\u00edt, d\u01b0a gang [c\u00e0n<\/i>],<\/i> s\u1ea7u ri\u00eang, d\u1ee9a, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u1ee5c \u0103n tr\u1ea7u. \u00d4ng cho “s\u1ea7u ri\u00eang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng hoa qu\u1ea3 qu\u00fd b\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi<\/i>“, m\u1edbi m\u1edf ra c\u00f3 m\u00f9i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f3 ng\u1eedi nh\u01b0ng khi \u0103n m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi [10]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u0103n tr\u1ea7u… Th\u1ecbt c\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f4 k\u1ec3… B\u1edd bi\u1ec3n n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t d\u00e0i m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong th\u00edch \u0103n c\u00e1 v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 gia v\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Balaciam<\/i> (n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eafm), \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00eam v\u1ecb ngon cho m\u00f3n \u0103n. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Cameron<\/i> (t\u1ed5 y\u1ebfn) r\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi” <\/i>[11]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong kh\u00f4ng v\u1eaft b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 s\u1eefa n\u00e0o, v\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e0nh s\u1eefa c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con v\u1eadt m\u1edbi sinh l\u00e0 t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0103n nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ta [ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u] gh\u00ea s\u1ee3, nh\u01b0 con t\u1eafc-k\u00e8 (cam\u00e9l\u00e9on des cavernes) n\u01b0\u1edbng…<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng m\u00e0 t\u00f4i [Borri] th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 t\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1, v\u00e1c v\u00f4i, m\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0103n v\u1eadn \u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 r\u00e1ch \u00e1o: b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0110\u00e0ng Trong chuy\u00ean ngh\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng d\u00e2u nu\u00f4i t\u1eb1m, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a, b\u00e1n sang Nh\u1eadt, sang L\u00e0o (\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a sang T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng), l\u1ee5a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng m\u1ecbn b\u1eb1ng l\u1ee5a T\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea7y d\u1ea1n v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 h\u01a1n. Nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda v\u00e0 dinh th\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7, ch\u1eb3ng thua k\u00e9m b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, t\u00f4i [Borri] kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i qu\u00e1: x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 g\u1ed7 qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi[12]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n Borri vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n th\u1ee9 g\u1ed7 qu\u00fd. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u00e0 g\u1ed7 Lim \u0111\u1ecf<\/i> v\u00e0 \u0111en,<\/i> \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00e0ng Trong:<\/i><\/p>\n Trong h\u1eb1ng h\u00e0 sa s\u1ed1 g\u1ed7 \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, d\u00f9 ch\u00f4n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t hay ng\u00e2m n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00ec n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u00ean ng<\/i>\u01b0\u1edd<\/i>i ta d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m m\u1ecf neo<\/i> thuy\u1ec1n<\/i> t\u1ea7u. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0u \u0111en, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111en b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 mun, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1ecbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p, khi l\u1ed9t v\u1ecf r\u1ed3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebdo g\u1ecdt. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y n\u00e0y t\u00ean l\u00e0 tin <\/i>[lim], c\u00f3 k\u1ebb n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng ngoa r\u1eb1ng vua Salomon \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec1n v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 g\u1ed7 n\u00e0y. Kinh th\u00e1nh ghi t\u00ean l\u00e0 ligna tinaea. R\u1eebng \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby th\u1ee9 c\u00e2y n\u00e0y, th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng, cao ng\u1ea5t tr\u1eddi, v\u00f2ng tay hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u00f4m kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ec3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 n\u00e0y, ch\u00faa cho c\u01b0a x\u1ebb tha h\u1ed3<\/i>.<\/i><\/p>\n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a c\u0103n nh\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t cao, v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng s\u00e2u. Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n gh\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1c ho\u1eb7c thay b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00ean n\u1ee9a, \u0111an r\u1ea5t kh\u00e9o tay, \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00f3 gi\u00f3 l\u00f9a khi tr\u1eddi n\u00f3ng, hay \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng nh\u1ecf \u0111i qua, khi tr\u1eddi l\u1ee5t. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 trang tr\u00ed nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea1m tr\u1ed5 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh (ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt) tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c ho\u00e0nh phi, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u00e0 h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi.” <\/em>[13]<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, Tr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i> v\u00e0 K\u1ef3 nam<\/i>, c\u00f9ng do m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 c\u00e2y r\u1ea5t cao, r\u1ea5t to, sinh ra, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf cao nguy\u00ean mi\u1ec1n Trung, l\u00e0 m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, c\u00e1c x\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u1ed7<\/i> Tr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i>, khi c\u00e2y c\u00f2n non, ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng khi c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Calamb\u00e0 (g\u1ed7 K\u1ef3 nam), <\/i>thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa, c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. L\u00fac m\u1edbi c\u1eaft ra h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m ng\u00e0o ng\u1ea1t, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i mi\u1ebfng, th\u1eed \u0111em ch\u00f4n xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 7 gang tay, v\u1eady m\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m to\u00e1t ra.[14]<\/a><\/p>\n Borri cho \u0110\u00e0ng Trong l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, \u00f4ng t\u00f3m t\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u: “Nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia \u00c2u ch\u00e2u bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea7u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u00f2n l\u1edbn lao h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 Trung qu\u1ed1c, m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft gi\u1ea7u c\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t <\/i>[15]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n Voi v\u00e0 t\u00ea gi\u00e1c<\/b><\/p>\n Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV, Borri cho bi\u1ebft: r\u1eebng \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u0111\u1ea7y voi v\u00e0 t\u00ea gi\u00e1c. Voi s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u. H\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n voi tu\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t con voi, h\u1ecd b\u1ea3o con n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng 60 n\u0103m \u1edf Cao Mi\u00ean v\u00e0 40 n\u0103m \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong. B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng voi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb 13 \u0111\u1ebfn 14 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Voi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft b\u01a1i nh\u01b0 con c\u00e1 voi tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n. Voi gi\u1eef v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng trong chi\u1ebfn tranh, v\u1eeba chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf v\u1eeba x\u00f4ng tr\u1eadn, v\u1eeba ch\u1eefa l\u1eeda, v\u1eeba c\u00e0n qu\u00e9t \u0111\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n. Voi r\u1ea5t kho\u1ebb, so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c con v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00ednh m\u1eaft t\u00f4i [Borri] \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t con voi “c\u1ea7m” nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt n\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng v\u00f2i, m\u1ed9t con kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea3 c\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con n\u1eefa, ch\u1ec9 m\u00ecnh n\u00f3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1ea5y s\u1eebng n\u00e2ng thuy\u1ec1n l\u00ean r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea9y ra bi\u1ec3n. T\u00f4i th\u1ea5y voi nh\u1ed5 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 ta nh\u1ed5 c\u00e2y rau x\u00e0-l\u00e1ch. C\u0169ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u00e0, t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng, khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3i t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch, ho\u1eb7c trong th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y. B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng voi \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 12 d\u1eb7m m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 con v\u1eadt th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, th\u00f4ng minh, hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t con voi hi\u1ec3u hai th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng Mi\u00ean, n\u01a1i n\u00f3 sinh ra, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, n\u01a1i n\u00f3 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng khi nghe ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3o cho n\u00f3 bi\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m, \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u ngh\u1ec9 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o, \u0103n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, y nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eady. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i khi voi \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u, n\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i, r\u1eebng r\u00fa, n\u00f3 \u0111i th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chim bay, g\u1eb7p c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ea3n l\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u00e1 th\u00e0nh b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba. Voi m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Voi ch\u1ec9 ng\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0i c\u00e1i gai nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e2m v\u00e0o b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n n\u00f3, v\u00ec v\u1eady n\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch b\u1eafn ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t voi nh\u1eefng l\u01b0\u1ee1i l\u1eeda, v\u00f2i l\u1eeda, voi b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng tia l\u1eeda b\u1eafn v\u00e0o m\u1eaft, v\u00e0o v\u00f2i, n\u00f3 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n, d\u1eb5m l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169, ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec xung quanh n\u00f3, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i nguy cho \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n Voi nh\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi voi r\u1eebng v\u00e0 t\u00ea gi\u00e1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eafng voi r\u1eebng v\u00e0 thua t\u00ea gi\u00e1c.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u Borri vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 voi, gi\u00fap ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a voi trong c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII v\u00e0 XVIII: \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec7 (1627) qu\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n Tr\u1ecbnh nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 voi c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa S\u00e3i m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n voi c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng. Vi\u1ec7c Quang Trung h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1c ra Th\u0103ng Long (1789) khi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n Thanh kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng nh\u1edd voi t\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1o, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng theo l\u1ed1i chim bay, xuy\u00ean n\u00fai r\u1eebng, gi\u00fap Quang Trung ti\u1ebfn nhanh k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c ra B\u1eafc.<\/p>\n Borri m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i theo quan Kh\u00e1m l\u00fd Quy Nh\u01a1n [t\u1ee9c C\u1ed1ng Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c Ho\u00e0], c\u01b0\u1ee1i voi c\u00f9ng 100 tu\u1ef3 t\u00f9ng \u0111i s\u0103n t\u00ea gi\u00e1c r\u1ea5t ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 sau:<\/i><\/p>\n Con t\u00ea gi\u00e1c v\u1eeba ra kh\u1ecfi l\u00f9m c\u00e2y, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau k\u1ebb th\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 can \u0111\u1ea3m phi th\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u00f3 lao v\u00e0o k\u1ebb th\u00f9, b\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u1ea3 ra hai b\u00ean th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1nh cung. Con t\u00ea gi\u00e1c, ch\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1nh cung, t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1m h\u1eadu qu\u00e2n, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 v\u1ecb kh\u00e1m l\u00fd ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean voi ch\u1edd n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft. Con voi l\u1ea5y v\u00f2i qu\u1ea5n con t\u00ea gi\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ea gi\u00e1c qu\u00e1 lanh l\u1ee3i, n\u00f3 nh\u1ea9y c\u1eabng khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 t\u00ea gi\u00e1c c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng s\u1eebng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdc th\u1ee7ng con voi. Quan Kh\u00e1m l\u00fd bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ea gi\u00e1c v\u00ec v\u1ea9y da che ch\u1edf cho n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o s\u01b0\u1eddn l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ee3i n\u00f3 nh\u1ea9y, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u1ea5y ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea9y, \u00f4ng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 lanh l\u1eb9 n\u00e9m c\u00e1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng xuy\u00ean th\u1ee7ng con t\u00ea gi\u00e1c trong ti\u1ebfng v\u1ed7 tay reo h\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea7n ch\u1edd g\u00ec, h\u1ecd t\u00ecm ngay c\u1ee7i kh\u00f4 ch\u00e2m l\u1eeda.V\u1ea9y ch\u00e1y, t\u00ea gi\u00e1c b\u1ecb thui ch\u00edn, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng nh\u1ea9y nh\u00f3t chung quanh vui v\u1ebb c\u1eaft t\u1eebng mi\u1ebfng th\u1ecbt \u0103n. Ri\u00eang b\u1ed9 l\u00f2ng con v\u1eadt, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tim, gan v\u00e0 \u00f3c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u00f3n tr\u00ecnh quan Kh\u00e1m l\u00fd. \u00d4ng ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean cao, th\u00edch th\u00fa nh\u00ecn b\u1ea7y t\u00f4i vui \u0111\u00f9a. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan Kh\u00e1m l\u00fd cho nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u00f3ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang c\u0169ng kh\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 m\u00f3ng t\u00ea, v\u00e0 s\u1eebng c\u0169ng ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 s\u1eebng k\u1ef3 l\u00e2n <\/i>[17]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/b><\/p>\n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V, Borri vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh, th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn, phong t\u1ee5c, y ph\u1ee5c, l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i>. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t l\u00fd th\u00fa, cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, nh\u00ecn ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Borri vi\u1ebft:<\/i><\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, n\u1ebfu s\u1ed1ng \u1edf g\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n, da mai m\u00e1i, gi\u1ed1ng T\u00e0u, c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu s\u1ed1ng s\u00e2u trong \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, \u1edf B\u1eafc, da tr\u1eafng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u. V\u1ec1 n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t th\u00ec h\u1ecd gi\u1ed1ng T\u1ea7u \u1edf c\u00e1i m\u0169i t\u1eb9t, m\u1eaft nh\u1ecf. T\u1ea7m v\u00f3c v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i, cao h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea7u, v\u1ea1m v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ng ki\u1ec7n h\u01a1n hai d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kia, v\u00e0 h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 can \u0111\u1ea3m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m duy nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft trong c\u01a1n nguy bi\u1ebfn, b\u1edfi tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng coi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 ch\u1ebft.<\/i><\/p>\n T\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong nh\u00e3 nh\u1eb7n v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 trong c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng cao.<\/i> H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1n gi\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ea5t ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1.<\/i> Trong khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c \u1edf \u00c1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ph\u00e0m t\u1ee5c b\u00e1ng b\u1ed5, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd gh\u00ea t\u1edfm, n\u00ean khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0o l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, l\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n. \u1ede \u0110\u00e0ng Trong ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd bu quanh ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, h\u1ecfi h\u1ebft c\u00e2u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u kh\u00e1c, m\u1eddi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0103n c\u01a1m v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3i ch\u00fang t\u00f4i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1, th\u00e2n t\u00ecnh, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eeba b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i b\u1ea1n c\u0169, l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng Ph\u00fac \u00c2m.<\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 t\u1eed t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, phong t\u1ee5c c\u1edfi m\u1edf, n\u00ean h\u1ecd d\u1ec5 ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n v\u1edbi nhau, coi nhau nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0, nh\u01b0 anh em ru\u1ed9t, ngay khi ch\u01b0a quen bi\u1ebft. K\u1ebb n\u00e0o \u0103n c\u00e1i g\u00ec, d\u00f9 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng chia cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng b\u00e9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea7n ti\u1ec7n l\u1eafm. B\u1ea3n t\u00ednh tr\u1eddi cho c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t b\u1ee5ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, v\u00ec t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn, h\u1ecd coi nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u00e1p l\u00fd b\u1eaft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafm t\u1ea7u, l\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o b\u1edd \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng, ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng doij <\/i>[\u0111\u00f3i], c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 “t\u00f4i \u0111\u00f3i”. Ngay khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda nh\u00e0, k\u00eau “\u0111\u00f3i”, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t, \u0111\u1ec1u cho \u0103n, khi\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 trong ch\u1ed1c l\u00e1t h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i, theo l\u1ec7 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00faa c\u1ea5p cho m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 x\u1ee9, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec th\u1ea5y, ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng, n\u00ean b\u1ecdn h\u1ecd, kh\u00f4ng ai mu\u1ed1n v\u1ec1. R\u00fat c\u1ee5c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng g\u1eady v\u00e0 dao \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp, b\u1eaft h\u1ecd l\u00ean t\u1ea7u. T\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y g\u1ea1o, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi k\u00eau: “T\u00f4i \u0111\u00f3i”.<\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong mau l\u1eb9 v\u00e0 h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng, trong vi\u1ec7c cho, th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i th\u00edch xin nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y. Ngay khi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u1edbi, l\u1ea1, l\u00e0 h\u1ecd n\u00f3i li\u1ec1n: scin mocaij <\/i>[xin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i], c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0: “Cho t\u00f4i c\u00e1i n\u00e0y nh\u00e9”. Kh\u00f4ng cho l\u00e0 th\u1ea5t l\u1ec5, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi coi l\u00e0 k\u1ebb x\u1ea5u, v\u1eady b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea5u \u0111i, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0ng ra, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd xin th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i cho<\/i>.<\/i><\/p>\n M\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n B\u1ed3, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 th\u00f3i quen l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng n\u00e0y, n\u00ean \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00d4ng ta quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u0169ng th\u1eed l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. \u00d4ng ta l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n b\u00e8 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e2u c\u00e1 ngh\u00e8o, \u0111\u1ec3 tay l\u00ean m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1 v\u00e0 n\u00f3i b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9: scin mocaij. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng t\u1ed1t b\u1ee5ng ch\u1eb3ng n\u00f3i ch\u1eb3ng r\u1eb1ng, t\u1ee9c th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0a lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i gi\u1ecf c\u00e1 cho \u00f4ng ta \u0111em v\u1ec1, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0, khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00edch th\u00fa v\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 ngh\u00e8o, \u00f4ng ta tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 r\u1ed5 c\u00e1<\/i>. [18]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Ph\u00e9p l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 cung k\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea7u: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ee9c \u00f4ng tr\u1ebb [Quan hay Ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c] ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00eang m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng C\u1ed1 gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng coi v\u1ecb C\u1ed1 gi\u00e0 l\u00e0 B\u1ec1 Tr\u00ean [ch\u1ec9 linh m\u1ee5c Buzomi].<\/p>\n Trong b\u1eefa \u0103n, h\u1ecd ph\u00e2n chia ba c\u1ea5p: Lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t, ng\u1ed3i x\u1ed5m tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfu tr\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t. Lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai, ng\u1ed3i chi\u1ebfu hoa c\u1ea1p \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i cao nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c \u00f4ng, c\u00e1c Cha C\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean b\u00e0n cao h\u01a1n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0i gang tay, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i gi\u01b0\u1eddng [s\u1eadp].<\/p>\n Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t d\u1ec5 th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u1eed t\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c n\u1ec3 tr\u1ecdng, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u1eb7c theo c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u00f2n thu\u00ea c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 cao \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa, ch\u1ec9 m\u00ea m\u1ea9n phong t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7u.<\/i>[19]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n <\/u><\/p>\n Y ph\u1ee5c<\/b><\/p>\n Borri m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t chi ti\u1ebft y ph\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0110\u00e0ng Trong:<\/p>\n C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u1edf tr\u00ean t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd xin n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c y ph\u1ee5c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 y ph\u1ee5c n\u1ec1n n\u1ebfp nh\u1ea5t \u1edf<\/i> c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 n\u00e0y<\/i>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec d\u00f9 tr\u1eddi n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o. H\u1ecd m\u1eb7c t\u1edbi 5, 6 l\u1edbp v\u00e1y ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nhau, m\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfc m\u1ed9t m\u1ea7u: v\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00e0i t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t, trang tr\u1ecdng, uy nghi, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u00f3t ch\u00e2n; v\u00e1y th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec x\u1ebb n\u1eeda, ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n v\u00e1y th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e1y th\u1ee9 ba ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n v\u00e1y th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea7u s\u1eafc \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi eo. Ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean th\u00e2n, h\u1ecd m\u1eb7c chi\u1ebfc y\u1ebfm c\u00f3 \u00f4 vu\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea7u, \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00e0 l\u1edbp \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng m\u1ecbn, m\u1ecfng, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f9 ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn th\u00e2n, v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111o\u00e1n th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi, d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o, c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t s\u00e1t sao, khi\u1ebfn ta t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng n\u1edf hoa. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f3c d\u00e0i bu\u00f4ng xo\u00e3 d\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng xu\u1ed1ng vai, nhi\u1ec1u khi t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t. T\u00f3c c\u00e0ng d\u00e0i c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p. \u0110\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfc n\u00f3n r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0nh, che h\u1ebft khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t n\u00ean h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft. N\u00f3n d\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng l\u1ee5a hay s\u1ee3i v\u00e0ng, t\u00f9y theo th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ec5 ai, h\u1ecd m\u1edbi b\u1ecf n\u00f3n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t <\/em>[20]<\/b><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n C\u00f3 l\u1ebd Borri m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u00f3n quai thao, y\u1ebfm v\u00e0 \u00e1o t\u1ee9 th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp m\u1eb7c l\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o nhau, t\u00e0 th\u1eaft l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh d\u1ea3i ch\u00f9ng xu\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t v\u00e1y nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 y ph\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y tu, c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 n\u00ean th\u01a1, khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u00e1o, ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o l\u00e0 v\u00e1y.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0110\u00e0ng Trong m\u1eb7c \u00e1o t\u1ee9 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00f3n quai thao nh\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi V\u00f5 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Kho\u00e1t (1738-1765), \u00e1o d\u00e0i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i sang h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9ng, l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00e1o d\u00e0i ng\u00e0y nay, v\u00ec b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1o x\u1eebng x\u00e1m<\/i> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong kh\u00f4ng nhu\u1ed9m r\u0103ng \u0111en, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu c\u00f3, Borri \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea3 r\u1ed3i. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn gi\u1eef truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng theo t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 y ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, Borri c\u0169ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m:<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e0n \u00f4ng, thay v\u00ec m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n, h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng v\u1ea3i qu\u1ea5n quanh, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n tr\u00ean, m\u1eb7c n\u0103m, s\u00e1u \u00e1o l\u1ee5a r\u1ea5t m\u1ecbn, d\u00e0i r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ee7 m\u00e0u, tay r\u1ed9ng, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u00e1o<\/i> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cha d\u00f2ng Saint Benoit <\/em>[21]<\/b><\/a>. Nh\u1eefng \u00e1o d\u00e0i n\u00e0y, th\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1edbi, x\u1ebb th\u00e0nh v\u1ea1t, n\u00ean khi h\u1ecd b\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ea1t \u00e1o di \u0111\u1ed9ng, qu\u1ea5n qu\u00edt nhau, nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea7u tr\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n gi\u00f3, l\u00e0m tung l\u00ean nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh c\u00f4ng m\u00faa xo\u00e8.<\/em><\/p>\n H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f3c d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, d\u00e0i t\u1edbi ch\u00e2n. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u0103n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 r\u00e2u (kh\u00e1 hi\u1ebfm) kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea1o, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f3ng tay d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea7u. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ec1n qu\u00fd kh\u00f4ng c\u1eaft m\u00f3ng tay bao gi\u1edd <\/em>[22]<\/b><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111i ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 mang d\u00e9p \u0111\u1ebf da c\u00f3 d\u00e2y l\u1ee5a bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 x\u0103ng \u0111an. H\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng ng\u1ea1i \u0111i ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 b\u1ea9n v\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 b\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1eeda ch\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u00e0o. C\u00f2n ai \u0111i x\u0103ng-\u0111an th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u1edfi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda, khi ra s\u1ebd \u0111i l\u1ea1i. Borri v\u00e0 c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t, sau n\u00e0y l\u00fac v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i Macao, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 c\u0169ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng quen chui ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o gi\u1ea7y n\u1eefa [23]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n Borri m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eefa \u0103n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, xem ra kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c b\u00e2y gi\u1edd: c\u01a1m tr\u1eafng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n, g\u1eafp b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u0169a. Nh\u1eefng b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c \u1edf nh\u00e0 qu\u00ea c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m th\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m (?) m\u00f3n \u0103n kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3i kh\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f3n v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ti\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n \u0110\u00e0ng Trong kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nho v\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u nho. H\u1ecd u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u1ea5t l\u00ean t\u1eeb g\u1ea1o. Ban ng\u00e0y h\u1ecd u\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00eca<\/i> (tr\u00e0), gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n \u1ede x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u kh\u00f4ng \u0103n quen, h\u1ecd nh\u1edb b\u00e1nh m\u00ec v\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u nho. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t nh\u1edb c\u01a1m. Borri k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n quan Kh\u00e1m l\u00fd [Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c Ho\u00e0], th\u01b0\u1eddng che ch\u1edf h\u1ecd n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 m\u1eddi \u0103n ti\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n ngon nh\u1ea5t, d\u00f9 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nh\u01b0ng quan Kh\u00e1m l\u00fd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 “Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf an b\u00e0i”, sau c\u00f9ng, Borri c\u0169ng quen v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u00f3n \u0103n Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng quen \u0111i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u00c2u, \u00f4ng nh\u1edb nh\u1ea5t c\u01a1m [24]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh<\/b><\/p>\n V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft:<\/i><\/p>\n V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u, kinh nghi\u1ec7m cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ebf t\u1eadt, th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c Nam l\u1ea1i tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 khi th\u1ea7y T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1eddi th\u1ea7y Nam l\u1ea1i ch\u1eefa kh\u1ecfi.<\/i><\/p>\n Th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 c\u00f3 l\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh, ngh\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0129nh t\u00e2m sau khi \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ebft t\u00e2m tr\u00ed b\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch, kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u, \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00f3i: \u00f4ng hay b\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu b\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u1ea7y c\u0169ng n\u00f3i th\u1eadt: T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb, c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu th\u1ea5y ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec b\u1ea3o: T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ecfi, trong bao nhi\u00eau ng\u00e0y. R\u1ed3i m\u1edbi b\u00e0n t\u1edbi gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3, cao, th\u1ea5p, t\u1edbi l\u00fac b\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c; c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1 chung cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb thu\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec ti\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129, m\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ed1c bi\u00ean cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00fang gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi th\u00ec th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft, c\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n kh\u00e1m b\u1ec7nh l\u1eabn ti\u1ec1n thu\u1ed1c.<\/i><\/p>\n Kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m bu\u1ed3n n\u00f4n hay \u0111i c\u1ea7u, thu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u1ec5 u\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 canh, ch\u00e1o l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u1eabn ch\u1ea5t b\u1ed5 \u1edf trong n\u00ean khi u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0103n g\u00ec th\u00eam. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh ng\u00e0y u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c m\u1ea5y l\u1ea7n, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 u\u1ed1ng s\u00fap l\u1ecfng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Thu\u1ed1c Nam kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m r\u00e1o (alt\u00e9rer) m\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng kh\u00ed huy\u1ebft v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u00e1c d\u1ecbch cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh.<\/i><\/p>\n C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c n\u00ean ghi l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y: M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh, g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y l\u1ea1i; ch\u1eefa m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3i, r\u1ed3i h\u1ecd tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: ch\u1ecbu. Khi h\u1ecd \u0111i r\u1ed3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi m\u1eddi m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c Nam, \u00f4ng n\u00e0y h\u1ee9a s\u1ebd tr\u1ecb kh\u1ecfi trong bao nhi\u00eau ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc giao h\u1eb9n: trong khi \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb, c\u1ea5m ng\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft ngay, v\u00ec thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u nghi\u1ec7m n\u1eefa. Gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 xong xu\u00f4i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3o s\u1ebd ch\u1eefa trong 30 ng\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u1ecfi. B\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u, th\u1ea5y m\u1ea1nh kho\u1ebb h\u1eb3n l\u00ean, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 y qu\u00ean tu\u1ed1t l\u1eddi th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c d\u1eb7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m b\u1ec7nh, b\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch th\u1ea5y ch\u1ea1y lo\u1ea1n, bi\u1ebft ngay s\u1ef1 d\u00e2m \u00f4 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u00f3i y: b\u00e2y gi\u1edd anh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb1m ch\u1edd ch\u1ebft, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch g\u00ec ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i y ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n thu\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a y. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eeda quan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 y qua \u0111\u1eddi<\/i>.<\/i><\/p>\n Ph\u00e9p tr\u00edch huy\u1ebft (saign\u00e9e) c\u0169ng c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e1u nh\u01b0 b\u00ean \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng dao s\u1eaft m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 l\u00f4ng ng\u1ed7ng, g\u1eafn nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh s\u1ee9 m\u1ecfng c\u00f3 r\u0103ng c\u01b0a, nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 kh\u00e1c nhau. Khi ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y m\u00e1u, h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfc l\u00f4ng ng\u1ed7ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u, b\u00fang tay cho m\u1ea3nh s\u1ee9 ng\u1eadp s\u00e2u v\u00e0o m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c l\u00e0, sau khi l\u1ea5y m\u00e1u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u0103ng b\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7m m\u00e1u, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y ng\u00f3n tay c\u00e1i, th\u1ea5m ch\u00fat n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt, \u1ea5n v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 c\u1eaft. M\u00e1u ng\u1eebng ch\u1ea9y li\u1ec1n. T\u00f4i cho c\u00e1ch m\u1edf m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u v\u1edbi m\u1ea3nh s\u1ee9 r\u0103ng c\u01b0a, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7n m\u00e1u b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f3n tay c\u00e1i th\u1ea5m n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u li\u1ec1n ngay.<\/i><\/p>\n H\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u1eefng b\u00ed quy\u1ebft l\u1ea1 k\u1ef3. T\u00f4i k\u1ec3 ra \u0111\u00e2y hai th\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh. T\u00f4i b\u1ecb ng\u00e3 t\u1eeb tr\u00ean cao r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng, ng\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c \u0111\u00e1 nh\u1ecdn, t\u00f4i kh\u1ea1c ra nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e1u v\u00e0 ng\u1ef1c b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u00f4i d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 thu\u1ed1c \u1edf b\u00ean T\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7u nghi\u1ec7m g\u00ec. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu \u0111\u1ebfn, mang theo m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 c\u1ecf gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ecf x\u1ed5 (foirolle) l\u00e0m cao d\u00e1n l\u00ean ng\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 s\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc cho t\u00f4i u\u1ed1ng, c\u00f2n b\u1eaft \u0103n s\u1ed1ng n\u1eefa. Ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y t\u00f4i kh\u1ecfi h\u1eb3n. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m t\u00f4i b\u1ebb g\u1eaby ch\u00e2n m\u1ed9t con g\u00e0, nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y c\u1ecf n\u00e0y r\u1ecbt l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y sau th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 g\u1eaby l\u00e0nh d\u1ea7n.<\/i><\/p>\n M\u1ed9t cha \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi t\u00f4i b\u1ecb b\u1ecd c\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 \u1edf x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y b\u1ecb b\u1ecd c\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed1t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebft. C\u1ed5 anh ta s\u01b0ng v\u00f9 l\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 th\u00e1nh t\u1ea9y l\u00e2m chung cho anh \u1ea5y. Th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn, \u00f4ng b\u1ea3o \u0111un ngay m\u1ed9t n\u1ed3i c\u01a1m b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed3i c\u01a1m gi\u1eefa hai c\u1eb3ng ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a anh ta, v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y ch\u0103n ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 chung quanh, cho h\u01a1i c\u01a1m kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i. Ngay khi kh\u00f3i n\u00f3ng h\u01a1i c\u01a1m x\u00f4ng t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t, anh ta th\u1ea5y b\u1edbt h\u1eb3n \u0111au, c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng x\u1eb9p xu\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfi h\u1eb3n<\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Borri c\u0169ng n\u00f3i th\u00eam: thu\u1ed1c Nam d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0ng khi mang v\u1ec1 \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t; \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 mang m\u1ed9t th\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng<\/i> (rhubarbe) v\u1ec1, nh\u01b0ng hai n\u0103m sau m\u1edbi t\u1edbi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, thu\u1ed1c \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7u nghi\u1ec7m n\u1eefa [25]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n Gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/b><\/p>\n Borri vi\u1ebft trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI:<\/i><\/p>\n N\u00f3i chung, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00e0ng trong \u0111\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt tr\u1ecdng binh b\u1ecb h\u01a1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa tr\u1ecdng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01a1n binh b\u1ecb, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 hai ng\u00e0nh. T\u00f9y d\u1ecbp, ch\u00faa khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 khoa c\u1eed, l\u1eabn binh b\u1ecb. Khi th\u00ec t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc s\u0129, khi th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1edfng cho t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u0129 c\u00f3 t\u00e0i.<\/em>[26]<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng thi tuy\u1ec3n, v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef: \u00e2m s\u1eafc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 13: S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/i>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ec9 xin ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y cai tr\u1ecb:<\/i><\/p>\n Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u00f3 l\u1ec7 tr\u1ecdng d\u1ee5ng s\u0129 phu v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd qua c\u00e1ch phong ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quan v\u00f5, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, thay v\u00ec t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1edfng cho v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh can tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t, ki\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u1ea5p cho b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc hay m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u1ea5p cho h\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u1ea5p cho \u00f4ng ta <\/i>[bao nhi\u00eau] ng\u01b0\u1eddi, <\/i>[Bonifacy \u0111\u01b0a th\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u00f4ng B\u00e1 h\u1ed9 l\u00e0 100 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng Thi\u00ean h\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn gia \u0111\u00ecnh] s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y d\u00f9 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0o trong x\u1ee9 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ee9c \u00f4ng m\u00e0 ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng ta l\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa.<\/i><\/p>\n Khi ta <\/i>[ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u] n\u00f3i: \u0110\u1ee9c \u00f4ng B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc hay H\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y, v\u00f9ng n\u1ecd, th\u00ec h\u1ecd n\u00f3i: \u00f4ng n\u00e0y ch\u00faa cho tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u00f4ng n\u1ecd ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c \u00f4ng c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n uy, b\u1ed5ng l\u1ed9c khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa ban th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1 m\u1edbi <\/em>[27]<\/b><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n V\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hay lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, Borri vi\u1ebft:<\/i><\/p>\n Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 tr\u1ef1c tr\u1ecb, n\u00ean gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nhanh. Kh\u00f4ng theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec7n t\u1ee5ng l\u00f4i th\u00f4i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n, ch\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1ebf, bi\u1ec7n l\u00fd; \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, quan K\u00fd l\u1ee5c<\/i>[28]<\/b><\/i><\/a> hay quan Tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 thay th\u1ebf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c quan m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y ra c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfng, trong ph\u00f2ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a dinh \u00f4ng, hai ti\u1ebfng bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 2 ti\u1ebfng bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u, sau b\u1eefa \u0103n tr\u01b0a. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 g\u00ec th\u01b0a ki\u1ec7n, bi\u1ec7n b\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c <\/i>k\u00eau oan, \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea7u. \u00d4ng K\u00fd l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a <\/i>quan Tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 ng\u1ed3i ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda tr\u00ean cao, nghe c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean nguy\u00ean, b\u00ean b\u1ecb, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb quan n\u00e0y d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, th\u00f4ng minh, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba kinh nghi\u1ec7m, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n h\u1ecfi v\u00e0i c\u00e2u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c nghe ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1eed t\u1ecda, khi h\u1ecd v\u1ed7 tay cho b\u00ean n\u00e0y hay b\u00ean kia, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, quan l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c cao gi\u1ecdng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u00e1n l\u1ec7nh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh ngay, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1p, ch\u1ed1ng \u00e1n, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh, l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ea7y, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f2n hay ph\u1ea1t v\u1ea1, m\u1ed7i t\u1ed9i s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t theo \u0111\u00fang lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p.<\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb \u0111em ra x\u1eed th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm nh\u01b0ng n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o, \u0103n c\u1eafp v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh. Trong m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean to\u00e0, k\u1ebb n\u00e0o t\u1ed1 b\u1ecba, gieo oan cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec k\u1ebb \u1ea5y s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1ed9i thay th\u1ebf, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1ed9i m\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u1ea5y t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o (b\u1ecba) \u0111\u00e1ng \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh, th\u00ec ch\u00ednh k\u1ec3 t\u1ed1 b\u1ecba s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t n\u00e0y v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7u nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt <\/i>[29]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/b><\/p>\n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII, Borri k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c ch\u00faa S\u00e3i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp binh \u0111\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa S\u00e3i:<\/p>\n Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u0110\u00e0ng Trong l\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, do \u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa \u0111ang tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t <\/i>[th\u1ef1c ra, ch\u00faa Ti\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0 cha <\/i>ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00f4ng<\/i> ch\u00faa S\u00e3i] khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m Tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7<\/i>, \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Vua \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i.<\/i><\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, Ch\u00faa <\/i>[S\u00e3i] \u0111\u00e3 gom nh\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7u, ho\u1eb7c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ho\u1eb7c Ho\u00e0 Lan b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafm v\u00ec ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u00e1 ng\u1ea7m.<\/i><\/p>\n C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 60 kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c do ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n qu\u00ea v\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i c\u1ed7 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong r\u1ea5t s\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft n\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ea1n v\u00e0 b\u1eafn tr\u00fang \u0111\u00edch h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u. H\u1ecd luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eafn tr\u00fang v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, n\u00ean h\u1ecd th\u00edch khoe khoang th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 t\u1ea7u \u00c2u ch\u00e2u gh\u00e9 v\u00e0o h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng, nh\u1eefng thu\u1ef7 th\u1ee7<\/i> c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa li\u1ec1n th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 ph\u00e1o binh c\u1ee7a ta, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecd s\u1ee9c v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1, b\u1edfi kinh nghi\u1ec7m cho bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam b\u1eafn r\u1ea5t tr\u00fang \u0111\u00edch, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c <\/i>[t\u1ed3i] h\u1ecd b\u1eafn<\/i> tr\u00fang h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u v\u1edbi s\u00fang ho\u1ea3 mai c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u1eafm t\u1ed1i t\u00e2n h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 s\u00fang ho\u1ea3 mai, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ra \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1ee3t, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eafn tr\u00fang \u0111\u00edch. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa <\/i>[ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n] c\u00f3 h\u01a1n tr\u0103m chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n, c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u <\/i>[v\u1edbi ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh]. M\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c tr\u00ean b\u1ed9, ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n \u0103n ch\u1eafc ph\u1ea7n th\u1eafng ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh \u1edf B\u1eafc. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0110\u00e0ng Trong bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e3 t\u1ea5u “catane” r\u00e8n r\u1ea5t tinh vi c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt, H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u1ef1a, th\u1ef1c ra th\u00ec b\u00e9 th\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb9p, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c, c\u01b0\u1ee1i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e9m th\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp m\u00f4n n\u00e9m th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y d\u1eef l\u1eafm.<\/i><\/p>\n S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n, m\u1ed9 t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i ngh\u00ecn l\u00ednh tr\u1eadn; tuy v\u1eady \u00f4ng v\u1eabn s\u1ee3 ch\u00faa \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, m\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh l\u1edbn g\u1ea5p b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n \u00f4ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t m\u1ed1i lo, \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 trong x\u1ee9, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, l\u00faa, g\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn.”<\/em>[30]<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n \n C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn<\/b><\/p>\n Theo Borri, ch\u00faa S\u00e3i \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1eeb khi Borri c\u00f2n \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1622. V\u1eabn theo Borri, ch\u00faa S\u00e3i luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp qu\u00e2n s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau, nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c, ch\u00faa th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 “tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng”. V\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Theo Nguy\u1ec5n Khoa Chi\u00eam, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m Gi\u00e1p T\u00fd (1624), ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng th\u1ea5y ch\u00faa S\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu “\u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf” t\u1eeb ba n\u0103m nay, c\u1ea3 gi\u1eadn, sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111em s\u1eafc d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a vua L\u00ea v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f2i (cho mi\u1ec5n thu\u1ebf t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1623 v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec k\u00eau l\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f3i k\u00e9m, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1624 v\u1ec1 sau). Ch\u00faa S\u00e3i t\u1ec9nh b\u01a1, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebf gi\u1ec5u[31]<\/a>. S\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i, ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn, b\u00e8n nh\u00e2n danh vua L\u00ea, sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o h\u1ecfi t\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, ch\u1eb3ng \u0103n thua g\u00ec, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean x\u1ea9y ra n\u0103m 1627.<\/p>\n V\u1eady theo c\u1ea3 Borri l\u1eabn Nguy\u1ec5n Khoa Chi\u00eam, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00faa S\u00e3i ng\u1eebng “tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng” mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. Nh\u01b0ng Borri vi\u1ebft r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3i “tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng”: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 trong x\u1ee9, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, l\u00faa, g\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn”. <\/i>Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn trong t\u1edd S\u1eafc bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng: v\u00ec ch\u00faa S\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu “\u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf”, “\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i thu\u1ebf m\u00e1 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 chi thu<\/i>“[32]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong> C\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh “s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd” m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n V\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 chi\u1ebfn tranh, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u0103m 1627, l\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00fd do kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n \u0110o\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, Borri vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong: Ch\u00faa S\u00e3i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u ba m\u1eb7t: Ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh \u1edf B\u1eafc, hai em ch\u00faa l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n trong tri\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 vua Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh mu\u1ed1n d\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean.<\/p>\n Nh\u1edd c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa S\u00e3i, khi\u1ebfn ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh g\u1ea7p b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau b\u1ea9y l\u1ea7n, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng thua:<\/i><\/p>\n Qu\u00e2n k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 \u1edf \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u, c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169, c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, hay tri\u1ec7t tho\u00e1i, nh\u01b0 nhau. V\u00e0 ch\u00faa th\u01b0\u1eddng lo chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi ba n\u01a1i trong x\u1ee9: Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f2ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111e d\u1ecda x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00faa \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u01b0 ng\u1ef1 \u1edf Sinuua <\/i>[Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1], v\u00f9ng c\u1eadn B\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf g\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng ngay v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda bi\u00ean th\u00f9y v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh r\u1ea5t h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh <\/i>[Ngh\u1ec7 An], m\u00e0 quan tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e0y kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn.<\/i><\/p>\n Ch\u00faa c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, do hai em ch\u00faa g\u00e2y ra, v\u00ec tranh quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi anh, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3, li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00faa ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u00f2ng b\u1ecb. V\u00e0 trong khi t\u00f4i <\/i>[Borri] \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, hai \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c do voi chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf t\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed3n \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi <\/i>[phi\u00e1 B\u1eafc], khi quan qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1eb9p, b\u1ecb thua tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u1ed5n m\u1ea5t 3000 l\u00ednh. Nh\u01b0ng khi qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, hai \u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng thua ch\u1ea1y, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, su\u00fdt b\u1ecb t\u1eed h\u00ecnh, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edd c\u00e1c quan can gi\u00e1n, ch\u00faa n\u1ec3 t\u00ecnh m\u00e1u m\u1ee7, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb t\u00f9 giam<\/i>.[33]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n Ch\u00faa ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh nhau th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn c\u1ef1c Nam, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Renran <\/i>[t\u1ee9c Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean][34]<\/strong><\/a> ch\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1edbi vua Ch\u00e0m, nh\u01b0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e0m s\u1ee9c y\u1ebfu, n\u00ean quan tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, tr\u1ea5n gi\u1eef d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/i><\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra, ch\u00faa c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i toan t\u00ednh m\u01b0u ch\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap vua Mi\u00ean, ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng con r\u01a1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa <\/i>[con m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 Phi] gi\u00fap vua Mi\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a vua Xi\u00eam.<\/i><\/p>\n V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n, d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ec1u vang danh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n h\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong”. (C’est ainsi que partout, aussi bien sur terre que par mer, r\u00e9sonne le nom glorieux, et est honor\u00e9e la valeur des arm\u00e9es de la Cochinchine) <\/em>[35]<\/b><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Trong k\u00fd s\u1ef1, Borri h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c ch\u00faa S\u00e3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. Ch\u00faa S\u00e3i Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u00f3c Nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ch\u00faa th\u1ee9 hai, k\u1ebf nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00faa Ti\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng; t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1585, m\u1edbi 22 tu\u1ed5i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh tan 5 t\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn “Hi\u1ec3u Qu\u00fd t\u1eb7c” \u1edf C\u1eeda Vi\u1ec7t [36]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong> V\u00e0 thay cha cai tr\u1ecb \u0110\u00e0ng Trong t\u1eeb 1593, khi Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng ra B\u1eafc r\u1ed3i \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn 1600. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m Tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, t\u1eeb 1602. L\u00ean ng\u00f4i ch\u00faa n\u0103m 1613. Qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1635. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec \u0110\u00e0ng Trong 42 n\u0103m, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f9ng c\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh, tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 “th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch” v\u00ec chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, Qu\u1ea3ng Nam v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 K\u1ebb Ch\u00e0m<\/i> (Cacciam) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m (nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u0103m). C\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh trong h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh mi\u1ec1n Trung, t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3ng Nam \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean (\u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh) ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa S\u00e3i. Trong cu\u1ed1n Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng ng\u01b0\u00f2i m\u1edf c\u00f5i<\/i> (Nxb Ch\u00ednh Tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c Gia S\u1ef1 Th\u1eadt, 2012, 2023), c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng, v\u00ec ch\u01b0a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9, ch\u0103ng?<\/p>\n <\/i><\/p>\n Chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa S\u00e3i<\/b><\/p>\n \u1ede th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u1ee7y binh. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, n\u00ean ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n, t\u1eeb ch\u00faa S\u00e3i Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n, ch\u00e1u n\u1ed9i \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ea5n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u1eeda b\u1ec3, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m. Borri cho bi\u1ebft th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa S\u00e3i:<\/i><\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e1nh nhau tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, m\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 s\u00fang ho\u1ea3 mai. Ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 khi nghe n\u00f3i vua \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n (gal\u00e8res), n\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 h\u1ecd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. V\u1eady tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, n\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ec7 d\u00f9ng t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n hay c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00f9 kh\u1ed5 sai ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn, m\u00e0 khi xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t ra kh\u01a1i, d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau hay v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u00ed m\u1eadt tung ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb d\u00f2 th\u00e1m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t \u0111i l\u00f9ng trong kh\u1eafp x\u1ee9, theo l\u1ec7nh ch\u00faa, xem nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n, tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch v\u00ec l\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c hay v\u00ed l\u00fd do n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. L\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1edbi nh\u00ecn qua, b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb g\u1eedi \u0111i ch\u00e8o thi\u1ec1n chuy\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb b\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng hay l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn h\u1ecd \u0111ang c\u00f3, ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u1ee3 con v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 ch\u00faa c\u01b0u mang t\u00f9y theo \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecd v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t \u1edf nh\u00e0.<\/i><\/p>\n Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n, m\u00e0 khi c\u1ea7n, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u1ea7m kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u n\u1eefa, v\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p s\u00fang ho\u1ea3 mai hay s\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111ao, m\u00e3 t\u1ea5u: V\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng gan d\u1ea1 v\u00e0 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, n\u00ean h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng m\u00e1i ch\u00e8o \u0111\u1ec3 bao v\u00e2y, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m v\u0169 kh\u00ed khi b\u1ecb k\u1ebb th\u00f9 bao v\u00e2y. Chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd h\u01a1i nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ta, n\u00f3i chung h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ta, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p, r\u1ea5t sang, d\u00e1t v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, th\u00e0nh ra tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft l\u1eafm. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, m\u0169i thuy\u1ec1n <\/em>[37]<\/b><\/a> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i danh d\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta vi\u1ec7n l\u00fd r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u00f4ng ta ph\u1ea3i \u1edf n\u01a1i thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3.<\/em><\/p>\n V\u1ec1 kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi che th\u00e2n, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng c\u00e1i m\u1ed9c h\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c l\u00f5m cong, kh\u00e1 cao, che k\u00edn th\u00e2n, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh c\u1ea7m r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t s\u1ee9c. C\u00e1ch x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng v\u00e1n d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t g\u1ed7, nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean. N\u1ebfu k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebfn, li\u1ec7u s\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i, th\u00ec m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, thu v\u00e9n h\u00e0nh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, r\u1ed3i tr\u1ed1n l\u00ean n\u00fai, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1t h\u1ebft nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n r\u00fat lui v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. <\/i>[Khi k\u1ebb th\u00f9 r\u00fat lui] h\u1ecd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdc l\u00ean th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u0169 <\/i>[38]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n \u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a thu\u1ef7 binh ch\u00faa S\u00e3i, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00faa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n<\/i> c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn “qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u” b\u1edd bi\u1ec1n. V\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 “ti\u00eau th\u1ed5 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn” c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa S\u00e3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n <\/b><\/p>\n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/b><\/p>\n Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII, Borri vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n s\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong:<\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0110\u00e0ng Trong tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfu k\u1ef3, kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111i sang n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, khi ra bi\u1ec3n, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111i xa qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1edd. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c c\u1eadp b\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3n, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf r\u1ea5t xa \u0111\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0u m\u1eb9o, m\u00e1nh kho\u00e9 g\u00ec: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y, b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 m\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n, v\u00e0 ham th\u00edch gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00fac nh\u00fac.<\/i><\/p>\n H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, t\u1eeb Cao Mi\u00ean, t\u1eeb Cinceos <\/i>[Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u] v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 xa h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 Trung Hoa, Macao, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n <\/em>[39]<\/b><\/a>, Manille v\u00e0 Malacca, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111em b\u1ea1c v\u00e0o \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 mua, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong coi b\u1ea1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ee5a l\u00e0 hay c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 kh\u00e1c, tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 cao, th\u1ea5p t\u00f9y theo c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u, \u00edt tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/em><\/p>\n Ti\u1ec1n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 mua b\u00e1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0 nhau, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng quatrino <\/i>[ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng La M\u00e3 x\u01b0a], m\u00e0 500 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00e9cu <\/i>[ti\u1ec1n trao \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kinh t\u1ebf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u]. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n, nh\u1eb5n nh\u1ee5i, tr\u00ean kh\u1eafc kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nh\u00e0 vua, \u0111\u1ee5c l\u1ed7 \u1edf gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta x\u00e2u th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng chu\u1ed7i 1000, m\u1ed7i chu\u1ed7i <\/i>[l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan] tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 2 \u00e9cu<\/i>. [Borri nh\u1ea7m: theo ca dao, m\u1ed9t quan l\u00e0 s\u00e1u tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/i>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i 1000 \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII m\u1ed9t quan l\u00e0 1000 \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u0103ng?][40]<\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n Hai n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong l\u00e0 T\u1ea7u v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean ch\u1ee3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u1edf m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y<\/i> [H\u1ed9i An], k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 4 th\u00e1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea7u \u0111em h\u00e0ng v\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng ghe m\u00e0nh, tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 4, 5 tri\u1ec7u, b\u1ea1c; v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, ch\u1edf b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea7u l\u1edbn, h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi t\u00ean l\u00e0 “somme”, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a m\u1ecbn, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd.<\/i><\/p>\n Ch\u00faa thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb phi\u00ean ch\u1ee3 n\u00e0y, thu\u1ebf \u0111oan v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf mu\u1ed1i, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn<\/i>.<\/i><\/p>\n V\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, kh\u00f4ng si\u00eang n\u0103ng l\u1eafm v\u1ec1 m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 m\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00ean \u0111\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd th\u00edch nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a l\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, n\u00ean chu\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 mua r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eaft nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u00ec, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00e1i kim, v\u00f2ng tay, v\u00f2ng \u0111eo tai b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7y tinh hay nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0. T\u00f4i c\u00f2n nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 mang t\u1eeb Macao \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p kim, gi\u00e1 ch\u1eb3ng qu\u00e1 30 ducats <\/em>[41]<\/b><\/a> v\u1eady m\u00e0 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 1000 ducats, y b\u00e1n gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t r\u00e9al \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/em>[42]<\/em><\/b><\/a> c\u00e1i m\u00e0 y ch\u1ec9 mua \u1edf Macao v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t quatrino.<\/em><\/p>\n N\u00f3i chung, h\u1ecd c\u1ee9 mua ph\u1ee9a \u0111i, theo ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3. H\u1ecd r\u1ea5t th\u00edch m\u0169, \u0111\u1ed3 k\u1eb9p t\u00f3c, th\u1eaft l\u01b0ng, \u00e1o s\u01a1 mi v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o c\u1ee7a ta, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd chu\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 san h\u00f4.<\/em>[43]<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n H\u1ea3i Ph\u1ed1 (H\u1ed9i An), th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/b><\/p>\n \u0110o\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, Borri vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3ng H\u1ea3i Ph\u1ed1 t\u1ee9c H\u1ed9i An:<\/i><\/p>\n\n
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