![\"clip_image002\"](\"https:\/\/damau.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/clip_image002-2.jpg\" "\\"clip_image002\\"")
<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, hai n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i l\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 Y Pha Nho \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh. B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea9y lui \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 “con tr\u01b0\u1edfng” c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa lan to\u1ea3 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch “khai ho\u00e1” c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c k\u00e9m m\u1edf mang, ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng Ph\u00fac \u00c2m. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, t\u1ef1 m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0: Vua r\u1ea5t Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o (Le Roi tr\u00e8s chr\u00e9tien),<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ban quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba nh\u00e2n danh Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u1ec3 “khai ho\u00e1” c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c “man di” \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n minh T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (B\u1ed3, Y, \u00dd, Ph\u00e1p), b\u1edfi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng “khai ho\u00e1” v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba hay thu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ea1.<\/p>\n La M\u00e3 g\u1eedi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Trung Hoa, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o qua th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i. Mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho gi\u00e1o s\u0129 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft theo m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 La tinh, cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn m\u1eb7t ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u.<\/p>\n V\u00ec v\u1eady, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 cho in ngay c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, <\/i>m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Alexandre de Rhodes l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111em v\u1ec1 La M\u00e3 n\u0103m 1649.<\/p>\n Cu\u1ed1n T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t B\u1ed3 La<\/i> (ghi l\u00e0) c\u1ee7a Alexandre de Rhodes, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t (1651) v\u00ec c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, so\u1ea1n cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/i>\u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3, ti\u1ebfng La, h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t<\/i>, v\u00ec To\u00e0 th\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lo l\u1eafng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng La tinh.<\/p>\n Ba n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Trung Hoa v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Phi Lu\u1eadt T\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <\/i>Magellan[1]<\/a> “kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1” t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1521, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i> Y Pha Nho chi\u1ebfm l\u00e0m thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 Gia-t\u00f4 h\u00f3a t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1565.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1eeda \u0111\u00f3n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef Nh\u1eadt<\/i>.<\/p>\n Ng\u00e0y 15-8-1549 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean[2]<\/a> Fran\u00e7ois Xavier[3]<\/a> t\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf Nh\u1eadt, trong n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u \u1edf Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef Nh\u1eadt<\/i> theo m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 La tinh.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea5y “hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda” n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u t\u1ef1 do truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u00ean t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1612, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ebf quan to\u1ea3 c\u1ea3ng. N\u0103m 1614, T\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n Tokugawa Ieyasu, ra l\u1ec7nh tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o, gi\u00e1o s\u0129 n\u00e0o l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, b\u1ecb t\u1eed h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n B\u1edfi v\u1eady, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1615, Macao [t\u1ee9c \u00c1o M\u00f4n, Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u], trung t\u00e2m C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o th\u1ee9 hai \u1edf \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u sau Goa (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9), ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng: g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u sang \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt \u0111i k\u00e8m, l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n; b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00fat \u0111\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea7u “n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n” v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, v\u00ec ch\u1eef Nh\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef Nh\u1eadt la tinh h\u00f3a<\/i>, v\u00ec v\u1eady s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t) trong vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u b\u1ecf qua.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/b><\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm, v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1615<\/i>, khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u1ea3 t\u00edn.<\/p>\n Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, ba linh m\u1ee5c s\u1ebd gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t:<\/p>\n Francesco Buzomi<\/i> (\u00dd), l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e1o<\/i> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, khai sinh vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong.<\/p>\n Francesco de Pina <\/i>(B\u1ed3) v\u00e0 Cristoforo Borri<\/i> (\u00dd), l\u00e0 hai nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean bi\u1ebft hai \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng:<\/p>\n – C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u00dd v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba cho n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd<\/i> nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Alexandre de Rhodes, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, b\u1edfi v\u00ec B\u1ed3 v\u00e0 \u00dd, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 “c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7” thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n – V\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u01b0u ti\u00ean, l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u00e1p nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, n\u00ean nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 B\u1ed3 v\u00e0 \u00dd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi sang n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean Francesco <\/i>Buzomi, v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam; s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1c v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Cristoforo <\/i>Borri, v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Francesco <\/i>de Pina, c\u1ee7a Gaspar d’Amaral v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Antonio Barbosa, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi so\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-B\u1ed3, B\u1ed3-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n Hai cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu gi\u00fap ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef trong bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u, <\/i>l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i> c\u1ee7a Cristoforo Borri (1583-1632), vi\u1ebft trong kho\u1ea3ng 1618-1622, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, cho bi\u1ebft t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII.<\/p>\n Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659<\/a><\/i> [4]<\/a> vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1972, c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh (1929-2012). Trong th\u1eddi gian du h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb 1965 \u0111\u1ebfn 1970, linh m\u1ee5c Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 sang Roma v\u00e0 Lisbonne, thu th\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u vi\u1ebft tay<\/i> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 trong c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u01b0 t\u1eeb v\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef (1620-1659).<\/p>\n Linh m\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn Alexandre de Rhodes kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/i>, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a hai th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng V\u0103n T\u00edn<\/i> v\u00e0 Benito Thi\u1ec7n,<\/i> vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1659, t\u00e1m n\u0103m sau khi s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a de Rhodes \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in ra, c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef cao h\u01a1n de Rhodes r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh soi s\u00e1ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/i>, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f4ng phu, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n Sau khi b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh xong Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1eadp san Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hu\u1ebf<\/i> (BAVH) \u0110\u00f4 th\u00e0nh hi\u1ebfu c\u1ed5<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1914, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p, \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c L\u00e9opold Cadi\u00e8re, ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat, \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng “khai ho\u00e1” Annam cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i> l\u1eabn th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/i> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a Alexandre de Rhodes l\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n theo nh\u1eefng “t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc” n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n vinh de Rhodes, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n Danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/b><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659<\/i>, ghi:<\/p>\n T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1615 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1788, c\u00f3 145 tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean thu\u1ed9c 17 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 31 tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam: Bonifacy, khi d\u1ecbch t\u1eadp K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i> c\u1ee7a Cristoforo Borri, t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng \u00dd sang ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, trong b\u00e0i Note finale (Ch\u00fa th\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/i>) c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i t\u00ean 10 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/i> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1615 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1618, nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, in 1858 t\u1ea1i Paris, trang 386, ghi danh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3:<\/i><\/p>\n 1- Jacques <\/i>[t\u1ee9c <\/i>Diego] <\/b>Carvalho (B\u1ed3) (1615-1616).<\/i><\/p>\n 2- Fran\u00e7ois Buzomi (\u00dd) (1615-1639), cha B\u1ec1 Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/i><\/p>\n 3- Antoine Diaz (B\u1ed3) (1615-1639).<\/i><\/p>\n 4- Joseph (Nh\u1eadt) (1615-1639).<\/i><\/p>\n 5- Paul (Nh\u1eadt) (1615-1639).<\/i><\/p>\n 6- Andr\u00e9 Fernandez (B\u1ed3) (1616-1624).<\/i><\/p>\n 7- Fran\u00e7ois de Pina (B\u1ed3) (1617-1625 m\u1ea5t).<\/i><\/p>\n 8- Fran\u00e7ois Barreto (B\u1ed3) (1617-1639).<\/i><\/p>\n 9- Christophe Borri (\u00dd) (1618-1621).<\/i><\/p>\n 10- Pierre Marques (Nh\u1eadt) (1618-1655), nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cha B\u1ec1 Tr\u00ean <\/em>[6]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ghi Borri r\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u0103m 1621, nh\u01b0ng trong K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong,<\/i> Cristoforo Borri cho bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng r\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 1622. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 danh s\u00e1ch hi\u1ebfm hoi c\u00f3 ghi t\u00ean th\u00e1nh hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ba v\u0103n b\u1ea3n: K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i> c\u1ee7a Cristoforo Borri, Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i> c\u1ee7a Alexandre de Rhodes, v\u00e0 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef <\/i>c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u 1615-1639<\/i>:<\/p>\n Francesco Buzomi<\/b> (1576-1639), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd, sinh t\u1ea1i G\u00eane. Gia nh\u1eadp D\u00f2ng T\u00ean t\u1ea1i Naples. D\u1ea1y th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u1edf Macao. L\u00e0 cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u0103m 1615, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1eeda H\u00e0n (\u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Diego Carvalho v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng Antonio Dias, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 v\u00e0 hai gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt Joseph <\/i>v\u00e0 Paul <\/em>[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Diego Carvalho, ch\u1ec9 \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, r\u1ed3i \u0111i Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n Th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng Antoine Diaz, <\/i>v\u00e0 hai gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt Joseph <\/i>v\u00e0 Paul <\/i>\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1639. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn hai gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt Joseph <\/i>v\u00e0 Paul <\/i> l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 cha Buzomi<\/i> d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n k\u00fd s\u1ef1, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n gi\u1ecfi”.<\/p>\n Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng “ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n gi\u1ecfi” m\u00e0 Francesco Buzomi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o “\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngay”, \u00f4ng qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 r\u1ea5t nhanh \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1616, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 che ch\u1edf c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 Minh \u0110\u1ee9c V\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00e1i Phi, b\u00e0 phi c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Ti\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1618, v\u00ec n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n, \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c “n\u1ed5i d\u1ea1y” ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u00faa S\u00e3i ph\u1ea3i ra l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111u\u1ed5i gi\u00e1o s\u0129. Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 b\u1ecb l\u00f9ng b\u1eaft. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u1ea5y, cha Buzomi b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5n nh\u1ecdt \u00e1c t\u00ednh h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ebft, may \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan Kh\u00e1m l\u00fd Qui Nh\u01a1n Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c H\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 Qui Nh\u01a1n ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m m\u1edbi b\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n R\u1ed3i t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh b\u1edbt c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n Cha Buzomi \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 24 n\u0103m. Tuy kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i th\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd hai v\u1ecb th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n gi\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt<\/i>, cha \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1639 ch\u00faa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Lan ph\u00e1i cha v\u1ec1 Macao lo c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c cho ch\u00faa, r\u1ed3i cha b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh, m\u1ea5t \u1edf Macao n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n C\u0169ng n\u0103m 1639 ch\u00faa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Lan ra l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o g\u1eaft gao v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u1ec1 Macao. Gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Alexandre de Rhodes cho r\u1eb1ng: Cha Buzomi nghe tin n\u00e0y n\u00ean m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 ch\u1ebft. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, trong m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n Diego Carvalho<\/b> (1576-1624), ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u0103m 1615 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Buzomi v\u00e0 Antonio Dias, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. N\u0103m 1616, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Nh\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o. Theo Cristoforo Borri[8]<\/a>, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb n\u00e9m xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1nh, d\u1ea7m gi\u00f3 tuy\u1ebft, ch\u1ebft c\u00f3ng, ng\u00e0y 22-2-1624, t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n Antonio Dias<\/b> (1585-?) th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Buzomi v\u00e0 Carvalho. S\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb 1615 \u0111\u1ebfn 1639, c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a cha Buzomi, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. Dias \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1639 th\u00ec b\u1ecb ch\u00faa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n Joseph<\/b> <\/i>v\u00e0 <\/i>Paul, <\/i><\/b>hai gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u0103m 1615, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Francesco <\/b>Buzomi, Diego Carvalho <\/b> v\u00e0 Antonio Dias, \u1edf \u0111\u1ebfn 1639. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin g\u00ec th\u00eam.<\/p>\n Joseph<\/b> (1568-?) th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt. Gia nh\u1eadp D\u00f2ng T\u00ean n\u0103m 1590, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u0103m 1616 v\u00e0 \u1edf t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1639. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n Paulus Saito<\/b> (1577-1633) th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u0103m 1616, \u1edf t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1627 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Macao. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 10-1629 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5-1630, Paulus Saito \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Gaspar d’Amaral. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 phong linh m\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Macao kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1632. Paulus Saito t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt ng\u00e0y 29-9-1633.<\/p>\n Francesco de Pina <\/b>(1585-1625) sinh t\u1ea1i Guarda, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i ng\u00e0y 15-12-1625 t\u1ea1i v\u1ecbnh \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng. V\u00e0o D\u00f2ng T\u00ean n\u0103m 1605. Sang Macao h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb 1613 \u0111\u1ebfn 1616, h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt, v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc (v\u1edbi Buzomi). Th\u1ee5 linh m\u1ee5c n\u0103m 1616 \u1edf Malacca. N\u0103m 1617, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi sang C\u1eeda H\u00e0n (\u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt<\/i>, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap Buzomi. De Pina gi\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00fap \u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. Francesco de Pina <\/b>l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/i>.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1618, v\u00ec h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang n\u1ed5i l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 b\u1ecb l\u00f9ng b\u1eaft. De Pina \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u1edf H\u1ed9i An gi\u1ea5u gi\u1ebfm. Nghe tin n\u00e0y, Macao g\u1eedi cha Pedro Marques, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 lai Nh\u1eadt \u0111i c\u00f9ng Cristoforo Borri sang C\u1eeda H\u00e0n. Cha Pedro Marques \u1edf l\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i An, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf H\u1ed9i An <\/i>v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt. Cristoforo Borri \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft tin cha Buzomi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh n\u1eb7ng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan Kh\u00e1m l\u00fd Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c Ho\u00e0 ch\u1edf v\u1ec1 Quy Nh\u01a1n ch\u1eefa ch\u1ea1y. N\u0103m sau, 1619, cha Buzomi b\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan Kh\u00e1m l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1eefu. Quan Kh\u00e1m l\u00fd m\u1eddi Buzomi, de Pina, Borri v\u1ec1 Quy Nh\u01a1n. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa th\u1ee9 hai \u1edf N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1eb7n<\/i>. N\u0103m 1620, quan Kh\u00e1m l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t qua \u0111\u1eddi, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i chia tay.<\/p>\n De Pina tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ebf t\u1eed Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc K\u1ef3, Tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, cho \u1edf trong Dinh Ch\u00e0m, l\u1eadp c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa: c\u01a1 s\u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Nam<\/i>, sau H\u1ed9i An v\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1eb7n.<\/p>\n Th\u00e1ng 12-1924, cha Gabriel de Mattos, Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, \u0111i kinh l\u00fd \u0110\u00e0ng Trong. Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1p t\u00f9ng do cha Pedro Marques h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, c\u00f3 5 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u: Antonio de Fontes, Gaspar Louis, Alexandre de Rhodes v\u00e0 2 linh m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1eeda H\u00e0n[9]<\/a>. De Rhodes v\u00e0 Antonio de Fontes s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf l\u1ea1i Dinh Ch\u00e0m, h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi de Pina. Gaspar Louis xu\u1ed1ng Quy Nh\u01a1n, h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1eb7n.<\/p>\n Ng\u00e0y 15-12-1625, Francesco <\/b>de Pina ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i tr\u00ean v\u1ecbnh \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, Th\u1ebf t\u1eed K\u1ef3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t linh m\u1ee5c de Pina. Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh d\u1ecbu d\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ra \u0111i n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n Cristoforo <\/b>Borri<\/b> (1583-1632), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd, sinh t\u1ea1i Milan n\u0103m 1583 v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Roma ng\u00e0y 24-5-1632. Gia nh\u1eadp D\u00f2ng T\u00ean ng\u00e0y 16-9-1601. N\u0103m 1615, sang \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, \u00f4ng \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i. N\u0103m 1618, Borri c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi cha Pedro Marques \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cha Buzomi \u0111ang g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/p>\n Cha Pedro Marques, \u0111i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 cha Tuy\u00ean U\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3, Borri “\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i theo” \u00f4ng, gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0m b\u1ed3i t\u1ea7u… \u0110\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, Borri v\u00e0 Marques g\u1eb7p de Pina, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (1617).<\/p>\n Sau khi cha Buzomi l\u00e0nh b\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan Kh\u00e1m l\u00fd Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c Ho\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, c\u1ea3 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi Borri, de Pina v\u00e0 cha Buzomi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan Kh\u00e1m l\u00fd m\u1eddi xu\u1ed1ng Quy Nh\u01a1n (1619). Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c H\u00f2a d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd cho h\u1ecd v\u00e0 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd l\u1eadp c\u01a1 s\u1edf N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1eb7n. N\u0103m 1620, quan Kh\u00e1m l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t qua \u0111\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i chia tay. Cha Buzomi v\u00e0 de Pina tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Nam nh\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u1edf chung ba n\u0103m t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng v\u00e0 Qui Nh\u01a1n (t\u1eeb 1618 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i 1620) de Pina v\u00e0 Borri \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef <\/i>c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng Vi\u1ec7t, Nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n Cu\u1ed1n K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i> c\u1ee7a Borri c\u00f3 70 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/i> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/i>.<\/p>\n Borri \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong t\u1edbi 1622, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ghi trong K\u00fd s\u1ef1[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Piotro Della Valle c\u00f2n g\u1eb7p Borri \u1edf Goa n\u0103m 1623; \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 t\u1edbi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u n\u0103m 1624. Borri \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i nh\u01b0: \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n, Nh\u1eadt, T\u1ea7u, Ethiopie, Madagascar… tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau khi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc ta.<\/p>\n L\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, gi\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y. Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, \u00f4ng d\u1ea1y to\u00e1n \u1edf Coimbra v\u00e0 Lisbonne. Vua T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Philippe, tri\u1ec7u \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 Madrid gi\u1ea3ng cho vua nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, Borri \u0111\u01b0a ra quan ni\u1ec7m Ba tr\u1eddi<\/i> (Trois cieux), theo \u00f4ng, c\u00f3 ba tr\u1eddi l\u1ecfng (liquide): m\u1ed9t, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00ed<\/i> (quy\u1ec3n): hai, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ec sao <\/i>v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh<\/i>; <\/i>v\u00e0 ba l\u00e0 V\u00f2m tr\u1eddi<\/i> (Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh). L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho T\u00f2a th\u00e1nh n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi v\u1ec1 Roma v\u00e0 b\u1ecb qu\u1edf ph\u1ea1t. Borri b\u1ecf D\u00f2ng T\u00ean n\u0103m 1632, \u00edt l\u00e2u sau \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i t\u0103m. Th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c Venot g\u1eedi cho linh m\u1ee5c Ayrault, vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb Roma ng\u00e0y 15-7-1632, cho bi\u1ebft:<\/i><\/p>\n Borri b\u1ecf D\u00f2ng T\u00ean n\u0103m 1632, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng cho ph\u00e9p v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng Bernadins de St Croix de J\u00e9rusalem, \u1edf Roma, sau ba th\u00e1ng tu luy\u1ec7n. Qu\u00e1 th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n, \u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea7u m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i xin v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng Citeaux, r\u1ed3i v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n sau b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng ki\u1ec7n d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u1eafng ki\u1ec7n. Khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1o tin m\u1eebng cho v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, th\u00ec b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t “tai n\u1ea1n” <\/i>[ngo\u1eb7c k\u00e9p trong nguy\u00ean v\u0103n]. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta khi\u00eang \u00f4ng l\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u00f4m sau (24-5) \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, trong v\u1ecb th\u1ebf<\/i> “ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, ch\u1eb3ng d\u00f2ng Bernadin, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em>.\u201d[11]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Cristoforo Borri \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i t\u1eadp K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i>, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00faa S\u00e3i. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u00edch d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u k\u00fd s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3<\/i>.<\/p>\n Ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfc ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn sai l\u1ea7m, v\u00ec \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Borri, v\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII.<\/p>\n Pedro Marques <\/b>(1575-1670), c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 Marquez<\/b>, sinh t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt, cha B\u1ed3, m\u1eb9 Nh\u1eadt<\/i>, <\/b>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u0103m 1618, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 43 tu\u1ed5i, d\u01b0\u1edbi danh hi\u1ec7u cha Tuy\u00ean \u00fay c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Cristoforo Borri, sang gi\u00fap cha Buzomi \u0111ang g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong.<\/p>\n Pedro Marques \u0111i \u0111i v\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, t\u00f9y theo nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, trong c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian: 1618-1626; 1637-1639; 16-2 \u0111\u1ebfn 13-7-1652; 1653-1655; 1658-1664 v\u00e0 1670. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n: 1627-1630 [12]<\/a> trong \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111o\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, de Rhodes \u0111i c\u00f9ng. \u00d4ng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i H\u1ea3i Nam t\u1eeb 1632 \u0111\u1ebfn 1635. N\u0103m 1670, nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111i Macao mua h\u00e0ng cho ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n, cha Pedro Marques ch\u1ebft v\u00ec \u0111\u1eafm t\u1ea7u, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 95, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o H\u1ea3i Nam[13]<\/a>. \u00d4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00faa \u1edf H\u1ed9i An, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1618 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00e0 cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i An, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1620.<\/p>\n Cha Pedro Marques l\u00e0 v\u1ecb linh m\u1ee5c l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, h\u01a1n cha Buzomi m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb linh m\u1ee5c D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, t\u1eeb 1618 \u0111\u1ebfn 1670. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 lai Nh\u1eadt, \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef B\u1ed3, ch\u1eef H\u00e1n t\u1ee9c ch\u1eef (N\u00f4m) Nh\u1eadt, v\u00e0 ch\u1eef (qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef) Nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Pedro Marques ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho vi\u1ec7c Macao ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt<\/i>.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c Macao c\u1eed Pedro Marques \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u0103m 1618 v\u1edbi Cristoforo Borri, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/i>.<\/p>\n \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1p t\u00f9ng cha Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t Mattos \u0111i “kinh l\u00fd” \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u0103m 1624, trong c\u00f3 de Rhodes. N\u0103m 1627, \u00f4ng c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Macao \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, v\u1edbi de Rhodes, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng trong h\u1ed3i k\u00fd Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i>, de Rhodes h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean \u00f4ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean. N\u0103m 1630, de Rhodes b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ghi nh\u1eadn m\u00e0 c\u00f2n “d\u00ecm” \u0111i:<\/p>\n Bonifacy, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i> c\u1ee7a Borri sang ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 sau v\u1ec1 Pedro Marques:<\/p>\n Cha Marquez <\/i>[t\u1ee9c Marques] th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lai, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i n\u0103m 1627, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng b\u1ecb lu m\u1edd tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p, cha de Rhodes, c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf v\u00f4 song v\u00ec n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t gi\u1ecfi.<\/b> \u00d4ng b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i n\u0103m 1630.<\/b> Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, l\u00e0m cha B\u1ec1 Tr\u00ean \u1edf H\u1ed9i An n\u0103m 1665, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3n M. Louis Chevreuil, tu s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u1ea5y,<\/b> \u0111i Xi\u00eam v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta m\u1ea5t d\u1ea5u \u00f4ng <\/em>[14]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n C\u00e2u n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt, Vi\u1ec7t<\/i> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1ecf ra v\u00f4 \u01a1n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n Trong K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i>, Cristoforo Borri nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn cha Marques v\u1edbi gi\u1ecdng k\u00ednh n\u1ec3 B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 Bonifacy \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh “d\u00ecm” cha Marques: “b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng b\u1ecb lu m\u1edd tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p, cha de Rhodes, c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf v\u00f4 song v\u00ec n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t gi\u1ecfi”. <\/i>M\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00f4 c\u1edb c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb h\u1eadu sinh, ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u: “\u00d4ng b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i n\u0103m 1630″.<\/i> Bonifacy kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft hay bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 l\u1edd \u0111i: ch\u00ednh de Rhodes \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong h\u1ed3i k\u00fd: \u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng \u0111u\u1ed5i, gi\u1ea5y tr\u00e1t d\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda nh\u00e0. Cha Marques l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ecb v\u1ea1 l\u00e2y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi cha Gaspar d’Amaral <\/b>v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean t\u1ea7u r\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, v\u00ec de Rhodes. V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u1edbi c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n, n\u0103m sau, Macao c\u1eed ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 d’Amaral), sang \u0111i\u1ec1u tra xem de Rhodes l\u00e0m g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn.<\/p>\n Pedro Marques s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ecd.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1664, Louis Chevreuil \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt<\/i> l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n, d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n (1648-1687), v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 Ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e1o<\/i> (Vicaire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral), \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n B\u1ed3. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, linh m\u1ee5c Pedro Marques \u0111\u00e3 89 tu\u1ed5i, l\u00e0 cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khuy\u00ean Chevreuil n\u00ean gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng Chevreuil c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ecbch th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, mu\u1ed1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn c\u1ee7a Roma, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Chevreuil b\u1ecb c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 B\u1ed3 t\u1ea9y chay, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ecbnh “b\u1ecf” \u00f4ng l\u00ean t\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 Macao, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed1n \u1edf l\u1ea1i (theo l\u1eddi Chevreuil k\u1ec3 trong h\u1ed3i k\u00fd), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i cha Marques “b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong” nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi Bonifacy n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n Theo \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Pedro Marques v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u00f2n gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i v\u0103n kh\u1ed1 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u1edf La M\u00e3 [15]<\/a>. Pedro Marques l\u00e0 v\u1ecb linh m\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb 1618 \u0111\u1ebfn 1670, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, h\u1eb3n ta s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft th\u00eam v\u1ec1 n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong.<\/p>\n Alexandre de Rhodes <\/b>(1591-1660), Alexandre de Rhodes m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i Nh\u1eadt t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1612. \u0110\u1ebfn 1619, \u00f4ng xin sang \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u1edf Goa, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i Nh\u1eadt; cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, trong nh\u00f3m th\u00e1p t\u00f9ng linh m\u1ee5c Gabriel de Mattos \u0111i kinh l\u00fd \u0110\u00e0ng Trong th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1624, do Pedro Marques h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129: Gaspar Luis, Antonio de Fontes, v\u00e0 hai tu s\u0129 kh\u00e1c. H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Alexandre de Rhodes s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5.<\/i><\/p>\n De Rhodes ra v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3 th\u1ea3y s\u00e1u l\u1ea7n, \u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 9 n\u0103m:<\/p>\n – L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong <\/i>v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Mattos (1624-1626) nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean. De Rhodes v\u00e0 Antonio de Fontes \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf trong Dinh Ch\u00e0m h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi Francesco de Pina, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00faa S\u00e3i Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t: vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/i> v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/i>. Khi de Rhodes m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/i>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m v\u00e0 nghi\u00e3 m\u1ed7i ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp n\u00f3i<\/i>, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft<\/i> ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft tay<\/i> \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef so v\u1edbi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft tay c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n – L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i<\/i> (1927-1930) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi cha Pedro Marques, truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba n\u0103m th\u00ec b\u1ecb ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n – M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau \u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i>, t\u1eeb 1640 \u0111\u1ebfn 1645, sau khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1639, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00faa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Lan. De Rhodes t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ra v\u00e0o \u0110\u00e0ng Trong 4 l\u1ea7n, trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ea5m gi\u00e1o s\u0129.<\/p>\n T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u1eadp k\u00fd s\u1ef1 Voyages et Missions<\/i> (Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i>) ghi l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o; ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00e0i tr\u1eeb Tam gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng tr\u1ebb quy\u1ebft t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Andr\u00e9 Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng, coi th\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, hai l\u1ea7n ra s\u00f4ng Gianh, bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Nam B\u1eafc gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o. L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n. Trong Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i>, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n Ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m ng\u00e0y<\/i>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u00e0 so\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n.<\/b><\/p>\n Antonio de Fontes <\/b>\u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Gaspar Luis, Pedro Marques v\u00e0 Alexandre de Rhodes n\u0103m 1624 trong ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Mattos. Gaspar Luis xu\u1ed1ng Quy Nh\u01a1n. Antonio de Fontes v\u00e0 de Rhodes \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf l\u1ea1i trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf Dinh Ch\u00e0m, h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi cha de Pina.<\/p>\n De Fontes <\/i>vi\u1ebft <\/i>b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3, v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, g\u1eedi Linh m\u1ee5c Mutio Vitelleschi, cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean C\u1ea3 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u1edf La M\u00e3[16]<\/a>. Theo Gaspar Luis: “Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 hai c\u01a1 s\u1edf [H\u1ed9i An v\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1eb7n] m\u1ed7i c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f3 b\u1ea9y gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean<\/i>: b\u1ed1n linh m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ba th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng”[17]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Sau khi cha de Pina qua \u0111\u1eddi, Antonio de Fontes <\/b>\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1631, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed v\u00e0o ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a cha Andr\u00e9 Palmeiro, Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t D\u00f2ng T\u00ean hai T\u1ec9nh [18]<\/a> Nh\u1eadt Hoa, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Gaspar d’Amaral, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a de Rhodes, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao de Rhodes b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1630. De Fontes s\u1ebd \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1648.<\/p>\n Giuliano Baldinotti<\/b> (?-1630), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd, l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, n\u0103m 1626. Macao c\u1eed th\u00e0y gi\u1ea3ng Giulio Piani, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt,<\/i> \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. Kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb Macao ng\u00e0y 2-2-1626, t\u1edbi Th\u0103ng Long t\u1ee9c \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh ng\u00e0y 7-3-1626, v\u00e0 r\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Macao ng\u00e0y 18-8-1626.<\/p>\n Trong h\u01a1n n\u0103m th\u00e1ng \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, Baldinotti <\/i>\u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Macao, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n ph\u00fac tr\u00ecnh g\u1eedi B\u1ec1 Tr\u00ean \u1edf Roma, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e1 th\u01b0 Baldinotti g\u1eedi cho Gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edfng D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u1edf La M\u00e3, <\/i>\u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y 12-11-1626, t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u00f4ng “v\u1eeba kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1” v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3i r\u1ea5t t\u1eed t\u1ebf. Baldinotti c\u00f2n cho bi\u1ebft nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. V\u00e0 n\u0103m 1630, \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Macao.<\/i><\/p>\n K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i<\/i> c\u1ee7a Baldinotti <\/b>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng \u00dd l\u1eabn ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, trong Bulletin de l’Ecole Fran\u00e7aise d’Extr\u00eame-Orient<\/i> (T\u1eadp san Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u00e1c C\u1ed5), quy\u1ec3n III, n\u0103m 1903, trang 71-78, trong m\u1ee5c Notes et M\u00e9langes <\/i>(Ghi ch\u00fa v\u00e0 T\u1ea1p b\u00fat)<\/i>. B\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p v\u0103n do b\u00e1c s\u0129 Mario Carti <\/i>d\u1ecbch. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4.<\/i><\/p>\n Gaspar d’Amaral <\/b>(1592-1654) <\/b>sinh t\u1ea1i Curvaceira (B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha), v\u00e0o D\u00f2ng T\u00ean ng\u00e0y 1-7-1607. N\u0103m 1623, d’Amaral sang Macao ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o. \u1ede \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 10-1629 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5-1630, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 3-1931 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u00e1ng 12-1638. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 7 n\u0103m. L\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 La tinh, Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Evora, Braga, Coimbra \u1edf B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha.<\/p>\n \u00d4ng t\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 10-1629, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng Paulus Saito, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt<\/i>. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5-1630, v\u00ec de Rhodes b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, v\u1ec1 Macao. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y 18-2-1631, trong ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Andr\u00e9 Palmeiro, \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a de Rhodes v\u00e0 Marques (t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1630). N\u0103m 1638, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi v\u1ec1 Macao, gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Madre de Deus (M\u1eb9 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi). Ba n\u0103m sau, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m Ph\u00f3 Gi\u00e1m T\u1ec9nh D\u00f2ng T\u00ean Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt, Vi\u1ec7t, L\u00e0o, Cam-B\u1ed1t, Xi\u00eam, c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Macao, Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y). N\u0103m 1645, d’Amaral t\u1eeb Macao \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafm t\u1ea7u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o H\u1ea3i Nam ng\u00e0y 23-12-1654[19]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Gaspar d’Amaral \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i 7 n\u0103m, l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i n\u1eefa. Ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra hai ch\u1eef \u0110\u00e0ng Tr\u00ean<\/i>, ch\u1ec9 v\u00f9ng Cao B\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 M\u1ea1c, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1.<\/i><\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-B\u1ed3 (La Diccion\u00e1rio anamita-portugu\u00eas) nay \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 de Rhodes d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-B\u1ed3-La, d’Amaral c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i hai t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u vi\u1ebft tay n\u0103m 1632 v\u00e0 1637, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/i>, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a d’Amaral v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa de Rhodes r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf h\u01a1n, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.<\/b><\/p>\n Antonio Barbosa<\/b> (1594-1647), sinh t\u1ea1i Arrifana de Souza, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, gia ph\u1eadp D\u00f2ng T\u00ean ng\u00e0y 13-3-1624. Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 4-1636, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, \u1edf l\u1ea1i 6 n\u0103m. Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Macao th\u00e1ng 5-1642, v\u00ec l\u00fd do s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb; nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n, n\u0103m 1647, Barbosa \u0111i Goa d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Barbosa so\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n B\u1ed3-Vi\u1ec7t (Diccion\u00e1rio portugu\u00eas-anamita) m\u00e0 de Rhodes \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-B\u1ed3-La. Cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n vi\u1ebft tay n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Antonio Barbosa c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Gaspar d’Amaral, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t t\u00edch<\/i>.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y, g\u00e2y nghi ng\u1edd cho hai nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Vi\u1ec7t, Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh vi\u1ebft: “V\u1ec1 “s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn” cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n vi\u1ebft tay n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Amaral, nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb “ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t<\/i>“?[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Roland Jacques vi\u1ebft r\u00f5 h\u01a1n: “Trong l\u1eddi ng\u1ecf c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3, Rhodes n\u00f3i r\u00f5 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-B\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Gaspar do Amaral v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1n B\u1ed3-Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Ant\u00f3nio Barbosa. N\u1ebfu ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o vi\u1ebft tay<\/b> c\u1ee7a hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi<\/b> n\u00e0y, theo \u00fd ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 v\u00ec cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Rhodes in ra \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i dung hai cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u1ea5y, <\/b>n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i <\/i>[b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh] n\u1eefa.”<\/i>[21]<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n L\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/b><\/p>\n Theo th\u01b0 t\u1eeb v\u00e0 k\u00fd s\u1ef1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n – 1615, Francesco Buzomi, Diego Carvalho v\u00e0 Antonio Dias, \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1eeda H\u00e0n (\u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng) c\u00f9ng hai gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt Joseph v\u00e0 Paul<\/i>. Cha Buzomi, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 che ch\u1edf c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 Minh \u0110\u1ee9c V\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00e1i Phi, b\u00e0 phi c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Ti\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng (1600-1613), \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng.<\/p>\n – 1616, Macao g\u1eedi th\u00eam Andr\u00e9 Fernandez sang tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng Nh\u1eadt <\/i>Joseph (1568-?) <\/i>v\u00e0 Paulus Saito<\/i>.<\/p>\n – 1617, Macao l\u1ea1i g\u1eedi th\u00eam Francisco de Pina \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng Nh\u1eadt<\/i> (kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 t\u00ean), h\u1ecd \u1edf l\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i An.<\/p>\n – 1618, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o. Macao g\u1eedi cha Pedro Marques, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 lai Nh\u1eadt<\/i> \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1eeda H\u00e0n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Cristoforo Borri. Cha Marques \u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp c\u01a1 s\u1edf H\u1ed9i An.<\/i><\/p>\n – 1619, quan Kh\u00e1m l\u00fd Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c H\u00f2a m\u1eddi Buzomi, Borri, v\u00e0 de Pina xu\u1ed1ng Qui Nh\u01a1n; cho d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1eb7n v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 h\u1ecd l\u1eadp c\u01a1 s\u1edf N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1eb7n.<\/i><\/p>\n – N\u0103m 1620, quan Kh\u00e1m l\u00fd Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c H\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t qua \u0111\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0u mang, cha Buzomi ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, nh\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. Cha de Pina tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan Tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 Qu\u1ea3ng Nam l\u00e0 Th\u1ebf t\u1eed Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc K\u1ef3, cho \u1edf trong Dinh Ch\u00e0m, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Nam<\/i>.<\/p>\n – 1622, Cristoforo Borri r\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n – Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1624, ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Gabriel de Mattos, linh m\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng T\u1ec9nh \u1edf \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u, \u0111i kinh l\u00fd \u0110\u00e0ng Trong v\u1edbi 5 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u, do cha Pedro Marques h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Alexandre de Rhodes, Antonio de Fontes, Gaspar Luis v\u00e0 2 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng.<\/p>\n De Rhodes v\u00e0 Antonio de Fontes, h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi de Pina \u1edf Dinh Ch\u00e0m. Gaspar Luis xu\u1ed1ng Quy Nh\u01a1n h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i t\u1eadp k\u00fd s\u1ef1 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y[22]<\/a>.<\/p>\n – Th\u00e1ng 12-1625, linh m\u1ee5c de Pina ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i \u1edf v\u1ecbnh \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng.<\/p>\n – N\u0103m 1626, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Macao g\u1eedi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd Giuliano Baldinotti \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i<\/i>, \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u00e0y gi\u1ea3ng Giulio Piani, <\/i>ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt. H\u1ecd \u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u0103m r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Macao n\u0103m 1627, Baldinotti qua \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Macao n\u0103m 1630, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 x\u1ee9 \u0110\u00e0ng ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a cha Baldinotti (La relation sur le Tonkin du P. Baldinotti)<\/i>[23]<\/b><\/i><\/a>. <\/i>Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u k\u00fd s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4<\/i>.<\/p>\n – N\u0103m 1627, Macao g\u1eedi ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n cha Pedro Marques \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi de Rhodes.<\/p>\n C\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u1ea5y, ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng r\u01b0\u1edbc vua L\u00ea \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u00faa S\u00e3i, khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn Nam B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (\u0111\u00e1nh nhau t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ea9y l\u1ea7n). Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n, ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n \u1edf Thanh Ho\u00e1, Pedro Marques v\u00e0 Alexandre de Rhodes c\u0169ng v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1eeda B\u1ea1ng (Thanh Ho\u00e1), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ch\u1ea7u, ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i t\u1eed t\u1ebf, cho ph\u00e9p \u1edf l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o ba n\u0103m.<\/p>\n – N\u0103m 1630, de Rhodes v\u00e0 Pedro Marques b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n H\u1ed9i An, c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa<\/b><\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c ba gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c Valentino de Carvalho g\u1eedi cho linh m\u1ee5c Nuno Mascarenhas, Ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean C\u1ea3 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean v\u00f9ng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, vi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i Macao ng\u00e0y 9-2-1615:<\/p>\n Ng\u00e0y 6-1-1615, ba tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, l\u00e0 hai linh m\u1ee5c Francesco Buzomi (\u00dd), Diego Carvalho (B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha) v\u00e0 Th\u1ea7y Antonio Dias (B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha) \u0111\u00e1p t\u1ea7u bu\u00f4n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1eeb \u00c1o M\u00f4n \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong v\u00e0 t\u1edbi C\u1eeda H\u00e0n ng\u00e0y 18-1-1615<\/i> [24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00faa S\u00e3i Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u00ean. C\u1eeda H\u00e0n t\u1ee9c \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, do Th\u1ebf t\u1eed Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc K\u1ef3, con tr\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00faa S\u00e3i l\u00e0m Tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7.<\/i><\/p>\n C\u1eeda H\u00e0n<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u phi\u00ean \u00e2m th\u00e0nh Tou Ran, <\/i>r\u1ed3i Touran<\/i>. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh C\u1eeda H\u00e0n l\u00e0 H\u1ea3i Ph\u1ed1<\/i> (t\u1ee9c H\u1ed9i An), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Hoaipho,<\/i> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch: Haifo, Hai fo, Haito, Faifo, Facto, Fayfo<\/i>… H\u1ea3i Ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 hai khu ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt. Theo Borri: “m\u1ed7i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean quan cai tr\u1ecb ri\u00eang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea7u theo lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p T\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt theo lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Nh\u1eadt”<\/em>[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Hai c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng “t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb” n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i An s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn cho vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, nh\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea7u v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u, qua ng\u1ea3 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Nh\u1eadt [t\u1ee9c ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt]. H\u1ed9i An ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c che ch\u1edf h\u1ecd khi g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nh\u1edd v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 cha Pedro Marques, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 lai Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 c\u1edf H\u1ed9i An t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1618, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cha B\u1ec1 Tr\u00ean trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n C\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt<\/b><\/p>\n Vi\u00eac gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh qua trung gian ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n n\u00e0y h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c hay th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi t\u1eeb Macao \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong. C\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a ai \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf: nh\u1eefng ai kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi t\u00ean th\u00e1nh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ghi t\u00ean th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n V\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1eeda H\u00e0n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1615, ngo\u00e0i t\u00ean ba gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ghi m\u1ed9t t\u00ean n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n V\u1eady, ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, h\u1ecd xoay x\u1edf c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u00ecm m\u00e3i m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y trong b\u00e0i Note finale<\/i> (Ch\u00fa th\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/i>) c\u1ee7a Bonifacy (d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i> c\u1ee7a Cristoforo Borri) ch\u00e9p t\u00ean 10 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong t\u1eeb 1615 \u0111\u1ebfn 1618, trong c\u00f3 hai gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt: Paul<\/i> v\u00e0 Joseph,<\/i> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u0103m 1615.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1616, Macao l\u1ea1i g\u1eedi th\u00eam hai th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng Nh\u1eadt, Joseph v\u00e0 Paulus Saito<\/i> (1577-1633), \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong v\u00e0 n\u0103m sau (1617), Francesco de Pina <\/b>(1585-1625) c\u0169ng \u0111i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt<\/i>, kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 t\u00ean.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1626, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Macao g\u1eedi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd Giuliano Baldinotti \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i<\/i>, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u00e0y gi\u1ea3ng Giulio Piani,<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi t\u00ean l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n Th\u00e1ng 10-1629, Gaspar d’Amaral <\/b>(1592-1654) <\/b>t\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng Paulus Saito, <\/i>\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u0103m 1616.<\/p>\n Ng\u00e0y 26-7-1664, Louis Chevreuil \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 t\u00ean,<\/i> vv…<\/p>\n T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c ghi t\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt, c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u, r\u1ea5t t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n. Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1edd hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t: c\u00f9ng chung v\u0103n minh \u00c1 \u0111\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u00c1 \u0111\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: linh m\u1ee5c hay th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng Nh\u1eadt d\u1ecbch l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u sang ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, cho th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng Vi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec3u; r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch l\u1eddi th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, sang ch\u1eef La tinh hay ch\u1eef B\u1ed3 cho gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u hi\u1ec3u. Vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n: Th\u1ea7y (gi\u1ea3ng) Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecdc r\u1ed3i gi\u1ea3ng ngh\u0129a m\u1ed7i ti\u1ebfng<\/i> Vi\u1ec7t cho th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng Nh\u1eadt hi\u1ec3u. Th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng Nh\u1eadt s\u1ebd d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 sang ch\u1eef B\u1ed3 ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eef La tinh cho gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u hi\u1ec3u. Sau \u0111\u00f3, gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u m\u1edbi t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ghi \u00e2m b\u1eb1ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 La tinh m\u1ed7i ti\u1ebfng<\/i> \u1ea5y, th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/i>. V\u1eady c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y Vi\u1ec7t, Nh\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u1eeb linh m\u1ee5c Pedro Marques, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lai, c\u00f3 t\u00ean “\u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7”, nh\u1edd cha l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3. C\u00f2n c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c linh m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ean th\u00e1nh<\/i>, ho\u1eb7c ghi “th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt<\/i>“. Cha Pedro Marques c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh: \u00d4ng sinh \u1edf Nh\u1eadt n\u0103m 1575, nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00e1m c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong. Cha B\u1ed3, m\u1eb9 Nh\u1eadt, sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef Nh\u1eadt. Khi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 43 tu\u1ed5i<\/i>, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y <\/i>v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/i>v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n<\/i> gi\u1ecfi, cho n\u00ean, n\u0103m 1618, Macao \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed \u00f4ng l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111o\u00e0n h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Cristoforo Borri \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong. N\u0103m 1624, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Gabriel de Mattos, \u0111i kinh l\u00fd \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Alexandre de Rhodes. R\u1ed3i n\u0103m 1627, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y de Rhodes c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111i “theo”. Nh\u01b0ng trong h\u1ed3i k\u00fd, de Rhodes m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Pedro Marques.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Marques. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kho\u1ea3ng 17 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb 1618 \u0111\u1ebfn 1670, tr\u1ea3i ba \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00faa: Ch\u00faa S\u00e3i Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u00ean (1613-1635), Ch\u00faa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Lan (1635-1648) v\u00e0 ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n (1648-1687). T\u1eeb 1627 \u0111\u1ebfn 1630, \u00f4ng c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n ra B\u1eafc (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 de Rhodes) g\u1eb7p ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng (1623-1657). \u00d4ng l\u00e0 cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf H\u1ed9i An, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt<\/i> trong vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u <\/i>h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/b><\/p>\n Francesco Buzomi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u1edf Macao, l\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u0103m 1615, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa S\u00e3i \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n t\u1eed t\u1ebf. N\u0103m 1616, b\u00e0 Minh \u0110\u1ee9c V\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00e1i Phi, b\u00e0 phi c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Ti\u00ean, d\u1ef1ng cho \u00f4ng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u1edf C\u1eeda H\u00e0n.<\/p>\n Buzomi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o, tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u00e2n truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh vi\u1ebft:<\/i><\/p>\n \u00d4ng tr\u01b0ng d\u1eabn \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Phao L\u00f4 v\u00e0 T\u00f4 Ma, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch nghi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngay c\u1ea3 trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef… \u00dd c\u1ee7a Buzomi l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u00ean d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean Ch\u1ee7 (Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean d\u00f9ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf <\/em>[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n N\u0103m 1617, Macao g\u1eedi th\u00eam linh m\u1ee5c Francesco de Pina, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3, <\/b>h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Buzomi, \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1eeda H\u00e0n, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap th\u00e0y. N\u0103m 1618, v\u00ec h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa b\u00e1ng b\u1ed5 th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n, n\u00ean b\u1ecb tr\u1eddi ph\u1ea1t; c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh. Macao g\u1eedi linh m\u1ee5c Pedro Marques, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 lai Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Cristoforo Borri, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd, \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1eeda H\u00e0n. Pedro Marques s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u01a1 s\u1edf H\u1ed9i An. De Pina, Borri v\u00e0 Buzomi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan Kh\u00e1m l\u00fd Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c Ho\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a xu\u1ed1ng Qui Nh\u01a1n.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb 1618 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i 1620, Francisco de Pina<\/b> v\u00e0 Cristoforo Borri <\/b>\u1edf chung t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng v\u00e0 Quy Nh\u01a1n, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng nhau t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ng\u1eef \u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng Vi\u1ec7t,<\/i> Nh\u1eadt.<\/i> Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1620, de Pina t\u1eeb Quy Nh\u01a1n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u00f9ng nh\u00f3m gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Vi\u1ec7t-Nh\u1eadt<\/i> \u1edf H\u1ed9i An, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ebf t\u1eed K\u1ef3 cho \u1edf trong Dinh Ch\u00e0m, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf l\u1edbp d\u1ea1y ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/i> cho gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u.<\/p>\n Borri r\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u0103m 1622, l\u00e0 n\u0103m b\u1ea3n l\u1ec1: ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/i>.<\/p>\n T\u1eadp K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i> c\u1ee7a Borri, vi\u1ebft trong th\u1eddi gian \u00f4ng \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong (1618-1622), c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 70 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/i>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef vi\u1ebft s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f2n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh: Francisco de Pina<\/i>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 v\u00e0 Cristoforo Borri,<\/i> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd, l\u00e0 hai gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y tu Nh\u1eadt, Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n Th\u00e1ng 12-1624, khi Alexandre de Rhodes v\u00e0 Antonio de Fontes t\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u “\u0111\u00e3 xong”.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau Francisco de Pina<\/i> qua \u0111\u1eddi (15-12-1625), de Rhodes v\u00e0 de Fontes \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y Francisco de Pina.<\/i><\/p>\n Cristoforo Borri \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i t\u1eadp K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i>, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/i> \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i>, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u t\u00edch nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/i>, c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng dinh li\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n \u1ede \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, n\u0103m 1631, Gaspar d’Amaral \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u1edf l\u1ea1i 7 n\u0103m. N\u0103m 1636, Antonio Barbosa \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u1edf l\u1ea1i 6 n\u0103m. Hai linh m\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m hai cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n gi\u1ea3n y\u1ebfu Vi\u1ec7t-B\u1ed3 v\u00e0 B\u1ed3-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y Alexandre de Rhodes d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-B\u1ed3-La.<\/p>\n (C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/p>\n Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea <\/p>\n [1]<\/a> Fernand de Magellan (1480-1521) nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3, khai ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ef7 “v\u00f2ng quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi”.<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> D\u00f2ng T\u00ean t\u1ee9c D\u00f2ng J\u00e9suite, do Ignace de Loyola s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1539, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng chu\u1ea9n y n\u0103m 1540.<\/p>\n [3]<\/a> Fran\u00e7ois Xavier \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp D\u00f2ng T\u00ean v\u1edbi Ignace de Loyola.<\/p>\n [4]<\/a> T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch Ra Kh\u01a1i, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1972, T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng M\u1edbi, Paris, 1985.<\/p>\n [5]<\/a> \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659<\/i>, trang 22.<\/p>\n [6]<\/a> Note finale (Ch\u00fa th\u00edch cu\u1ed1i<\/i>) v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i> c\u1ee7a Bonifacy, (BAVH) 1931, quy\u1ec3n 3-4, trang 400.<\/p>\n [7]<\/a> T\u00ean hai gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt Joseph <\/i>v\u00e0 Paul, <\/i>ch\u00fang t\u00f4i <\/i>ch\u00e9p theo b\u1ea3n danh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, do Bonifacy ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i, \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n [8]<\/a> Cristoforo <\/b>Borri, K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i>, Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hu\u1ebf (BAVH) 1931, quy\u1ec3n 3-4, trang 339.<\/p>\n [9]<\/a> Theo th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Emmuel Fernandes vi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i An ng\u00e0y 2-7-1625, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef B\u1ed3, g\u1eedi cho B\u1ec3 Tr\u00ean C\u1ea3 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u1edf La M\u00e3, tr\u00edch in trong \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659<\/i>, trang 32.<\/p>\n [10]<\/a> Nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh) ghi \u00f4ng r\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u0103m 1621, vi\u1ebft theo cu\u1ed1n Les Voyages et Travaux des Missionnaires de la Compagnie de J\u00e9sus <\/i>(H\u00e0nh Tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean).<\/p>\n [11]<\/a> T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed Borri, ph\u1ecfng theo b\u00e0i “Notice sur Cristoforo Borri et sur les \u00e9ditions de sa “Relation”<\/i> (Ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u1ec1 Cristoforo Borri v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n “K\u00fd s\u1ef1” c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng) c\u1ee7a Charles B. Maybon, BAVH, 1931, quy\u1ec3n 3-4, trang (269- 276). \u0110o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u1edf trang (270- 272).<\/p>\n [12]<\/a> \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659<\/i>, ch\u00fa th\u00edch 3, trang 22.<\/p>\n [13]<\/a> L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/i>Launay, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 86. V\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659, <\/i>trang 22, ch\u00fa th\u00edch s\u1ed1 1.<\/p>\n [14]<\/a> Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: “Le P. Marquez qui, en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, \u00e9tait m\u00e9tis et non Japonais, fut le chef de la Mission du Tonkin en 1627, sa personnalit\u00e9 disparait un peu derri\u00e8re celle de son confr\u00e8re, le P. de Rhodes, qui avait l’immense avantage de bien parler l’annamite. Il fut chass\u00e9 du Tonkin en 1630. Nous le retrouvons en Cochinchine, Sup\u00e9rieur en 1665, \u00e0 Faifo; il y re\u00e7oit M. Louis Chevreuil, premier pr\u00eate des Missions Etrang\u00e8res arriv\u00e9 en Cochinchine. Il fut expuls\u00e9 la m\u00eame ann\u00e9e et dut aller au Siam avec ses confr\u00e8res, nous y perdons sa trace<\/i>” Bonifacy, Note Finale, BAVH 1931, trang 405.<\/p>\n [15]<\/a> Theo \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659, <\/i>ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u00e1c trang 20, 21, 22, 23.<\/p>\n [16]<\/a> \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659<\/i>, trang 35.<\/p>\n [17]<\/a> BAVH, s\u1ed1 3-4, 1931, trang 122.<\/p>\n [18]<\/a> Cha Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t D\u00f2ng T\u00ean hai T\u1ec9nh c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Cha Gi\u00e1m T\u1ec9nh (P\u00e8re Provincial). T\u1ec9nh<\/i> l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng: Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/i> hay Trung Hoa<\/i> \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1ec9nh<\/i>.<\/p>\n [19]<\/a> Theo \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659, <\/i>trang 53.<\/p>\n [20]<\/a> \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659, <\/i>trang 67.<\/p>\n [21]<\/a> Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: “Dans son avis au lecteur, Rhodes note express\u00e9ment qu’il a travaill\u00e9 sur la base d’un dictionnaire vietnamien-portugais compos\u00e9 par Gaspar do Amaral, et d’un dictionnaire portugais-vietnammien d\u00fb \u00e0 Ant\u00f3nio Barbosa. Si l’on n’a jamais retrouv\u00e9 de manuscrits des deux ouvrages pr\u00e9curseurs, c’est \u00e0 notre avis tout simplement que le dictionnaire imprim\u00e9 de Rhodes en avait int\u00e9gralement repris la substance, rendant sans objet leur conservation.”<\/i> (Roland Jacqques, Le Portugal et la romanisation de la langue vietnamienne. Faut-il r\u00e9\u00e9crire l’histoire<\/i>? (B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c La tinh h\u00f3a ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed?<\/i> Outre-Mers. Revue d’histoire, Ann\u00e9e 1998, 318, trang 21-54, b\u1ea3n in tr\u00ean Internet).<\/p>\n [22]<\/a>T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u00ean l\u00e0 Lettre de Gaspar Luis sur la Cocincina-La Mission de Concincina <\/i>(Th\u01b0 Gaspar Luis v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong – Truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong), <\/i>ti\u1ebfng \u00dd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, In t\u1eeb trang 122 \u0111\u1ebfn trang 148, trong cu\u1ed1n Relation d’Ethiopie<\/i> (K\u00fd s\u1ef1 Ethiopie<\/i>) v\u00e0 trong BAVH, s\u1ed1 3-4, 1931, t\u1eeb trang 406 \u0111\u1ebfn 409.<\/p>\n [23]<\/a>K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a cha Baldinotti <\/i>(in trong Bulletin de l’Ecole Fran\u00e7aise d’Extr\u00eame-Orient, tome 3, 1903, trang 72-78.<\/p>\n [24]<\/a>Tr\u00edch th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Linh m\u1ee5c Valentino de Carvalho g\u1eedi cho linh m\u1ee5c Nuno Mascarenhas, vi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i \u00c1o M\u00f4n ng\u00e0y 9-2-1615, ARSI, JS. 16 II, f.174, \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659, <\/i>trang 20-21.<\/p>\n\n
\n74 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. 30 \u00dd. 20 \u0110\u1ee9c. 8 Nh\u1eadt. 5 Ph\u00e1p. 4 T\u00e2y Ban Nha. 2 Trung Hoa. 2 \u00c1o M\u00f4n. 2 Ba Lan. 1 G\u00eane. 1 Hung Gia L\u1ee3i. 1 Illyrien. 1 Sarde. 1 Savoyard. 1 Th\u1ee5y S\u0129. 1 Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc. 1 To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh <\/em>[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n
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