{"id":9220,"date":"2006-08-10T22:10:00","date_gmt":"2006-08-10T22:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/archives\/9220"},"modified":"2019-03-01T10:35:07","modified_gmt":"2019-03-01T10:35:07","slug":"chuyen-tho-dan-truoc-khi-mot-snapshot","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/9220\/chuyen-tho-dan-truoc-khi-mot-snapshot","title":{"rendered":"Chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi&#8230; m\u1ed9t snapshot"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n v\u00e0 di d\u00e2n, m\u00e0u da v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 sinh t\u1ed3n, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 du m\u1ee5c, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt va nghi l\u1ec5, nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 pha lai, b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a, ra \u0111i hay \u1edf l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i n\u00e0y \u0111i li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 b\u00f3ng l\u00ean nhau, l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. Nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Graham Greene: \u201c<em>Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111en v\u00e0 tr\u1eafng. \u0110\u00fang ra n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111en v\u00e0 x\u00e1m<\/em>.\u201c \u0110en, tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 x\u00e1m \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00e0u da th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh. Greene, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh lang quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u1eadu tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung \u0111\u1ed9t, \u0111ang n\u00f3i t\u1edbi t\u00f4ng s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o r\u1ea1ch r\u00f2i ph\u00e2n minh v\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u1eefng \u0111an xen l\u1eadp l\u1ec7ch, nh\u1eefng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0m n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u00f3ng \u1ea3nh t\u00f4ng s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu. X\u00e1m nh\u1eafc ch\u1eebng s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ecm c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng m\u1ed7i phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f2n tu\u1ef3 theo \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn, qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i th\u00ec \u1edf th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n \u0111ang r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eafng \u0111en, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, C\u00f3 c\u00f2n hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb? C\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng &#8211; b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 trong ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc.     <br \/>B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y: ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb, m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh &#8211; n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dac, l\u00fac \u1ea5y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ng\u1ea9ng cao ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0 l\u1ea1i \u1edf Canberra, \u1edf Washington, hay n\u00f3i t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u201cv\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n\u201d, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i m\u00ea m\u00e3i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1m d\u1eddi m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n ra m\u00e3i ngo\u00e0i ph\u00eda ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean, ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p x\u00ea d\u1ecbch c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3ng t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f2ng gi\u1ea5y ty s\u1edf th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean. Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean t\u00edt t\u1eafp c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, t\u1edbi n\u1ed7i khi m\u1ed9t th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd, h\u1ecd cu\u1ed1ng l\u00ean, v\u00ec n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi tr\u00e1t to\u00e0, tr\u1ea1i t\u1ea1m giam, nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t to con, n\u1eb7ng tay, v\u00e0 da tr\u1eafng. Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebd, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ham \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd. Ch\u1eb3ng th\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf qu\u00ean, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u00edt ra m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ef1 \u0111i, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t mi\u1ec7t-tr\u1ea1i reservation n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t mi\u1ec7t tr\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, \u0111i qu\u00e1 giang, \u0111i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc khi n\u00e0o t\u1edbi, \u0111i nh\u01b0 ngo\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian, \u0111i chia x\u1ebb m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i, m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tr\u1ea7m ng\u00e2m &#8211; nh\u01b0 trong \u201cThe Toughest Indian of The World\u201d (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 D\u00e2n L\u00ec Nh\u1ea5t Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi) c\u1ee7a Sherman Alexie, s\u1ef1 \u0111i v\u00e0 chia x\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea1c th\u00fa. M\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e0i l\u00e2u b\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn \u0111i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t, \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc, c\u00e1i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch &#8211; trong ngh\u0129a ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. S\u1ef1 \u0111i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n.     <br \/>Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n l\u00e0 ai? Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ai m\u1ed9t h\u00f4m h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n: N\u00e0y b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng?, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? L\u00e0m sao b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111oan ch\u1eafc b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, hay n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i, th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111oan ch\u1eafc b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n?&#160; <br \/>M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u1eddi \u0111i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i t\u1eebng \u0111oan ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng Joni Mitchell ph\u1ea3i mang gi\u00f2ng m\u00e1u th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n. \u201cCh\u1ecb \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n da \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea5y,\u201d ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o, linh t\u00ednh g\u00ec m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y 20 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m quan v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n dung, v\u1ec1 \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng, n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec trong c\u00e1i gi\u1ecdng h\u00e1t khao khan \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a Joni Mitchell. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eady. \u0110\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 b\u00e1o b\u1ed5 Rolling Stone (th\u1eddi c\u00f2n format c\u0169) hay \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i th\u1eddi rock folk c\u00f2n th\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea3nh th\u00f4ng tin g\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i c\u1ea3. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 h\u00f4m qua ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ed1 th\u1ea5y b\u00e1n m\u1ed9t album m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Joni Mitchell c\u00f3 nhan \u0111\u1ec1, The Beginning of Survival (B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a S\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t). Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef \u2018Beginning of Survival\u2019 n\u00e0y tr\u00edch t\u1eeb th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed9c Tr\u01b0\u1edfng Seattle, vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, m\u1ed9t th\u1ec9nh nguy\u1ec7n th\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed9c th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 m\u00f4i sinh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t M\u1ef9. Th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Chief Seattle vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y:     <br \/>\u201c<em>\u0110\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a q\u00fai v\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. C\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra khi nh\u1eefng con b\u00f2 m\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eafn g\u1ee5c? Khi nh\u1eefng con ng\u1ef1a hoang cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a? V\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1edbi khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i n\u00f3i g\u0129a t\u1eeb v\u1edbi con ng\u1ef1a non nhanh b\u1ed9 v\u00f3 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u0103n? S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t, ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng<\/em> ?     <br \/>Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfu r\u1ecdi l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ta v\u00e0 k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dac d\u00f9 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt gi\u00f2ng m\u00e1u th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n (Aborigines, hay nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb m\u1edbi, Koori) pha trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng s\u1ebd hi\u00ean ngang nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta khai c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c xu\u1ea5t sinh c\u1ee7a cha, c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9, c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, n\u1ed9i ngo\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111\u1ecf \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng v\u1eady, h\u1ecd n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ec7 t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00fang ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ai \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed3n vong. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f4m nay, \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y [2005] \u0111ang b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch qui m\u00f4 v\u00e0o gien (di truy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1) nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c xa x\u00f4i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n Genographic v\u1eeba kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t b\u1edfi National Geographic Society \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ea3n di c\u01b0, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee5p b\u1eaft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ra \u0111i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed3n, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c 160 ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, d\u01b0\u1ea1 tr\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u00edch gien c\u1ee7a v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 100 ngh\u00ecn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1eafc d\u00e2n, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec gien, m\u00e1u huy\u1ebft, l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng. Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 m\u00e1u huy\u1ebft th\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n.     <br \/>C\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec quy\u1ec7n ho\u00e0 v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t thi\u00eang, t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c sinh ho\u1ea1t, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng, th\u00fa r\u1eebng, c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i, huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i, ca h\u00e1t, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 \u0111i, cu\u1ed9c tr\u1ea9y b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110i r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o gien con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi du m\u1ee5c, du canh, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0, c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec7n nghi th\u1ecb ph\u1ed1. \u0110i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u00edt t\u1eafp c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean h\u1ecd, hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Sioux, Spokane, Coeur d\u2019Alene &#8230; tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t M\u1ef9, s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Koori tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c \u00dac. S\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, hay hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00e3y ngh\u0129 l\u00fac \u1ea5y \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u \u0111ang l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec?    <br \/>Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf c\u1ee7a \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 con xa c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n h\u00f4m nay c\u0169ng v\u1eeba \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n t\u1edbi nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u01b0u d\u00e2n m\u1edbi m\u1ebb. T\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: c\u0169ng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u0169ng ph\u00f3ng ng\u1ecdn d\u00e1o, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eadp ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u00f4i nh\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1 m\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda s\u00e1ng tr\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng b\u1edd \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1edbi, sau nh\u1eefng nh\u00e1nh r\u1ebb ngay th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 xa r\u1eddi nhau k\u1ebb tru\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng mu\u00f4n tri\u1ec7u b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n tr\u1ea9y b\u1ed9, ngh\u00ecn s\u00f4ng r\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3n th\u1eddi gian, ngh\u0129a la t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd g\u1eb7p c\u00e1i k\u1ebb quay ngh\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y. \u1ede nh\u1eefng c\u00f5i t\u1edbi hoang vu, kh\u00f4ng ai th\u1ea5y ai, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb du m\u1ee5c mu\u00f4n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1eddi gian \u1ea5y, d\u00f9 sao c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nh\u1ecbp s\u1ed1ng: ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n, sinh t\u1ed3n hay bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. T\u1edbi ch\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u0103n minh m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nhi\u00eau kh\u00ea, ph\u1ee9c tu\u1ebf c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u00edch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, sang \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb t\u01b0 g\u00f3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn \u1edf K\u1ebb C\u00f3 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i c\u00f3, c\u00e1i s\u1edf h\u1eefu l\u00e0 cao, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p; c\u00e1i Ta l\u00e0 cao, K\u1ebb Kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed trong tr\u00f2 <em>Crosses &amp; Noughts<\/em> n\u00e0y, Crosses c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed5 cho k\u1ebb kia &#8211; Noughts &#8211; l\u00e0 savage, l\u00e0 d\u00e3 man, l\u00e0 <em>m\u1ecdi<\/em>. Trong l\u1ed1i ngh\u0129 \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 canh t\u00e1c l\u00e0 terra nullius, \u0111\u1ea5t hoang b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ta c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu, tru\u1ea5t h\u1eefu, &#8230; Chinh ph\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n &#8211; kh\u1edfi \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 \u1edf Mexico cho t\u1edbi n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 &#8211; l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhau c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng thay v\u00ec \u1edf cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f9ng ph\u00f9ng n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a song h\u00e0nh, th\u00ec k\u1ebb vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ch\u0103m ch\u00fa v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n: chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1o kho\u00e1c v\u0103n minh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111i chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng che \u0111\u1eady t\u00ednh th\u1eb3ng tay tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p. Walter Benjamin khi nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n minh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c mi\u1ec7ng than r\u1eb1ng, \u201c<em>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n minh lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00fac l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 d\u00e3 man<\/em>.\u201d (The history of civilisation is always at the same time the history of barbarism). C\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ee9 s\u1ebd c\u00f2n \u0111\u00fang cho m\u00e3i t\u1edbi khi n\u00e0o tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00f2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u0103n-minh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, m\u1ed9t l\u1eb1n ranh, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thanh to\u00e1n nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thanh to\u00e1n m\u1ed9t n\u1ebfp sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 sinh t\u1ed3n ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1eed th\u00e1ch d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian r\u1ed3i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p, xem khinh v\u00e0 tr\u00f9 d\u1eadp to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u0169. V\u0103n ho\u00e1 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn, hay h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m trong m\u1ed9t phong th\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1edbp m\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ea1t, v\u0103n minh c\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a v\u0169 kh\u00ed. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u \u0111i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111i chinh ph\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh du m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u1edf Mexico, \u1edf New England, \u1edf \u00dac kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u th\u1eddi Khai S\u00e1ng, hay c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Nh\u00e2n B\u1ea3n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng bu\u00f4n, c\u1ea3nh binh, nh\u1eefng cai t\u00f9, nh\u1eefng tay s\u00fang phi\u00eau l\u01b0u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, to\u00e1n th\u1ee7y binh, nh\u1eefng cai t\u00f9 \u1edf \u00dac, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o \u0111i ng\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a Cortez \u1edf Mexico, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2n Gi\u00e1o Anh, v\u00e0 H\u00e0 lan \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u. Cho l\u00e0 th\u1ebf \u0111i, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 cho s\u1ef1 ra \u0111i c\u1ee7a ho. K\u1ebb chinh ph\u1ea1t \u0111em v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n cho giai c\u1ea5p vua ch\u00faa? K\u1ebb ngh\u00e8o th\u00ec \u0111i cho nh\u1eb9 n\u1ee3, hay \u0111i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3 n\u1ee3.     <br \/>Ch\u1eef \u201ckhai s\u00e1ng\u201d trong th\u1eddi \u0111i x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1ea1m v\u00e0 b\u1ebb ngo\u1eb7c th\u00e0nh khai s\u00e1ng cho nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u0103m t\u1ed1i, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u0103n minh \u00c2u ch\u00e2u ch\u01b0a tr\u1edd t\u1edbi. Trong h\u00e0nh l\u00fd mang theo, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u00e1o qu\u1ea7n, th\u00f9ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u, s\u00fang \u1ed1ng, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n th\u00e1nh kinh b\u00eca da l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y n\u1eefa nh\u1eefng di s\u1ea3n thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n tinh th\u1ea7n: nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u1edbi n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng di s\u1ea3n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, th\u01a1 ca, k\u1ecbch ngh\u1ec7, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng, hay \u0111\u1ec3 giao l\u01b0u kh\u00e1ch\/ch\u1ee7. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng nghi th\u1ee9c t\u1ebf t\u1ef1, nh\u1eefng s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o m\u00e0n linh thi\u00eang, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u00e2n \u00e1i nh\u01b0 s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Moli\u00e8re ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean th\u00ec s\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5. Gi\u1ebft ch\u00f3c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng s\u00fang b\u1eafn t\u1eeb tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng ng\u1ef1a. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u1ec1n mang khu\u1ea9n tr\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a. Nh\u1eefng ao gi\u1ebfng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c. Nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1, \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng cho k\u1ebb s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i tr\u1ed1n l\u00e1nh c\u1ea3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c xu\u1ed1ng tay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1eeb C\u1ef1u \u01af\u1edbc? Cain v\u00e0 Abel &#8211; ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi em du m\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ec3 v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. Thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng xung \u0111\u1ed9t trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, m\u00e0 r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t khi thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 \u1edf m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 xong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n b\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n g\u1eafn b\u00f3 (ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh) c\u00f9ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng tranh. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c: \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ecb l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn. \u1ede B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn binh da \u0111\u1ecf c\u00f2n l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1, \u1edf \u00dac th\u00ec cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t nhanh. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng Saladin trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea7m c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 nghe \u0111\u1ebfn trong nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean anh h\u00f9ng ca c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ed3i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Saladin da n\u00e2u n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi trong nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u00dac. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u00dac c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u huy\u1ec1n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t, phong th\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean anh h\u00f9ng ca. H\u1ecd v\u1ebd sa m\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i.    <br \/>Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, n\u00f3i g\u1ecdn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba t\u1eebng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi c\u1eadn k\u1ec1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, t\u1eadn tuy\u1ec7t d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n, s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi gi\u00f2ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb chinh ph\u1ee5c. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y (thay v\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u201cTh\u1ed5 d\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ea7ng tr\u00e1n gi\u00e0 nua nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, nghe c\u0169ng ra g\u00ec) th\u00ec th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed1m kh\u1eafp kh\u1eafp, t\u1eeb B\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng Nam, t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng sang T\u00e2y &#8211; th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 l\u01b0u \u1edf \u00dac, th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Maori \u1edf T\u00e2n T\u00e2y Lan, th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n da \u0111\u1ecf \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, \u1edf Mexico, \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 La-tinh, khu\u1ea5t trong r\u1eebng gi\u00e0 Amazon, th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Inuit \u1edf Canada, Alaska; th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Polynesian, Melanesian \u1edf nh\u1eefng h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng; nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia Phi Ch\u00e2u h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ea1 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ba n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c; th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng &#8211; n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 Trung Hoa v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cu\u1ed9c H\u00e1n ho\u00e1; th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u201cd\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1\u201d \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Ch\u00e0m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5. Khi n\u00f3i t\u1edbi th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00ean,r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang n\u00f3i t\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau . \u1ede \u00dac th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 giao l\u01b0u tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u00f4n ho\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u01b0 l\u01b0u h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m.    <br \/>Tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng, ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n m\u1ea3nh, ph\u00e2n c\u1ee5m nh\u1ecf, duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u1ea9n l\u1eb7ng, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean minh, kh\u00f4ng gia nh\u1eadp c\u00e1i g\u00ec &#8211; li\u00ean k\u1ebft hay phi-li\u00ean-k\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kinh t\u1ebf, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 b\u1ecb \u0111e do\u1ea1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i; th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb l\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd, th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ki\u00ean tr\u00ec l\u00ec l\u1ee3m, s\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3 gan, v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 n\u01a1i th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i sinh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eefa l\u00e0, ch\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gian nan c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong th\u1ebf qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng phong th\u1ed5 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i v\u00f9ng. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00f4i sinh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 Green Peace, c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u00f4i sinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng Xanh \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, \u00dac&#8230;, nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u00f4i sinh k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00f4i sinh Kyoto, \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trung \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i sinh v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n. Minh tri\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, n\u1eb1m ch\u00ednh trong s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng, s\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc kinh qua m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i &#8211; \u0111i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ea1 qua gi\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c, h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a. B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft, s\u1ebd c\u00f2n c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n khi, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n xa n\u1eefa, d\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa, kh\u00ed h\u01a1i, c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb t\u1eadn khai tr\u00ean q\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t.    <br \/>N\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung ti\u1ec1n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00e2ng cao hay h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p t\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ho\u00e1, th\u00ec th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u00f3i t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i, bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3, n\u1eafng, nh\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bu\u1ed9c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a, th\u00ec th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n n\u00f3i t\u1edbi b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc, ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1, ch\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty li\u00ean qu\u1ed1c. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00e0i l\u1ef1c l\u00ean \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n quay l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Wall Street, c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, Index n\u00e0y, Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u1ecd. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111i \u0111\u00e0o, \u0111i l\u1ea5y, \u0111i phung ph\u00e1 cho M\u1ee5c Ti\u00eau L\u1edbn &#8211; Ph\u00e1t Tri\u1ec3n, th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n n\u00f3i t\u1edbi nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, nurture, t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1n ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecd n\u1ed7i c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea1nh tay, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hoang ph\u00ed, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ebfu th\u1eafng, d\u01b0\u01a1ng oai, nh\u01b0ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1n ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ki\u00ean tr\u00ec, ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn khi b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i h\u00f4m nay anh ta c\u00f3 nh\u00ecn ng\u1eafm con ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, trong khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u00ec bay r\u1ea5t nhanh tr\u00ean c\u00e1i qu\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e3nh ti\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i dung c\u0169, nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u00ean ng\u00e0y nay th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, l\u00e0m n\u00ean t\u1eeb k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ph\u00ed ph\u1ea1m, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u00e1t n\u1ed7i ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3 mi\u00ean man c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, cho v\u0169 kh\u00ed b\u00e1n ra, cho nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t, l\u00fac l\u01a1i, l\u00fac n\u1ed5 b\u00f9ng, t\u00f9y s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u1ea5y c\u0169ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ea1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. N\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf M\u1ef9, \u00dac, T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u201cK\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi,\u201d khi n\u00f3i th\u1ebf Walter Benjamin nh\u01b0 \u0111ang \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang ta tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Inuit t\u00ean Nanook, c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1922, nh\u01b0 trong cu\u1ed1n phim c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m phim t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ti\u00ean phong Robert Flaherty: Nanook, v\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 tuy\u1ebft igloo, c\u00e1ch ph\u00f3ng ng\u1ecdn d\u00e1o c\u00f3 d\u00e2y bu\u1ed9c tay c\u1ee7a anh, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1c; v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ef1c kia nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u \u0111i gi\u1ebft c\u00e1 voi, hay tr\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng r\u00e0 v\u00e9t l\u00f2ng bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay. Hay m\u1ed9t th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u00dac ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfc boomerang m\u00e0i cho c\u00e1i d\u1ee5ng kh\u00ed \u0111i s\u0103n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bay v\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 tay, theo m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ef1c kia m\u1ed9t th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean cho n\u1ed5 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u0169 kh\u00ed nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u1ed9 thi\u00ean, tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950 \u1edf trung b\u1ed9 \u00dac.     <br \/>Hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean, ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u00e2m n\u00edn. Di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i ng\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd, chi\u1ebfu n\u1ed9i, c\u1ea7m c\u1ef1 : m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o t\u1ef1 d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 m\u00e0 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp, kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n phim c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian ti\u00ean phong l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong v\u0103n kh\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 b\u1ecdt th\u1ee7y theo th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n c\u1ee9 n\u1eb1m ri\u00eang trong l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u0103m x\u0103m b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n. Bruce Chatwin v\u1edbi The Songlines l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong v\u00e0i bi\u1ec7t l\u1ec7. Octavio Paz \u1edf th\u01a1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Mexico h\u1eadu Cortez l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng Paz l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng trong l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ng\u1ed7n ngang c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb chinh ph\u1ee5c mang gi\u00f2ng m\u00e1u T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n mang gi\u00f2ng m\u00e1u b\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ea1 da \u0111\u1ecf, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i. \u1ede k\u1ecbch, Peter Brook v\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i v\u00e0o Phi Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1972 c\u00f9ng 11 di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u1ecbch m\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111i v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c di s\u1ea3n th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n. \u0110\u00fang ra, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm t\u1edbi di s\u1ea3n truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, c\u1ed5 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a du m\u1ee5c, c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n gian, c\u1ee7a huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i n\u00f3i chung, h\u1ea7u l\u1ea5y ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u m\u1edbi cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i.     <br \/>Khi \u0111i t\u00ecm Songlines, Chatwin c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm xem \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong di s\u1ea3n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u00dac. Nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u nh\u01b0 l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh thi\u00eang kia kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ri\u00eang trong sa m\u1ea1c \u00dac, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5, nh\u01b0 ley-lines (v\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e1 x\u1ebfp tr\u00f2n) \u1edf Anh, nh\u01b0 Lapps (v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1 h\u00e1t) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea7n Lan. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00f3i chung c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef l\u00e0 nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi phong th\u1ed5. Nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ca h\u00e1t c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u00dac, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a gi\u1eef th\u01a1 ca c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ed5 s\u01a1 nh\u1ea5t, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng (sacred site) m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp. Songlines tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh di c\u01b0 trong c\u1ed5 th\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m n\u00ean t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u1eefng thi s\u0129 c\u1ed5 s\u01a1, khi h\u1ecd tr\u1ea9y b\u1ed9 xu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ea1 l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 (dreamings) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh quan, t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 trong ngh\u0129a m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng (mimesis) m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u1edfi thu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ca h\u00e1t kh\u1edfi thu\u1ef7 \u1ea5y tin r\u1eb1ng phong th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean sau c\u00e1i ph\u00e9p x\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y qua \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 phong th\u1ed5, bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng, s\u1ef1 th\u00fac g\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc linh h\u1ed3n linh kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n \u1ea9n m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1 kho\u00e1ng v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i ca \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u: nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5m, nh\u1eefng v\u00f2ng cung, v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a phong th\u1ed5, c\u1ee7a t\u00f4-tem v\u1eadt t\u1ed5, nh\u01b0 trong b\u00e0i ca c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi, c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee1i. V\u00e0, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, \u1edf l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh.     <br \/><em>The Songlines<\/em> c\u1ee7a Chatwin, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1987, ra m\u1eaft trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u00dac, cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft \u00edt ch\u1ea5t h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y t\u00ecnh c\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trang ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ed5 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u00dac tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u201cthi\u00eang\u201d, l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7, c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh v\u1ebd Dreaming c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong sa m\u1ea1c ng\u00e0y nay nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng curator b\u1eebng t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 can \u0111\u1ea3m, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i t\u1edbi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gallery tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y tranh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda m\u1edf ra t\u1eeb <em>The Songlines<\/em>. C\u00f3 nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh t\u1eebng n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5m m\u00e0u, nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u trong nh\u1eefng tranh Dreaming truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1eddi r\u1ed3i) c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n t\u00ecnh c\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong tranh c\u1ee7a \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u, l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n sa m\u1ea1c, l\u1eadp tranh tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1 s\u0129 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ed1c \u00c2u, nh\u01b0 Kandinski, Mir\u00f3, Ryder, Orozco, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Pollock, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1ea1 s\u0129 trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1940 \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfm t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebb h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1 ph\u1ea9m trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng mang nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u00ecnh t\u00f4-tem, huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i. H\u01a1n hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, 1788, ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u00dac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb H\u1ea1m \u0110\u1ed9i Th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t ch\u1edf t\u00f9 \u0111i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u1ee5c? V\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ai quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 tai?     <br \/>S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u00dac g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn m\u1ed1i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111a v\u0103n h\u00f3a. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1edf T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng &#8211; b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960. Th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t ch\u01b0a ng\u00e3 ng\u0169 (Chi\u1ebfn Tranh L\u1ea1nh T\u01b0 B\u1ea3n\/C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n, Chi\u1ebfn Tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam &#8211; \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng tho\u00e1t l\u1eeda cho Chi\u1ebfn Tranh L\u1ea1nh), \u1edf M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ba\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean m\u00e0n TV n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u1eadn m\u1eaft: c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u00e1m s\u00e1t l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5: John F Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Robert Kennedy, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng trong khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1, \u1edf ngay H\u1ed9i Ngh\u1ecb Ti\u1ec1n Tuy\u1ec3n C\u1eed c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean c\u00e1i n\u1ec1n m\u00e1u \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi b\u00ean kia Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u1ede \u00c2u T\u00e2y n\u00f3i chung 1960 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 nh\u1eefng xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, tranh lu\u1eadn, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi, t\u1eeb trong l\u00f2ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ebfn ra ngo\u00e0i di\u1ec5n tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. 1960 \u1edf \u00dac, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, l\u00e0 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c gia (v\u1edbi Anh), t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng giao ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1eefa di d\u00e2n c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0 \u0111a v\u0103n h\u00f3a. V\u1edbi th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u00dac, cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1967 v\u1ec1 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n la kh\u00fac quanh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7 m\u00e0u da tr\u00ean x\u1ee9 s\u1edf n\u00e0y. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Referendum 1967 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, lu\u1eadt t\u1eafc, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea5u che t\u00ednh k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f2i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u0169, nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t thi\u00eang n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng songlines. C\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ly t\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1eadt ch\u00fang ra kh\u1ecfi b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em \u0111i nu\u00f4i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh da tr\u1eafng hay nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1i m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. Th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh da tr\u1eafng t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 lost generation, th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111ang l\u00e0m n\u00ean ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n h\u00f4m nay tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u00dac. Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf-h\u1ec7-th\u1ea5t-l\u1ea1c \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong v\u0103n, phim \u1ea3nh, th\u01a1, nh\u1ea1c, nh\u1ea1c k\u1ecbch. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n trong 20 n\u0103m qua, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 Sally Morgan \u1edf t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n My Place (Ch\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i), Tracey Moffatt \u1edf phim ng\u1eafn Night Cries: a Rural Tragedy (Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00eam T\u1ed1i: M\u1ed9t Bi K\u1ecbch Mi\u1ec7t Qu\u00ea), Leah Purcell &#8211; Box the Pony (L\u1ea5y Th\u00fang \u00dap Ng\u1ef1a Non) \u1edf nh\u1ea1c k\u1ecbch; nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n phim nh\u01b0 The Rabbit Proof Fence (H\u00e0ng R\u00e0o Ng\u0103n Th\u1ecf Hoang) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n Philipp Noyce, nh\u1eefng v\u1edf k\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 Black Medea (\u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n Wesley Enoch) tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u Belvoir v\u00e0 Melbourne Theatre Company. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u1ea5y l\u00e0m n\u00ean \u0110o\u00e0n V\u0169 Bangarra h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u00dac, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf Adelaide Arts Festival 2004 v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cPh\u00e9p ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh Th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch \u1edf Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt\u201d.     <br \/>C\u0169ng nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dac, ri\u00eang n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, sau kh\u00fac qu\u00e0nh 1967 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00f2ng th\u01a1 ca v\u00e0 k\u1ecbch s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh q\u00faa kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Kath Walker, Jack Davis v\u00e0 Judith Wright. Walker v\u00e0 Davis l\u00e0 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, Wright l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c. C\u1ea3 ba nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f2i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng uy t\u00edn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong v\u0103n gi\u1edbi. Trong 30 n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u00dac \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t ra v\u00e0 \u0111i xa h\u01a1n chuy\u1ec7n t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111i ra kh\u1ecfi bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c k\u1ecbch, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u00e0 phim \u1ea3nh. N\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Edinburg Festival, \u1edf Venice Biennale, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i t\u1edbi \u1edf nh\u1eefng s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u v\u00e0 gallery \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00dac, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng khung nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eebng \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u kia \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, ph\u1ee9c tu\u1ebf, kh\u00f4n l\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed7i l\u00fac c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u \u1edf th\u01a1, truy\u1ec7n, du k\u00fd, nh\u1eefng footage phim \u1ea3nh r\u01a1i r\u1edbt ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y ch\u1ed7 kia, trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh x\u00f3a \u0111en l\u00e0m tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a h\u00f4m qua, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u00f4m nay n\u00f3 l\u00e0m b\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u1eebng b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p \u1edf q\u00faa kh\u1ee9, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111ang s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i trong l\u00f2ng t\u1eebng m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, di d\u00e2n c\u0169, di d\u00e2n m\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft chung, nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 chung.    <br \/>Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n h\u00f4m nay: <em>Living Black, Living Deadly<\/em> (S\u1ed1ng \u0110en, S\u1ed1ng Ngon L\u00e0nh) [deadly = cool m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb kh\u1ea9u ng\u1eef th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n], c\u00e1i h\u00f4m qua l\u1eadt l\u1ea1i, l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n c\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd <em>black fellas<\/em>, l\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em <em>white fellas<\/em>, <em>balanda <\/em>(ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c), c\u00e1i c\u01b0\u1eddi dung d\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i th\u1ebf n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ee9c hi\u1ebfp, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng than kh\u00f3c, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn, r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd g\u00e1nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i chung c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, di d\u00e2n m\u1edbi t\u1edbi, hay l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb chinh ph\u1ee5c, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh m\u1ea1ch. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u00dac c\u1ee7a hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, trong c\u00e1i m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, v\u00f9a l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a v\u0103n, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1 ch\u00ednh trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, trong b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, s\u1ef1 vong th\u00e2n, cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nh\u1ecbp s\u1ed1ng. T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111a v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t men cho nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1edbi t\u1eeb gi\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh m\u1ea1ch hay nh\u0169ng di d\u00e2n m\u1edbi t\u1edbi t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u. \u1ede \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Peter Sculthorpe (Earth Cry,Kakadu, Requiem), hay Liza Lim &#8211; \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng di d\u00e2n th\u1ee9 ba. T\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ho\u00e1 th\u00e2n bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111a v\u0103n th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n s\u00e1t c\u1ea1nh di d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c chung trong c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, khi h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u H\u00f3a Gi\u1ea3i\/Reconciliation c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n.     <br \/>Khi ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb n\u1ea1n x\u00f3i m\u00f2n ph\u00e1 hoang, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 n\u00f4ng da tr\u1eafng ch\u1ee3t nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch ly kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea5y. Trong c\u01a1n h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0u d\u00e2n t\u00ecm ra M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ea1o sinh s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, khi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, nh\u1eefng di d\u00e2n \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u t\u00ecm ra th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n trong tuy\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng di d\u00e2n m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ra g\u1ea7n g\u0169i, g\u1eafn b\u00f3 h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1ed1n ngh\u0129 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, ngo\u00e0i n\u1ea1n k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, c\u00f2n nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u00dac, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u00dac Tr\u1eafng (White Australia) \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb trong b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m qua, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1966 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i g\u1ed1c \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u00dac, k\u1ebf t\u1edbi l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1967, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o Lu\u1eadt Ch\u1ed1ng K\u1ef3 Th\u1ecb Ch\u1ee7ng T\u1ed9c (Racial Discrimination Act) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1975. Quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Malcolm Fraser v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u1eb1m 1976 tr\u1edf \u0111i cho h\u01a1n 70 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o \u00dac, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u201cl\u00e0n s\u00f3ng di d\u00e2n th\u1ee9 ba\u201d t\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u. B\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u00e0 m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho di d\u00e2n t\u1edbi t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, r\u00f5 n\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 40 n\u0103m c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Khi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dac x\u00f4n xao mu\u1ed1n quay l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf di d\u00e2n, quay v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c v\u0103n ho\u00e1, nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1997,1998 th\u00ec th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n v\u00e0 di d\u00e2n g\u1ed1c \u00c1 l\u00e0 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00fac v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn nghi k\u1ef5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. \u0110a v\u0103n h\u00f3a hay \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1eeda hay b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng? N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dac v\u1eabn d\u1ecd \u0111\u1eabm hai b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00f9i, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7. (Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea3ng co khi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi nhau tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n m\u1edf c\u1eeda \u0111a v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Paul Keating (Labor) trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Malcolm Fraser (Liberal) tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3). \u1ede b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u0111a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00dac, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m di d\u00e2n \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ebd n\u1eb1m \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 gi\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u tranh \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a (c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh hay kh\u00f4ng) c\u1ee7a gi\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u1ee7 l\u01b0u. S\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t thi\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ch\u00ednh m\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y hy v\u1ecdng c\u1ee9u ch\u1eefa, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau.     <br \/>Nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, di d\u00e2n. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf cho m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n. \u1ede \u00dac Patrick White, Judith Wright, Kath Walker c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 &#8211; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Thomas Kenneally, David Malouf, Germaine Greer, Sally Morgan, Brian castro, Lionel Fogart\u1ef5.. \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1 s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n v\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia sau Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn II, nh\u01b0 Russell Drysdale, Arthur Boyd, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u1eed nh\u01b0 Manning Clark, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0a m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n l\u00ean di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c gia (m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch \u1ede \u00dac t\u1eebng g\u1ecdi m\u0129a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed \u201c\u0111eo b\u0103ng tay \u0111en\u201d, trong ngh\u0129a nh\u00ecn m\u00e3i v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ec3 tang khi tang ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 th\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 m\u00e3n h\u1ea1n).    <br \/>L\u1eabn khu\u1ea5t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m, m\u1ea5t h\u1ec7 tr\u1ee5c (Paz), nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, di d\u00e2n, l\u1eb7n l\u1ed9i v\u1ef1\u1ee3t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n nh\u00e2n v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean h\u00f4m qua, h\u00f4m nay \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o c\u1eadn k\u1ec1 v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng l\u00f5i ch\u00ednh m\u1ea1ch. Li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang c\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong nh\u1eefng Canon, nh\u1eefng Th\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec3n L\u1edbn , nh\u1eefng \u201cCu\u1ed1n S\u00e1ch L\u1edbn\u201d &#8211; n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Etta Joseph c\u1ee7a Sherman Alexie? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang c\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f5i s\u1ed1ng chung g\u1ed9p c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng. H\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, pha t\u1ea1p, chung \u0111\u1ee5ng, c\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p, va ch\u1ea1m, v\u1ee1 m\u1ea3nh. \u1ea4y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang \u0111i t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eb1n ranh m\u1edbi. L\u1eb1n ranh th\u1eddi n\u00e0o Chief Seattle \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o &#8211; gi\u1eefa s\u1ed1ng b\u01b0\u1edbc qua s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t &#8211; v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3, \u0111ang \u0111\u00f9n l\u1ea5n t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1eb1n ranh n\u1eefa: \u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u1eb1n ranh ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y \u1edf nh\u1eefng g\u00f3c khu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, \u1edf m\u1eb7t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, l\u1eabn s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n.     <br \/>Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a D\u1ef1 \u00e1n Genographic:    <br \/>\u201cCh\u00fang ta c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee5p b\u1eaft m\u1ed9t p\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t snapshot, di truy\u1ec1n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa.\u201d     <br \/>(<em>We may therefore only have a single generation remaining to capture a genetic \u2018snapshot\u2019 of the history of our species before it is lost forever.)<\/em>    <br \/>Genographic Project &#8211; National Geographic Society    <br \/>\u1ede c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o tr\u00ean, t\u1eeb \u201csnapshot\u201d kh\u00f4ng d\u01b0ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a o\u00e1i o\u0103m. Khi k\u1ebft t\u00ednh th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 20, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o nhi\u1ec1u phe, nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00eda, g\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch cho h\u00e0ng m\u01b0\u01a1i tri\u1ec7u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1o chung c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f2n khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng, \u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ed1 s\u00e2u c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn: s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba m\u1ee9a q\u00faa \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1t k\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i; d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do s\u00e1t k\u1ec1 b\u00ean t\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea7y v\u00e0 xua \u0111u\u1ed5i ; k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn s\u00e1t k\u1ec1 b\u00ean tr\u1ea7n tru\u1ed3ng, tr\u1eafng tay; s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u00e1t k\u1ec1 b\u00ean s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf, nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf. M\u1ed9t snapshot. T\u1ea5m h\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea3n gien t\u1ed1 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhin th\u1ea5y gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 t\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00f3m thu ch\u1edbp m\u1eaft, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u00f3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i chung trong t\u1eebng m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u0110o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua l\u00e0 d\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng so v\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 bao. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t, s\u1ebd l\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng h\u1ed1 s\u00e2u ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng \u0111i ti\u1ebfp, hay t\u1ea5m h\u00ecnh snapshot n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t tr\u1eef v\u1eadt n\u1eb1m ch\u00ecm trong kho t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u hoang ph\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t di \u1ea3nh tr\u00ean b\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1 b\u00e0n th\u1edd mai h\u1eadu? C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1eb1m trong b\u00ed \u1ea9n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 Chief Seattle \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi trong th\u1ec9nh nguy\u1ec7n th\u01b0 g\u1edfi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00fang 2 tr\u0103m n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc.    <br \/><strong>Ph\u1ea7n Ph\u1ee5 Ch\u00fa<\/strong>    <br \/>Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh r\u1eddi v\u1ec1 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n<\/p>\n<ul><em>1.      <br \/><\/em>K\u1ebb kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin duy l\u00fd, m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee9u ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc = th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0, sau c\u00f9ng, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau. Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t; n\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ng\u1ea7m, n\u00f3 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec s\u1ed1ng; \u1ea5y l\u00e0 kh\u00fac x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee9ng l\u00e0m g\u00e3y r\u0103ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed.    <br \/><em>Antonio Machado &#8211; \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb v\u00e0o t\u1eadp M\u00ea L\u1ed9 C\u00f4 \u0110\u01a1n (The Labyrinth of Solitude) c\u1ee7a Octavio Paz     <br \/><\/em><\/ul>\n<ul><em>2.     <br \/><\/em>Mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i x\u1ecf ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f4i gi\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 \u0111i.    <br \/>Ng\u1ea1n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n B\u1eafc M\u1ef9.<em>     <br \/>3.      <br \/><\/em>\u201cT\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi du m\u1ee5c da tr\u1eafng, m\u1ed1i l\u00e2n m\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Chatwin v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c lang thang c\u1ee7a sa m\u1ea1c b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn x\u01b0\u201d \u00dac \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n dung n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 n\u00e1t b\u1edfi r\u01b0\u1ee3u, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dac kh\u00e1c th\u1ea7m k\u00edn hy v\u1ecdng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Gi\u1ea3i Ph\u00e1p Chung Cu\u1ed9c, T\u1ed1i H\u1eadu, (l\u1ea1i cho ph\u00e9p) t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<em>.&quot;     <br \/><\/em>Tr\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n, b\u00eca sau c\u1ee7a The Songlines, Daily Telegraph, 1987    <br \/><em><\/em><\/ul>\n<ul><em>4.      <br \/><\/em>\u201cTrong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Islam, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng Sufi, h\u00e0nh t\u00e1c \u0111i, hay nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u \u0111i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tan bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00f5i th\u1ebf, cho ph\u00e9p con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 tan m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf&#8230; Khi t\u00f4i nh\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1edbi Arkady, anh ta b\u1ea3o n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u00dac, \u2018Nhi\u1ec1u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u1edf ch\u1ed1n \u1ea5y, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean.\u2019 B\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111i v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean B\u00e0i Ca c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 t\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb sau c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 b\u00e0i ca.\u201d     <br \/><strong><em><\/em><\/strong>Bruce Chatwin<em>, The Songlines, <\/em>1987    <br \/><em>5.     <br \/>\u201c<\/em>Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u. \u0110i ngang qua, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eebng x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u1ea5y.\u201d     <br \/>Ng\u1ea1n ng\u1eef th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, ghi l\u1ea1i trong <em>The Songli<\/em>nes    <br \/><em>6.     <br \/><\/em>Nh\u1eefng qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c Th\u00e1nh Chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean theo gi\u00e1o l\u1ec7nh t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Urban \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh Islam b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1095. H\u1ecd \u0111i ng\u1ef1a, \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 n\u1ed3iv\u00e0 g\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u1ea5y l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Chi\u1ebfn. T\u1eeb \u00c1 R\u1eadp c\u1ed5 g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 franj (the Franks),gi\u1eb7c T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng Islam l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Saladin, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u trung c\u1ed5. Dante Alighieri \u0111\u00e3 cho Saladin v\u00e0o trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m H\u00e0i K\u1ecbch thi\u00eang, \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n.    <br \/>Theo Peter Craven, essay \u2018Holy War, Holy Wrongs\u2019, The Age May 7, 2005    <br \/><em>7.      <br \/><\/em>Ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 2, 1519, Cortez l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c Mexico, \u0111o\u00e0n thuy\u1ec1n g\u1ed3m 11 chi\u1ebfc, v\u1edbi 508 binh nh\u00e2n, 100 th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7, v\u00e0- quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t &#8211; 16 chi\u1ebfn m\u00e3.<em>     <br \/>Theo Britannica      <br \/>8.      <br \/><\/em>&quot;Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ec5 T\u00e2y C\u01a1, tr\u1ebb hay g\u00eca, criollo hay mestizo, thu\u1ea7n T\u00e2y Ban Nha hay pha lai da \u0111\u1ecf, quan t\u01b0\u1edbng hay phu phen hay lu\u1eadt s\u01b0, th\u1ea7y c\u00e3i, v\u1edbi t\u00f4i h\u1ecd d\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng th\u00e2n: khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1, v\u00e0 n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd c\u0169ng th\u1ebf.&quot;    <br \/><em><\/em>Octavio Paz,<em> The Labirynth of Solitude<\/em> (M\u00ea L\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4 \u0110\u01a1n)    <br \/><em>9.      <br \/><\/em>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m    <br \/>h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp t\u1ee5 v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 d\u00e2ng    <br \/>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u1ee5c n\u1ed1i    <br \/>nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n    <br \/>nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3    <br \/>H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e1n nh\u00e3n l\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1    <br \/>\u1edf m\u1ecdi c\u1eeda nh\u00e0    <br \/>\u1ede m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00e1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi    <br \/>d\u1ea5u $     <br \/><em>(<\/em>Octavio Paz<em>, \u201cVuelta\u201d [Tr\u1edf V\u1ec1])     <br \/>10.      <br \/><\/em>H\u1ecd \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00e1i l\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf    <br \/>M\u1ed9t nh\u00fam ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u00e1ch h\u1edf th\u00e2n, tr\u00ec n\u1eb7ng, im l\u1eb7ng    <br \/>Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u00f2n s\u00f3t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c.    <br \/>H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u00f2ng bora ng\u00e0y c\u0169    <br \/>N\u01a1i h\u00f4m nay nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng da tr\u1eafng v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng ch\u1ea1y quanh nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn.    <br \/>B\u1ea3ng treo b\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ecba \u1ed1c: \u201cR\u00e1c C\u00f3 Th\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ed5 Xu\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00e2y\u201d.    <br \/>&#8230;    <br \/>Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i c\u0169.    <br \/>B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee9 t\u00e1n.    <br \/>Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee5i c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, con \u0111\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u, con k\u0103ng-gu-ru    <br \/>\u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ed1n n\u00e0y.    <br \/>V\u00f2ng bora \u0111\u1ea5t thi\u00eang \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.    <br \/>\u0110\u00eam l\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1i corroboree \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.    <br \/>V\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang ra \u0111i.\u201d    <br \/>Oodgeroo Noonnuccal (Kath Walker), thi s\u0129 \u00dac<em> \u201cWe Are Going\u201d [Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang ra \u0111i]     <br \/>11.       <br \/><\/em>Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Tasmania l\u00e0 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u00dac t\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n Bass d\u00e2ng l\u00ean chia c\u1eaft v\u1edbt \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 10 ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1803. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng 2 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u0103m 1804 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Black War. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1835 s\u1ed1 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t l\u00e0 2 tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a qua \u0110\u1ea3o Flinders. Truganini l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Tasmania, b\u00e0 ta m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1876.     <br \/><em><\/em>(Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Tasmania cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng &#8211; theo Britanica)    <br \/><em>12.     <br \/>&quot;L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n da \u0111\u1ecf Spokane, t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 cho l\u00ean xe nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n xin qu\u00e1 giang l\u00e0 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n da \u0111\u1ecf. T\u00f4i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi l\u1ec5 n\u00e0y t\u1eeb cha t\u00f4i, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n gi\u00f2ng t\u1ed9c Coeur d\u2019Alene, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u1eebng xe cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi du m\u1ee5c th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb c\u00e1 h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc h\u1ecd tin t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1i g\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111eo mang hy v\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 mang m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc s\u01a1 mi m\u00e0u s\u00e1ng r\u1ee1.&quot;       <br \/><\/em>Sherman Alexie, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n hai gi\u00f2ng m\u00e1u da \u0111\u1ecf Spokane \/ Coeur d\u2019Alene truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn \u201cThe Toughest Indian In the World\u201d\/Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 D\u00e2n Da \u0110\u1ecf L\u00ec Nh\u1ea5t Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi     <br \/><em>13.      <br \/><\/em>Cha t\u00f4i t\u1ed9c Noonuncal \u00d4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef t\u1ee5c x\u01b0a l\u1ec1 c\u0169    <br \/>T\u00f4-tem c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 r\u1eafn h\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f3c da    <br \/>M\u1eb9 t\u00f4i gi\u00f2ng Peewee, oang oang b\u00e0 t\u1ecf b\u00e0y    <br \/>r\u1eafn h\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tai h\u1ecda<em>     <br \/>Oodgeroo, \u201cBallad of the Totems\u201d\/Th\u01a1 h\u00e1t chuy\u1ec7n t\u00f4-tem      <br \/>14.       <br \/><\/em>&quot;Nh\u1eefng Giai C\u1ea5p Sang Tr\u1ecdng H\u01a1n &#8211; Nh\u1eefng Giai C\u1ea5p Th\u1ea5p H\u01a1n; ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh &#8211; ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dac &#8230; Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t ho\u00e1 chung chung, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t k\u1ec1 b\u00ean nhau \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1eb7p l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 m\u1eddi m\u1ecdc c\u00e1i g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 \u00e1c nghi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dac? D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u00dac n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 q\u00faa b\u1ea1o t\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c d\u00ed d\u1ecfm nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n \u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta. Nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9n hoang d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb canh c\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 \u0103n l\u00e0m c\u1eb7m c\u1ee5i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb vui c\u01b0\u1eddi. Ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi di d\u00e2n \u00c1i Nh\u0129 Lan d\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf t\u00ednh d\u00ed d\u1ecfm v\u00e0 tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed5, ch\u1ec9 \u0111em theo v\u1edbi h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, nh\u1eefng g\u1eaft g\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, s\u1ef1 y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u bia v\u00e0 c\u00e1 ng\u1ef1a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ua c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u00f4i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u00dac th\u1ef1c l\u00f9 kh\u00f9 x\u00f3m c\u0169, c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i.&quot;     <br \/><em><\/em><\/ul>\n<ul>Patrick White <em>&#8211; Flaws in the Glass (<\/em>T\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n, Nh\u1eefng T\u00ec V\u1ebft trong G\u01b0\u01a1ng<em>)     <br \/><\/em>    <br \/><em>15.     <br \/><\/em>\u201cM\u1eb9 t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, b\u00e0 nh\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i d\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u cha t\u00f4i. C\u00fa \u1ea5y d\u1ea1y t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7, t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 thay v\u00ec g\u1ee5c xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng.\u201d    <br \/>Alice Walker<em>, Maya Jaggi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n, The Guardian Jan 15 &#8211; 2005<\/em><em>     <br \/>16.      <br \/><\/em>Dignity or Death     <br \/>[Nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m hay l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft]<em>     <br \/>(Graffiti tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 Redfern, Sydney)      <br \/>17.      <br \/><\/em>\u201cT\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi ch\u1ee5p b\u1eaft th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, t\u00f4i quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o l\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3.\u201d    <br \/><em><\/em>Tracey Moffat<em>,<\/em> nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m phim, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 phim <em>Night Cries: A Rural Tragedy     <br \/><\/em>    <br \/><em>18.     <br \/>&quot;Night Cries: A Rural Tragedy:<\/em> Phim ng\u1eafn, 1989, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i, c\u1ea3nh tr\u00ed l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m ph\u00f4ng m\u00e0u (tableau), hai di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean: m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a Lost Generation v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 \u00dac da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0, s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n. Phim \u0111i qua nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t trong quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 d\u1eb1ng co gi\u01b0a \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean, c\u1ea3 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1eabn nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi chung \u0111\u1ee5ng. Cu\u1ed1n phim ng\u1eafn n\u00e0y v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i phim d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f5i nh\u00ecn th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1eaft ch\u1ee5p l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3ng ph\u00f4ng m\u00e0u g\u1ee3i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1 s\u0129 \u00dac sau Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn II nh\u01b0 Arthur Boyd, Russell Drysdale, v\u00e0 h\u1ecda s\u0129 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Albert Namatjira, n\u1ec1n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 cho l\u1ed1i kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda colonialist \u0111i v\u00e0o q\u00faa kh\u1ee9, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft nh\u00ecn th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, di d\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng con m\u1eaft b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. Cu\u1ed1n phim v\u1eeba mang nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi, c\u1ee7a pha lai v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p. Phim ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e9p l\u1ed3ng footage ca s\u0129 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Jimmy Little, m\u1ed9t ca s\u0129 gi\u1ea3i tri\u2019, entertainer, trong b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o tr\u1eafng, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac hoan ca nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, g\u1ee3i nh\u1eafc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a.&quot;<em>     <br \/><\/em>Lynne Cooke<em>, \u201cTracey Moffatt &#8211; Free-falling\u201d     <br \/><\/em>    <br \/><em>19.     <br \/><\/em>\u201c\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf, nh\u1eefng v\u00ec sao tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00eam kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bia \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ea5m m\u1ed9 r\u1ea3i r\u1ea1c r\u1eddi su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a trang t\u1ed1i t\u0103m. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf cha t\u00f4i cho qu\u00e1 giang t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 tin v\u00e0o ng\u00f3n tay c\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u1eb3ng ch\u00e2n . Cha t\u00f4i th\u00e8m c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u01b0 ch\u00e2t ph\u00e1c b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb kia. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1 h\u1ed3i; \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u00e1ch m\u1edf tim h\u1ecd ra v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai trong m\u00e1u h\u1ecd. \u00d4ng y\u00eau h\u1ecd.&quot;    <br \/>Sherman Alexie,<em> \u201c<\/em> The Toughest Indian of the World&quot;\/Ng\u01b0\u01a1\u00ec Da \u0110\u1ecf L\u00ec Nh\u1ea5t Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi    <br \/><em>20.     <br \/><\/em><\/ul>\n<ul><em>\u201c<strong>The Long Slow Death of White Australia<\/strong>\u201d       <br \/>(<\/em>T\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e1ch, Gwenda Tawan, Scribe Publication, 2005<em>)     <br \/>21.      <br \/><\/em>Etta Joseph: \u00d4ng Cox, Spencer. Trong m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m n\u0103m qua, t\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi da tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ea7y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00e0n con \u0111\u00e0n c\u00e1i t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i tr\u1eafng n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y ph\u00fat m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd.    <br \/>Spencer Cox: C\u00f2n ba ph\u00fat kia?<\/ul>\n<ul>EJ: \u1ea4y, th\u01b0a \u00f4ng Cox, ba ph\u00fat \u1ea5y l\u00e0 khi t\u00f4i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m g\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch g\u00ec bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec di\u1ec5n ra trong ba ph\u00fat \u1ea5y.    <br \/>SC: Th\u1ebf th\u00ec b\u00e0 cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y.    <br \/>EJ: \u00d4! kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng. Ba ph\u00fat \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. Ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t b\u00ed m\u1eadt. C\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng tim t\u00f4i \u00f3c t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng ai th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.     <br \/><em><\/em>Sherman Alexie<em>, \u201c<\/em> Dear John Wayne\u201d, <em>The Toughest Indian of the World<\/em>    <br \/><em>22.      <br \/><\/em>&quot;Trong xe, hay \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n trong xe, m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngo\u00e0i c\u1eeda xe, Mary Lynn kh\u00f3c. \u00d4i, God, c\u00f4 ta y\u00eau h\u1eafn, c\u00f4 ta y\u00eau \u0111\u00f4i khi v\u00ec h\u1eafn da tr\u1eafng, th\u01b0\u1eddng khi b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi m\u00e0u da tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn. Trong n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i c\u1ee7a Mary Lynn, c\u00f4 nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c Sitting Bull kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft: \u00cdt nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng c\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.&quot;    <br \/>Sherman Alexie<em>, \u201c<\/em> Assimilation\/\u0110\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a<em>\u201d, The Toughest Indian of the World<\/em>    <br \/><em>23.     <br \/><\/em>No I am not ashamed of our likeness,     <br \/>of what is in that betrays me, a smell of salt    <br \/>backwaters, a native    <br \/>grasp on the gist    <br \/>of things, our local patch    <br \/>of not-quite-solid earth from which the vast swing of the sky    <br \/>is trackable    <br \/><em>(kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5     <br \/>v\u00ec s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i t\u00f4i      <br \/>m\u1ed9t m\u00f9i mu\u1ed1i      <br \/>ao s\u00f4ng n\u1ea5p khu\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i n\u1eafm b\u1eaft b\u1ea3n th\u1ed5      <br \/>c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t       <br \/>c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c      <br \/>t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea3o nghi\u00eang r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi      <br \/>l\u00e0 d\u00f5i t\u00ecm theo d\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c )      <br \/><\/em><em>(<\/em>David Malouf<em> &#8211; \u201c<\/em>The Crab Feast<em>\u201d)<\/em>    <br \/><em>24.<\/em><\/ul>\n<ul>Spencer Cox: Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch d\u1ed1i g\u1ea1t n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 b\u00e0 \u0111ang g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 khu v\u1ef1c th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Trung B\u1ed9 Salish.<\/ul>\n<ul>Etta Joseph: Kh\u00f4ng \u00f4ng, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ea3 Ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a q\u00fai \u00f4ng, ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng d\u1ed1i l\u00e1o, khuy\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i, sai l\u1ec7ch v\u00e0 ngu mu\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, v\u1eady th\u00f4i .<\/ul>\n<ul>SC: B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch v\u1edf \u1ea5y \u00e0?<\/ul>\n<ul>EJ: T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch v\u1edf c\u1ee7a q\u00fai \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng tr\u01b0ng ra cho t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 da \u0111\u1ecf, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc r\u1ed3i. \u00d4ng tr\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfp cho t\u00f4i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed1n n\u00e0o trong kho g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nh\u1eefng T\u00e1c Ph\u1ea9m L\u1edbn c\u1ee7a q\u00fai \u00f4ng, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc qua. Hemingway, Faulkner, Conrad. \u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc. Austen, Kafka, James, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc. Whitman, Dickinson, Donne. \u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, college n\u1ecd, v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 Harvard c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ch\u1ee5p l\u1ea5y danh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a q\u00fai \u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng c\u00e1c \u00f4ng, h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn cu\u1ed1n. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fang c\u1ea3.<\/ul>\n<ul>SC: B\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd g\u00ec khi n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u00f4i v\u1eady?<\/ul>\n<ul>EJ: T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng c\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.    <br \/>Sherman Alexie<em>, \u201c<\/em> Dear John Wayne\u201d, The Toughest Indian of the World<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n v\u00e0 di d\u00e2n, m\u00e0u da v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 sinh t\u1ed3n, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 du m\u1ee5c, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt va nghi l\u1ec5, nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 pha lai, b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a, &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":498,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,30,207,25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9220","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-chuyen-de","category-mau-da-va-ngon-ngu","category-nhan-dinh"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9220","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/498"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9220"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9220\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":53888,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9220\/revisions\/53888"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9220"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9220"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9220"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}