{"id":8059,"date":"2009-08-12T00:05:00","date_gmt":"2009-08-12T00:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/archives\/8059"},"modified":"2019-02-28T04:10:23","modified_gmt":"2019-02-28T04:10:23","slug":"van-de-tham-thuc-mot-tac-pham-nghe-thuat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/8059\/van-de-tham-thuc-mot-tac-pham-nghe-thuat","title":{"rendered":"V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>B\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00f3i chung.<\/p>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra: T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u201cT\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ai? \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang n\u00e0o?\u2026 C\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111i cho th\u1eadt r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t: Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n<p>D\u1ea5u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00ean qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn. Th\u1eadt ra, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra. B\u00e0i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 g\u1ee3i \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm t\u00f2i qua kinh nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c qua s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi kia.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, tri\u1ebft gia Richard Wollheim, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, Anh Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch, <em>Art and Its Object: An Introduction to Aesthetics<\/em> (1968), \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadt qua l\u1eadt l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c, x\u01b0a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nay, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 S\u1ef1 Th\u1ef1c, v\u1ec1 C\u00e1i \u0110\u1eb9p, ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c nhau, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed5 t\u00fac cho nhau, v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n<p>\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n<p>Lev Tolstoi, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 <em>Chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh<\/em>, trong t\u1eadp <em>What is Art?<\/em> (1896), \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, <em>What is Art?<\/em> cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t. Tolstoi vi\u1ebft: \u201c<em>Y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, l\u00e0 l\u00e0m k\u00edch th\u00edch, g\u1ee3i nh\u1eafc trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua, v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch g\u1ee3i nh\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, \u00e2m thanh, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3<\/em> <em>c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 ra b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef, \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kia \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Martin Heidegger, tri\u1ebft gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c, th\u00ec nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n tay, kh\u1ed1i \u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 l\u00e0m ra; nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 cao v\u00e0 xa h\u01a1n ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3, <em>allo agoreuei<\/em>. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 d\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c, s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n h\u01a1n. Theo \u00fd Heidegger, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, mang theo c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u1ea5y. Trong ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p, c\u00e1i s\u1ef1 <em>mang v\u00e0o, mang \u0111\u1ebfn, mang v\u1edbi, ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o<\/em> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef <em>sumballein<\/em>. Ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 <em>symbol<\/em>. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <em>bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Hai l\u1ed1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Tolstoi v\u00e0 Heidegger nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cho ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0m n\u00ean y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, l\u00e0 <em>ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n, g\u1ee3i nh\u1eafc, k\u00edch th\u00edch, v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb<\/em>. Khi ta \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ta l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 g\u00ec, v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea9m\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<p>Trong ph\u1ea1m vi b\u00e0i n\u00e0y, khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u201ct\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt\u201d, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 thi ca, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 n\u00f3i chung, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch sang nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c\u2026 Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ecbt, h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u1edbi nhau, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi nhau r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang\u2014ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng, tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v.v\u2026\u2014b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn qua kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh h\u1ed9i ho\u1ea1 ho\u1eb7c \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd cho ta c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng rung \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng rung \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 khi h\u1eafn s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">*<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n, \u00fd ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, n\u1eb1m ngay n\u01a1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, v\u00e0, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng rung \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sau khi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f2n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1i t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn, c\u00e1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n, v\u00e0o c\u00e1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ea9m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt g\u1ee3i l\u00ean cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y khi h\u1eafn ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi n\u00f3. C\u00e1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac\u2014hay t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac\u2014n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o khi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n c\u00f3 khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1eafn. C\u00e1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m s\u1ed1, thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 v\u1eeba n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, qua s\u1ef1 suy t\u01b0, qua nh\u1eefng rung \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9ng trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn, \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 nh\u1eadn ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng chia s\u1ebb, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng hay nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, nh\u1eefng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh, m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac nh\u1ea1c, m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc\u2026 V\u00e0 bao quanh b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o, theo nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta v\u1eeba n\u00f3i, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n giao c\u1ea3m, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129; m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt trung gian, c\u00e1i nh\u1ecbp c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o: t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt; v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1m ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn: ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00ecm t\u00f2i, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea5u, nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh \u00fd \u1ea9n m\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 g\u1edfi v\u00e0o trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 mu\u1ed1n trao g\u1eedi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m \u00fd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kia. N\u1ebfu ta kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea5u \u1ea9n m\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3, ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn. Ho\u1eb7c t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n, ta s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u sai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>D\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa, kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m do vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhau. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u00edch th\u00fa khi \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o tr\u00ean k\u1ec7 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 h\u1eafn s\u1ebd th\u00edch ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0o. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u0103n s\u00e1ch \u1edf th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u00ec t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt treo nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh r\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c n\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn mang t\u00ednh th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, x\u00e9t theo m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 th\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1, nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh, nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc\u2026 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho ta m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta x\u1ed1n xang, kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang ta t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3, hay ta t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, hay ta t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ta, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh?<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1eadt ra th\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc kia l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n v\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 quan v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho ta s\u1ef1 b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i, ch\u00e1n ch\u01b0\u1eddng, hay t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho h\u1eafn s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 h\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia \u00c2u M\u1ef9 g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc (an aesthetic experience).<\/p>\n<p>Trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hay gi\u1ea3ng kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 rung \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc huy-ho\u00e0ng-r\u1ef1c-r\u1ee1 hay bi-tr\u00e1ng-tr\u1ea7m-h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc hay l\u1eb7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2a nh\u1ecbp t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n v\u1edbi v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh m\u01b0a tr\u1eafng x\u00f3a d\u00e0o d\u1ea1t tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng, hay c\u1ea3nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00eanh l\u00e1ng m\u00e1u sau m\u1ed9t r\u1eb7ng n\u00fai lam t\u00edm tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chi\u1ec1u \u0111i v\u00e0o t\u1ed1i\u2026 Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ee9c khi \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt: m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh\u2026 T\u1ea1i sao? \u2014B\u1edfi l\u1ebd nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean kia, ho\u1eb7c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, g\u1ecdt d\u0169a. Nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u th\u00f4, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t tr\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 rung \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang ta. N\u00f3i l\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, hay m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean kia, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng cao, th\u1ea5p, m\u1edf, \u0111\u00f3ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0ng, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chung, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t \u1ea9n m\u1eadt, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c-d\u1ee5ng-b\u00f9ng-m\u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u00e1c-d\u1ee5ng-kh\u00e9p-k\u00edn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129.<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc\u2014theo ngh\u0129a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean\u2014s\u1ebd m\u1edf ra cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda, qua \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">*<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4ng, g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 gi\u1eefa t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n. S\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1, s\u1ebb chia, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra khi h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sau: kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn b\u1eaft v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 g\u00ec? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u00e0y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft h\u1eafn. H\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ebft t\u00e2m tr\u00ed v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kia v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng xao l\u00e3ng.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1eadt ra, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ebft t\u00e2m s\u1ee9c, h\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang ho\u00e0ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tranh \u1ea3nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y khoan kho\u00e1i. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u1eebng t\u1ea5m tranh hay t\u1eebng b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 khoan kho\u00e1i kia. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba nghe nh\u1ea1c v\u1eeba l\u00e0m b\u1ebfp, hay v\u1eeba nghe nh\u1ea1c v\u1eeba vi\u1ebft v\u0103n, v\u1eeba nghe nh\u1ea1c v\u1eeba qu\u00e9t nh\u00e0, v\u1eeba nghe nh\u1ea1c v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y t\u01b0ng t\u01b0ng ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 (ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1c c\u00f4 c\u1eadu M\u1ef9 \u0111en v\u1eeba \u0111i v\u1eeba nh\u00fan nh\u1ea9y ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ho\u1eb7c b\u0103ng ngang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 l\u1ed1i m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 jay walking)\u2026 m\u00e0 v\u1eabn nh\u1eadn b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i hay c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea1c. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1, \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y khoan kho\u00e1i. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc! C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i l\u00f2ng v\u00f2ng trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7n hay m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m tranh, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa t\u00e2m theo d\u00f5i ho\u1eb7c ng\u1eafm ngh\u00eda c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u00e2ng l\u00e2ng, tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n suy ngh\u0129 k\u1ef9 t\u1eebng l\u1eddi, t\u1eebng \u00fd, m\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u00e0i th\u01a1\u2026 hay hay. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, thanh tho\u00e1t\u2026 m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ch\u00fang ta v\u1eeba t\u1ea1m k\u1ec3 \u1edf tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac, s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u201ckinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc\u201d. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ef9, ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadn tuy\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ecbt. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng rung \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y hay nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c g\u1eafn b\u00f3 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc lo\u1ea1i \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 cho ta nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u00e2ng l\u00e2ng, tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng\u2026 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng rung \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m b\u00f9ng b\u1ed1c th\u1ea7n tr\u00ed, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ta nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea3y tan ra t\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i\u2026 N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc b\u1eadc m\u1ed9t, hai, ba ch\u1ee5c tr\u1edf \u0111i.<\/p>\n<p>Trong s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7, hay ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00f3i chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hay c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec quen thu\u1ed9c, hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ef1 d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu. Nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y trong ng\u00e0nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eabn lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00edch ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m quen thu\u1ed9c, nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u00edt t\u1ea1o cho n\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng nh\u1ea5t. <em>S\u1ef1 quen thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu; s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u1ea5t an. <\/em>B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p lu\u1eadn l\u00fd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c khoan kho\u00e1i, d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 cho l\u00e0 quen thu\u1ed9c. S\u1ef1 quen thu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 quen v\u1edbi c\u00e1i th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 h\u1eafn \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac, ho\u1eb7c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u1eafn nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 quen thu\u1ed9c khi h\u1eafn ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1, kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn, th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eafn s\u1ebd t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u1ea9n tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n kia b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf ra nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u00e3n n\u1edf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbp tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y, th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c, b\u00e0n c\u00e3i nhi\u1ec1u n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n trung b\u00ecnh v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 tin, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1ea9m th\u1ee9c m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong n\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i quen thu\u1ed9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t theo t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. Ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1i t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. C\u00f3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u ho\u1eb7c\u2026 b\u1ea5t-kh\u1ea3-h\u00ecnh-dung, b\u1ea5t-kh\u1ea3-t\u01b0-ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1i t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 quen thu\u1ed9c\/kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian, theo nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 theo nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u coi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ee7a Raphael, Masaccio, Copley\u2026 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt quen thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. C\u00f2n b\u1ee9c <em>L\u00f5a Th\u1ec3 H\u1ed3ng <\/em>(<em>Pink Nude<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Matisse v\u1ebd n\u0103m 1935, c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eebng 80 n\u0103m, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t r\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111i ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Trong b\u1ee9c <em>Pink Nude<\/em>, Matisse v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef l\u00f5a th\u1ec3, h\u1ed3ng h\u00e0o, n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m sofa hay tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t th\u1ea3m xanh \u0111\u1eadm c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ecdc ca-r\u00f4 tr\u1eafng; xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ebd ngang, d\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ecf, v\u00e0ng, cam, xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y r\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ea7u thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00ednh di\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nghi\u00eang. \u0110\u00f9i, m\u00f4ng, ng\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 hai c\u00e1nh tay to qu\u00e1 kh\u1ed5 so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t v\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng qui \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng trong tranh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n b\u00ean nhau trong tranh, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i D\u00e3 th\u00fa trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda.<\/p>\n<p>Picasso c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Lam v\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1i m\u1eaft nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Picasso, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n ch\u1ed1ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean; n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean th\u00f4i. Ch\u00fang ta b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 quen v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 k\u1ef7-h\u00e0-h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Phi ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ee7a C\u00e9zanne tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Picasso kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch b\u00f3p, v\u1eb7n v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. B\u1ee9c <em>Nh\u1eefng Thi\u1ebfu N\u1eef \u1edf Avignon<\/em> (\u201d<em>Les Demoiselles d\u2019Avignon<\/em>\u201d) c\u1ee7a Picasso c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c tranh l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3, v\u00f3c d\u00e1ng trong b\u1ee9c tranh, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hay nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i, nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1i l\u00ea, tr\u00e1i nho, tr\u00e1i t\u00e1o\u2026, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb c\u1eaft, ch\u1ebb, t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9, nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n, qui \u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t cong, m\u00e9o, g\u1eaby, hay b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c, b\u1ecb d\u1ed3n-n\u00e9n-b\u00f3p-u\u1ed1n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gian kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n<p>\u1ede tranh c\u1ee7a Picasso, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 quen thu\u1ed9c\/kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1 kia \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ed3n nghi\u00eang h\u1eb3n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1, kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y, ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 Picasso \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00eda c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac qua tranh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Picasso \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con m\u1eaft \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 con-m\u1eaft-b\u00ean-trong, con m\u1eaft t\u00e2m linh, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, c\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 sau cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Picasso c\u00e0ng \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u201ck\u1ef3 d\u1ecb\u201d n\u00e0y. Tranh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta. Tranh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kinh ho\u00e0ng, bi th\u1ea3m. Nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Picasso t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch v\u1ebd nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n v\u1ebd l\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 sau nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 trong tranh \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i. M\u0169i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a tai. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong tranh \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u00ecn ra nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t ch\u00e9o, m\u1eb7t nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn-th\u1ea5y-\u0111\u1ed3ng-th\u1eddi kia c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Picasso mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c qua c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o tranh \u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u01a1n ph\u1ebft r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0o b\u1ee9c tranh. Picasso \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong kh\u00f4ng gian m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong th\u1eddi gian n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ee7a Picasso xem ra qu\u00e1i d\u1ecb v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i n\u1ed5i th\u00ec ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1edfi c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 quen v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn, qua \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn khi\u1ebfn cho n\u00f3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang ta, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ea tranh Picasso, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng\u2026 kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ecdc th\u01a1 c\u0169ng th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y th\u1eed x\u00e9t hai c\u00e2u l\u1ee5c-b\u00e1t n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng:<\/p>\n<p><em>B\u00e2y gi\u1edd em \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u<br \/>\nC\u1ecf tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh m\u1ea9y em s\u1ea7u ra sao <\/em><br \/>\n(Sa m\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ca)<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? C\u00f3 d\u1ecb h\u1ee3m qu\u00e1 ch\u0103ng? C\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t th\u01a1 ch\u0103ng? Hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a thi ca hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y hai c\u00e2u l\u1ee5c-b\u00e1t tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1ed7i m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi; v\u00e0 hai c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp. Ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec m\u1ea5y ch\u00e0ng Anh, M\u1ef9 g\u1eb7p nhau n\u00f3i, \u201c<em>How do you do? Business looking up, eh?<\/em>\u201d C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u1edf v\u1ebf l\u1ee5c, n\u1ebfu b\u1ecf b\u1edbt t\u1eeb \u201cn\u01a1i\u201d th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i, m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi h\u1ecfi th\u0103m b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd em \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef r\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb. Y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u1edf v\u1ebf b\u00e1t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u201cc\u1ecf\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ea7u\u201d. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 b\u1ed5-t\u00fac-t\u1eeb (complement) (\u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u201cth\u00ec\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u ng\u1ea7m). C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ch\u00fang ta d\u1ec5 b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p trong th\u01a1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng hai t\u1eeb n\u00e0y trong c\u00e2u th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. T\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103m h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi em n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, thi s\u0129 l\u1ea1i h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 c\u1ecf. C\u1ecf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ecf n\u00e0o? Sao kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng? Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ecfi, \u201c<em>L\u00f2ng <\/em>em, (ho\u1eb7c <em>tim<\/em> em) c\u00f3 bu\u1ed3n kh\u00f4ng?\u201d \u2026<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0, <em>t\u1ea1i sao c\u1ecf l\u1ea1i s\u1ea7u?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Trong thi ca, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ecf c\u00e2y, hoa l\u00e1 c\u00f3 khi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n d\u1eady, h\u1edbn h\u1edf, s\u00e1ng t\u01b0\u01a1i, b\u1ec1nh b\u1ed3ng, tha th\u01b0\u1edbt\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Du \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n<p><em>C\u1ecf non xanh t\u1eadn ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi<br \/>\nC\u00e0nh l\u00ea tr\u1eafng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u00f4ng hoa<\/em><\/p>\n<p>hay th\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng, l\u00e3ng-m\u1ea1n-h\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Duy:<\/p>\n<p><em>R\u01b0\u1edbc em l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i<\/em> c\u1ecf non <em>ng\u1eadp l\u1ed1i <\/em><br \/>\n<em>R\u01b0\u1edbc em l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i h\u1eb9n v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh minh<br \/>\n\u0110\u00f4i ch\u00e2n xinh xinh nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh \u0111ang kh\u00e9p n\u00e9p<br \/>\nH\u00e3y v\u1ee9t chi\u1ebfc d\u00e9p b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i tr\u00ean <\/em>c\u1ecf h\u1ed3ng<em> <\/em><br \/>\n(L\u1eddi b\u00e0i \u201cC\u1ecf h\u1ed3ng\u201d, Ph\u1ea1m Duy)<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 l\u00fac, c\u1ecf c\u00e2y c\u0169ng bu\u1ed3n\u2026 C\u1ecf c\u00e2y chia theo c\u00e1i nh\u1ecbp t\u00e2m \u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. L\u1ea1i Nguy\u1ec5n Du:<\/p>\n<p><em>S\u00e8 s\u00e8 n\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea5t b\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng<\/em><br \/>\nR\u1ea7u r\u1ea7u ng\u1ecdn c\u1ecf <em>n\u1eeda v\u00e0ng n\u1eeda xanh<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Hay Xu\u00e2n Di\u1ec7u ti\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn:<\/p>\n<p><em>Gi\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1edbt th\u01b0\u1edbt k\u00e9o m\u00ecnh qua<\/em> c\u1ecf r\u1ed1i<br \/>\n<em>\u0110\u00eam b\u00e2ng khu\u00e2ng \u0111\u00f4i mi\u1ebfng l\u1ea9n trong c\u00e0nh<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ho\u1eb7c T\u01b0 Kh\u00f4ng Th\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eddi Trung \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng trong \u201cT\u1eb7c B\u00ecnh H\u1eadu T\u1ed1ng Nh\u00e2n B\u1eafc Qui\u201d:<\/p>\n<p><em>Th\u1ebf lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng nam kh\u1ee9,<br \/>\nTh\u1eddi thanh \u0111\u1ed9c b\u1eafc ho\u00e0n.<br \/>\nTha h\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh b\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t,<br \/>\nC\u1ef1u qu\u1ed1c ki\u1ebfn thanh san.<br \/>\nHi\u1ec3u nguy\u1ec7t qu\u00e1 t\u00e0n l\u0169y,<br \/>\nPh\u1ed3n tinh t\u00fac c\u1ed1 quan.<br \/>\nH\u00e0n c\u1ea7m d\u1eef <\/em>suy th\u1ea3o,<br \/>\n<em>X\u1ee9 x\u1ee9 b\u1ea1n s\u1ea7u nhan.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>(<em>L\u00fac lo\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng nhau l\u00e1nh<br \/>\nKhi y\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh<br \/>\nQu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f3c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea1c<br \/>\nN\u00fai c\u0169 m\u00e2y c\u00f2n xanh<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Tr\u0103ng s\u1edbm v\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u00e0n l\u0169y<br \/>\nSao khuya tr\u1ecd c\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh <\/em><br \/>\nC\u1ecf hoang<em> chim ch\u00f3c l\u1ea1nh<br \/>\n\u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ea7u m\u00f4ng m\u00eanh<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>(\u0110\u00e0o M\u1ed9ng Nam d\u1ecbch)<\/p>\n<p>V\u1eady l\u00e0 c\u00e2y c\u1ecf c\u0169ng bu\u1ed3n. Bu\u1ed3n vui \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 do c\u00e1i t\u00e2m ta chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o.<br \/>\nT\u00e2m ta l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00e2m v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbnh, cho n\u00ean c\u1ecf c\u00f3 l\u00fac bu\u1ed3n l\u00fac vui.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea1i sao B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng th\u1ea5y c\u1ecf s\u1ea7u?<\/p>\n<p>B\u1edfi l\u1ebd thi s\u0129 xa <em>ng\u01b0\u1eddi em<\/em> n\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a thi s\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, thi s\u0129 s\u1ea7u. V\u00e0, v\u1eeba d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u1ed9i quan (introspection) c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng m\u00ecnh, v\u1eeba d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi <em>em<\/em>, thi s\u0129 th\u1ea5y em c\u0169ng s\u1ea7u. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n m\u1eadt n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhau t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5, thi s\u0129 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 <em>c\u1ecf tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh m\u1ea9y em c\u0169ng s\u1ea7u<\/em>, c\u0169ng h\u00e9o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00f2ng s\u1ea7u hay tim s\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 c\u1ecf s\u1ea7u. C\u1ecf tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh m\u1ea9y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ecf m\u1ecdc trong linh h\u1ed3n, hay c\u1ecf m\u1ecdc tr\u00ean n\u1ed7i-bu\u1ed3n-t\u00f4i trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n sinh v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00eam, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 hai t\u1eeb \u201cc\u1ecf\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ea7u\u201d trong c\u00e2u th\u01a1 B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. <em>C\u1ecf<\/em> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u2026 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, sau khi thi s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p so s\u00e1nh ng\u1ea7m (\u1ea9n d\u1ee5) v\u00e0 ho\u00e1n d\u1ee5. C\u00f2n <em>s\u1ea7u<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng theo l\u1ed1i nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1eeb k\u00e9p \u201cm\u00ecnh m\u1ea9y\u201d, n\u1ebfu t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb nh\u00ecn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mang m\u00e0u s\u1eafc thi ca. <em>M\u00ecnh m\u1ea9y<\/em> thi\u1ebfu ch\u1ea5t th\u01a1. \u201cM\u00ecnh\u201d n\u1ebfu \u0111i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh t\u1eeb n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 <em>m\u00ecnh ng\u1ecdc (da ng\u00e0)<\/em>, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y trong thi ca; c\u00f2n <em>m\u00ecnh m\u1ea9y<\/em> th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. Lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea3 ch\u00e2n. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu t\u1eeb \u201cm\u1ea9y\u201d l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb. Ho\u1eb7c trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00f3i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, nh\u01b0:\u00a0 &#8220;<em>V\u00e0o trong t\u1eafm r\u1eeda m\u00ecnh m\u1ea9y \u0111i anh, r\u1ed3i mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m g\u00ec th\u00ec l\u00e0m. Em \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u. C\u1eaft c\u1ecf xong ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh h\u00f4i r\u00ecnh \u00e0! Ch\u1ecbu \u201ch\u1ed5ng\u201d n\u1ed5i!!<\/em>\u201d\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb n\u00e0o hay h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 thay v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb k\u00e9p \u201cm\u00ecnh m\u1ea9y\u201d m\u00e0 B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng. Nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb \u201cc\u1ecf\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cm\u00ecnh m\u1ea9y\u201d cu\u1ed9n l\u1ea5y nhau, cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh r\u00f5 n\u00e9t trong nh\u00e3n tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a thi s\u0129, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, cho ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u00e2m t\u01b0 \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea7m k\u00edn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. T\u1eeb \u201cs\u1ea7u\u201d \u0111i theo ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m ta b\u1ee1 ng\u1ee1. V\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho ta th\u1ea5y thi s\u0129 \u0111\u00e1ng y\u00eau qu\u00e1, th\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1eeb \u201cc\u1ecf\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cm\u00ecnh m\u1ea9y\u201d trong c\u00e2u th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1i t\u1ee5c (profanity) trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1i t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a D. H. Lawrence trong <em>Lady Chatterley\u2019s Lover<\/em>, c\u1ee7a Anais Nin trong nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n <em>erotica <\/em>nh\u01b0 <em>Delta of Venus<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>Little Birds<\/em>, c\u1ee7a Flaubert trong <em>Madame Bovary<\/em>, c\u1ee7a Henry Miller trong <em>Black Spring<\/em>, <em>Tropic of Cancer<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>Tropic of Capricorn<\/em>\u2026 \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u1ee5c th\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m x\u1ea5u v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, ta th\u1ea5y hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra v\u0103n xu\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau: <em>Em \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? Anh nh\u1edb em l\u1eafm. Anh mong c\u00f3 em \u1edf b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 anh \u00e2n-c\u1ea7n-s\u0103n-s\u00f3c-nh\u1ecf-to-\u00e2u-y\u1ebfm-vu\u1ed1t-ve em. Em c\u00f3 bu\u1ed3n nh\u1edb anh t\u1eebng-ch\u00fat-m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng?!\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3ng hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i, tinh th\u1ea7n hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 l\u00e0 v\u1eady. Ai quen bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ng\u00f4n-ng\u1eef-t\u1ea1o-t\u00e1c (transformational\/generative grammar) c\u1ee7a Noam Chomsky \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00f3i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt bi\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp, x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c ta, \u0111\u1ec3, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, cho ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00f3i g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng kia. C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 lu\u00f4n nh\u1ed3i n\u1eafn, d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 cho ta c\u00e1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 ta s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sau n\u00e0y ngay t\u1eeb khi ta m\u1edbi ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<p>Thi s\u0129 c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. S\u1edf d\u0129 thi s\u0129 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i th\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng, s\u00fac t\u00edch, hay \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd, \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd\u2014so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00f3i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y\u2014ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do n\u01a1i h\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng, m\u01a1, v\u00e0 trau gi\u1ed3i c\u00e1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 m\u00e0 h\u1eafn c\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u, hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1eaft \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p><em>B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \/ em \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u<br \/>\nC\u1ecf tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh m\u1ea9y em \/ s\u1ea7u ra sao<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eeb-v\u1ee5-h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec c\u00e2u l\u1ee5c b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eaft 2-4, c\u00e2u b\u00e1t 5-3. \u201cB\u00e2y gi\u1edd\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb, \u0111\u1ee9ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef (adverbial phrase), ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh. M\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cem \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 ng\u1eafn, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u00e1ch \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2u b\u00e1t, nguy\u00ean c\u1ea3 c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cC\u1ecf tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh m\u1ea9y em\u201d l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1eeb. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh-ng\u1eef (noun phrase), \u0111\u1ee9ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 ng\u1eef (subject) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. D\u00f9 sao, ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y trong c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb n\u00e0y, \u201cC\u1ecf\u201d l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 \u201ctr\u00ean m\u00ecnh m\u1ea9y em\u201d (hi\u1ec3u ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u201cm\u1ecdc\u201d) l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng ng\u1eef ch\u1ec9 n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n (hay v\u1ecb tr\u00ed), l\u00e0m r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a cho danh t\u1eeb \u201cc\u1ecf\u201d (hay r\u00f5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb hi\u1ec3u ng\u1ea7m \u201cm\u1ecdc\u201d). C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cs\u1ea7u ra sao\u201d l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ng\u1eef (predicate), trong \u0111\u00f3 \u201cs\u1ea7u\u201d l\u00e0 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac t\u1eeb (complement) (v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u201cth\u00ec\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u ng\u1ea7m), \u201cra sao\u201d l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb. Trong Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c, tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb <em>ra sao<\/em> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a (transformational rule) cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1ea9y l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb <em>How<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>Comment<\/em>, v.v\u2026; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i k\u00e9o theo m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt n\u1eefa, b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 t\u1eeb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb trong c\u00e2u.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1eady th\u00ec v\u1edbi nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1ch ng\u1eaft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u1ea7n \u201c\u0111\u00e2u\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ea7u\u201d tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh. \u201c\u0110\u00e2u\u201d v\u00ec l\u00e0 v\u1ea7n \u1edf cu\u1ed1i c\u00e2u l\u1ee5c n\u00ean d\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd. \u201cS\u1ea7u\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00ec \u201cm\u00ecnh m\u1ea9y em\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1ecf \u0111i, sau khi \u201cc\u1ecf\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh. V\u1eady \u201cn\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ea7u\u201d, hai \u00fd ch\u00ednh trong c\u00e2u th\u01a1 l\u1ee5c-b\u00e1t c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng, v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ng\u1eaft gi\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a thi s\u0129, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u1edf c\u00e2u b\u00e1t, v\u00ec ng\u1eaft nh\u1ecbp l\u1ebb 5-3 n\u00ean c\u00e2u th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac b\u1ed3n ch\u1ed3n, lo l\u1eafng, b\u1ee9t r\u1ee9t, b\u1ed3i h\u1ed3i\u2026 N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t an. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m \u00fd c\u1ee7a thi s\u0129.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t \u00e2m h\u1ecdc, \u00e2m \u201c\u00e2u\u201d trong \u201cn\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ea7u\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00e2m ch\u00fam. T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 khi ph\u00e1t ra \u00e2m n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f4i m\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc hay n\u00f3i ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fam l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c ch\u00fam m\u00f4i t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i h\u00f4n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 trao g\u1eedi, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1eeb \u201c\u0111\u00e2u\u201d, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m <em>\u0111\u1edd<\/em> trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00e2m m\u00e0 khi ph\u00e1t ra, \u0111\u1ea7u l\u01b0\u1ee1i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh l\u1ee3i \u1edf \u1ed5 r\u0103ng ph\u00eda sau nh\u1eefng r\u0103ng c\u1eeda \u1edf h\u00e0m tr\u00ean. Ti\u1ebfng Anh g\u1ecdi \u00e2m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 <em>apico-alveolar<\/em>. G\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u00e2m [\u00f0 ] c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb <em>do, did<\/em> trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u00e2m Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00ec h\u01a1i gi\u00f3. T\u1eeb \u201c\u0111\u00e2u\u201d l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 thanh ph\u00f9 b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea7m b\u00ecnh. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, \u00e2u y\u1ebfm: <em>Em \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>T\u1eeb \u201cs\u1ea7u\u201d b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m <em>s\u1edd<\/em>, \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 [s] theo l\u1ed1i B\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 [\u0161 ] theo l\u1ed1i Nam ho\u1eb7c Trung, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00e2m xu\u00fdt, ph\u00e1t ra h\u01a1i gi\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc theo l\u1ed1i Nam v\u00e0 Trung [\u0161 ] th\u00ec cu\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n v\u00f2m c\u1ee9ng \u1edf ngay sau \u1ed5 r\u0103ng c\u1eeda h\u00e0m tr\u00ean, h\u01a1i gi\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9n, \u00e9p l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y ra m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc theo l\u1ed1i B\u1eafc [s] th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a \u00e2m [\u00f0 ]\u00a0 trong \u0111\u00e2u. B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng sinh \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Trung, cho n\u00ean ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecdc \u201cs\u1ea7u\u201d v\u1edbi \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0\u00a0 [\u0161 ]. T\u1eeb \u201cs\u1ea7u\u201d, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00e2m gi\u00f3 th\u1edf m\u1ea1nh ra, l\u1ea1i th\u00eam thanh tr\u1ea7m b\u00ecnh (huy\u1ec1n) \u0111\u00e8 xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft tha, da di\u1ebft, r\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng thi s\u0129.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd n\u00f3i:\u201dNh\u1eefng t\u1eeb \u201c\u0111\u00e2u\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ea7u\u201d th\u00ec ai c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t \u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u1ee9 g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi thi s\u0129 n\u00f3i th\u00ec ch\u00fang m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1eeba k\u1ec3\u201d. Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang; nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi s\u0129 khi h\u1eafn bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng, bi\u1ebft ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb, nh\u1eefng \u00e2m th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u00fd m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1eadt ra th\u00ec B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n<p><em>B\u00e2y gi\u1edd em \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i lu\u00f4n<br \/>\nC\u1ecf tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh m\u1ea9y em bu\u1ed3n ra sao<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i ng\u1eef \u00fd v\u00e0 ng\u1eef kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e1ng y\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u th\u01a1 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi kia, c\u00e2u th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta v\u1eeba ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea9y ra t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t \u00e2m.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ta th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u1ecfn v\u1eb9n v\u1edbi hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ecdc qua t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 ch\u01a1i, th\u1eed ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec ta th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac r\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y thi s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc hay nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9. Thi s\u0129 th\u1edf ra th\u01a1. Trong v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c, trong ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c, thi s\u0129 lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, khi th\u1edf ra, th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a thi ca, v\u1eeba ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong n\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 <em>ng\u1eef \u00e2m, ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a, ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p, ng\u1eef kh\u00ed <\/em>v\u00e0\u00a0 <em>ng\u1eef \u00fd <\/em>c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 t\u00e2m \u00fd m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01a1 cho k\u1ef9, ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 m\u1ed3n m\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n<p>L\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y b\u1ed1n c\u00e2u kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng. S\u1edf d\u0129 t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0a B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng v\u00e0o trong b\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi s\u0129 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 Picasso \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng qui \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh l\u1eadp th\u1ec3, B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng, trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi thi ca, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, t\u00ecnh \u00fd trong th\u01a1 \u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o t\u1ee9 l\u1ed9n tam v\u00e0 b\u1ecb s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i. <em>L\u01b0u t\u1ed3n khuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3i th\u1ea5p cao. Ch\u01b0a xong t\u1ed3n l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0o t\u1ed3n l\u01b0u<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 tho\u1eaft bi\u1ebfn tho\u1eaft hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1edf b\u00f9ng ra nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a <em>c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn ra ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. \u1ea4y l\u00e0 c\u00f5i th\u01a1 B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng. Th\u01a1 ph\u00e1 ng\u00f4n, ph\u00e1 \u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p><em>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i \/ l\u1ed9i qua khe<br \/>\nB\u00e0n ch\u00e2n v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1nh \/ \u0111\u00e8 l\u00ean nhau<br \/>\nN\u1ed7i ni\u1ec1m \/ t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i x\u01b0a sau<br \/>\nB\u00e0n ch\u00e2n v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc \/ c\u00f9ng nhau l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e8<\/em><br \/>\n(G\u00e1i l\u1ed9i qua khe)<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ea5y c\u00e2u th\u01a1 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u1edbi hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa. Cho d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y. T\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng th\u1ea5y v\u1edbi nhau l\u00e0 qua c\u00e1i nh\u1ecbp ng\u1eaft m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed l\u00e0m 3-3 \/ 5-3 \/ 2-4 \/ 4-4, nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra. \u0110\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c l\u1ed9i qua khe c\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e9t g\u1eadp gh\u1ec1nh, chao \u0111\u1ea3o v\u1edbi nh\u1ecbp l\u1ebb. N\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00e8 l\u00ean nhau, c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tranh chi\u1ebfm ch\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a nhau, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng, c\u0169ng v\u1edbi nh\u1ecbp l\u1ebb. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, m\u1ed9t, hai, ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m sau ta ng\u1ed3i nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n n\u0103m n\u1eefa sau khi ta \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i, nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn m\u00e3i c\u00f2n trong c\u00e1i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed kia. M\u1ed7i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f2n m\u00e3i trong ch\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u1eddi gian m\u00eanh mang b\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 th\u1eb3m s\u00e2u d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y. Th\u1eadt ra th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 <em>ta \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra<\/em> v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh em l\u1ed9i qua khe, ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng? V\u00ec ta r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u0111i, m\u00e0 c\u00e1i <em>h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh em l\u1ed9i qua khe<\/em> s\u1ebd c\u00f2n m\u00e3i, d\u00f9 cho m\u1ed9t, hai ba tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m sau c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n l\u01b0u lui t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, khi t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 v\u1ee5 em l\u1ed9i qua khe nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng, \u00eam \u00e1i trong n\u1ed7i t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00f4i. M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u1eabn v\u1eady, v\u1eabn khe, v\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1nh c\u00f9ng b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00e8 qua \u0111\u00e8 l\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 th\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng xu\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y. \u0110\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u1ecbp ch\u1eb5n c\u1ee7a hai c\u00e2u d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p><em>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i, l\u1ed9i, khe, b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1ea1nh<\/em>, v\u00e0 <em>\u0111\u00e8<\/em> (hai l\u1ea7n) c\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho ta li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng kha kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i d\u1ee5c t\u00ednh <em>libido<\/em> v\u00e0 Freud. Nh\u01b0ng, B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c S\u01a1n th\u00ec l\u00fac n\u00e0o m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng\u2026 <em>libido<\/em> trong thi ca Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ee7a Matisse, Picasso, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e2u th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ta th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i c\u00f4ng phu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i quen thu\u1ed9c, c\u00e1i g\u1ea7n g\u0169i, v\u00e0, nhi\u1ec1u khi, c\u00e1i gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, m\u00e0 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1, k\u1ef3 b\u00ed. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1, k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u trong ch\u00fang nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, th\u1ea9m th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n trau gi\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed7i tr\u1edf n\u00ean tinh t\u1ebf, s\u1eafc b\u00e9n. Trong s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ee9c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n n\u00e0o, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00ed b\u00e1u l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ta s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u1edf b\u00f9ng ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">*<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu h\u1eafn mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 h\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 h\u1eafn mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft tha, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn, v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong lu\u1eadn l\u00fd. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, x\u01b0a kia, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m lu\u00f4n \u0111i s\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u l\u00ean c\u00e1i c\u00e1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u2026 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX cho \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n nay, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n qui c\u1ee7 hay nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u g\u00ec n\u1eefa. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 v\u1ebb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n.<\/p>\n<p>Trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00ean v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u1ea7y ch\u1ea5t man d\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u00e0n ph\u00e1. Nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i m\u1edbi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng qui \u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nhau ra \u0111\u1eddi. L\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n, tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, d\u00e3 th\u00fa, l\u1eadp th\u1ec3, si\u00eau th\u1ef1c, t\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, h\u1eadu \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111a-\u0111a, t\u00e2n l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 (futurism), t\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n\u2026 V\u00e0 c\u00f2n bao nhi\u00eau n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n<p>Trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 thi-ca, c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m m\u1edbi, c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n song song v\u00e0 mang c\u00f9ng t\u00ean v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i b\u00ean h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eeba l\u00e0m t\u1ed1i t\u0103m m\u00e0y m\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n, v\u1eeba k\u00edch th\u00edch v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1eafc b\u00e9n h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi, r\u1ed3i th\u01a1 m\u1edbi, th\u01a1 ph\u00e1 th\u1ec3, th\u01a1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, th\u01a1 ph\u1ed1i ngh\u1ec7, th\u01a1 t\u00e2n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, v.v., m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed7i m\u00e0i s\u1eafc kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u00f3c nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc<\/p>\n<p>Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u0169ng v\u1eady. C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ch\u00fang, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i theo nhau xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n: ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a si\u00eau th\u1ef1c, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ecb lai, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a-\u0111a, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn, ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh m\u1edbi, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac lu\u1eadn, h\u1eadu-c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac lu\u1eadn, thuy\u1ebft m\u00e1c-x\u00edt, thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m, thuy\u1ebft h\u1ed3i \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n lu\u1eadn, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u1eadu th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u00e2n duy s\u1eed, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt v\u0103n ho\u00e1, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v.v.\u00a0 Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eddi n\u00e0o trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed; \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a\u00a0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 (close reading) trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc do c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh m\u1edbi c\u1ed5 su\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean b\u1edfi c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Phong ph\u00fa trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, trong c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft, trong quan ni\u1ec7m, trong c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m vi m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu ta so s\u00e1nh ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m song song trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00e0i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3, nh\u1eefng \u00e2m, nh\u1eefng kh\u00ed c\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e2m thanh \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c hay nh\u1eefng ca s\u0129 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m (experimental) hay\u2026 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, ti\u1ec1n phong, ti\u1ec1n v\u1ec7 (avant-garde) tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ea1c h\u1ecd tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u00e2m l\u00fd, t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chu\u1ed7i (h\u1ec7 li\u1ec7t, serial system), tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t, tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hay nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n (computer)\u2026 Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa khi\u1ebfn cho n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa. Nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng, ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c m\u1edbi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u0103m d\u00f2 v\u00e0 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u k\u00edn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">*<\/p>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1 th\u1ec3, ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1, c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i suy ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i. Nhi\u1ec1u khi ta ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea9m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a, hay k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, hay l\u00e0m cho ta kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu\u2026 trong c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00ean l\u00e0m l\u00e0 ta ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129, t\u00e2m t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y d\u00e0nh cho k\u1ebb s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u00e1i \u00fd, c\u00e1i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1eebng v\u1ed9i l\u00ean \u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf.<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, k\u1ebb s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o\u2026 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 xem th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n, mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m g\u00ec th\u00ec l\u00e0m, mu\u1ed1n vi\u1ebft th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec vi\u1ebft. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm t\u00f2i, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00e1i m\u1edbi lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, c\u1ed5 v\u0169. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. D\u00f9 sao, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c lu\u00f4n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi \u0111\u00edch nh\u1eafm l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u00e1i th\u1eadt. \u0110\u00f4i khi, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. V\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00edch nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1, \u0111\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec c\u00e1i xung n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec c\u00e1i th\u00edch th\u00fa c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 xung n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t ti\u1ebft \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea9m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu m\u00ecnh ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a l\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng khi\u00eam v\u00e0 \u00e1i, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebb s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 h\u1eafn \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 thua l\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e2u? V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 l\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, khi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa h\u1eafn v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. L\u00fac \u1ea5y, h\u1eafn s\u1ebd vui m\u1eebng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd, th\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1i h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, c\u00e1i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a\u2026 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y h\u1eafn t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p.<\/p>\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i l\u00f2ng khi\u00eam v\u00e0 \u00e1i n\u00ean c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em ra ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n, b\u00e0n c\u00e3i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chung quanh, \u201cT\u1ea1i sao anh\/ch\u1ecb n\u00f3i l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 (b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u00f3\u2026) hay?\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cAi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u l\u00e0 d\u1edf, c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 hay l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a \u0111\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 an t\u00e2m s\u1ed1ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi n\u00f3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Th\u1ef1c ra, nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb \u201ct\u1ed1t\u201d, \u201cx\u1ea5u\u201d, \u201chay\u201d, \u201cd\u1edf\u201d, \u201c\u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc\u201d, \u201ct\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t. Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong lo\u1ea1t t\u1eeb v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 (hay m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ch\u00fang) \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin v\u00e0 mong r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1ch quan, t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. Tuy th\u1ebf, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i trong ph\u1ea1m vi m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u1ea1c t\u00f3c nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ebft gia qua bao th\u1ebf k\u1ec9. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. D\u00f9 sao, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac, ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean, v\u00e0, l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng hi\u1ec7n ra, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang t\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee7 quan. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n, theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u1eefa: c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00f9 sao, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0\/hay \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ec7t ph\u1ea9m. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ngay khi m\u1edbi ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c sau khi ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang th\u1edd \u01a1 ho\u1eb7c d\u1ec5 x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng, hay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ea9m th\u1ee9c d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft tha v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi qua bao nhi\u00eau kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111em c\u00e1i hay, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ra ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n. Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y xem vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p, c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n<p>Khi nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3; sau n\u1eefa, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 so s\u00e1nh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u1ea5y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd, trong \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn v\u0103n r\u1ed9ng ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o, c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 \u00edt thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o, th\u00ec \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m, th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn, tha thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 can \u0111\u1ea3m m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta qu\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho s\u1ef1 \u0111i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a sinh ho\u1ea1t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00f3i chung.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00f3t ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd, l\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y kinh nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang ta. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n l\u1edbn, v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u00fd gi\u00e1, \u0111\u00e1ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac sai l\u1ec7ch. Nh\u01b0 Gide \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i trong s\u1ef1 ch\u00ecm s\u00e2u v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a Proust. Nh\u01b0 Phadevv kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u201ccon ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng con\u201d \u0111ang bay l\u00ean trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 trong v\u0103n t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Solokhov. Hay nh\u01b0 Ho\u00e0i Thanh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 h\u01a1n c\u00e1i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u1ea3o mang \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ea7u s\u1eafc si\u00eau th\u1ef1c trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 r\u00ean si\u1ebft c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n M\u1eb7c T\u1eed (ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, trong th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a B\u00edch Kh\u00ea, hay c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Xu\u00e2n Thu Nh\u00e3 T\u1eadp). Ngo\u00e0i ra, khi\u1ebfu th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 soi chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u0103n ho\u00e1 m\u1edbi. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u1eabn c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edch cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u00e0y. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7m m\u1eaft h\u01a1n ch\u00fang ta. H\u1ecd b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt x\u01b0a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 am hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt trong th\u1eddi h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 trao truy\u1ec1n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qua nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n<p><em>Th\u1ea9m<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>th\u1ee9c<\/em> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u k\u00edn, \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 h\u01a1n. C\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ed1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm tay nhau \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0110\u1eb9p, c\u00e1i Th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1i \u0110\u1eb9p v\u00e0 c\u00e1i Th\u1eadt s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9 v\u00e0 vinh th\u0103ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00f9i V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac<br \/>\nhuntington beach, california<br \/>\n* th\u00e1ng X, 1986<br \/>\n* xem l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung, th\u00e1ng VII, 2009<\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>* <em>Poetry, Language, Thought:\u00a0 M. Heidegger (Harper &amp; Colophon Books,<br \/>\n1975)<br \/>\n*\u00a0 Modern Continental Literary Criticism:\u00a0 O.B. Hardison Jr. (Golden Tree<br \/>\nBooks, 1962)<br \/>\n*\u00a0 Breaking the Sound Barrier:\u00a0 Gregory Battcock bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n (E.P. Dutton,<br \/>\n1981)<br \/>\n*\u00a0 The Visual Dialogue:\u00a0 W. Kobler (Holt. Rinehart &amp; Winston Inc., 1971)<br \/>\n*\u00a0 Makers of the Modern World:\u00a0 L. Untermeyer (Simon &amp; Schuster,<br \/>\n1969)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra: T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u201cT\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ai? \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang n\u00e0o?\u2026 C\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111i cho th\u1eadt r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t: Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":829,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,138],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8059","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-tieu-luan"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8059","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/829"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8059"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8059\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":53587,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8059\/revisions\/53587"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8059"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8059"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8059"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}