{"id":7676,"date":"2009-07-25T00:03:53","date_gmt":"2009-07-25T00:03:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/?p=7676"},"modified":"2019-03-02T07:49:18","modified_gmt":"2019-03-02T07:49:18","slug":"ke-sung-tin-loi-tua-cua-nha-xuat-ban","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/7676\/ke-sung-tin-loi-tua-cua-nha-xuat-ban","title":{"rendered":"K\u1ebb s\u00f9ng t\u00edn – L\u1eddi t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"tb2front\"<\/a>Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c: The True Believer
\nThoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements
\nXu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n: T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p Th\u1eddi B\u00e1o, New York 1963<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u1edcI T\u1ef0A C\u1ee6A NH\u00c0 XU\u1ea4T B\u1ea2N<\/p>\n

Dwight Eisenhower kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecdc cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch K\u1ebb s\u00f9ng t\u00edn<\/em> c\u1ee7a Eric Hoffer khi \u0111ang l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Eisenhower. Tuy nhi\u00ean, xin n\u00f3i ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c, tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau Eisenhower, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t l\u00fd th\u00fa trong khi l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec K\u1ebb s\u00f9ng t\u00edn<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng k\u00edch k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 nh\u00e3 nh\u1eb7n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c tin, hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau. Kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ee9c b\u00e1n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch l\u00ean t\u1edbi 200,000 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m coi nh\u1eb9 ba \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh tr\u00ean v\u1edbi Eric Hoffer.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1edbi l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: \u201cEric Hoffer h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 phu khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c b\u1ebfn t\u00e0u \u1edf v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda T\u00e2y t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1943. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng cho c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o m\u1ecf v\u00e0ng quanh v\u00f9ng Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nevada\u201d. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u1ea5m phu khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch c\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi phu khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 quen thu\u1ed9c n\u00e0o l\u00e0 Thoreau, Carl Becker, Angelica Balabanoff, De Tocqueville, Crane Brinton, Ernest Renan, Epictetus, Brooks Adams, Pascal, Dostoevsky, Jacob Burckhardt, Montaigne v\u00e0 William Butler Yeats? Th\u1eddi n\u0103m 1951, khi K\u1ebb s\u00f9ng t\u00edn<\/em> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, bao nhi\u00eau con m\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ecfi m\u00f2n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n. M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n – v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi suy ngh\u0129 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3. C\u00fa s\u1ed1c v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Hoffer l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 y\u00ean b\u00ecnh trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, d\u1ea5n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Trong s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Hoffer, lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vun b\u1ed3i l\u00ean b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u201ck\u1ebb s\u00f9ng t\u00edn\u201d, k\u1ebb kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 c\u00f9ng qu\u1eabn, u\u1ea5t \u1ee9c, b\u1ecb th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i, th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i gh\u00ea t\u1edfm ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i nh\u00e2n d\u1ea1ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ban \u0111\u1ea7u, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, khi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh t\u1eeb nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1eabn ch\u00ed mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u1ebb s\u00f9ng t\u00edn trong m\u1ed9t t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, hay m\u1ed9t chi\u00eau b\u00e0i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u1ed9i dung kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ni\u1ec1m tin, v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1eabn ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin cho anh ta t\u1ea5m \u00e1o gi\u00e1p ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o hy v\u1ecdng, v\u00ec hy v\u1ecdng cho ph\u00e9p con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1eabn ch\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 gh\u00ea s\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a anh ta). Anh ta \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1\u00a0 hy sinh (n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t m\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian v\u1eeba xong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 2, Hoffer l\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Qu\u1ed1c gia Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch phi\u1ebfm di\u1ec7n l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o b\u1ecb ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n n\u00e0y. Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0\u00a0 \u00f4ng nh\u00ecn, \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t, l\u00f4i k\u00e9o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1eabn ch\u00ed \u00edt nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, th\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng cho l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ed1i t\u0103m\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ctr\u00ec tr\u1ec7\u201d. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch, nh\u01b0 phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 Thanh gi\u00e1o, hay c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng ra m\u1eb7t ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. \u201cH\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, s\u1ef1 n\u1ea3y sinh v\u1ec1 sau c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra. Trong s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e1m ch\u00eca n\u1eafm tay v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u0169i c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n do Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c su\u1ed1t 1500 n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c.\u201d C\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Hoffer \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t g\u1ee3i \u00fd l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga v\u1ec1 sau c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00f3 \u01b0a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 h\u1eefu \u00edch trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, Hoffer ghi nh\u1eadn. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 canh t\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ed5 nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 ng\u00e0y nay, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch d\u1eady nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7. Hoffer \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m h\u1ecfi, r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Do Th\u00e1i – Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o, r\u1ed3i n\u00f3i th\u00eam: \u201cTh\u1eadt l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng khi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng khi nhi\u1ec5m ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i \u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ef1c d\u1eady c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1eeb c\u00f5i ch\u1ebft – m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5c sinh\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u1ede ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Hoffer – ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft: m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u v\u0103n nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng, tr\u01a1n v\u00e0 g\u1ecdn, d\u1ec5 \u0111i v\u00e0o tr\u00ed nh\u1edb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Hoffer kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi suy ngh\u0129\u201d – v\u00e0 tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 \u00edch t\u1eeb Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Sydney Hook, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0y gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, trong l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft ri\u00eang cho l\u1ea7n \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a K\u1ebb s\u00f9ng t\u00edn. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi v\u0103n s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 r\u00f5 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eafn \u0111o g\u1ecdt d\u0169a chu \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 bao b\u00ec ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 m\u1eadp m\u1edd. \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a hai thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u201cph\u1eabn ch\u00ed\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cphong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang\u201d c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn v\u00e0o nhau. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, qua m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa th\u00edch, r\u1eb1ng \u201cph\u1eabn ch\u00ed\u201d hay \u201cph\u1eabn u\u1ea5t\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 \u201cm\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng\u201d m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y hay l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfng hay b\u1ecb ph\u00ed ph\u1ea1m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n\u201d. Trong s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd tham gia c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. V\u1eady th\u00ec phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 g\u00ec? L\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1eabn ch\u00ed th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn tham gia v\u00e0o. C\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u00eau d\u1ee5 v\u00e0o Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n (hay Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Qu\u1ed1c gia Nh\u1eadt) b\u1ecb ph\u1eabn ch\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i? Gi\u1ea3 th\u1eed – chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 – \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1eabn ch\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m chung v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hoffer coi nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u201cphong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang\u201d?<\/p>\n

T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Hoffer thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1o m\u00f2n theo \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec9nh cao v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u1edbi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00edn ni\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng hay l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin gi\u1ed1ng m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee1i dao l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111em nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o (\u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho) t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng? C\u00e1i nguy hi\u1ec3m trong c\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u00f3 coi nh\u1eb9 t\u1ed1i \u0111a s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa th\u1ee9 \u201ct\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng\u201d n\u00e0y v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 kia, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa \u201cs\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1\u201d \u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Hoffer v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng rao gi\u1ea3ng dao to b\u00faa l\u1edbn, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m g\u00ec s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (hay C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n).<\/p>\n

Hoffer kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. Khi b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u201clo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5u tranh qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch trong ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb\u201d, \u00f4ng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Yeats \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c b\u00e1ng b\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m xong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh:
\n <\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n x\u00e1c t\u00edn \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec,
\nTrong khi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb x\u1ea5u nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec tr\u00e0n tr\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c.
\nH\u1eb3n r\u1ed3i, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n si\u00eau nhi\u00ean,
\nH\u1eb3n r\u1ed3i, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft k\u00ednh n\u1ec3 trong ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb, Hoffer c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng e ng\u1ea1i g\u00ec v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb s\u1ebd g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n d\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch. N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, nh\u01b0\u00a0 \u00f4ng t\u1eebng n\u00f3i, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng khi n\u00f3 c\u00f2n non y\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u201cm\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, th\u00e1o v\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o\u201d. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, Hoffer s\u1ebd l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quan s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\u201d gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o M\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeba t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

Eric Hoffer sinh \u1edf Manhattan n\u0103m 1902, con trai c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng di d\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c; cha \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ee7. Eric bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb l\u00fac l\u00ean 5. N\u0103m 7 tu\u1ed5i, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u khi ng\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho \u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u00f9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 v\u00fa em ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4m \u00f4ng trong v\u00f2ng tay v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi \u00f4ng t\u1eed t\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi cha \u00f4ng. Khi \u00f4ng 15 tu\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3i qua ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt n\u00e0o, hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n g\u00ec, b\u1ed7ng nhi\u00ean th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ee1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u00e0 v\u00fa em tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i b\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c. Cha m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng $300. \u00d4ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn California v\u00ec ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean ngh\u00e8o – ta n\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o mu\u1ed1n th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1eef cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3. N\u0103m 18, \u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u1eafng tay v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1eefa th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Los Angeles v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh coi nh\u01b0\u00a0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m li\u1ec1n, Hoffer l\u00e0m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nay \u0111\u00e2y mai \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee5c th\u1ebb th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n trong t\u00fai, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1i cho m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111i qua. \u00d4ng theo ngh\u1ec1 t\u00ecm v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1 vui l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00f4m, sau m\u1ed9t m\u1ebb kh\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 l\u1ea7n t\u1edbi, m\u00ecnh c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau v\u00e0ng. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u – c\u00e1i m\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, l\u00e0m h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u00d4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7, v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u, t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 phu khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c \u1edf San Francisco, n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t. \u00d4ng r\u1ea5t h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u00ec k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng tha thi\u1ebft g\u00ec, trong li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ed1c v\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Harry Bridges. Hoffer kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3ng giao cho l\u1eafm, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea9n s\u0129, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng y\u1ebfm th\u1ebf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh l\u1eb7ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111am m\u00ea n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111am m\u00ea r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean tr\u00e1ng ki\u1ec7n b\u1ed7ng nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. Chuy\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u1eddi Hoffer \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng g\u00ec t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c tin hay hy v\u1ecdng c\u1ea3. Ai c\u1ea7n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang n\u1eefa?<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ho\u00e1 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c khi \u0111\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1edbt qua (\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh Hoffer c\u0169ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, K\u1ebb s\u00f9ng t\u00edn<\/em> th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. N\u0103m 1951, khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng s\u1eed gia v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecb n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc trong g\u1ecdng k\u00ecm c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed theo ki\u1ec3u kinh t\u1ebf. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n hay g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo m\u1ea1ng l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u201cl\u00fd l\u1ebd c\u1ee7a t\u00fai ti\u1ec1n\u201d. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay nh\u1eefng tho\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i kinh t\u1ebf. Hitler b\u1ecb xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 v\u00f9ng Ruhr, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u01b0u th\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf cho h\u1ecd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a. Trong 12 n\u0103m v\u1eeba qua, huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf trong \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t s\u1ee9c n\u1eafm gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt h\u00e0n l\u00e2m, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9 s\u1ebd suy gi\u1ea3m r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

Hoffer \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn qua kh\u1ecfi kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0o s\u00e2u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng uy\u00ean nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u00d4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1i l\u1ed7i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn. D\u00f9 cho c\u00e1ch li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Hoffer c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u00eam hay kh\u00f4ng, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o b\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7, h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00fang c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi v\u0103n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7y ph\u1ea5n ch\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

Ban Bi\u00ean T\u1eadp Th\u1eddi B\u00e1o<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Hoffer l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 y\u00ean b\u00ecnh trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, d\u1ea5n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Trong s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Hoffer, lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vun b\u1ed3i l\u00ean b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u201ck\u1ebb s\u00f9ng t\u00edn\u201d, k\u1ebb kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 c\u00f9ng qu\u1eabn, u\u1ea5t \u1ee9c, b\u1ecb th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i, th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i gh\u00ea t\u1edfm ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i nh\u00e2n d\u1ea1ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1377,"featured_media":7698,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[161,152,183],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7676","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ban-tron-chinh-tri","category-hoc-thuat","category-nhan-van"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7676","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1377"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7676"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7676\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7945,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7676\/revisions\/7945"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7698"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7676"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7676"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7676"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}