![\"H\u1ecdc](\"https:\/\/damau.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Hoc-gia-Pham-Quynh.jpg\" "\\"H\u1ecdc")
<\/a>\nH\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong c\u1ed5 v\u0169 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.
\n(Ngu\u1ed3n: T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a TS Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ee5y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee5p T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed L\u2019Asie Nouvelle – <\/em>1937)<\/span><\/p>\n
\nB\u00e0i n\u00e0y b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng \u1edf Vi\u1ebft Nam qua c\u00e1c giai do\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft xin n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef d\u00f9ng trong b\u00e0i. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef (language) l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao ti\u1ebfp do m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c hay m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, bao g\u00f4m ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft (written language), ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i (spoken language) v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ra d\u1ea5u (sign language).<\/p>\n
I – Ch\u1eef Nho<\/b><\/p>\n
II – Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m<\/b><\/p>\n
III – Ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/b><\/p>\n
1) Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh<\/p>\n
2) Nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef<\/p>\n
3) So s\u00e1nh ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef v\u1edbi ch\u1eef N\u00f4m<\/p>\n
4) S\u0129 phu Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef<\/p>\n
5) S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef<\/p>\n
6) Nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef<\/p>\n
7) Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef<\/p>\n
8) K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/p>\n
***<\/p>\n
Ch\u1eef Nho c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean. Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00ec H\u00e1n l\u00e0 s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ch\u1eef T\u00e0u v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u2026 T\u00e0u. Vi\u1ec7c g\u1ecdi ch\u1eef Hoa hay ch\u1eef Trung c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Trung Hoa\/Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Trung Hoa l\u00e0 t\u00ean ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y hay Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 t\u00ean ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y nay. Ta c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Nho h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef d\u00f9ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn, l\u1ea5y Nho gi\u00e1o l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n D\u00f9 d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ed3n th\u1ec3 (traditional form). V\u00e0i n\u0103m sau khi Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ea3 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Trung Hoa n\u0103m 1949, ch\u1eef gi\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 (simplified form) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef d\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n nay, hay \u1edf Singapore, M\u00e3 Lai trong khi \u0110\u00e0i Loan, Hongkong, Macau v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c th\u00ec v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng ph\u1ed3n th\u1ec3. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf \u0111i, ta n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef ph\u1ed3n th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef Nho t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.<\/p>\n Ch\u1eef Nho l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u00eat t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh, m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft k\u00fd \u00e2m l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ghi l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1eef Nho g\u1ed3m 214 b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfng La Tinh, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp hay gh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef Nho \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb Trung Hoa k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp l\u00e0m quan Th\u00e1i Th\u00fa qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u1ec9. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, xem Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1eed s\u00e1ch c\u0169, ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa, ca t\u1ee5ng S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111em \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u0103n minh trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i cho S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Nho do nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t trong nh\u00f3m B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra. Nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda Nam nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c H\u00e1n.<\/p>\n D\u00f9 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u1eef Nho, t\u1eeb nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 mi\u1ec1n Nam Trung Hoa truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean ph\u00eda B\u1eafc, hay t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Trung Hoa. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, ch\u1eef Nho \u9752 \u8863, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tri\u1ec1u Ch\u00e2u, Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn, Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc theo \u00e2m kh\u00e1c nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Thanh Y. Tuy nhi\u00ean khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhau, ta d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201c\u00c1o Xanh\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t, danh t\u1eeb \u00c1o \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1eeb Xanh . \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u1eef Nho, danh t\u1eeb Y \u0111i sau t\u00ednh t\u1eeb Thanh.<\/p>\n T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ri\u00eang khi trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi nhau. Ch\u1eef Nho ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd hay v\u0103n th\u01b0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n II \u2013 Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m<\/b><\/p>\n Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra, d\u1ef1a ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o 214 b\u1ed9 ch\u1eef Nho v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef Nho kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00fd \u00e2m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam trao \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi nhau. Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nho s\u0129 c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t d\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong ch\u1eef Nho ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong ch\u1eef Nho nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9ng theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u00f3 l\u1ebd khai sinh t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 10 (th\u1eddi gian Ng\u00f4 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Quy\u1ec1n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u1edd n\u01b0\u1edbc ta n\u0103m 939) v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n theo th\u1eddi gian. \u00c1ng v\u0103n N\u00f4m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f2n l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 V\u0103n T\u1ebf C\u00e1 S\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Thuy\u00ean (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 H\u00e0n Thuy\u00ean) v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13, khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00e0i c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, v\u1edbi tr\u00edch d\u1eabn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u1eeb Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u, b\u1ea3n Kinh, n\u0103m 1870, Nguy\u1ec5n Qu\u1ea3ng Tu\u00e2n phi\u00ean \u00e2m v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o d\u1ecb.<\/p>\n a) K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hai ch\u1eef Nho, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 \u00e2m m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129a. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n – Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m Hai (\ud840\udd29, s\u1ed1 Hai) c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb hai ch\u1eef Nho: m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef ch\u1ec9 \u00e2m Hai (\u548d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00ea c\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e2u th\u01a1 \u201cNh\u1eadm th\u1ee5 ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n hai \u201c (M\u1eb7c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00ea c\u01b0\u1eddi) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed7 Ph\u1ee7, gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef \u53f0, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecdc \u00e2m kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Thai) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Nh\u1ecb ( \u4e8c ngh\u0129a ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 hai). Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u c\u00e2u 15:<\/p>\n \u982d \ud849\udeb8 \ud840\udd29 \u59b8 \u7d20 \u5a25<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea7u l\u00f2ng hai \u1ea3 t\u1ed1 nga<\/p>\n – Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m Ba (\ud840\udc27<\/strong>, s\u1ed1 Ba) c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb hai ch\u1eef Nho: m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef ch\u1ec9 \u00e2m Ba (\u5df4 ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t Ba ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecba danh) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129a Tam (\u4e09 ngh\u0129a ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ba). Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u c\u00e2u 43:<\/p>\n \u6e05 \u660e \ud856\ude9e \u7bc0 \ud84c\udf83 \ud840\udc27<\/p>\n Thanh minh trong ti\u1ebft th\u00e1ng ba<\/p>\n – Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m Ch\u00edn (\ud840\udce9, s\u1ed1 Ch\u00edn) c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb hai ch\u1eef Nho: m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef ch\u1ec9 \u00e2m Ch\u1ea9n (\u755b gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef \u3431) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 C\u1eedu (\u4e5d ngh\u0129a ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ch\u00edn). Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u c\u00e2u 40:<\/p>\n \u97f6 \u5149 \ud840\udce9 \ud861\udd3f \u340c \u5916 \ud859\udcb9 \ud861\udc6e<\/p>\n Thi\u1ec1u quang ch\u00edn ch\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 ngo\u00e0i s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i<\/p>\n b) K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hai ch\u1eef Nho c\u00f9ng ngh\u0129a th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef N\u00f4m:<\/p>\n – Trong ch\u1eef Nho c\u00f3 ch\u1eef T\u1ef1 \u5b57, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ch\u1eef. Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \ud846\udd82 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hai ch\u1eef \u5b57. Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u c\u00e2u 2:<\/p>\n \ud846\udd82 \u624d \ud846\udd82 \u547d \u7a96 \u7f85 \u6044 \u9952<\/p>\n Ch\u1eef t\u00e0i ch\u1eef m\u1ec7nh kh\u00e9o l\u00e0 gh\u00e9t nhau<\/p>\n Ghi ch\u00fa th\u00eam l\u00e0 Ch\u1eef c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft trong ch\u1eef N\u00f4m. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef T\u1ef1 \u5b57, nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e2u v\u0103n ch\u1eef Nho \u201cNh\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 vi s\u01b0, b\u00e1n t\u1ef1 vi s\u01b0\u201d (\u4e00 \u5b57 \u70ba \u5e2b, \u534a \u5b57 \u70ba \u5e2b) Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u5b57 trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u v\u0103n ch\u1eef Nho th\u00ec \u5b57 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 T\u1ef1 m\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u v\u0103n N\u00f4m th\u00ec \u5b57 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Ch\u1eef.<\/p>\n c) M\u01b0\u1ee3n ch\u1eef Nho c\u00f9ng \u00e2m nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c:<\/p>\n – Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m M\u1ed9t (\u6c92) c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb ch\u1eef H\u00e1n M\u1ed9t (\u6c92, ngh\u0129a ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n l\u00e0 ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm, ng\u1eadp, ch\u1ebft \u0111i, nh\u01b0 trong Mai M\u1ed9t). Ta t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef N\u00f4m v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t. Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u c\u00e2u 27:<\/p>\n \u6c92 \ud840\udd29 \u8fce \u6e03 \u8fce \u57ce<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t hai nghi\u00eang n\u01b0\u1edbc nghi\u00eang th\u00e0nh<\/p>\n d) Thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef Nho c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n:<\/p>\n – Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \ud85d\ude07, m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Nho Y (\u8863, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00c1o, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u00dd) nh\u01b0ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edbt \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef \u00c1y \ud85d\ude07. Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n Li\u1ec5u V\u0103n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103m 1866, c\u00e2u 742:<\/p>\n \u3915 \u680c \u9999 \ud85d\ude07 \u640a \u7d72 \u6cdb \u5c3c<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed1t l\u00f2 h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5y, so t\u01a1 ph\u00edm n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n e) M\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef N\u00f4m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 (c\u00f9ng \u00e2m kh\u00e1c ngh\u0129a):<\/p>\n – Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m Ch\u00edn \ud840\udce9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a n\u1ea5u ch\u00edn, tr\u00e1i ch\u00edn m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb ch\u1eef N\u00f4m Ch\u00edn l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ch\u00edn b\u00ean tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i ch\u1eef N\u00f4m nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft, c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Nho nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u1eef Ch\u00edn (s\u1ed1 Ch\u00edn) l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft: \u3431, \ud840\udce9 ho\u1eb7c \ud849\udc82 .<\/p>\n III – Ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef<\/strong><\/p>\n 1) Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh<\/strong><\/p>\n Ch\u1eef n\u00e0y do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 v\u00e0 17, d\u00f9ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 La Tinh \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c linh muc ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha (Portugal) Francisco de Pina, Gaspar do Amaral v\u00e0 Antonio Barbosa, kh\u00e1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t khi \u0111\u00f3. Linh m\u1ee5c Alexandre de Rhodes (\u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9), ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c Avignon, sau n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t B\u1ed3 La (Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum). Sau khi linh m\u1ee5c \u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Avignon n\u0103m 1646, t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in \u1edf Roma n\u0103m 1651, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea9m nang cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o sang Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 La Tinh, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 thanh (d\u1ea5u n\u1eb7ng, huy\u1ec1n, s\u1eafc, h\u1ecfi, ng\u00e3) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m (d\u1ea5u m\u0169, m\u00f3c) m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng c\u1ed5 Hy L\u1ea1p (Greece) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, \u00dd \u2026 \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 h\u1eefng \u00e2m s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ta th\u1ea5y kh\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0ng theo th\u1eddi gian, ch\u1eef d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c (Pigneau de Behaine) c\u00f3 so\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1772-1773 nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a in. Sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Jean-Louis Taberd so\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t \u2013 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Hi\u1ec7p T\u1ef1 V\u1ecb (Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum)<\/i>, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1838 t\u1ea1i Serampore, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Trong kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau th\u1eddi linh m\u1ee5c Francisco de Pina, ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n trong gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u01b0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n 2) <\/b>Nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef<\/b><\/p>\n Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u n\u0103m tr\u00f4i qua t\u1eeb khi Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng n\u0103m 1858, Ho\u00e0 \u01af\u1edbc Paten\u00f4tre (Ho\u00e0 \u01af\u1edbc Gi\u00e1p Th\u00e2n 1884) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7t to\u00e0n th\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, tuy quy ch\u1ebf m\u1ed7i mi\u1ec1n Nam Trung B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf do T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t Thuy\u1ebft c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng doanh tr\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1885 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, c\u00e1o chung giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9.<\/p>\n – D\u1ea1y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, n\u00f3i v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u01b0? V\u1edbi g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, d\u00f9 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m? T\u00ednh cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930s, c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 370,000 h\u1ecdc sinh hoc c\u1ea5p S\u01a1 H\u1ecdc (3 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, l\u1edbp N\u0103m, l\u1edbp T\u01b0, l\u1edbp Ba) v\u00e0 S\u01a1 \u0110\u1eb3ng Ti\u1ec3u H\u1ecdc (3 n\u0103m k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, l\u1edbp Nh\u00ec M\u1ed9t, l\u1edbp Nh\u00ec Hai v\u00e0 l\u1edbp Nh\u1ea5t), chi\u1ebfm ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn 5% tr\u1ebb em d\u01b0\u1edbi 15 tu\u1ed5i. Nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb cai tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng khi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb \u00edt h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn cai tr\u1ecb, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ecb l\u00e2n bang \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 trong th\u1eddi gian l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n – Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c d\u00f9ng ti\u00eang H\u00e1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng trung gian \u01b0? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n Trung Hoa c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec trong vi\u1ec7c cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n – Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef v\u1edbi m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 La Tinh, g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p sang, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd \u00e2m, c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Nho v\u00e0 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m.<\/p>\n T\u1ea1i Nam K\u1ef3 (v\u00f9ng b\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm tr\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Trung K\u1ef3), k\u1ef3 thi H\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n b\u00e3i b\u1ecf n\u0103m 1864. T\u1eeb 1882, c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o c\u00f4ng v\u0103n t\u1eeb t\u1ec9nh xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef, ngo\u00e0i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p. Khi g\u1eedi xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nghe v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 nh\u01b0ng sai l\u1ea1c, v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh hay c\u1ed1 \u00fd trong vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n T\u1ea1i B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Trung K\u1ef3, ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a d\u1ea7n v\u00e0o k\u1ef3 thi H\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1909, m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 thi ch\u1eef H\u00e1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 10 n\u0103m sau, t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 1915 v\u00e0 Trung K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 1918, c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi H\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf. Quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1eadu B\u1ed5 (\u00c9cole des Aspirants-Mandarins), sau th\u00e0nh r\u01b0\u1eddng S\u0129 Ho\u1ea1n (\u00c9cole des Mandarins) v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u00e1p Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u00c9cole de Droit et d’Administration), trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n 3) <\/b>So s\u00e1nh ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef v\u1edbi ch\u1eef N\u00f4m<\/b><\/p>\n Gi\u1eefa hai ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef v\u00e0 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m:<\/p>\n – Ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef d\u1ec5 h\u1ecdc. Sau v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh v\u1ea7n kh\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng nghe n\u00f3i h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n – Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1eef N\u00f4m (v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Nho) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Do l\u00e0 ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh n\u00ean gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e1 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ed3i b\u1ed5 t\u01b0 duy m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef k\u00fd \u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3.<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef c\u0169ng l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a cha \u00f4ng. Ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec cha \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft ra h\u01a1n tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i qua c\u1eb7p m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi cha \u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n 4) <\/b>S\u0129 phu Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef<\/b><\/p>\n T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p s\u0129 phu, \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u1ef1u h\u1ecdc. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecd nghi ng\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u00f9 gh\u00e9t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef. B\u00ecnh T\u00e2y S\u00e1t T\u1ea3 trong Nam v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o tr\u00e0o C\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f5 trang ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5i l\u00ean kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb Nam ra B\u1eafc. Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft.<\/p>\n Sau nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00f5 trang \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, s\u0129 phu Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao d\u00e2n tr\u00ed. H\u1ecd nh\u00ecn ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb k\u1ebb \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh Ngh\u0129a th\u1ee5c ra \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, d\u00f9 b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng k\u00edch th\u00edch h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n<\/p>\n Xin tr\u00edch d\u1eabn v\u00e0i \u0111o\u1ea1n trong b\u00e0i Thi\u1ebft Ti\u1ec1n Ca, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0y gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh Ngh\u0129a Th\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao d\u00e2n tr\u00ed:<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t, L\u00e0m cho c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee1 h\u1ea1i,<\/p>\n L\u00e0m cho ti\u1ec1n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1edbi nghe; \u1ea4y l\u00e0 ph\u00fac n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam ta \u0111\u00f3, (Thi\u1ebft ti\u1ec1n ca \u2013 Nguy\u1ec5n Phan L\u00e3ng)<\/p>\n 5) <\/b>S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef<\/b><\/p>\n T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t B\u1ed3 La n\u0103m 1651 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 k\u00fd \u00e2m sai, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng theo m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p ra s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ch\u1eef Ph\u00e1p, trong c\u00f4ng v\u0103n, v\u00e0 trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c s\u01a1 h\u1ecdc (c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p), ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n Nam nh\u01b0 P\u00e9trus Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, Paulus Hu\u00ecnh (t\u1ee9c Hu\u1ef3nh) T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a \u2026 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p c\u00f4ng lao trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef. B\u00e1o ch\u00ed vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef, t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 ba mi\u1ec1n, mang ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng:<\/p>\n \u1ede mi\u1ec1n Nam, sau Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh B\u00e1o, t\u1edd b\u00e1o ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1865 v\u1edbi P\u00e9trus Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, c\u00e1c t\u1edd b\u00e1o nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt Tr\u00ecnh Nam K\u1ef3, Phan Y\u00ean B\u00e1o, Th\u00f4ng Lo\u1ea1i Kho\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh, N\u00f4ng C\u1ed1 M\u00edn \u0110\u00e0m, L\u1ee5c T\u1ec9nh T\u00e2n V\u0103n <\/i>… l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t ra \u0111\u1eddi. \u1ede mi\u1ec1n Trung v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, c\u00e1c t\u1edd b\u00e1o nh\u01b0 <\/i>\u0110\u1ea1i Nam \u0110\u1ed3ng V\u0103n Nh\u1eadt B\u00e1o, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t T\u00e2n B\u00e1o, \u0110\u0103ng C\u1ed5 T\u00f9ng B\u00e1o, Trung B\u1eafc T\u00e2n V\u0103n, <\/em>\u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1p <\/i>Th\u1eddi B\u00e1o (1923), \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea1p Ch\u00ed (1913), Nam Phong T\u1ea1p Ch\u00ed (1917), Ti\u1ebfng D\u00e2n, <\/em>Th\u1ef1c Nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c <\/i>ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 hay \u00fd ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef. Nh\u00f3m T\u1ef1 L\u1ef1c V\u0103n \u0111o\u00e0n, v\u1edbi hai t\u1edd b\u00e1o Phong Ho\u00e1 (1932) v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0y Nay (1935) d\u00f9ng l\u1ed1i v\u0103n trong s\u00e1ng, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc sinh sinh vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n Ta th\u1eed so s\u00e1nh l\u1ed1i v\u0103n kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn, v\u00e0o l\u00fac ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef m\u1edbi ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn:<\/p>\n C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 l\u1edbn, m\u00e0 h\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n c\u0169ng l\u1edbn, c\u1ee9 bo bo gi\u1eef c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u1edbc cho ai. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean \u0103n m\u00e0y t\u1edbi xin quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t n\u00e9n v\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u ph\u00e1t gi\u1eadn, n\u00f3i gi\u00e1 \u0103n m\u00e0y d\u00e1m xin t\u1edbi v\u00e0ng n\u00e9n, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e0y t\u1edb \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111i. T\u00ean \u0103n m\u00e0y la l\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111i, c\u1ee9 vi\u1ec7c \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 m\u00e0 xin m\u00e3i. Trong nh\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai th\u00e8m n\u00f3i t\u1edbi, t\u00ean \u0103n m\u00e0y s\u1edbm \u0111i xin \u0103n ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c, tr\u01b0a l\u1ea1i l\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 \u1edf t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u m\u00e0 n\u00e0i ho\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1eb7ng n\u00e9n v\u00e0ng. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7ng ba n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng g\u1eafng v\u00f3, c\u0169ng m\u1ecfi l\u00f2ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu cho. T\u00ean \u0103n m\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9n v\u00e0ng, th\u00ec l\u00e0m b\u1ed9 nh\u1ea3y nh\u00f3t m\u1ea7ng r\u1ee1 b\u1ed9i ph\u1ea7n, li\u1ec1n c\u1ed5i \u00e1o g\u00f3i l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u0111i. Khi t\u00ean \u0103n m\u00e0y \u0111i ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed7i, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u sai m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb theo r\u00ecnh coi l\u00e3o \u0103n m\u00e0y \u0111em n\u00e9n v\u00e0ng \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u, c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec7n g\u00ec v\u1edbi n\u00e9n v\u00e0ng. T\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y t\u1edb \u0111i theo xa xa, th\u1ea5y l\u00e3o \u0103n m\u00e0y \u0111i th\u1eb3ng ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 b\u00f3ng m\u00e1t ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1edf \u00e1o l\u1ea5y n\u00e9n v\u00e0ng, d\u1ed3i l\u00ean d\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 gi\u1edfn ch\u01a1i, coi ra \u00fd m\u1ea7ng r\u1ee1 l\u1eafm. C\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3i l\u00e3o \u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7, n\u1eb1m ch\u00e8o queo, n\u00e9n v\u00e0ng th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t b\u00ean ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb nom \u0111\u1eb7ng, ch\u1edd l\u00e3o \u0103n m\u00e0y ng\u1ee7 m\u00f2m, l\u00e9n l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y n\u00e9n v\u00e0ng \u0111em v\u1ec1 cho ch\u1ee7, ch\u1ee7 m\u1ea7ng c\u00f2n n\u00e9n v\u00e0ng, li\u1ec1n \u0111em \u0111i c\u1ea5t. L\u00e3o \u0103n m\u00e0y th\u1ee9c d\u1eady th\u1ea5y m\u1ea5t n\u00e9n v\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u00e8m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, x\u0103m x\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u m\u00e0 xin n\u00e9n kh\u00e1c. \u00d4ng nh\u00e0 g\u00ecau n\u00f3i: m\u1edbi cho m\u1ed9t n\u00e9n l\u00e0m g\u00ec h\u1ebft \u0111i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n xin n\u1eefa? L\u00e3o \u0103n m\u00e0y n\u00f3i: t\u00f4i v\u1eeba nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft, n\u00f3 li\u1ec1n m\u1ea5t \u0111i, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i xin \u00f4ng n\u00e9n kh\u00e1c. \u00d4ng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u nghe n\u00f3i, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ai soi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng, li\u1ec1n hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eddi: h\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft r\u1ed3i th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p g\u00ec n\u1eefa; m\u1edbi kh\u1eabn nguy\u1ec1n xin t\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i m\u00e0 l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi thi\u00ean h\u1ea1; sau ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i, m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n m\u00e0y \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n (Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a<\/strong>, \u201c\u0102n m\u00e0y xin v\u00e0ng n\u00e9n,\u201d Chuy\u1ec7n Gi\u1ea3i Bu\u1ed3n<\/em>, NXB S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1886).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n hay l\u1ed1i v\u0103n bi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabu:<\/p>\n (\u0110\u00eam \u0111\u00eam em n\u1eb1m em ngh\u0129, nghe ti\u1ebfng gi\u00f3 v\u00f9 v\u00f9, gi\u1ecdt m\u01b0a th\u00e1nh th\u00f3t m\u00e0 nh\u1edb khi ai v\u1edbi c\u1eadu, c\u1eadu v\u1edbi ai tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n su\u1ed1t \u0111\u00eam \u1edf trong t\u00fap tranh b\u00ean g\u1ed1c me \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u1ed1 \u1ea5p.<\/p>\n (Song An Ho\u00e0ng Ng\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1ch<\/strong>, \u201cGi\u1ecdt l\u1ec7 H\u1ed3ng l\u00e2u,\u201d Nam Phong T\u1ea1p Ch\u00ed<\/em> – 1921)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u v\u0103n trong s\u00e1ng trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n Tuy m\u1edbi v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1edd D\u1eadu, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebft m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00e1 nhem t\u1ed1i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0, c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng x\u00e9n \u1edf ph\u1ed1 T\u1eeb S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda. Ch\u1ec9 tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng c\u01a1m l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. V\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u1edf trong \u0111\u01b0a ra ti\u1ebfng c\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u1ea7m \u1ef9. M\u1ed9t trang thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean ky s\u0129, t\u1eeb ph\u00eda Nam t\u1edbi, k\u00ecm gh\u00ec c\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1ef1a tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng. Ch\u00e0ng y ph\u1ee5c nai n\u1ecbt g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00f3n l\u00f4ng \u0111en, ch\u00e2n \u0111i hia ch\u1ebdn, c\u1ed5 qu\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i kh\u0103n l\u1ee5a tr\u1eafng th\u1eaft l\u1ecfng, m\u1ed1i b\u1ecf r\u0169 sau l\u01b0ng. Con ng\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng s\u1eafc n\u00e2u x\u1eabm, v\u00e0 tuy nh\u1ecf thon, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfe dai. Tr\u1eddi l\u1ea1nh bu\u1ed1t c\u0103m c\u0103m m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh n\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbt \u0111\u1eabm m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, xem \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111o\u00e1n bi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3 \u0111i t\u1eeb xa l\u1ea1i. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 m\u0169i n\u00f3 h\u1ee5c h\u1eb7c th\u1edf ra hai lu\u1ed3ng h\u01a1i kh\u00f3i, b\u1ed1n gi\u00f3 n\u00f3 cu\u1ed1c xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 g\u00f5 nh\u1ecbp, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf \u00fd mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u1eeba s\u1ee9c ch\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t th\u00f4i d\u00e0i n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n (Kh\u00e1i H\u01b0ng<\/strong>, Ti\u00eau S\u01a1n Tr\u00e1ng S\u0129<\/i>, 1937)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n hay t\u00e0i hoa, khinh b\u1ea1c:<\/p>\n \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n. Ta khuy\u00ean th\u1ea7y Qu\u1ea3n n\u00ean thay ch\u1ed1n \u1edf \u0111i. Ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 treo m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c l\u1ee5a tr\u1eafng tr\u1ebbo v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t ch\u1eef vu\u00f4ng v\u1eafn t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1eafn n\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ho\u00e0i b\u00e3o tung ho\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Thoi m\u1ef1c, th\u1ea7y mua \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 th\u01a1m qu\u00e1. Th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y m\u00f9i th\u01a1m \u1edf ch\u1eadu m\u1ef1c b\u1ed1c l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng? …T\u00f4i b\u1ea3o th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea5y: th\u1ea7y Qu\u1ea3n n\u00ean t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 qu\u00ea m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e3, th\u1ea7y h\u00e3y tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111i \u0111\u00e3, r\u1ed3i h\u00e3y ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n ch\u01a1i ch\u1eef. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f3 gi\u1eef thi\u00ean l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho l\u00e0nh v\u1eefng v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn nhem nhu\u1ed1c m\u1ea5t c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eddi l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n \u0111i.\u201d <\/p>\n (Nguy\u1ec5n Tu\u00e2n<\/strong>, \u201cCh\u1eef Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1eed T\u00f9,\u201d Vang B\u00f3ng M\u1ed9t Th\u1eddi<\/i>, 1940)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n hay \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n, g\u00f3i n\u1ed7i l\u00f2ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 nh\u01b0<\/p>\n B\u1edd tre rung \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ed1ng ch\u1ea7u, (Huy C\u1eadn, \u201cChi\u1ec1u X\u01b0a,\u201d L\u1eeda Thi\u00eang<\/i>, \u0110\u1eddi Nay 1940<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Gi\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1edbt th\u01b0\u1edbt k\u00e9o m\u00ecnh qua c\u1ecf r\u1ed1i (Xu\u00e2n Di\u1ec7u<\/strong>, \u201cT\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0 chi\u1ec1u,\u201d Th\u01a1 Th\u01a1<\/i>, 1938)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef m\u1edbi trong khoa h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt, ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. Ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (Tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u<\/i> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u1ee9c K\u1ebf v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh), tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc (Tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Nho Gi\u00e1o gi\u1eefa Phan Kh\u00f4i v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim<\/i>). Cu\u1ed1n Danh T\u1eeb Khoa H\u1ecdc<\/i> (1942) c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n H\u00e3n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc sinh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u sau n\u00e0y khi ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef.<\/b><\/p>\n V\u1ec1 ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3, T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Qu\u1ea5c<\/i> (t\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c \u00c2m T\u1ef1 V\u1ecb<\/i> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1895 do Paulus Hu\u00ecnh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 Vi\u00eat Nam t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i Khai Tr\u00ed Ti\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c (1931), H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t T\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec3n<\/i> (\u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh 1932) H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t T\u1ef1 \u0110i\u1ec3n<\/i> (Thi\u1ec1u Ch\u1eedu 1942) c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1 ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef. Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Ph\u00e1p 1945-1954, ri\u00eang trong mi\u1ec1n Nam, tuy \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh, nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1 ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nguy\u00ean (g\u1ed1c ch\u1eef) nh\u01b0 L\u00ea Ng\u1ecdc Tr\u1ee5, B\u00ecnh Nguy\u00ean L\u1ed9c \u2026 \u00d4ng B\u00ecnh Nguy\u00ean L\u1ed9c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u00f4ng L\u00ea Ng\u1ecdc Tr\u1ee5 v\u1edbi cu\u1ed1n Vi\u1ec7t Ng\u1eef Ch\u00e1nh T\u1ea3 T\u1ef1 V\u1ecb<\/i>, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm t\u1ef1 nguy\u00ean cho m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef, tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt th\u00ec \u0111\u00e0nh theo \u201clu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng\u201d.<\/p>\n 6) <\/b>Nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3<\/b><\/p>\n Ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef c\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng? Kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng theo quy t\u1eafc. Ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean san \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 qua nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt trong ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n.<\/b><\/p>\n \u1ede mi\u1ec1n Nam, \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ngu \u00cd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ho\u00e1 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef I v\u00e0 Y m\u00e0 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y. D\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ho\u00e1 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y (c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef I v\u00e0 Y) d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t \u00edt ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef, t\u00f4i ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. S\u1ebd c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. M\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i Hi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n T\u01b0 B\u00ecnh (c\u00f9ng Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u01b0\u1eddng L\u00e2m). Hai \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb thay ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft do hai \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0i th\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t.<\/p>\n a)<\/strong> Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ea3i Ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i Hi\u1ec1n<\/strong><\/p>\n Ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef<\/p>\n Tr\u0103m n\u0103m trong c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ea3i Ti\u1ebfn<\/p>\n C\u0103m<\/b><\/em> n\u0103m cow k\u00f5i w\u01b0\u1eddi<\/b> ta (thay \u0111\u1ed5i 19\/28 ch\u1eef = 68%)<\/p>\n b) Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nhanh c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n T\u01b0 B\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/p>\n Ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef<\/p>\n B\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi \u0110\u00e8o Ngang, b\u00f3ng x\u1ebf t\u00e0, Nh\u1edb n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111au l\u00f2ng, con qu\u1ed1c qu\u1ed1c, Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nhanh<\/p>\n B\u01b0s<\/i><\/b> t\u1edbi D\u00e8o Wag, b\u00f3g<\/b> x\u1ebf t\u00e0 Nh\u1edb n\u01b0s dau l\u00f2g<\/b>, con q\u00f4c q\u00f4c,<\/b> (thay \u0111\u1ed5i 26\/56 ch\u1eef = 47%)<\/p>\n Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai ch\u1eef n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft thay th\u1ebf ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n Hai \u00f4ng cho l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u0110\u00fang kh\u00f4ng? Tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong kho\u1ea3ng 100 n\u0103m nay, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3. So s\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ee9c ng\u1eef tr\u01b0\u1edbc 45, t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1945-90 t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 hai mi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay, thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft d\u00ednh ch\u1eef th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef d\u00e0i (\u0110\u00f4ng D\u1ee9c) v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft r\u1eddi nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i g\u00ec v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay. Ti\u1ebfng Anh, Ph\u00e1p, T\u00e2y Ban Nha th\u00ec h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 H\u00e1n ng\u1eef, \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb Ph\u1ed3n Th\u1ec3 (traditional form) sang Gi\u1ea3n Th\u1ec3 (simplified form) nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef sang hai lo\u1ea1i Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ea3i Ti\u1ebfn\/Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nhanh n\u1ebfu x\u1ea3y ra:<\/p>\n o Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 ch\u1eef, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef (Ph\u1ed3n Th\u1ec3) \u1edf Trung Hoa n\u0103m 1949 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t cao, kho\u1ea3ng 80% -> 90%, so v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1edbi 10% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay (\u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i tr\u00ean 8 tu\u1ed5i) kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef<\/p>\n o Ch\u1eef Ph\u1ed3n Th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c ch\u1eef Gi\u1ea3n Th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1edbi 5%, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i 47% hay 68%.<\/p>\n o Bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef Gi\u1ea3n Th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m \u0111o\u00e1n (tuy kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u1eafm) ch\u1eef Ph\u1ed3n Th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n o Quy\u1ec1n uy Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng giai \u0111oan 1950-1960 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ea3i Ti\u1ebfn\/Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ea3i Nhanh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00fang trong tay.<\/p>\n o C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 khi \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb Ph\u1ed3n Th\u1ec3 sang Gi\u1ea3n Th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u1eef Ph\u1ed3n Th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n \u00b7 Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ea3i Ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nhanh d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1eadt m\u00e3 hay t\u1ed1c k\u00fd: \u0110\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eadt m\u00e3, v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o th\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 th\u00f4 s\u01a1. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i t\u1eed th\u00ec t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n Nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1c k\u00fd (ghi nhanh) c\u1ee7a k\u00fd gi\u1ea3, h\u1ecdc sinh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00e1y ghi \u00e2m, ghi h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu hai th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef n\u00e0y thay th\u1ebf ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 m\u1eadt m\u00e3 hay t\u1ed1c k\u00fd.<\/p>\n \u00b7 C\u1ea3 hai \u00f4ng B\u00f9i Hi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n T\u01b0 B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd g\u1ecdn h\u01a1n, \u00edt d\u00f9ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e1y nhanh h\u01a1n n\u00ean s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed in s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o. T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafc l\u00e0 b\u00e0n ph\u00edm QWERT hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tung ra m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n ph\u00edm kh\u00e1c: th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 quen v\u1edbi n\u00f3 h\u01a1n tr\u0103m n\u0103m nay r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n \u00b7 Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ea3i Ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nhanh kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng sai ph\u1ea1m th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u1ec1 ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 d\u1ea5u H\u1ecfi v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u Ng\u00e3, ch\u1eef S v\u00e0 X, ch\u1eef Tr v\u00e0 CH, ch\u1eef D v\u00e0 Gi. V\u1edbi Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nhanh, ai vi\u1ebft sai ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 v\u1edbi ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00eau tr\u00ean s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c sai ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3. V\u1edbi Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ea3i Ti\u1ebfn, m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang, tr\u1eeb v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1eef Tr v\u00e0 Ch: B\u00f9i Hi\u1ec1n dung ch\u1eef C thay cho c\u1ea3 hai ch\u1eef Tr v\u00e0 Ch trong ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1eef Z thay cho c\u1ea3 hai ch\u1eef D v\u00e0 Gi. T\u00f4i nh\u1edb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh sai d\u1ea5u H\u1ecfi v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u Ng\u00e3 th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng d\u1ea5u H\u1ecfi cho m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00e0m ngh\u00e8o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ho\u00e1 hay c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn,<\/p>\n Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh ch\u1ee9ng:<\/strong><\/p>\n Ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef: gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, gi\u00e3i quy\u1ebft (sai), ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch, tr\u00ea ch\u00e1ch (sai), gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, d\u00e1o gi\u1ee5c (sai)<\/p>\n Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ea3i Ti\u1ebfn (B\u00f9i Hi\u1ec1n): z\u1ea3i kuy\u1ebft, z\u00e3i kuy\u1ebft, c\u00ea c\u00e1c, c\u00ea c\u00e1c, z\u00e1o z\u1ee5k, z\u00e1o z\u1ee5k<\/p>\n Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nhanh (Tr\u1ea7n T\u01b0 B\u00ecnh): j\u1ea3i qyd, j\u00e3i qyd, ch\u00ea tr\u00e1k, tr\u00ea ch\u00e1k, j\u00e1o z\u1ee5s, z\u00e1o j\u1ee5s<\/p>\n Ri\u00eang v\u1edbi Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nhanh, v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u00e2m\/G\u1edd\/ khi th\u00ec vi\u1ebft G khi th\u00ec vi\u1ebft Gh, m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ho\u00e1, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i ch\u1eef m\u1edbi th\u00ec t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eafc l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111a s\u1ed1 quen thu\u1ed9c, \u00edt hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m l\u1ed7i sai ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ch\u1eef Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef, vi\u1ebft sao \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1eady, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 ch\u1eef G khi th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecdc \u00e2m \/G\/ nh\u01b0 \u201cun gateau\u201d, khi th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecdc \u00e2m \/Gi\/ nh\u01b0 \u201cla girafe\u201d. Hay \u00e2m \/C\u1edd\/ c\u00f3 khi d\u00f9ng K nh\u01b0 \u201ckilom\u00e8tre\u201d c\u00f3 khi d\u00f9ng C nh\u01b0 \u201cun cochon\u201d. V\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cs\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn\u201d ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Esperanto, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef kh\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n Thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft m\u00e0 90, 95% ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/p>\n \u00b7 Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 hai \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb, d\u00f9 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u00e1ch m\u1ea5y, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, trong 5, 10 n\u0103m n\u1eefa, \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef kh\u00e1c \u201ch\u1ee3p l\u00fd\u201dh\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a hai \u00f4ng. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng khen l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n T\u01b0 B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1 nh\u00e3 nh\u1eb7n, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u00f4ng B\u00f9i Hi\u1ec1n, l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb th\u00f4 l\u1ed7 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u00fd.<\/p>\n c) Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Song Song 4.0 c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n T\u01b0 B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u00e2m<\/p>\n G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n T\u01b0 B\u00ecnh b\u1edbt tham v\u1ecdng mu\u1ed1n thay th\u1ebf ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nhanh m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u01b0\u1eddng L\u00e2m, m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 Qu\u1ea3n Tr\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Song Song 4.0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e1y tr\u00ean b\u00e0n ph\u00edm th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng QWERT \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf hai \u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (nhu li\u1ec7u) hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng b\u00e0n ph\u00edm QWERT kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea5u v\u00e0 c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh VNI \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e1y \u201cd9\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra ch\u1eef \u201c\u0111\u201d. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 xem qua lu\u1eadt trong 5 ph\u00fat v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp v\u00e0i gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u201cd9\u201d ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y \u201c\u0111\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trung gian m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n \u00d4ng Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u01b0\u1eddng L\u00e2m c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 thay ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t B\u00e1o M\u1eadt 4.0 hay ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t H\u00ecnh Th\u1ec3 4.0, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng b\u1ea3o c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 cho \u00f4ng t\u1edbi 400 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng (kho\u1ea3ng USD $17,000). T\u00f4i xin mi\u1ec5n b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn th\u00eam v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n 7) <\/b>Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n nay<\/b><\/p>\n C\u00f3 hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ea7n x\u00e9t: v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 ng\u1eef v\u1ef1ng. <\/b><\/p>\n V\u0103n ph\u1ea1m (t\u1ee9c ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p) th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn lao. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 \u201ch\u01a1i b\u1ecb\u201d, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u201cc\u00f4 b\u00e9 \u1ea5y h\u01a1i b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb9p, anh \u1ea5y h\u01a1i b\u1ecb ngu \u2026\u201d Ch\u1eef \u201cb\u1ecb\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y theo v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9 \u00edt khi g\u1eafn v\u1edbi t\u00ednh t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 \u201c\u0111\u1eb9p, ngu\u2026.\u201d Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f9a gi\u1ee1n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb th\u00f4i, \u00edt x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh. <\/b><\/p>\n V\u1ec1 ng\u1eef v\u1ef1ng, c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef m\u1edbi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3, th\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u01a1n.<\/b><\/p>\n Nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh cao \u0111\u1ed9, tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft. V\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa so\u1ea1n kh\u00e1 c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3 v\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n, thi\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. V\u1ec1 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, 800 t\u1edd b\u00e1o l\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3i trong tay ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc, m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng. T\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb \u00edt hay kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975, nay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i \u201cTham gia s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, S\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p \u2026\u201d c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 s\u00e1o m\u00f2n. Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t h\u01a1n 47 n\u0103m, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n, quy m\u00f4 tham kh\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u0169, xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m trong c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u1ea5y v\u00e0 so\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n ho\u00e0n ch\u00ednh h\u01a1n.<\/b><\/p>\n V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c \u00edt c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft khi \u0111i l\u00e0m, nay th\u00ec v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 80% ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfc thay, sai l\u1ea7m d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb nh\u00e2n l\u00ean. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 40, 50 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 cho l\u00e0 h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn (link) trong ch\u00fa th\u00edch ## [8] v\u00e0 [11] \u1edf ph\u1ea7n Ph\u1ee5 L\u1ee5c b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi, khi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u1eafm v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 g\u1ed1c ch\u1eef, tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia th\u00ec c\u00f3 L\u00ea Ng\u1ecdc Tr\u1ee5, B\u00ecnh Nguy\u00ean L\u1ed9c, sau th\u00ec c\u00f3 An Chi (v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u1eddi), Ho\u00e0ng Tu\u1ea5n C\u00f4ng v.v. b\u1ed5 khuy\u1ebft th\u00eam.<\/b><\/p>\n 8) <\/b>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn:<\/b><\/p>\n Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t keo k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Y\u00eau ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0 khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m chung th\u00ec tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m cho ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef, phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n, Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1eeb t\u1eeb, v\u00e0 theo m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t. 10 – 2022<\/em><\/p>\n __________________<\/b><\/p>\n Ph\u1ee5 L\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef Y v\u00e0 I c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Ngu \u00cd<\/b><\/p>\n Ch\u1eef Y, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 I d\u00e0i, I c\u1edd r\u1ebft (I grec), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 hai ch\u1eef I. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c khi n\u00e0o vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef Y, khi n\u00e0o vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef I. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n nay vi\u1ebft Y thay cho I, trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft I.<\/p>\n Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u00d4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ngu \u00cd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ng\u1eafn, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u:<\/p>\n 1) Vi\u1ebft I nh\u1eefng khi Y v\u00e0 I c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m<\/p>\n 2) Danh t\u1eeb ri\u00eang, v\u1ec1 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t (\u0111\u1ecba danh) theo lu\u1eadt 1). Ch\u1ec9 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng Y trong danh t\u1eeb ri\u00eang ch\u1ec9 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n 3) Ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7: Khi Y \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y (kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u00fd n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ngu \u00cd hay kh\u00f4ng).<\/p>\n T\u00f4i xin n\u00f3i th\u00eam v\u1ec1 3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n 1) Ta s\u1ebd vi\u1ebft<\/p>\n – Hi V\u1ecdng thay cho Hy V\u1ecdng (c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111a s\u1ed1 ghi c\u1ea3 hai c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft)<\/p>\n – Qui T\u1eafc thay cho Quy T\u1eafc<\/p>\n – V\u1eabn vi\u1ebft Uy Quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft Ui Quy\u1ec1n. Hai ch\u01b0 UY (\u0111oc nhanh c\u1ee7a ui-i) v\u00e0 UI ph\u00e1t \u00e2m kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n – V\u1eabn vi\u1ebft Quy\u1ebft \u0110\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft Qui\u1ebft \u0110\u1ecbnh. Hai ch\u1eef Quy\u1ebft (\u0111oc nhanh c\u1ee7a Qui-i\u1ebft) v\u00e0 Qui\u1ebft (\u0111oc nhanh c\u1ee7a Qui-\u1ebft) ph\u00e1t \u00e2m kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u00f3i chung c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m k\u00e9p c\u00f3 Y v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n – Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang: ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef l\u00e0 ch\u1eef k\u00fd \u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ngh\u0129a hay g\u1ed1c ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n 2) danh t\u1eeb ri\u00eang:<\/p>\n – Danh t\u1eeb ri\u00eang ch\u1ec9 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t (\u0111\u1ecba danh): vi\u1ebft Qui Nh\u01a1n thay cho Quy Nh\u01a1n (t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ea5y n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u201cQui Nh\u01a1n\u201d c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb (v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn) d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Quy Nh\u01a1n, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o v\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n – Danh t\u1eeb ri\u00eang ch\u1ec9 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi: ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Ta v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft Tr\u1ea7n Hui\u1ec1n \u00c2n, TCHYA \u2026<\/p>\n 3) Quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u1ec1 m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc. Gi\u1eef hay b\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c vi\u1ebft \u00dd Ch\u00ed hay s\u1eeda th\u00e0nh \u00cd Ch\u00ed?<\/p>\n Tham Kh\u1ea3o:<\/p>\n [1] B\u1ea3ng Tra Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, Vi\u1ec7n Ng\u00f4n Ng\u1eef Vi\u1ebft Nam, 1976<\/p>\n [2] Gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecdc N\u00f4m v\u00e0 H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t, Anthony Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Ki\u1ec7m, 2004<\/i><\/p>\n [3] C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u, Nguy\u1ec3n Qu\u1ea3ng Tu\u00e2n phi\u00ean \u00e2m v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o d\u1ecb<\/em><\/p>\n [4] John Balaban, Lee Collins, Stephen Lesser, John Phan, D. Neil Schmid, Ng\u00f4 Trung Vi\u1ec7t, H\u1ed9i B\u1ea3o T\u1ed3n Di S\u1ea3n Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m<\/p>\n [5] Nguy\u1ec5n Hi\u1ebfn L\u00ea, \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh Ngh\u0129a Th\u1ee5c, L\u00e1 B\u1ed1i, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1968<\/p>\n [6] Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ebf Anh, Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0110\u00f4 H\u1ed9, Sia G\u00f2n, 1973.<\/p>\n [7] Hu\u00ecnh-T\u1ecbnh Paulus C\u1ee7a, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Qu\u1ea5c \u00c2m T\u1ef1 V\u1ecb, 1895<\/p>\n [8] Khai Tr\u00ed Ti\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c, Vi\u1ec7t Nam T\u1ef1 \u0110i\u1ec3n, 1931<\/p>\n<\/a><\/b>
\n\u0110\u01a1n khai sinh n\u0103m 1938 \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef: ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef l\u1eabn ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u00f9ng d\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 v\u00e0i ch\u1eef Nho<\/span><\/p>\n
\nI \u2013 Ch\u1eef Nho<\/b><\/p>\n
\nB\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u1ed1t thu\u1eadn d\u00e2n;
\nNh\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2u c\u1eady th\u1ebf c\u1eady th\u1ea7n,
\nNh\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2u tr\u00e1i l\u1ebd c\u1ea7m c\u00e2n c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh?<\/p>\n
\nB\u1ea3o nhau m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1nh, m\u1ea1nh b\u00e8,
\nCho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o h\u1ebft ngh\u1ec1 h\u1ebft kh\u00f4n.<\/p>\n
\n\u1ea4y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 m\u00e1u m\u1ee7 ta c\u00f2n.
\n\u0110\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00e1u ch\u00e1u con con,
\nC\u00f2n non c\u00f2n n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn c\u00f2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\nT\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng c\u00f2n v\u1ecdng tr\u00ean l\u1ea7u \u1ea3i quan,
\n\u0110\u00eam m\u01a1 lay \u00e1nh tr\u0103ng t\u00e0n,
\nH\u1ed3n x\u01b0a g\u1edfi ti\u1ebfng th\u1eddi gian, tr\u1ed1ng d\u1ed3n.<\/em><\/p>\n\n
\n\u0110\u00eam b\u00e2ng khu\u00e2ng \u0111\u00f4i mi\u1ebfng l\u1ea9n trong c\u00e0nh<\/em><\/p>\n
\nCh\u1eef t\u00e0i ch\u1eef m\u1ec7nh kh\u00e9o l\u00e0 gh\u00e9t nhau
\nTr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ec3 d\u00e2u
\nNh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u00e0 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn l\u00f2ng<\/em><\/p>\n
\nC\u1eef<\/b><\/em> t\u00e0i c\u1eef<\/b> m\u1ec7nh x\u00e9o<\/b> l\u00e0 g\u00e9t<\/b> nhau
\nC\u1ea3i kua<\/b><\/em> m\u1ed9t ku\u1ed9k<\/b> b\u1ec3 z\u00e2u
\n<\/strong> Nh\u1eefw di\u1ec1u c\u00f4w q\u1ea5y<\/b><\/em> m\u00e0 dau d\u1edbn l\u00f2w<\/b><\/em><\/em><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n
\nC\u1ecf c\u00e2y chen \u0111\u00e1, l\u00e1 chen hoa
\nLom khom d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00fai, ti\u1ec1u v\u00e0i ch\u00fa
\nL\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1c b\u00ean s\u00f4ng, ch\u1ee3 m\u1ea5y nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n
\nTh\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 m\u1ecfi mi\u1ec7ng c\u00e1i gia gia.
\nD\u1eebng ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i tr\u1eddi, non, n\u01b0\u1edbc,
\nM\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh t\u00ecnh ri\u00eang, ta v\u1edbi ta.
\n<\/i><\/p>\n
\nC\u1ecf c\u00e2y chen d\u00e1<\/b>, l\u00e1 chen hoa
\nLom kom z\u1ee9j<\/b> n\u00fai, t\u00ecw<\/b> v\u00e0i ch\u00fa
\nLac dac<\/b> b\u00ean s\u00f4g<\/b>, ch\u1ee3 m\u1ea5y nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n
\nTh\u01b0z<\/b> nh\u00e0 m\u1ecfi m\u1ecbz<\/b>, c\u00e1i ja ja<\/b>.
\nZ\u1eebg<\/b> ch\u00e2n d\u1ee9g<\/b> l\u1ea1i tr\u1eddi, non, n\u01b0s,<\/b>
\nM\u1ed9t m\u1ea3h t\u00ech riz<\/b>, ta v\u1edbi ta.<\/i>\u200b<\/p>\n
\n
\nM\u1eb7c L\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n