{"id":7248,"date":"2009-07-07T00:06:00","date_gmt":"2009-07-07T00:06:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/archives\/7248"},"modified":"2019-02-25T22:46:32","modified_gmt":"2019-02-25T22:46:32","slug":"tram-viet-tren-vung-dinh-menh-chuong-12-viet-nam-vai-tieu-moc-nhan-dinh-ve-cuoc-chien-60-73","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/7248\/tram-viet-tren-vung-dinh-menh-chuong-12-viet-nam-vai-tieu-moc-nhan-dinh-ve-cuoc-chien-60-73","title":{"rendered":"Tr\u0103m Vi\u1ec7t Tr\u00ean V\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ecbnh M\u1ec7nh: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 12 – VI\u1ec6T NAM: V\u00c0I TI\u00caU M\u1ed0C NH\u1eacN \u0110\u1ecaNH V\u1ec0 CU\u1ed8C CHI\u1ebeN 60-73"},"content":{"rendered":"

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CH\u01af\u01a0NG 12: VI\u1ec6T NAM: V\u00c0I TI\u00caU M\u1ed0C NH\u1eacN \u0110\u1ecaNH V\u1ec0 CU\u1ed8C CHI\u1ebeN 60-73<\/strong><\/p>\n

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B\u1ea3n Ch\u1ea5t Chi\u1ebfn Tranh<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

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Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n qua chuy\u1ec3n l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh sang chi\u1ebfn tranh, chi\u1ebfn tranh sang h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng uy quy\u1ec1n, b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng kinh t\u1ebf, b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0103n ho\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng ti\u00eau \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1u quy v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tranh \u0111o\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u1eddi n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u1ea5y. Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng. Khi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n, chi\u1ebfn tranh s\u1ebd b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1ecf. Khi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i l\u1eabn nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u0169ng s\u1ebd b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Khi t\u1eebng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c va ch\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u1edbi nhau tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb sau th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, hai t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn lao nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n va ch\u1ea1m nhau kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn; v\u00ec th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh h\u1ea1ch t\u00e2m l\u00e0m hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. T\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh. Chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

Hai h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh u\u1ef7 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9. Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh u\u1ef7 nhi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gi\u1eef ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp tr\u1ee3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea7n v\u1ee5 l\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn do qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec3u tay em \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn. Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c tham chi\u1ebfn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1ch t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

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B\u1ea3n Ch\u1ea5t Chi\u1ebfn Tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb 1960 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, trong c\u00e1i th\u1ebf n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a hai t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a hai h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i chi\u1ebfn tranh u\u1ef7 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i b\u00ean tung ra \u0111\u1ec3 tranh th\u1eafng.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00fang tay v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0110\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u0169 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 do. V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 do hai kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb 1960 v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p>\n

G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a hai kh\u1ed1i, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng to\u00e1n xung k\u00edch tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi \u00fd ch\u00ed tranh th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c cung c\u1ea5p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tranh, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng phe Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, chi\u1ebfn tranh s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1eefa hai phe \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfn, C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 thi tri\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, tr\u00f9m \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng l\u00f3 m\u1eb7t [1]<\/a>. Phe t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 h\u01a1n, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian 1961-1964. T\u1eeb 1965, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tham chi\u1ebfn, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tham chi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tham chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng, M\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u01a1 h\u1edf do quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh g\u00e2y ra, n\u00ean t\u1eeb 1969, M\u1ef9 l\u1ea1i xoay d\u1ea7n sang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1ef9, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng VNCH. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1ef9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1954, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c phe l\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a hai t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 nhau trong ho\u00e0 h\u1ed9i Gen\u00e8ve. Ho\u00e0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Gen\u00e8ve, m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e0 ho\u00e3n t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a hai kh\u1ed1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh m\u1edbi s\u1ebd m\u1edf m\u00e0n sau \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0ng b\u1eafn, v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh: ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ebft d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t, hai n\u0103m sau th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh ng\u01b0ng b\u1eafn t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i b\u00ean \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng xen k\u1ebd nhau, ho\u1eb7c minh \u0111\u1ecbnh duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u00edt ra l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i hai n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

Nay, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1eaft \u0111\u00f4i Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng hai c\u00e1i m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 g\u1eafn v\u00e0o nhau trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i l\u00e0 24 th\u00e1ng, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 v\u1eabn k\u00fd th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i b\u1ebf t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd. B\u1ebf t\u1eafc \u1ea5y l\u00e0 b\u1ebf t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. V\u00e0 khi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1ebf t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng th\u00ec chi\u1ebfn tranh ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb c\u00e1i b\u1ebf t\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u00fd d\u00f2 tranh th\u1eafng m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i b\u00ean \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i. C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u1ed5i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c di\u1ec7t c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 CS n\u1eb1m v\u00f9ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n m\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt 10\/59 ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1959, ho\u1eb7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cchi\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 mi\u1ec1n Nam\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o CS H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i t\u1eeb 1959 m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y, ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1960, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea3ng CS l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng qua.<\/p>\n

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Ph\u00e2n \u0110\u1ecbnh Chi\u1ebfn K\u1ef3<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Trong su\u1ed1t 13 n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh, m\u1ed7i b\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u00f3n \u0111\u00f2n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt, tr\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn tranh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5n nhau t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tranh, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ngay \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chi\u1ebfn k\u1ef3 n\u1ed5i r\u00f5 trong s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ed1n n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1960, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y th\u00eam c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n 1959, tuy l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u0169 trang n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a CS mi\u1ec1n Nam, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 giao th\u1eddi gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u0169 trang. Kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb 1961, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0169 trang m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ra l\u00e0m ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. T\u1eeb 1961 \u0111\u1ebfn 1964 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u1ed5i d\u1eady v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda CS, chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady t\u1eeb ph\u00eda VNCH v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh u\u1ef7 nhi\u1ec7m ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 (h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Kennedy.) <\/li>\n
  2. T\u1eeb 1965 \u0111\u1ebfn 1968, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 M\u1ef9 (h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Johnson) v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a CS. <\/li>\n
  3. T\u1eeb 1969 \u0111\u1ebfn 1972, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam ho\u00e1 (h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Nixon) ho\u1eb7c u\u1ef7 nhi\u1ec7m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a CS. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Cu\u1ed1i m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, CS \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1edf nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1edbn, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng k\u00edch M\u1eadu-th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u k\u1ebft th\u00fac giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 65-68, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng k\u00edch 1972 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 69-72. Cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n tr\u1ea3i m\u1ecfng tr\u00ean h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m x\u00e3 \u1ea5p v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c thi hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1973 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0nh d\u00e2n l\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5t khi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0ng b\u1eafn t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7; do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp chung v\u00e0o t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng k\u00edch 1972 m\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 x\u1eb9p xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i 1972.<\/p>\n

    V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn tranh, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi tr\u00ean, ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang hay \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u1edfi thay v\u00ec v\u0169 trang n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t thay v\u00ec chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, chi\u1ebfn tranh h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf thay v\u00ec chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda CS, trong nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u1ea5y ch\u1eef \u201cnh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf kh\u1eafp giai \u0111o\u1ea1n (chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n). C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 VNCH, danh t\u1eeb phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng hay phi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n (insurgency) v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng phi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n (counterinsurgency) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho n\u1ed5i d\u1eady v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u00ecn d\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb sang b\u00e1n v\u0169 trang, r\u1ed3i v\u0169 trang. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda CS t\u1eeb du k\u00edch sang v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng sang tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba. H\u00ecnh th\u00e1i chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng quy \u01b0\u1edbc, sang b\u00e1n quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn quy \u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn k\u1ef3 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh y c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf tr\u00ean. V\u00ec, tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh, CS lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u0169 trang, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p du k\u00edch v\u1edbi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba chi\u1ebfn, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p quy \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng quy \u01b0\u1edbc, v..v\u2026 \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh trong tr\u1eadn t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng k\u00edch 1972, quy \u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m (Qu\u1ea3ng Tri, Kontum, B\u00ecnh Long), trong khi t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn di\u1ec7n r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, kh\u00f4ng quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    T\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea5u Tranh Ch\u00ednh Tr\u1ecb \u0110\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea5u Tranh V\u0169 Trang<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

    <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

    H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec1n Nam trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef \u201cqu\u1ed1c s\u00e1ch t\u1ed1 C\u1ed9ng.\u201d G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c s\u00e1ch, v\u00ec n\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1eddi \u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00edch m\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ti\u00eau \u0111\u00edch m\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u00fac \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean CS n\u1eb1m v\u00f9ng t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc VNCH \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u1eb3n v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3n ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecf \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 cho kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y (theo thuy\u1ebft \u201cdomino\u201d m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson \u0111\u1ec1u tin t\u01b0\u1edfng).<\/p>\n

    Tuy ti\u00eau \u0111\u00edch th\u00ec nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n VNCH l\u1ea1i thi h\u00e0nh theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean: \u0111\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, b\u00e0i phong, r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi di\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng. V\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n, phe c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 trong tay \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

    V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda CS, m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn tuy\u00ean tuy\u1ec1n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khe h\u1edf \u201ckh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu thi h\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Gen\u00e8ve\u201d c\u1ee7a S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e2n l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sai l\u1ea7m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m trong vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, CS \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm th\u1ebf li\u00ean minh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp tay c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed v\u0169 trang c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1 r\u00e3, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean CS n\u1eb1m v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 CS h\u1ed3i k\u1ebft (t\u1eeb B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t) m\u1edbi g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh m\u1edbi, m\u1edf m\u00e0n cho \u0111\u1ee3t \u0110\u1ed3ng Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean 1960-1961.<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1ed3ng Kh\u1edfi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 giai \u0111\u1ecdan l\u1ea5y v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c d\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n x\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh. Trong \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng, c\u00f2n v\u0169 trang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f2n xeo h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ed3ng Kh\u1edfi ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u00f3 v\u0169 trang.<\/p>\n

    C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ch\u1ed7 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a VNCH m\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 \u1ea5p. Trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 1\/3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 \u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3n b\u00f3t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 r\u00e3, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1, \u00e1m s\u00e1t, binh \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1eadn. \u0110\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n b\u1ecb ti\u00eau hao, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n m\u1ecfng qu\u00e2n ch\u00ednh quy tr\u00e1m ch\u1ed7, l\u00e0m cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y suy y\u1ebfu h\u1eb3n \u0111i v\u00ec b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m ch\u00e2n, m\u1ea5t t\u00ednh c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed3ng binh ch\u1ee7ng s\u1eb5n c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    Ch\u00ednh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0110\u1ed3ng Kh\u1edfi n\u00e0y, CS \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m m\u1ea5t uy t\u00edn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1960 v\u00e0 v\u1ee5 d\u1ed9i bom Dinh \u0110\u1ed9c L\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1961.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

    S\u01a1 L\u01b0\u1ee3c V\u1ec1 H\u00ecnh Th\u00e1i Chi\u1ebfn Tranh<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

    <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

    S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m CS th\u00eam t\u1ef1 tin trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f3ng tay \u0111\u1ed1t m\u1ea1nh ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n c\u0169ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1edb t\u1ed1t cho M\u1ef9 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

    Kennedy \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi ph\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Johnson sang VN v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1961 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e9p \u00f4ng Di\u1ec7m \u201cm\u1eddi\u201d ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 gi\u00fap. T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1961, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c t\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Di\u1ec7m, Kennedy \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam l\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1edf m\u00e0n cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng can thi\u1ec7p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 lan tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch g\u00ec k\u1ec1m gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

    Trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng can thi\u1ec7p, M\u1ef9 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tranh, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n trong ph\u1ea1m vi u\u1ef7 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u hai b\u00ean v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 VN. M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u, M\u1ef9 t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 l\u00ean t\u1eeb 2.000 t\u1edbi 15.000, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp theo d\u00f5i qu\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5p th\u1eadt th\u1ea5p, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 M\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u1ed5i d\u1eady h\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng linh ho\u1ea1t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o Nam VN l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ch\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng, xe b\u1ecdc s\u1eaft, giang thuy\u1ec1n v\u0169 trang. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Taylor [2]<\/a> v\u1ea1ch ra hai b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh: b\u01b0\u1edbc 1<\/i>, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 (nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i to\u1ea3 chung quanh c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0); b\u01b0\u1edbc 2<\/i>, \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng (\u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o c\u0103n c\u1ee9 CS \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t). M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5p t\u1ed1c mi\u1ec1n Nam VN trong v\u00f2ng 18 th\u00e1ng. \u0110i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp \u1ea5p chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c theo ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1c \u1ea5p t\u1eadp trung d\u00e2n \u1edf M\u00e3 Lai. V\u1ec1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0a ra h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1eadn, tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng v\u1eadn, bao v\u00e2y ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, di\u1ec1u h\u00e2u t\u00ecm m\u1ed3i, v..v\u2026 v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m \u0111\u00e1nh mau, r\u00fat nhanh.<\/p>\n

    Ph\u00eda CS, \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u1edfi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i v\u00ec t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a CS l\u00fac \u1ea5y d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ee9 kho\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t m\u1ea1n [3]<\/a>, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1c l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u khi ch\u01b0a chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb xong \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng (t\u00ecm v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t). T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a CS \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u1ed3 \u1ea1t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0o Nam. Chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00eam v\u00e0 CS ph\u1ea3i lao h\u1eb3n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t. D\u1ea7u sao, M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 VNCH trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1963, 1964 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea3y h\u1eb3n v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng chi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

    Trong n\u0103m 1964, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1ea1ch ra k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec3m (k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch McNamara):<\/p>\n

    \u00b7 T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam.<\/p>\n

    \u00b7 B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n

    \u00b7 \u1ed4n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n.<\/p>\n

    \u00b7 Ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

    \u00b7 Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

    K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1965 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111em qu\u00e2n b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1nh mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ef1c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc nh\u1eb1m ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t b\u1edbt ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Chi\u1ebfn tranh u\u1ef7 nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1ef9 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9. Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 M\u1ef9 n\u1eafm h\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i VNCH ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n.<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ho\u1ea3 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, CS ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n, b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u1eb3n sang th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. \u0110\u00e1nh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/i> v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c CS Vi\u1ec7t Nam tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong c\u1ea3 hai cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. CS c\u0169ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p chi\u1ebfn tranh du k\u00edch v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh quy \u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh, ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean quy \u01b0\u1edbc; c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu, l\u1ea1i lui v\u1ec1 du k\u00edch. Chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn tuy\u1ebfn l\u00e0m cho M\u1ef9 m\u1ea5t s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng quy \u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ho\u1ea3 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 l\u1ea1i bu\u1ed9c CS ph\u1ea3i lui v\u1ec1 du k\u00edch. Du k\u00edch chi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 Mao \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u00f9n l\u1ea7y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho kh\u1ecfi thua nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1eafng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7m c\u1ef1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho M\u1ef9 n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n Nga S\u00f4 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc chi vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda CS. T\u1eeb 1964 tr\u1edf \u0111i, Nga ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n h\u00e0ng n\u0103m. T\u1edbi n\u0103m 1967, Nga \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n chi cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam 790 tri\u1ec7u r\u00fap (ruble), t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 710 tri\u1ec7u M\u1ef9 kim; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 chi cao nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Nga c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

    Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gia V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng \u201cv\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d h\u1ea7u uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u0169 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh. \u0110\u1ec3 \u201cv\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m \u201cd\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh\u201d, \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ecd V\u00f5 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00eam \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ra s\u1ee9c tranh th\u1ee7 chi vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u201d. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed1i v\u00e0o sau \u201cch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i\u201d c\u00e1i \u0111u\u00f4i \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ra s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u1eddi c\u01a1\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn\u201d [4]<\/a>, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n \u00f4ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f4m na h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00fa quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.\u201d<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1i c\u00fa quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 CSVN v\u1eeba m\u01b0u t\u00ednh, v\u1eeba b\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1ea5y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng k\u00edch M\u1eadu Th\u00e2n (1968). Ch\u00ednh cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng k\u00edch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ti\u00eau m\u00f2n ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng CS \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc t\u1ea1m tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc n\u1ea1n oanh t\u1ea1c [5]<\/a>. Cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng k\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ti\u00eau tan hy v\u1ecdng t\u00e1i \u1ee9ng c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Johnson, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a Nixon, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn h\u01a1n, l\u00ean gh\u1ebf t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 M\u1eadu Th\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i, h\u1ea1i l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n cho c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean tham chi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eafng b\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

    D\u1ea7u sao, M\u1eadu Th\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tranh. M\u1ef9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u00e1i b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 n\u00ean l\u1ea1i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch xoay v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh u\u1ef7 nhi\u1ec7m. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch r\u00fat qu\u00e2n t\u1eeb t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Nixon, \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t ho\u00e1 chi\u1ebfn tranh. CS c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 sai l\u1ea7m trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n khi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u00edn m\u00f9i. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng n\u00ean CS b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfn tranh xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n tr\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, tu\u1ef3 theo d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 quy t\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf, CS chia m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t ra l\u00e0m ba v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng; v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n r\u1eebng n\u00fai v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng trong quy \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, CS th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n bao v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ebft th\u00fac, qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Trung \u01af\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng CS Trung Qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1949 t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 B\u1eafc \u201cT\u1eeb 1927 t\u1edbi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ta; l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ta t\u1eadp trung \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, ta d\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n bao v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 sau \u0111\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y nay \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. T\u1eeb nay, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb xu\u1ed1ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, l\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng ta c\u0169ng d\u1eddi t\u1eeb n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n l\u00ean th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. \u1ede mi\u1ec1n Nam, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u00f3c, r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi to\u1ea3 xu\u1ed1ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n sau .\u201d [6]<\/a><\/p>\n

    \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1eddi c\u01a1 1949 \u1edf Hoa L\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u1eddi c\u01a1 1968 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam VN. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00edn m\u00f9i \u1edf VN c\u0169ng l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng k\u00edch.<\/p>\n

    Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1eeba x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0m ti\u00eau m\u1ed1c t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1969, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 \u1edf VN l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u (ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1969: 549.500), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 cao nh\u1ea5t trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. Sau \u0111\u00f3 M\u1ef9 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n r\u00fat qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ho\u00e1. Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n M\u1ef9 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh u\u1ef7 nhi\u1ec7m; nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n u\u1ef7 nhi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 danh x\u01b0ng, v\u00ec b\u1ed9 binh M\u1ef9 c\u00f2n tham chi\u1ebfn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1ea1i kh\u1eafp \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1972, n\u0103m c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng k\u00edch m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a CS.<\/p>\n

    N\u0103m 1970, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh \u1edf Kam-pu-chia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a chi\u1ebfn tranh VN sang m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac r\u1ebd m\u1edbi: chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i VN hai b\u00ean b\u1ecb c\u0103ng ra nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn VN \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm di\u1ec7t nhau tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda M\u1ef9, vi\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb VNCH l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eed th\u00e1ch m\u1edbi v\u1edbi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7t Nam ho\u00e1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1eed th\u00e1ch \u1ea5y c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9, ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tham d\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn tranh quy \u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 M\u1ef9 cho l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 tr\u1eadn H\u1ea1 L\u00e0o 1971 (Lam S\u01a1n 719).<\/p>\n

    Ch\u00ednh tr\u1eadn H\u1ea1 L\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m l\u1ea1c quan m\u1edbi cho ph\u00eda CS v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1nh qu\u1ef5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam ho\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh quy \u01b0\u1edbc. CS \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng tr\u1eadn t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng k\u00edch m\u1edbi kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1972. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u1edd b\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00e0n qua gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn, CS \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. D\u1ed3n h\u1ebft l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o Nam, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi, b\u1ecf ng\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0i li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gia B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t. S\u1edf d\u0129 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111i n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0i \u1ea5y v\u00ec ti\u00ean li\u1ec7u b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o, M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eb3ng ra B\u1eafc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n Nixon c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o l\u00e0 phong to\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng c\u00f9ng thu\u1ef7 l\u1ed9 v\u00e0 oanh t\u1ea1c d\u1eef d\u1ed9i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc (ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1972.)<\/p>\n

    Tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb t\u1ed1i t\u00e2n, n\u00ean C\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t cao. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng quen \u0111\u00e1nh quy \u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u00fang t\u00fang trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9, ph\u00e1o, xa v\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ee5ng n\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt qu\u00e1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, nhi\u1ec1u khi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp qua l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. Kh\u00e1ch quan m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, CS c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong khi b\u1ecb b\u00f3 tay tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

    T\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng k\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n ra r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9 n\u1ed9i trong ba th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 k\u00e9o l\u00ea th\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam ba th\u00e1ng n\u1eefa, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1eb1ng nh\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

    T\u00ecnh th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh u\u1ef7 nhi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed7i b\u00ean ch\u01b0a m\u1ea5t \u00fd ch\u00ed tranh th\u1eafng. T\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ho\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f2n t\u00ednh chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

    M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfng s\u00fang v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a l\u00fac n\u00e0o ng\u01b0ng b\u1eafn, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ra th\u00ec m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cHi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ecbnh Ch\u1ea5m D\u1ee9t Chi\u1ebfn Tranh v\u00e0 L\u1eadp L\u1ea1i Ho\u00e0 B\u00ecnh \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1973.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Nh\u1eefng G\u00ec C\u00f2n L\u1ea1i <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

    Trong su\u1ed1t 13 n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh, t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i n\u00e0y sang h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i b\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 thi th\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 r\u00fat t\u1ec9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

    Ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd, nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m, c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 ch\u1ed1t, c\u00f3 k\u1ec1m, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn bao v\u00e2y c\u00f4ng k\u00edch, bao v\u00e2y chia c\u1eaft, v..v\u2026 c\u1ee7a CS \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt b\u1eafn m\u00e1y bay \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1i C\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm h\u1ecdc. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda M\u1ef9, chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng v\u1eadn, tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng v\u0169 trang, r\u1ed3ng l\u1eeda, l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1nh hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n binh ch\u1ee7ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng, h\u1ea3i ph\u00e1o, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn, tr\u00e1nh radar, tr\u00e1nh ho\u1ea3 ti\u1ec5n, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n oanh t\u1ea1c chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, v..v\u2026 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho M\u1ef9 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ef1c so v\u1edbi th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

    Ngo\u00e0i ra, CS c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng ghi v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn s\u1eed v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp. Trong khi M\u1ef9 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi m\u1ebb m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch gia chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i chi\u1ebfn tranh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

    Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn c\u0169ng c\u00f2n cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i C\u1ed9ng n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n, ngo\u1ea1i giao, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; trong khi M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ho\u1ea3 l\u1ef1c th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng e ng\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tranh g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m xao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.<\/p>\n

    Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t v\u00ec th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o ru\u1ed9t th\u1ecbt, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1i gia t\u00e0i r\u00e1ch n\u00e1t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec trong chi\u1ebfn tranh? N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cnh\u1edd cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee7 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea7u th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng tranh ch\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c\u201d th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c quan!<\/p>\n

    [c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp<\/em>]<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    \n

    Ghi Ch\u00fa:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    [1]<\/a> Th\u1ef1c ra th\u00ec m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0n anh CS n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

    [2]<\/a> T\u01b0\u1edbng Maxwell D. Taylor khi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch B\u1ed9 Tham M\u01b0u Li\u00ean Qu\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

    [3]<\/a> T\u1ee9 kho\u00e1i (4 nhanh):<\/p>\n

    – Ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n nhanh.<\/p>\n

    – Xung phong nhanh.<\/p>\n

    – Thu d\u1ecdn chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng nhanh.<\/p>\n

    – R\u00fat lui nhanh.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u1ea5t m\u1ea1n (1 ch\u1eadm): Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

    [4]<\/a> \u00dd ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u201cv\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d n\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cV\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ph\u01b0ong th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d trong t\u1eadp \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng L\u1ed1i<\/i> Qu\u00e2n S\u1ef1 C\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng L\u00e0 Ng\u1ecdn C\u1edd Tr\u0103m Tr\u1eadn Tr\u0103m Th\u1eafng C\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn Tranh Nh\u00e2n D\u00e2n \u1edf N\u01b0\u1edbc Ta, <\/i>H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1969.<\/p>\n

    [5]<\/a> Ri\u00eang vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0ng oanh t\u1ea1c \u1edf B\u1eafc v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 20 ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 3 1968 c\u00f2n do ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ee5 th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng Phou Pha Thi \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi L\u00e0o-B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t (xin xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11).<\/p>\n

    [6]<\/a> Mao Tse Tung, Selected Works<\/i>, B\u1ed9 V, International Publishers, New York, 1954, trang 363.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Hai h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh u\u1ef7 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9. Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh u\u1ef7 nhi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gi\u1eef ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp tr\u1ee3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea7n v\u1ee5 l\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn do qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec3u tay em \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn. Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c tham chi\u1ebfn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1ch t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1355,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,152,153,9,183,181],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7248","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-hoc-thuat","category-lich-su","category-nghien-cuu","category-nhan-van","category-tu-lieu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7248","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1355"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7248"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7248\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9136,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7248\/revisions\/9136"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7248"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7248"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7248"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}