{"id":9190,"date":"2007-01-24T20:50:00","date_gmt":"2007-01-24T20:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/archives\/9190"},"modified":"2019-03-01T10:35:23","modified_gmt":"2019-03-01T10:35:23","slug":"van-chuong-di-dan-viet-tai-hoa-ky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/9190\/van-chuong-di-dan-viet-tai-hoa-ky","title":{"rendered":"V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng di d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3"},"content":{"rendered":"<\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Hoa K\u1ef3: Kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111a ch\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c<\/strong> <\/p>\n<p>Trong gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat im l\u1eb7ng ngay sau tai n\u1ea1n tr\u00ean xa l\u1ed9 Los Angeles, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t da \u0111en trong phim Crash l\u1ea9m b\u1ea9m: \u201cV\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 x\u00fac gi\u00e1c.\u201d L\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00f3n tay, b\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ed1i s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc xe. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i n\u1ebfu Paris l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, New York l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, th\u00ec Los Angeles l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec n\u00f3 chi\u1ebfu r\u1ecdi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh m\u1edbi, m\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gay g\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t. \u1ede LA (t\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n hi\u1ec7u), kh\u00f4ng gian tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng, x\u00e1m nh\u1ee3t m\u1ed9t m\u00e0u b\u00ea t\u00f4ng, s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9, v\u00e0 th\u00e1n kh\u00ed. \u1ede LA kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y xe v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5m s\u00e1ng v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam. L\u00e1i xe tr\u00ean xa l\u1ed9 LA, m\u1ed9t sinh ho\u1ea1t chi\u1ebfm nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edd trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi, d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i xe c\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, da v\u00e0ng, da n\u00e2u, hay da tr\u1eafng, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u00e1nh \u0111\u00e8n \u0111u\u00f4i xe tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong chu\u1ed7i nh\u1eefng \u00e1nh \u0111\u00e8n ch\u1ea1y c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng. Bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i, tr\u00ean xa l\u1ed9 105, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e1i song song hay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi chu\u1ed7i ch\u1ea5m s\u00e1ng treo l\u01a1 l\u1eedng, \u00e1nh \u0111\u00e8n ch\u1edbp t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a d\u00e3y phi c\u01a1 n\u1ed1i nhau nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eb7m, ch\u1edd h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh xu\u1ed1ng phi tr\u01b0\u1eddng LAX. <\/p>\n<p>LA l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c, \u1edf ch\u1ed7 gi\u00e1p gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u00e0 m\u00e0u da. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e9p k\u00edn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong barrio, the hood, th\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khu nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng m\u1edf theo m\u1eadt m\u00e3. Giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau, x\u1ea3y ra qua quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng hay \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 trung l\u01b0u da tr\u1eafng, hay \u0111\u00f4i khi da \u0111en, s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1eaft d\u0169a m\u00f3ng tay cho h\u1ecd. \u00c1o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Guatamala, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u00edch Lan, hay ngay c\u1ea3 do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam hay Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latin l\u00e0m v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t trong nh\u1eefng x\u01b0\u1edfng may \u1edf LA v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn. Mang \u0111i gi\u1eb7t \u1ee7i th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam hay Trung Qu\u1ed1c. V\u01b0\u1eddn t\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi trung l\u01b0u da tr\u1eafng s\u1ebd do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latin ch\u0103m s\u00f3c. Th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i tr\u1ed3ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Mexico, v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a g\u1ea7n h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc d\u00e2n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111i \u0103n \u1edf c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 b\u1ebfp, d\u1ecdn b\u00e0n, r\u1eeda ch\u00e9n Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 La-tin. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di d\u00e2n m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh da m\u00e0u khi \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n<p>LA kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng di d\u00e2n, ch\u1ec9 d\u1eef d\u1ed9i h\u01a1n, trong \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111a ch\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, trong \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1edd \u01a1 v\u00e0 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng v\u00e0 ch\u1edd ch\u1ef1c b\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 do nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1965, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa n\u0103m 1992, v\u00ec xung \u0111\u1ed9t m\u00e0u da. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea9n n\u1ed9 m\u00e0u da \u1edf LA \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Paris v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m nay v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n. <\/p>\n<p>LA l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. <\/p>\n<p>Trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Hoa K\u1ef3 gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gay g\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb nh\u01b0 LA. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t di d\u00e2n. Di d\u00e2n t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n h\u1ecd. <\/p>\n<p>Phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cho c\u00e1c s\u1eafc d\u00e2n da m\u00e0u trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Lu\u1eadt Di D\u00e2n n\u0103m 1965, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1n ng\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc d\u00e2n, m\u00e0u da, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o di d\u00e2n, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1eafc d\u00e2n s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 da m\u00e0u tr\u00ean x\u1ee9 s\u1edf n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n<p>Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 70 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u0103\u0323c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea7n th\u00eam lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1973 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u trong \u0111\u1ee3t t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh b\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ebd kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i t\u00ecm l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t gi\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3u Ford \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh trong m\u1ea5y th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng theo \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, th\u00ec b\u00e2y gi\u1edd nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf m\u00e1, lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i sinh hay m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1ee9c sinh ho\u1ea1t, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, m\u00e0u da, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cho c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch khai th\u00e1c nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5y. <\/p>\n<p>K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o h\u01a1n, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ebb h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 n\u1eef b\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ngoan ngo\u00e3n v\u00e0 kh\u00e9o tay, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng di d\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, hay nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u00d0\u1ee9c, Canada, U\u0301c, v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, Hoa K\u1ef3. Ch\u00fang ta ai s\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam California ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1 g\u00ec nh\u1eefng shop may tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u m\u01b0\u1edbn \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 La Tinh, hay c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed3 may t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 d\u00e2n da m\u00e0u, \u00edt c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n v\u00ec m\u00e0u da, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u0103n h\u00f3a. C\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecd r\u1ebb h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sa th\u1ea3i h\u1ecd b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o, m\u01b0\u1edbn l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u \u00edt t\u00f9y theo nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5. <\/p>\n<p>D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o tranh \u0111\u1ea5u d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cho da m\u00e0u t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60, nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111ang to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 70 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111a ch\u1ee7ng, x\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a di d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, c\u00e1ch ly, v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c. <\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0 LA, thay v\u00ec the United States of America, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n g\u1ecdi Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 the US, m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n hi\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5 v\u00e0 phi \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. The US l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gay g\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t. V\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. <\/p>\n<p><strong>D\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng da m\u00e0u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi<\/strong> <\/p>\n<p>Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh tr\u00ean, 40 n\u0103m sau b\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt Di D\u00e2n 1965, v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 30 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u1ee3t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng ch\u00fang ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng da m\u00e0u m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t di d\u00e2n m\u1edbi, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c1 (Asian American literature), kh\u00e1c c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Da \u00d0en trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Harlem Rennaisance c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 20, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n v\u1edbi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia sau n\u00e0y? <\/p>\n<p>V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c1, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 Frank Chin, Maxine Hong Kingston, Carlos Bulosi, Amy Tan v.v., \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed5i l\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1eeb phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60. Nh\u01b0ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi ai? V\u00e0 trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o? L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y b\u00fat c\u00f3 t\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed g\u1ea7n g\u1ee5i v\u00e0 cay \u0111\u1eafng, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c1 n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 n\u00e9t: ch\u00fang t\u00f4i vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. <\/p>\n<p>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c1, b\u00f4i x\u00f3a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1eafp c\u1ee7a cu-li ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 tr\u00ean m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0n d\u1eb7m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00e0y xe l\u1eeda d\u1ecdc ngang xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba; b\u00f4i x\u00f3a c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec7m tr\u00ean n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi di d\u00e2n g\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9 Hai; b\u00f4i x\u00f3a c\u1ea3 m\u00e1u x\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh Nh\u1eadt, Hoa, Phi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 trong 2 cu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng bi\u00ean th\u00f9y xa c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. B\u00f4i x\u00f3a c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 khi Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt, th\u00ec c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 1\/4 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Nh\u1eadt b\u1ecb giam v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng sa m\u1ea1c mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Hoa K\u1ef3. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m trong d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c1 \u0111\u1ed3 theo nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft m\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd th\u1ea5m \u0111\u1eabm l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c1. <\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t l\u00fd l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean: s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng. <\/p>\n<p>R\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. <\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c M\u1ef9, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean v\u1ecb c\u00e1i l\u00f5i da tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y. M\u1eabu m\u1ef1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, kh\u00f4ng suy suy\u1ec3n. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3ng vai m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c \u00c1 l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n, \u1edf ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1, khao kh\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng. \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u1edf h\u1ecd l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 (do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c, \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 v\u00e0ng m\u00e3) c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a da m\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu qua nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1eabn c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i da tr\u1eafng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c1 c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m r\u00f5 h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn trung t\u00e2m, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 o\u00e1n h\u1eddn. <\/p>\n<p>Tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u01b0u t\u01b0 th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c M\u1ef9, phong tr\u00e0o Harlem Renaissance c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Phi Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 da \u0111en t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e0i h\u01a1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. B\u1ecb t\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5, c\u00f4 t\u1edb g\u00e1i da \u0111en Docia trong C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft \u00d0en c\u1ee7a Zora Neale Hurston \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee3t th\u1ea5y: \u201cba tr\u0103m n\u0103m n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 tan nh\u01b0 s\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1edbm. Ch\u00e2u Phi v\u01b0\u01a1n c\u00e1nh tay \u0111en \u0111\u00f2i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u201d Phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. S\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u qua c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 Zora Neale Hurston, Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes. . . . N\u1ebfu cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n Phi Ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c xa lo\u1ea1i t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 h\u00e0o quang Th\u1ee7y H\u1eed \u1edf Frank Chin (qu\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c \u00c1 t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee7y h\u1eed\u2013b\u00eca n\u01b0\u1edbc), th\u00ec phong tr\u00e0o Harlem v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 da \u0111en t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng da \u0111en t\u00ednh n\u00e9gritude xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia trong th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 30 (xin xem b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Christine Cao trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y), v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00d0\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00d0en (Black Atlantic) th\u1eddi h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. <\/p>\n<p>Ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c1 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111i k\u00e8m l\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng da \u0111en g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Ralph Ellison, Richard Wright hay James Balwin kh\u00f4ng mang c\u00f9ng m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m ngo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c \u00c1, v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ph\u00e1 tan kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch khao kh\u00e1t gi\u1eefa ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y mua b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng da \u0111en \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c nhu\u1ed1m h\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edbm h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 n\u00e9gritude c\u1ee7a Aim\u00e9 C\u00e9saire, L. Senghor hay Black Atlantic c\u1ee7a Paul Gilroy sau n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n<p>V\u1eady d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng da-m\u00e0u-m\u1edbi n\u00e0y th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng hay quay l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c1, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi Ch\u00e2u, hay c\u1ea3 M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c M\u1ec5 T\u00e2y C\u01a1\/Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latin tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3? V\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 g\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t n\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e2u trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi? <\/p>\n<p>\u00d0\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1eddi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch 2 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng da-m\u00e0u-m\u1edbi trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i. Truy\u1ec7n B\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a Edwidge Danticat, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1eef da \u0111en g\u1ed1c Haiti, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e2u \u201cM\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng n\u1eefa s\u1ebd \u0111\u00fang 7 n\u0103m tr\u00f2n t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y anh quen v\u1ee3 anh\u201d v\u00e0 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng Haiti di d\u00e2n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u00e3nh sang \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u00f9ng m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i New York. \u1ede M\u1ef9, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 Patrick Dorismond, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi lai Haiti b\u1ecb c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t New York b\u1eafn ch\u1ebft, v\u00ec anh ta mang m\u00e0u da \u0111en. Da \u0111en t\u00ednh trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Haiti \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan m\u00e0u da \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb Hoa K\u1ef3. K\u00fd \u1ee9c trong th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p lai (cr\u00e9ole) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng Anh ng\u1eef, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ecdng v\u0103n d\u1ecbch tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh Thanh Th\u1ee7y. Hai \u0111\u1ee3t chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef, t\u1eeb k\u00fd \u1ee9c cr\u00e9ole r\u1eafc v\u00e0o Anh ng\u1eef v\u00e0t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh chuy\u1ec3n sang Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef, l\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o nhau nh\u01b0 2 l\u1ea7n gi\u1ea5y m\u1ecfng ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nhau, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea9n hi\u1ec7n trong b\u1ea3n sau, l\u1eabn b\u1ea3n sao. <\/p>\n<p>Truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn L\u1ee5c \u00d0\u1ecba Th\u1ee9 Ba v\u00e0 Cu\u1ed1i C\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Jhumpa Lahiri n\u1eb1m trong t\u1eadp truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn Interpreter of Maladies \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Pulitzer. C\u0169ng l\u00e0 truy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng di d\u00e2n \u1edf Massachussetts b\u1ea3o l\u00e3nh v\u1ee3 sang, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y th\u00ec t\u1eeb Bengal b\u00ean \u1ea4n, c\u00f4 Lahiri \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc theo su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb Nam \u00c1, sang T\u00e2y\u00c2u, sang B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 &#8211; l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng &#8211; m\u00e0 c\u00f2n theo ch\u00e2n g\u00e3 di d\u00e2n qua m\u1ed7i d\u1eb7m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng: \u201cT\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u00ecm kho t\u00e0ng \u1edf ch\u1ed1n xa x\u0103m, v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. D\u00f9 th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fac t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea9n ng\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed7i d\u1eb7m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111i, m\u1ed7i b\u1eefa \u0103n t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0103n, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng quen, m\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ng\u1ee7. D\u00f9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u xem nh\u01b0 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i s\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.\u201d B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ng\u1ecdc gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb s\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3i r\u1eafc v\u1ee5n b\u00e1nh m\u00ec \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y sang l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c, k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng trong c\u00e2u truy\u1ec7n. <\/p>\n<p>Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng da-m\u00e0u-m\u1edbi h\u00f4m nay kh\u00e1c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng v\u0103n thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 (ethnic) c\u00f3 r\u1ec5 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c1. \u00d0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng di d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111i v\u1ec1 ngang d\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed3i \u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng. D\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng da-m\u00e0u-m\u1edbi, trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh di d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u00edt than v\u00e3n h\u01a1n, \u00edt d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3i \u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng g\u1ea7n trung t\u00e2m h\u01a1n trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c M\u1ef9. Nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh kinh nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ch\u00fang ta. C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i da tr\u1eafng, c\u00e1i t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da m\u00e0u nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb b\u00ean l\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 c\u0169ng m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t hay b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch \u0111i. B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 da tr\u1eafng 103 tu\u1ed5i, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf v\u00f9ng New England trong truy\u1ec7n L\u1ee5c \u00d0\u1ecba Th\u1ee9 Ba, d\u1ea1y g\u00e3 di d\u00e2n v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u1edf chuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 c\u1eafm c\u1edd tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00ec g\u00e3 di d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea5u b\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e1 c\u1edd Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee1 \u0111i. D\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng da m\u00e0u m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1 v\u00e0o trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c M\u1ef9, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng itinerant, \u0111i v\u1ec1 theo g\u00f3t di d\u00e2n. <\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u \u0111i \u0111i v\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba\/h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 ta th\u1ea5y \u1edf Salman Rushdie hay Hanif Kureishi trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Anh. T\u00ednh h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea5n t\u00ednh thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 trong d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng da m\u00e0u m\u1edbi. T\u00e2m th\u1ee9c h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 n\u00e9t h\u01a1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu d\u00e2n d\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a bao tr\u00f9m v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1edd m\u1eaft. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh trong c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi n\u00e0y m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ed7ng d\u01b0ng mang gi\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c. V\u0103n phong, truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 (m\u00e0 ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018da \u0111\u1ecf\u2019) Sherman Alexie b\u1ed7ng d\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c m\u1ea5y v\u1edbi m\u1ef9 quan h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 m\u1ef9 quan ch\u00e2n \u0111i, l\u01b0u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1c, itinerant. D\u00f2ng v\u0103n m\u1edbi, trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh di d\u00e2n m\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u l\u01b0u d\u00e2n sojourner c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u00e0i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u00e1n trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi tr\u00ean 2 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u00dac v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 l\u00e0m ta ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt v\u1eeba gi\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169 v\u1eeba th\u00edch nghi h\u01a1n v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh (th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111a ch\u1ee7ng nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch ly v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 Hoa K\u1ef3). Trong chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u00dac \u201cm\u01b0u c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc\u201d trong th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n t\u00ednh, trong c\u1ea3 da \u0111en t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 Sherman Alexie \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc da \u0111\u1ecf, r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft n\u1ebfu ta mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi tr\u1eafng \u0111en cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cc\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng?\u201d V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1ng nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u1edf b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc \u0111en hay \u0111\u1ecf (\u1edf th\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c), m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eadp tan ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 ra th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u1eadp tan c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb cai tr\u1ecb, ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u1eb7p nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i vi v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb cai tr\u1ecb \u1edf trung t\u00e2m. Theo Th\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u00e1n, m\u1ef9 quan c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 m\u1ef9 quan v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc, v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i v\u1ee1 m\u1ea3nh, l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng, gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u201ckh\u00f4ng t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m, m\u1ea5t h\u1ec7 tr\u1ee5c.\u201d <\/p>\n<p><strong>V\u0103n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Di D\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t<\/strong> <\/p>\n<p>C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft g\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng da-m\u00e0u-m\u1edbi? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin m\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1edfng nghi\u1ec7m 3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1eb1ng Anh ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 g\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t: \u00d0inh Linh, Aimee Phan, v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nguy\u1ec5n. <\/p>\n<p>Hai Nh\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Th\u1ee9c trong truy\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a \u00d0inh Linh kh\u00f4ng mang d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u00e0u da hay s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c, ngay c\u1ea3 trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef s\u1eafc c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Phan Nhi\u00ean H\u1ea1o. Hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 mang d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i \u00e1c. Isabelle Pelaud, qua b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn c\u1ee7a \u00d0inh Linh trong tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp Fake House \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4\u1ef3c gi\u1ea3 gi\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u vong tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 x\u1ee9 s\u1edf. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u1edf trung t\u00e2m nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00d0inh Linh g\u1ed3m Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt da tr\u1eafng ngh\u00e8o, giang h\u1ed3, t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m, x\u1ea5u x\u00ed, ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1 cho ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa l\u1ec1 v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y trong d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c1? <\/p>\n<p>Ta Kh\u00f4ng Bao Gi\u1edd N\u00ean G\u1eb7p Nhau c\u1ee7a Aimee Phan, qua gi\u1ecdng v\u0103n d\u1ecbch r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Tu\u1ec7 Qu\u00e2n, cho ta th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt lai, b\u1ee5i \u0111\u1eddi, b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng. Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Kim kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1t khao trung t\u00e2m da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u00ecm ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha M\u1ef9, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111i t\u00ecm h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1eb9 Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 ta, m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn tai \u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec l\u1ed1i k\u1ec3 truy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y mang ta \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111a d\u1ea1ng ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 Pelaud \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u00d0inh Linh hay \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng mong ch\u1edd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng g\u1ed1c \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u? <\/p>\n<p>Trong truy\u1ec7n M\u1ed9t Cu\u1ed9c S\u1ed1ng \u00d0\u1ee9ng \u00d0\u1eafn c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nguy\u1ec5n qua b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch v\u1eeba chu\u1ea9n v\u1eeba truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Nguy\u1ec7t C\u1ea7m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng tr\u1ebb t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng b\u1ea3o l\u00e3nh. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u1ef9. \u00d0\u1ecba l\u00fd, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu anh ta ch\u1ec9 th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ee9ng g\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c da tr\u1eafng. N\u1ebfu truy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3 theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hoa v\u0103n quen thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c1, th\u00ec c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00fac ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m trong d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y? <\/p>\n<p>\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh. C\u00f2n s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i h\u00e2n h\u1ea1nh m\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a 4 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 quen thu\u1ed9c Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ng\u1ecdc, Nguy\u1ec5n Danh B\u1eb1ng, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng B\u1eafc, v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Ng\u1ecdc Nhung. <\/p>\n<p>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean m\u00e0u da c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trung t\u00e2m da tr\u1eafng c\u00f3 tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh chung? Sau th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i b\u1eb7t tin, Judith, c\u00f4 b\u1ea1n da tr\u1eafng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u Y\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 trong truy\u1ec7n B\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ng\u1ecdc, g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn Y\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u1eeb trung t\u00e2m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u2018to\u00e0n tr\u1eafng,\u2019 tr\u1eafng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f3ng mu\u1ed1i \u1edf Utah. C\u0169ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng, c\u0169ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c. M\u1ea5t m\u00e1t. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1. <\/p>\n<p>V\u1eady ra kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i. Nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean tan bi\u1ebfn. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. M\u1ecdi c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. <\/p>\n<p>Ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Adrienne Rich, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng than v\u00e3n nh\u01b0 di d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta than v\u00e3n: <\/p>\n<p><em>V\u00e0 \u1edf x\u1ee9 s\u1edf kia <\/em><\/p>\n<p> <em>   <\/p>\n<p>c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a b\u1edfi k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c <\/p>\n<p>x\u1ee9 s\u1edf m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn <\/p>\n<p>x\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i v\u1ec1 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp <\/p>\n<p>x\u1ee9 s\u1edf m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00f4i mang theo \u1edf l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n tay <\/p>\n<p>nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng \u0111ang ch\u00e1y: l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111ang ch\u00e1y. <\/p>\n<p><em><\/em>(\u201cTurning,\u201d trong <em>Time\u2019s Power<\/em>) <\/p>\n<p> <\/em><strong>   <\/p>\n<p><strong>M\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u xa l\u1ea1. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh.<\/strong> <\/p>\n<p> <\/strong>  <\/p>\n<p>Ngay c\u1ea3 x\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a k\u00fd \u1ee9c. Khai qu\u1eadt, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y g\u00ec \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a k\u00fd \u1ee9c? Nh\u00e0 C\u0169 ch\u0103ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1a truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Danh B\u1eb1ng? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec3 truy\u1ec7n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y g\u00ec d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t? \u00d0\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf di ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Danh B\u1eb1ng gi\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng k\u1ef7 v\u1eadt hay c\u1ed5 v\u1eadt &#8211; th\u1ee9 v\u00e0ng m\u00e3 l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hay d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00e1o s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 &#8211; m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c th\u00f4i mi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c khai qu\u1eadt, ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 bao tr\u00f9m trong t\u00ednh ph\u00fang d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. <\/p>\n<p>\u00d0inh T\u1eeb B\u00edch Th\u00fay trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m di d\u00e2n l\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng M\u1ef9 n\u00ean c\u00f4 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i &#8211; ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi di d\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi da m\u00e0u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi hai v\u0103n h\u00f3a hai th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u201cv\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t hoang\u201d\u2013ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ea3y trong d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi \u201cs\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh khai ph\u00e1\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea3y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1eeb th\u1eddi l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c, qua nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a Gatsby, qua Thanh \u00c2m v\u00e0 Cu\u1ed3ng N\u1ed9, ngang K\u1ebb V\u00f4 H\u00ecnh, qua th\u1eeda l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Holden Caulfield, xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n hi\u1ec7p ch\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng h\u1ecd Hull, trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0103n c\u1ee7a g\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp Vi\u1ec7t trong S\u00e1ch Mu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Monique Th\u00f9y Dung Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y cu\u1ed1n theo c\u1ea3 l\u1eddi than c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef nh\u01b0 b\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng Kh\u1eafc Kim Mai kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m sang Anh ng\u1eef. <\/p>\n<p><strong>M\u00e0u Da c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4n Ng\u1eef<\/strong> <\/p>\n<p>Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Trong nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n h\u1ebft gi\u1ea5y h\u1ebft m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, \u00edt ai quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong ng\u00e0nh \u00c1 M\u1ef9 H\u1ecdc (Asian American Studies). C\u00f3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 trong ngh\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9. Trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9, kh\u00f4ng ai th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 sao kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0 Christine Cao \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Anh ng\u1eef l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nan \u0111\u1ec1? <\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc g\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t, h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i xa x\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 then ch\u1ed1t khi ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ngo\u1ea1i vi hay trung t\u00e2m, b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb hay cai tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 hay ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, h\u1ed3i \u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u00f4i x\u00f3a, ngay khi ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng c\u1eb7p nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean n\u00e0y trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m quan c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh, Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 g\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef vi\u1ebft: Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng B\u1eafc, Phan Nhi\u00ean H\u1ea1o, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Ng\u1ecdc Nhung, Nguy\u1ec5n Danh B\u1eb1ng, \u00d0\u1ed7 Khi\u00eam, Tr\u1ecbnh Thanh Th\u1ee7y, \u00d0inh Linh, Vi\u1ec7t Nguy\u1ec5n, \u00d0\u1ed7 L\u00ea Anh \u00d0\u00e0o, v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng, Ban Mai, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft trong n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng di d\u00e2n g\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1edf t\u1ea1i. Ban Mai nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u1eb3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Qu\u1ed1c Ch\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i k\u00eau l\u00ean t\u1eeb S\u00e0i G\u00f2n: \u201cTao l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 ngh\u1ebbo tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng Linda L\u00ea\u201d khi nh\u00e0 v\u0103n di d\u00e2n vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4 mang tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft. C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t? Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1eb3ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh di d\u00e2n? Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 n\u00e9t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng xoay quanh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng da m\u00e0u g\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t. <\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta \u1edf th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng b\u00e1m v\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 hai th\u1ee9 t\u00f3c. L\u00fac n\u00e0o th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Anh, l\u00fac n\u00e0o ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0o? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u0103ng ch\u00fang ta theo ch\u00e2n nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong truy\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c ng\u1eafn c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng B\u1eafc \u201cqua s\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u1ef1a qua v\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u00e2u,\u201d \u201cb\u00f4ng rua Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi How are you?\u201d Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng B\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t g\u00ec trong cu\u1ed9c qua s\u00f4ng, ngo\u00e0i \u201c\u0111au k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t gi\u00e2y, n\u1eb7ng nh\u1eb9 \u0103n thua m\u1eb9 g\u00ec?\u201d C\u00f2n ch\u00fang ta? <\/p>\n<p>\u00d0inh T\u1eeb B\u00edch Th\u00fay cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng song ng\u1eef l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u0111i\u1ec3m, cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft song ng\u1eef \u201cch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ecdi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i nh\u00ecn h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc. . . . D\u1ea1ng ch\u00e2n qua hai d\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Lost Generation, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc xuy\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a, xuy\u00ean m\u00e0u da.\u201d \u00d0inh Linh, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 song ng\u1eef, h\u1eb3n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1eeba th\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng v\u1eeba qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00d0inh T\u1eeb B\u00edch Th\u00fay khi anh tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n: \u201cTh\u1eadt s\u1ef1 th\u00ec t\u00f4i l\u00e0 hai nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, m\u1ed9t M\u1ef9, m\u1ed9t Vi\u1ec7t. T\u00f4i vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00ec t\u00f4i g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t. T\u00f4i vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00ec t\u00f4i g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>C\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4i c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t m\u1edbi m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh lai Vi\u1ec7t trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng khai ph\u00e1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thi ca trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i th\u01a1 nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u01a1 d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Th\u1ecb Th\u1ea5m V\u00e2n, Phan Nhi\u00ean H\u1ea1o, Tr\u1ecbnh Thanh Th\u1ee7y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Jenni Trang L\u00ea, B\u1ea3o Phi, \u00d0\u1ed7 L\u00ea Anh \u00d0\u00e0o, Qu\u1ed1c B\u1ea3o, Taylur Thu Hi\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0111ang khai ph\u00e1 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4i. Th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e9t, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n. Nh\u1eefng \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7u ti\u1ebfng Anh, l\u1eabn v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho th\u01a1 h\u1ecd kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe. N\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3m quan xuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. C\u00f3 v\u00e0i b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb lai c\u0103ng. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mong c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c: r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 tr\u1ebb \u0111ang qu\u0103ng molotov *bleep*tails v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfng Anh. Nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng, thanh \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t ph\u1ef1t ch\u00e1y tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a Anh ng\u1eef, ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu Anh ng\u1eef. N\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n v\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i Anglo da tr\u1eafng l\u00ean nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n hay di d\u00e2n, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu n\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Ti\u1ebfng Anh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c, ngay trong l\u00f2ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Anh ng\u1eef. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 cr\u00e9ole, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 Christine Cao d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n? <\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t hay Anh, v\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u00ec ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, v\u00ec tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u khi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n. Vi\u1ec7t Nguy\u1ec5n v\u00e0 Christine Cao, trong b\u00e0i T\u1ea1i Sao Vi\u1ebft Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4, \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea5t g\u1ed1c, hay b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh. Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, Vi\u1ec7t Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c khi anh vi\u1ebft: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sinh ra t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 hay l\u1edbn l\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 Monique Truong, le thi diem thuy, Aimee Phan, Kien Nguyen, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, th\u00ec ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng di d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ebd b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00f3i m\u00e0 trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe.\u201d X\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng. <\/p>\n<p>X\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u0169 ph\u00e0ng. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t Anh ng\u1eef l\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. R\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00f4m nay, di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, m\u1ea5y ai tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi Anh, Ph\u00e1p, T\u00e2y Ban Nha ng\u1eef? V\u1eady tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Anh ng\u1eef m\u00e0 trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u1ea1p \u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ngo\u00e0i tai. Ch\u00fang ta vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng ai hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh, ch\u00fang ta vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc mua b\u00e1n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? <\/p>\n<p>V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ef9 hay xem tr\u1ecdng t\u00ednh trung th\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u1ef1a l\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. T\u1ed1t l\u1eafm. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i hay l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 da m\u00e0u thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 th\u00ec \u00e1p l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 bi\u1ebfn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh xem nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 Isabelle Thuy Pelaud nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. T\u1ec7 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y v\u00e0i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1eb1ng Anh ng\u1eef l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh h\u00e0o quang m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u ni\u1ec7m exotic, hay v\u00e0ng m\u00e3, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3. Khi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng Anh Ng\u1eef, theo th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u00f4i khi, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 g\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t (\u0111\u00f4i khi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u00f4i, v\u00ec \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft) \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chung n\u00f3i thay d\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c. <\/p>\n<p>M\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i cho d\u00e2n m\u00ecnh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ai n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2y? \u00d0\u00fang. \u00d0\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ch\u00fang ta h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t di d\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh hay ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1edf t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta d\u0129 nhi\u00ean n\u00ean c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn khi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ta d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh xem nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh, trong c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb cai tr\u1ecb. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c. K\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 thay, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i da tr\u1eafng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng tr\u1eafng da trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan m\u00e0u da v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1edbp da m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u00e0u da tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Anh ng\u1eef. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef mang theo n\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. V\u00e0 c\u1ea3 k\u00fd \u1ee9c. Ng\u0169g\u0129 wa Thiong\u2019o, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Kenya h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng c\u1ea3 5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u00edt ai nghe \u0111\u1ebfn\u2013Gikuyu, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o c\u00e1ch b\u00f4i x\u00f3a k\u00fd \u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u1ebft ch\u1ed3ng, nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c ch\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a hay l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb. <\/p>\n<p>\u00d0\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed7i v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, m\u1ed7i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Christine Cao trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f3a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, m\u1ef9 quan, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111a d\u1ea1ng trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3 bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 ki\u1ec7u th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00d0inh Linh, Aimee Phan, v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nguy\u1ec5n cho th\u1ea5y trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. C\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u1eefa, bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u. Andr\u00e9 Schwartz-Bart, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Do Th\u00e1i Ph\u00e1p da tr\u1eafng c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n n\u00f3i gi\u00f9m nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n da \u0111en c\u1ee7a Solitude, c\u00f4 g\u00e1i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 lai Ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Guadeloupe b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed n\u0103m 1802, r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed, \u201ct\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c; h\u1ecd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc b\u00f3ng, con m\u00faa r\u1ed1i trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u00eam bao c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng. H\u1ecd ng\u1eebng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\u201d (La mul\u00e2tresse Solitude). Hay Paul Celan, vi\u1ebft sau nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m Do Th\u00e1i trong tr\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u00d0\u1ee9c: <\/p>\n<p><em>Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n ta, duy nh\u1ea5t, <\/em><\/p>\n<p> <em>   <\/p>\n<p>tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00e2m ti\u1ebft, <\/p>\n<p>v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc bao t\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9a h\u1ea1t h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n <\/p>\n<p>n\u1ed5i s\u1ea5m <\/p>\n<p>n\u1edf hoa. <\/p>\n<p><em><\/em>(\u201cForce of Light\u201d) <\/p>\n<p> <\/em>  <\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt l\u1eafm, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf m\u1ecdi c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh. V\u00e0 c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 h\u1ecd. <\/p>\n<p><strong>M\u1ed9t N\u1ec1n V\u0103n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t Tho\u1ea1i Xuy\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c Gia <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>C\u1ed5 v\u00f5 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Anh, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf m\u1ecdi c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. V\u00ec ngo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u0169 ph\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Anh ng\u1eef ra, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3, hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra, nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c. Hay \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee5c kho\u00e9t nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c chi\u00eam bao c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng m\u00e0 Lawrence of Arabia t\u1eebng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n m\u01a1 ng\u00e0y. V\u00ec ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. <\/p>\n<p>D\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t ly \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 (l\u1ea1i m\u01a1) c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng t\u1eeb r\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f4ng th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111i v\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi chi\u00eam bao c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i v\u1ec1 xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a di d\u00e2n. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn mang c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc ethnic thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3; nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u00e1n. \u00d0\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3. <\/p>\n<p>\u00d0i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bay, v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt. Christine Cao, theo Rushdie (v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Walter Benjamin), b\u1ea3o d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngang d\u1ecdc xuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef (hay qua m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef si\u00eau ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u01b0 Benjamin hy v\u1ecdng?). D\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Tr\u1ecbnh Thanh Th\u1ee7y, Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ng\u1ecdc, Phan Nhi\u00ean H\u1ea1o, Tr\u1ea7n Tu\u1ec7 Qu\u00e2n, Nguy\u1ec5n Nguy\u1ec7t C\u1ea7m, \u00d0\u1ed7 L\u00ea Anhdao, L\u00ea Th\u1ecb Th\u1ea5m V\u00e2n v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c trao \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n trong t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0u da v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cho ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, \u1edf gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, xuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, si\u00eau ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. <\/p>\n<p>\u00d0\u1ed7 Kh trong b\u00e0i phi\u1ebfm lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan h\u00e0ng d\u1ecdc, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 da tr\u1eafng ban ph\u00e1t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 hay nh\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec3u, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan h\u00e0ng ngang gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng nghe \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Gikuyu c\u1ee7a Ng\u0169g\u0129 wa Thiong\u2019o v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Phi Ch\u00e2u sang c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng Phi Ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng qua ti\u1ebfng Anh hay Ph\u00e1p. Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Ng\u1ecdc Nhung qua L\u1ea7n G\u1eb7p Cu\u1ed1i cho ta th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ngang gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u00f9ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, cho d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n. <\/p>\n<p>D\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111i v\u1ec1, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngang. C\u00f2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111i v\u1ec1? Christine Cao nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0i radio, truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef nhan nh\u1ea3n trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t M\u1ef9. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i, vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean b\u00e1o, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 k\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0 qu\u00ean k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia. <\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi? N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e8 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb l\u00e2u b\u1ecb giam c\u1ea7m trong r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n cai tr\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Anh hay Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 g\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 song h\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 \u0111i v\u1ec1 cho nhau. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng giao ti\u1ebfp, \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e0o nh\u1eefng con kinh th\u00f4ng nhau gi\u1eefa 2 d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chung nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt. <\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, thay v\u00ec m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng mang l\u1edbp da m\u00e0u, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec3u, kh\u00f4ng ai nghe, kh\u00f4ng ai hi\u1ec3u, t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 cho ta th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta qua ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef\u2013t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, t\u01b0 duy b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Anh hay Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef? Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang x\u00f3i m\u00f2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a trung t\u00e2m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i tr\u1eafng, v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u1ea1i vi trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edfng: t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t trung t\u00e2m \u1edf m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c ngay trong l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Anh ng\u1eef v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u0103ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cosmopolitanism kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1edf n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta \u0111i t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Aihwa Ong t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ta nh\u00ecn m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi Hoa Ki\u1ec1u tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t alternative modernity kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi (v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch co c\u1ee5m), m\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i. <\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng di d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c? V\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta? V\u00e0 mang kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y v\u00e0o v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng? Nh\u01b0 Christine Cao vi\u1ebft trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t Tho\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p Tho\u1ea1i v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed vi\u1ec5n chinh v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eafc d\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u00e0u da. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta l\u01b0u vong, l\u01b0u tr\u00fa, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0, t\u1ea1m c\u01b0, \u0111i v\u1ec1, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111i m\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u1ebft l\u1edbp n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00f3 khi sang \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 3 hay th\u1ee9 4, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng di d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c di d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u d\u1eabn t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1edf t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1eeba kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng trong m\u1ef9 quan, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 trong l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. <\/p>\n<p>S\u00e1ng t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t di d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 luy\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfc, ho\u00e0i c\u1ed5, ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, co c\u1ee5m, ghetto nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng theo d\u00f5i l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di d\u00e2n vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u00edt b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, \u00edt b\u1ecb s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 trong h\u01a1n th\u1ea1\u1ea1p k\u1ef7 qua, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m trong v\u0103n phong, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i, v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1ch v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Th\u01a1 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1edf m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp nh\u01b0 26 Nh\u00e0 Th\u01a1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u00d0\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00d0\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc khai ph\u00e1 qu\u00e1 v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tin, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng theo sau thi ca ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef. V\u0103n xu\u00f4i di d\u00e2n th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ed9ng Gi\u00e1c, Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u g\u00e2y kinh ng\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n V\u0169, Mai Ninh, Ph\u1ea1m th\u1ecb Ng\u1ecdc, Nguy\u1ec5n Danh B\u1eb1ng, \u00d0\u1ed7 Kh, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng B\u1eafc, H\u1ed3 Minh D\u0169ng, Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0i, \u00d0\u1eb7ng Th\u01a1 Th\u01a1, Mi\u00eang, L\u00ea Minh H\u00e0, Tr\u00e2n Sa, L\u00ea Th\u1ecb Th\u1ea5m V\u00e2n, v\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau l\u00e0 ng\u00f2i b\u00fat xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eb7m c\u1ee5i khai ph\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng B\u1eafc l\u1ea1c quan trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf bi quan khi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n. V\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh. <\/p>\n<p>V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Anh ng\u1eef, l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Phan Nhi\u00ean H\u1ea1o trong b\u00e0i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u1ee9 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0o quen thu\u1ed9c, bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean. V\u00e0 d\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Danh B\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0u vong trong t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o, bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c. <\/p>\n<p>D\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng da-m\u00e0u-m\u1edbi, trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh di d\u00e2n \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u1ec1, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb giam l\u1ecfng trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Hoa K\u1ef3 hay l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb\/\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh chinh ph\u1ee5c. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1ecb thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a, b\u1ecb n\u00f3i \u00e1t, b\u1ecb vi\u1ebft ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean, b\u1ecb b\u00f4i x\u00f3a. V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng da m\u00e0u g\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Anh ng\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 m\u1ea7m l\u1eeda ta nu\u00f4i trong l\u00f2ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Anh tho\u1ea1i. <\/p>\n<p>Ai n\u00f3i sau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1, sau tr\u1eadn ch\u00e1y nh\u00e0, sau cu\u1ed9c ra \u0111i, sau ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, sau \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0, sau h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp, ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9? <\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng m\u1ea5y c\u00e2u th\u01a1 Th\u1eadn Nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft l\u01b0u c\u01b0 xuy\u00ean t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam: <\/p>\n<p><em>ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u00e1y <\/em><\/p>\n<p> <em>   <\/p>\n<p>c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng nghi\u00eang 45 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u0103n t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i xu\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai <\/p>\n<p>b\u1ecf n\u1eafm tay v\u00e0o mi\u1ec7ng anh l\u00f4i ra m\u1ed9t con chim h\u00f3t trong cu\u1ed1ng ph\u1ed5i <\/p>\n<p>ti\u1ebfng h\u00f3t \u1ee9ng c\u00f9ng em <\/p>\n<p>tr\u1ed3i l\u00ean t\u1eeb gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 trong m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1c <\/p>\n<p>m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c <\/p>\n<p>v\u1edbi th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc anh \u0111ang th\u1edf. <\/p>\n<p><em><\/em>(\u201cNg\u00f4i Nh\u00e0 B\u1eaft L\u1eeda\u201d) <\/p>\n<p> <\/em>  <\/p>\n<p><em><small>Tha\u0301ng M\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i, 2005<\/small><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hoa K\u1ef3: Kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111a ch\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c<br \/>\nTrong gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat im l\u1eb7ng ngay sau tai n\u1ea1n tr\u00ean xa l\u1ed9 Los Angeles, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t da \u0111en trong phim Crash l\u1ea9m &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":460,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,30,207,138],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9190","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-chuyen-de","category-mau-da-va-ngon-ngu","category-tieu-luan"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9190","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/460"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9190"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9190\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":53889,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9190\/revisions\/53889"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9190"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9190"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9190"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}