{"id":72732,"date":"2022-03-07T08:15:00","date_gmt":"2022-03-07T08:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damau.org\/?p=72732"},"modified":"2022-03-08T18:22:01","modified_gmt":"2022-03-08T18:22:01","slug":"tieng-nga-v-tieng-ukraine-khc-nhau-the-no","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/72732\/tieng-nga-v-tieng-ukraine-khc-nhau-the-no","title":{"rendered":"Ti\u1ebfng Nga và ti\u1ebfng Ukraine khác nhau th\u1ebf nào?"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"clip_image002\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Nga v\u00e0o Ukraine (24\/2\/2022) khi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng m\u1edd tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi: Ukraine (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cV\u00f9ng Bi\u00ean Thu\u1ef3\u201d). C\u00f3 bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ef1u X\u00f4-vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y (g\u1ea7n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam), v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t: \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v.v. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfng Nga v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ukraine v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Ti\u1ebfng Nga v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ukraine kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 (c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00f3m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0110\u00f4ng Slavic\u2014ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ecdi theo \u00e2m H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 T\u01b0-l\u1ea1p-phu<\/i>\u2014\u65af<\/b> <\/b>\u62c9<\/b> <\/b>\u592b<\/b>), c\u00f9ng d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 (Cyrillic), nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Ukraine c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 nh\u1ecdc nh\u1eb1n. Ti\u1ebfng Ukraine \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua g\u1ea7n n\u0103m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 (b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 16 \u0111\u1ebfn nay). Sau khi s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi Li\u00ean Bang X\u00f4-vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1922, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Ukraine-ho\u00e1 (\u201cUkrainization\u201d) v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Ukraine trong v\u00f2ng g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean, l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch chung g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ho\u00e1\u201d (\u201cindigenization\u201d) c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Bolshevik, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ngo\u00e0i Nga v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong t\u1eebng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 x\u00f4-vi\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930, c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c Ukraine-ho\u00e1 b\u1ecb b\u00e0n tay s\u1eaft m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n x\u00f4-vi\u1ebft trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u1ecd d\u00e1n nh\u00e3n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1edf x\u1ee9 s\u1edf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n Ukraine,\u201d th\u1eb3ng tay thanh tr\u1eebng nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraine c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n Ukraine-ho\u00e1 trong \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Ng\u00e0nh b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n sang d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng Nga. Trong h\u01a1n 50 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c Ukraine-ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Nga ho\u00e1. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 \u0111i ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 80, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf khi Ukraine gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp qua s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Bang X\u00f4-vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i, ti\u1ebfng Ukraine v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng<\/a>\u00a0ng\u1eebng<\/a>\u00a0ph\u00e1t<\/a>\u00a0tri\u1ec3n<\/a>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3<\/a>\u00a0s\u1ed1ng<\/a>\u00a0c\u00f2n<\/a>, ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Nga, v\u00ec b\u00f3ng ma c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c x\u00f4-vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u1edfn v\u1edfn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Ukraine, tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Nga.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ngo\u1eb7c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. C\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc hay ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7t ho\u00e1, c\u00f3 t\u00ean v\u1eabn gi\u1eef trong nguy\u00ean ng\u1eef. Trong khi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Nga \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7t ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t cho Ukraine. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc du h\u1ecdc hay qua Ukraine l\u00e0m \u0103n th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft t\u00ean Ukraine m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e2n m\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u201cU\u201d (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 khi n\u00f3i \u201cTu\u1ea7n t\u1edbi t\u1edb sang U c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c\u201d), m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean v\u0103n b\u1ea3n hay b\u00e1o ch\u00ed. Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i n\u00e0y ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u00f4m na c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u201cT\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y ti\u1ebfng U g\u00ec r\u00e1o!\u201d T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, ti\u1ebfng \u201cU\u201d trong v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec7m, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o. Bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u, sau c\u01a1n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y, hai t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc U\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ebfng U\u201d s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

<\/b>Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng Nga (153 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, theo Ethnologue, <\/i>2021) v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ukraine (31 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, theo Ethnologue, <\/i>2021).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

M\u1eaaU T\u1ef0<\/b><\/p>\n

M\u1eabu t\u1ef1 Cyrillic c\u1ee7a hai th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p \u1edf ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 32 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i, tuy kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nhau t\u1eebng ch\u1eef hay v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ng\u1eef \u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef. B\u1ea3ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Nga c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ukraine kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 \u0401<\/b> \/jo\/, \u042d<\/b> \/\u025b\/, \u042b<\/b> \/\u0268\/ (c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi b\u1eb1ng phi\u00ean \u00e2m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf IPA\u2014International Phonetic Alphabet). Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea3ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Ukraine c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Nga kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 \u0490 <\/b>\/g\/, \u0404 <\/b>\/je\/, I<\/b> \/i\/, \u00cf<\/b> \/ji\/.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 trong hai b\u1ea3ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00e2m gi\u1ed1ng nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef \u0413 <\/b>trong ti\u1ebfng Nga l\u00e0 \u00e2m \/g\/<\/b>, c\u00f2n ch\u1eef n\u00e0y trong ti\u1ebfng Ukraine \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho \u00e2m \/\u0266\/<\/b>. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u00e2m \/g\/<\/b> trong ti\u1ebfng Ukraine l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n qua ch\u1eef \u0490<\/b>. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eef \u0418<\/b> trong ti\u1ebfng Nga l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean \u00e2m \/i\/<\/b>; \u00e2m n\u00e0y trong ti\u1ebfng Ukraine \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 I <\/b>nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i La-tinh. \u0110i\u1ec1u r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 Ukraine c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eef \u0418<\/b>, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eef n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean \u00e2m \u201cgi\u00e3n\u201d l\u00e0 \/\u026a\/<\/b> (\u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \/i\/<\/b> l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean \u00e2m \u201cc\u0103ng\u201d\u2014ti\u1ebfng Anh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201clax\/tense vowels\u201d).<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Nga d\u00f9ng d\u1ea5u \u044a<\/b> (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cd\u1ea5u c\u1ee9ng\u201d) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean \u00e2m \u201cm\u1ec1m\u201d theo sau, nh\u01b0 trong ch\u1eef \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434 <\/b>(\u201cqu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i\u201d). Ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Ukraine, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, l\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng d\u1ea5u \u2019<\/b> (apostrophe) cho c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m n\u00e0y. Ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi v\u00ed d\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Nga \u1edf tr\u00ean, trong ti\u1ebfng Ukraine vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0437’\u0457\u0437\u0434<\/b>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ec6 TH\u1ed0NG \u00c2M<\/b><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean \u00e2m, c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u00e1u nguy\u00ean \u00e2m, tuy kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Tr\u1eeb \u00e2m \/a\/ <\/b>l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean \u00e2m \u201cm\u1edf\u201d (open vowel), c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong ti\u1ebfng Nga l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean \u00e2m \u201ckh\u00e9p\u201d (closed vowels\u2014\/i, \u0268, e, o, u\/<\/strong>, trong nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb \u0431\u0430<\/b>\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0430 \u201c<\/i>con b\u01b0\u1edbm,\u201d \u043f\u0442\u0438<\/b>\u0446\u0430 \u201ccon chim,\u201d \u044d<\/b>\u043c\u0443 \u201c\u0111\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u \u00dac,\u201d \u043a\u043e<\/b>\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u201ccon m\u00e8o,\u201d \u0443<\/b>\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u201ccon v\u1ecbt\u201d. Ri\u00eang nguy\u00ean \u00e2m \/\u0268\/<\/b> c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Nga\u2014nh\u01b0 trong danh t\u1eeb p\u044b<\/b>\u0432\u0430 \u201ccon c\u00e1\u201d\u2014g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef \u01b0<\/b> trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong ti\u1ebfng Ukraine.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfng Ukraine c\u00f3 ba nguy\u00ean \u00e2m kh\u00e9p l\u00e0 \/i, \u026a, u\/<\/b> (\u043a\u0456<\/b>\u043d\u044c \u201ccon ng\u1ef1a,\u201d \u0441\u0432\u0438<\/b>\u043d\u044f \u201ccon heo,\u201d \u043f\u0430\u0432\u0443<\/b>\u043a \u201ccon nh\u1ec7n\u201d), v\u00e0 ba nguy\u00ean \u00e2m m\u1edf (\/\u025b, \u0254, a\/<\/b>, \u0432\u0435<\/b>\u0434\u043c\u0456\u0434\u044c \u201ccon g\u1ea5u,\u201d \u0441\u043b\u043e<\/b>\u043d \u201ccon voi,\u201d \u043a\u0430<\/b>\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u201ccon v\u1ecbt\u201d). (Trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m kh\u00e9p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u m\u0169 \u00e2, \u00ea, \u00f4<\/b>\u2014ngo\u00e0i i\/y<\/b> v\u00e0 u<\/b>\u2014c\u00f2n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m m\u1edf l\u00e0 a, e, o<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean \u00e2m k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean (t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean \u00e2m \u201cc\u1ee9ng\u201d), ti\u1ebfng Nga v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ukraine c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m \u201cm\u1ec1m\u201d t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng khi theo sau \u00e2m l\u01b0\u1edbt \/j\/ <\/b>(glide), v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u00e2m ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u\/ja\/ <\/b>trong danh t\u1eeb \u044f<\/b>\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e <\/i>trong ti\u1ebfng Nga v\u00e0 \u044f<\/b>\u0431\u043by\u043a\u043e trong ti\u1ebfng Ukraine (\u201ctr\u00e1i t\u00e1o\u201d). Ti\u1ebfng Nga c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean \u00e2m m\u1ec1m \u0401<\/b> \/jo\/<\/b>, nh\u01b0 trong danh t\u1eeb \u0451<\/b>\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u201c<\/i>c\u00e2y th\u00f4ng,\u201d nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfng Ukraine kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean \u00e2m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m, hai th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u00e2m gi\u1ed1ng nhau, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh v\u00e0i \u00e2m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u00ec v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee1i trong v\u00f2m mi\u1ec7ng (kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y v\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111i xa h\u01a1n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ban \u0111\u1ea7u), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00e1 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

(i) Ti\u1ebfng Nga c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \/v\/<\/b> nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfng Ukraine l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00e2m h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \/\u028b\/<\/b>, \u0111\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u00e2m \/w\/<\/b>. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u trong ch\u1eef \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430<\/b> \u201cchi\u1ebfn tranh\u201d trong ti\u1ebfng Nga ph\u00e1t \u00e2m v\u1edbi \u00e2m \/v\/<\/b>, c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong ti\u1ebfng Ukraine \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0430<\/b> ph\u00e1t \u00e2m l\u00e0 \/\u028b\/<\/b>.<\/p>\n

(ii) Ti\u1ebfng Ukraine c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \/\u0266\/<\/b> (vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0433<\/b>, nh\u01b0 trong danh t\u1eeb \u0442\u0438\u0433\u0440<\/b> \u201ccon c\u1ecdp\u201d) m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Nga kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga ph\u00e1t \u00e2m danh t\u1eeb \u0442\u0438\u0433\u0440<\/b> <\/i>n\u00e0y v\u1edbi \u00e2m \/g\/<\/b>).<\/p>\n

(iii) Ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m c\u1ee9ng \/\u026b\/<\/b> trong ti\u1ebfng Nga (ti\u1ebfng Anh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cdark l<\/strong>\u201d), nghe nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef l<\/b> trong ti\u1ebfng Anh \u1edf cu\u1ed1i v\u1ea7n hay cu\u1ed1i ch\u1eef (\u201csilver\u201d hay \u201cbell\u201d); ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u00e2m \/l\/<\/b> c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Ukraine gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t hay \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1eef trong ti\u1ebfng Anh (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cclear l<\/b>\u201d).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

V\u0102N PH\u1ea0M<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Slavic c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u201cc\u00e1ch\u201d (\u201ccase\u201d) d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi danh t\u1eeb, \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb (t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 7 c\u00e1ch trong ti\u1ebfng La-tinh: Ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch\/Nominative, T\u00e2n c\u00e1ch\/Accusative, S\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1ch\/Genitive, D\u1eef c\u00e1ch\/Dative, Ly c\u00e1ch\/Ablative v\u00e0 V\u1ecb c\u00e1ch\/Locative). Ti\u1ebfng Nga d\u00f9ng 6 c\u00e1ch (ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng gi\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfng La-tinh), c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfng Ukraine v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean 7 c\u00e1ch, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u201ch\u00f4 c\u00e1ch\u201d (\u201cvocative case\u201d), d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi ai (hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1eadt g\u00ec, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec). V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi g\u1ecdi t\u00ean c\u00f4 \u041a\u0430\u0442\u044f<\/b>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga d\u00f9ng Ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch (l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cdefault\u201d) v\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u201c\u041a\u0430\u0442\u044f!\u201d<\/b> Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraine l\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng H\u00f4 c\u00e1ch, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfp v\u0129 ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb ri\u00eang n\u00e0y v\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u201c\u041a\u0430\u0442\u044e!\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b>\u0110\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, ti\u1ebfng Ukraine d\u00f9ng hai c\u00e1ch. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t theo c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0110\u00f4ng Slavic (gi\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfng Nga): Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u \u201cT\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nh\u00e0,\u201d trong ti\u1ebfng Ukraine n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201c\u0423 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0454 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a\u201d <\/b>(t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e2u ti\u1ebfng Nga \u201c\u0423 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u043c\u201d<\/b>). Trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y, \u201ct\u00f4i\u201d l\u00e0m t\u00fac t\u1eeb cho gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u0423<\/b>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00a0<\/td>\n\n

T\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nh\u00e0<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\u00a0<\/td>\n\n

Gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

T\u00fac t\u1eeb<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Ch\u1ee7 t\u1eeb<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Ti\u1ebfng Nga<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0423<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0434\u043e\u043c<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Ti\u1ebfng Ukraine<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0423<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0454<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\u00a0<\/td>\n\n

c\u1ee7a<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

t\u00f4i<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

l\u00e0<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

nh\u00e0<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng trong nh\u00f3m T\u00e2y Slavic (v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t): \u201c\u042f \u043c\u0430\u044e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a\u201d<\/b>. Trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y, \u201ct\u00f4i\u201d l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u. Ti\u1ebfng Nga kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

T\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nh\u00e0<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Ti\u1ebfng Ukraine<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Ch\u1ee7 t\u1eeb<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

T\u00fac t\u1eeb<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u042f<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u043c\u0430\u044e <\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

t\u00f4i<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

c\u00f3 <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

nh\u00e0<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cho th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai trong ti\u1ebfng Ukraine c\u0169ng phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n trong ti\u1ebfng Nga. \u0110\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, ti\u1ebfng Nga d\u00f9ng hai c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/p>\n

C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u00f9ng th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u1edf th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/i> (perfective aspect); v\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e2u \u201cT\u00f4i s\u1ebd n\u00f3i,\u201d trong ti\u1ebfng Nga n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201c\u042f \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443.\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u00f9ng tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u2018to be\u2019 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Anh) c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u1edf th\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n<\/i> (imperfective aspect); nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00e2u tr\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201c\u042f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c.\u201d<\/b> <\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b>Ti\u1ebfng Ukraine c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng hai c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u00ean nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Nga \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai: (i) \u201c\u042f \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443\u201d<\/b> (ii) \u201c\u042f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438.\u201d<\/b> Ngo\u00e0i ra, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u1ee9 ba (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Ukraine), trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u1edf th\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u1edf d\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam hai ti\u1ebfp v\u0129 ng\u1eef: ti\u1ebfp v\u0129 ng\u1eef –\u043c <\/b>d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp v\u0129 ng\u1eef d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho t\u1eebng ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb (trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 –\u0443<\/b>, d\u00e0nh cho ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t s\u1ed1 \u00edt): <\/b> \u201c\u042f \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0443.\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

T\u00f4i s\u1ebd n\u00f3i<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai I<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai II<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai III<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh chia \u1edf th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb + \u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu + –\u043c <\/b>+ –\u0443<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Ti\u1ebfng Nga<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u042f \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u042f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Ti\u1ebfng Ukraine<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u042f \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u042f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u042f \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0443<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\u00a0<\/td>\n\n

t\u00f4i \u2013 s\u1ebd n\u00f3i<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

t\u00f4i \u2013 <\/i>tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u2013 n\u00f3i<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

t\u00f4i \u2013 n\u00f3i \u2013 s\u1ebd <\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

T\u1eea V\u1ef0NG<\/b><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfng Nga v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ukraine kh\u00e1c nhau nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef gi\u1ed1ng nhau (cognates\u2014c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3 hay ph\u00e1t \u00e2m) trong c\u1ea3 hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 38% t\u1eeb ng\u1eef trong ti\u1ebfng Ukrainian kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Nga. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, t\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00e1ng trong n\u0103m trong ti\u1ebfng Ukraine c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Nga (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c hay ti\u1ebfng Anh). V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ba th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong n\u0103m trong ti\u1ebfng Nga l\u00e0 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c<\/b>, \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c<\/b> v\u00e0 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442<\/b>, c\u00f2n trong ti\u1ebfng Ukraine l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 \u0441\u0456\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u043b\u044e\u0442\u0438\u0439 <\/b>v\u00e0 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u044c<\/b>.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfng Nga v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ukraine:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Ti\u1ebfng Nga<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Ti\u1ebfng Ukraine<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0443\u0442\u0440\u043e<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043a<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

(m\u00e0u) \u0111\u1ecf<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0439<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u n\u00f3i h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Ti\u1ebfng Nga<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Ti\u1ebfng Ukraine<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0417\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0439<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0442<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Xin ch\u00e0o<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430?<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u042f\u043a \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438?<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

M\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u041f\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0443\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0430<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0411\u0443\u0434\u044c \u043b\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

L\u00e0m \u01a1n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0414\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0414\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

T\u1ea1m bi\u1ec7t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u041c\u043d\u0435 \u0436\u0430\u043b\u044c<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u041c\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0418\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0438<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0412\u0438\u0431\u0430\u0447<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Xin l\u1ed7i<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/b>M\u1ed9t h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c l\u00fd th\u00fa kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft qua l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1eb7p \u201cb\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3\u201d (\u201cch\u1eef gi\u1ed1ng\/ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c\u201d<\/i>)\u2014<\/i>d\u1ecbch n\u00f4m na t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh \u201cfalse friends,\u201d ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u201cfaux amis\u201d hay ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u201cfalsos amigos\u201d\u2014gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfng Nga v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ukraine:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Ti\u1ebfng Nga<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Ti\u1ebfng Ukraine<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0430\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0437<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

d\u01b0a h\u1ea5u<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0437<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

tr\u00e1i b\u00ed \u0111\u1ecf<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

l\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed1t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043b\u043a\u0430<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

r\u01b0\u1ee3u vodka<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

v\u01b0\u1eddn rau<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0446<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0434\u0432\u0456\u0440\u0435\u0446<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

ga xe l\u1eeda<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u043a\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0430<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

ru\u1ed9t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u043a\u0456\u0448\u043a\u0430<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

con m\u00e8o c\u00e1i<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0456\u043b\u044f<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/b>Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eeba \u201cc\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a xem hoa\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m bao qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1eeba gi\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba kh\u00e1c n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, ti\u1ebfng Ukraine c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00e0o h\u00f9ng, d\u00f9 b\u1ecb ti\u1ebfng Nga ch\u00e8n \u00e9p \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u00e0i n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft xin k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u chuy\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn hai th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. S\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u00f4 em d\u00e2u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00fac c\u00f2n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp \u0111i \u201clao \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1987 \u0111\u1ebfn 1991 (ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5). V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, ai s\u1eafp \u0111i Li\u00ean X\u00f4 c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 M\u1ea1c T\u01b0 Khoa (m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi\u2014v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u1ed1 b\u1ecbch\u2014l\u00e0 \u201cM\u00e1t-xc\u01a1-va\u201d). N\u00e0o ng\u1edd, khi \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn phi tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f4 em t\u00f4i m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 s\u1edf xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cU-crai-na,\u201d \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1ecf mang t\u00ean Komsomolsk <\/i>n\u1eb1m b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Dnieper! (Komsomolsk <\/i>trong ti\u1ebfng Nga l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb ph\u00e1i sinh t\u1eeb t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043b<\/b>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110o\u00e0n Thanh Ni\u00ean C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n\u201d\u2014th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 Horishni Plavni<\/i>).<\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f4 em t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xe bu\u00fdt \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 ng\u1ee5 trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u201c\u1ed1p\u201d (n\u00f3i t\u1eaft t\u1eeb ch\u1eef \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0436\u0437\u0442\u0438\u0435<\/b>, ti\u1ebfng Nga c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u201cchung c\u01b0\u201d hay \u201ck\u00fd t\u00fac x\u00e1,\u201d thay v\u00ec d\u00f9ng danh t\u1eeb trong ti\u1ebfng Ukraine l\u00e0 \u0433\u0443\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a<\/b>). Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f4 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp d\u1ea1y ti\u1ebfng Nga. C\u00f4 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng xa l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0y, \u0111inh ninh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb. M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian sau, khi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eadp b\u1eb9 n\u00f3i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fat \u00edt ti\u1ebfng Nga, trong l\u00fac n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0m b\u1ebfp n\u01a1i chung c\u01b0 c\u00f4 \u1edf, c\u00f4 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m b\u1ebfp n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00f4 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f4 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, ngo\u00e0i ti\u1ebfng Nga ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng n\u1eefa l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u201cU-crai-na,\u201d nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i th\u00f4i. Khi t\u00f4i \u201cph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n\u201d c\u00f4 cho \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, c\u00f4 cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, v\u1edbi v\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng ti\u1ebfng Nga \u00edt \u1ecfi l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft sao c\u00f4 l\u1ea1i c\u1ee9 nh\u1eadp t\u00e2m r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 b\u1ebfp \u1ea5y n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00ea m\u00f9a\u201d m\u1edbi d\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecdc cho c\u00f4 em nghe v\u00e0i c\u00e2u n\u00f3i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean trong hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. C\u00f4 nh\u1eadn ra ngay c\u00e2u ch\u00e0o th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Nga \u201c\u0417\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0439,\u201d<\/b> nh\u01b0ng khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e2u ch\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ukraine \u201c\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0442\u201d <\/b>(ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eef n\u00e0y, tuy h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean), th\u00ec c\u00f4 cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i l\u00fac c\u00f4 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nghe ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u00e0o h\u1ecfi nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai m\u1edbi h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Nga (hay ti\u1ebfng Ukraine), vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0o l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, v\u00ec hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c, kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef \u00e2m nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean \u00e2m v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, tuy v\u1eady, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef\u201d\u2014m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Nga ho\u00e1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3\u2014m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Nga, n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 x\u00f4-vi\u1ebft l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong li\u00ean bang, \u0111\u00e3 thi h\u00e0nh \u1edf kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 x\u00f4-vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4 em t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111i \u201clao \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4, c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Nga, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng, th\u1eadt ra m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u201cU-crai-na,\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef mang c\u00f9ng t\u00ean n\u00e0y m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n th\u00e2m hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Nga x\u00f4-vi\u1ebft. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay, qua cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n b\u1ecf t\u00fai v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i n\u00e0y, c\u00f4 em t\u00f4i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i\u2014v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n\u2014m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Ukraine, trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, tuy nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 h\u01a1n \u201c\u0111\u00e0n anh\u201d \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t m\u00e1u, v\u1eabn t\u1ecf ra h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c \u201cV\u00f9ng Bi\u00ean Thu\u1ef3.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfng Nga v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ukraine v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Ti\u1ebfng Nga v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ukraine kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 (c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00f3m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0110\u00f4ng Slavic\u2014ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ecdi theo \u00e2m H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 T\u01b0-l\u1ea1p-phu\u2014\u65af \u62c9 \u592b)…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2204,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-72732","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-nghien-cuu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/72732","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2204"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=72732"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/72732\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":72748,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/72732\/revisions\/72748"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=72732"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=72732"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=72732"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}