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CH\u01af\u01a0NG 6: INDONESIA: KINH NGHI\u1ec6M LI\u00caN HI\u1ec6P QU\u1ed0C C\u1ed8NG<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n Nasakom<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Indonesia, qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 n\u0103m tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t di\u1ec5n ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng l\u00fac n\u00e0o ng\u1eebng. Sau th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, H\u00f2a Lan \u0111\u00e3 n\u00fap b\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n Anh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 m\u01b0u toan chia n\u00e1t c\u00e1c h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 b\u1ec1 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. Indonesia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eb9n to\u00e0n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u1eb1m d\u00e0i tr\u00ean 1\/8 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi 3.000 h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Indonesia \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng. Nh\u01b0ng ngay t\u1eeb trong c\u00e1i th\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i n\u1ea9y m\u1ea7m chia r\u1ebd, chia r\u1ebd gi\u1eefa Java (\u0111\u1ea3o trung t\u00e2m) v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o, gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0169 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi, gi\u1eefa khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i; sau h\u1ebft v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n h\u1ebft: gi\u1eefa c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n Sukarno \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ngay tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t \u1ea5y \u2013 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i d\u00e2y li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Ba l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c Gia, T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Sukarno coi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 NASAKOM[1]<\/a> <\/sup>.<\/p>\n L\u00f2ng s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o (H\u1ed3i) v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Indonesia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. Ni\u1ec1m tin \u1edf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 hai t\u00edn ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong ng\u0169 ni\u1ec7m Pantja Sila m\u00e0 Sukarno \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, Sukarno c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng duy tr\u00ec. Hai l\u1ea7n C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, hai l\u1ea7n b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i d\u1eb9p tan v\u00e0 c\u0169ng hai l\u1ea7n Sukarno l\u1ea1i cho ph\u00e9p t\u00e1i l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng khai.<\/p>\n Khi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u0169 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda n\u1eefa Sukarno b\u00e8n t\u00ednh chuy\u1ec7n b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c. T\u1eeb khi h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u00c1-Phi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf Bandung (1955) con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sukarno b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec3u. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i Hoa l\u1ee5c (th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng n\u0103m 1956) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho Sukarno b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c. \u00d4ng noi theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Trung c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eadp tr\u1ee5c Djakarta-B\u1eafc Kinh m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u00c1-Phi trong kh\u1ed1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110ang L\u00ean (NEFO) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecdn T\u00e2n Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c (NECOLIM).<\/p>\n T\u00e2n Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eaft Sukarno ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, do \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ea5u tranh. Trong khi d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eaft phe kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n., Trung c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Indonesia, \u0111ang l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau trong m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Trung c\u1ed9ng, v\u1eady Djakarta ph\u1ea3i coi ch\u1eebng Trung c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1eb7n tay c\u1ee7a t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y (t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng) tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Indonesia kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. V\u1ebft n\u1ee9t t\u1eeb quan ni\u1ec7m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n sang n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng NASAKOM \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n theo s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a g\u1ea7n n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thanh tr\u1eebng kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp. Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Sukarno c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u01b0u toan li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p NASA v\u1edbi KOM t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c thi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi b\u00e0n tay l\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Ch\u1ebf \u0110\u1ed9 Sukarno<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n T\u1eeb 1950 \u0111\u1ebfn 1965, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Sukarno t\u1ea1i C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Indonesia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m hai th\u1eddi k\u1ef3: Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn (d\u00e9mocratie dirig\u00e9e).<\/p>\n Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb (hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1950) th\u1ef1c ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadp s\u1ef1 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o sinh ho\u1ea1t d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ki\u1ec3u T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ea5y n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea3ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Masjumi (H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o C\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 chia nhau c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n n\u1eafm \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu \u1edf Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. \u00cdt n\u0103m sau, \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3ng nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c chia s\u1ebb gh\u1ebf l\u00e0m cho qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 \u00f4m \u0111\u1ed3m, nhi\u1ec1u khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea5t th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng. C\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m nhau kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00ecm n\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda n\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 kh\u1edfi lo\u1ea1n \u1edf Sumatra n\u0103m 1956.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ea3ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Masjumi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m gi\u1eefa Java v\u00e0 Ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1eddi c\u1ef1u th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Hatta (ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Sumatra) \u0111\u1ee9ng ra l\u1eadp n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng Sukarno kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p v\u00e1 v\u00edu \u1ea5y. \u00d4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p 1945 v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 H\u01b0\u1edbng D\u1eabn.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea3ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Masjumi \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c b\u00e1c b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p 1945 l\u00e0 tho\u00e1i b\u1ed9, sinh ho\u1ea1t d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t, quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh s\u1ebd n\u1eb1m g\u1ecdn trong tay t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng: qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p 1945. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Sukarno ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. Hai \u0111\u1ea3ng Masjumi v\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. B\u00e1o ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda. Nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ba c\u1ef1u th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 Sjahrir (\u0111\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i), Muhammad Natsir v\u00e0 Burhanuddin Harahap v\u00e0 c\u1ef1u ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch C\u01a1 quan H\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn Sjafruddin Prawiranegara ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ebf Sukarno trong khi \u00f4ng n\u00e0y b\u1ecb H\u00f2a b\u1eaft giam n\u0103m 1948.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 thay qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, Sukarno \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, g\u1ed3m 280 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 n\u0103m n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ch\u1eebng 600 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n Trong c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Sukarno c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng thi\u00ean sang kh\u1ed1i C\u1ed9ng, xa r\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa c\u0169. Ngay trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, Sukarno \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, l\u00e0m cho phe kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n b\u1ecb d\u1ed3n n\u00e9n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ef1c h\u1eefu Darul Islam (Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o) t\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3: \u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. V\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Darul Islam b\u1ecb b\u1eaft. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Sukarno c\u00e0ng thi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng c\u1ed1 m\u01b0u t\u00ednh tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng h\u1eefu ph\u00e1i. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c th\u00ec Sukarno coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1m \u1ed5n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi <\/i>d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eaft Sukarno ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Indonesia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng H\u00f2a Lan, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng anh h\u00f9ng c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c. Trong sinh ho\u1ea1t qu\u1ed1c gia, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan cao c\u1ea5p qua nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Hoa ki\u1ec1u v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u Djakarta-B\u1eafc Kinh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n Sau c\u00f9ng Sukarno \u0111\u00e0nh ho\u00e3n thi h\u00e0nh k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i, d\u00f9 B\u1eafc kinh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n sang vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 v\u0169 kh\u00ed nh\u1eb9. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m qua, c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng Sukarno th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 d\u00e1m c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea3ng, Sukarno \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u b\u1ee9ng n\u1ed1t c\u00e1i tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111i khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng [2]<\/a> <\/sup>. V\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1965, Sukarno \u0111\u00e3 long tr\u1ecdng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u201cCh\u00fang ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u01b0\u1edbc sang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hai c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Indonesia, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d.<\/p>\n N\u0103m ng\u00e0y sau (30 th\u00e1ng 9) th\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra cu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eaft gi\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh. Cu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Sukarno v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng n\u00ean nh\u00ecn qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t do m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c g\u00e2y n\u00ean \u2013 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o !<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Indonesia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb 1920, ba n\u0103m sau cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng 10 \u1edf Nga. L\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 Tan Malaka, nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169 (do Sneevliet, ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00f2a Lan, l\u1eadp n\u00ean).<\/p>\n Sau v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i 1926, Tan Malaka \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1n sang Bangkok v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u00fd r\u00fat ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf; trong khi \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch l\u00e0 Musso \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e1nh sang Nga.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1935, Musso \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh Stalin tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Indonesia t\u00e1i l\u1eadp C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea3ng. Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, Musso \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m n\u00ean tr\u00f2 tr\u1ed1ng g\u00ec. M\u00e3i t\u1edbi sau ng\u00e0y Indonesia c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp (1945), ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Sukarno k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qui t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia sinh ho\u1ea1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, th\u00ec C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i. Khi \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh, ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1948, Musso l\u1ea1i ra l\u1ec7nh v\u00f5 trang n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf Madiun, \u0110\u00f4ng Java, d\u00f9 khi \u1ea5y C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a Indonesia c\u00f2n \u0111ang tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1edbi H\u00f2a Lan. Cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea9n tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai Trung Java. Musso v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n Trong khi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111ang tan r\u00e3 thi Tan Malaka v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d4ng ta qui t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c du k\u00edch qu\u00e2n l\u1ea1i, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea3ng Murba M\u00e1c x\u00edt, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 m\u1edf chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Indonesia, ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u00f2a v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nga, Murba ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ecfn v\u1eb9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng th\u00ec Tan Malaka b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i b\u1eaft v\u00e0 x\u1eed t\u1eed [3]<\/a> <\/sup>.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1950, gi\u1eefa l\u00fac c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111ang tan t\u00e1c th\u00ec m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 Dipa Nusantara Aidit \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3ng. Aidit l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 cao c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t sau v\u1ee5 Madiun. V\u1edbi t\u00e0i l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 th\u00e1o v\u00e1t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Aidit, ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf ra ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng khai. N\u0103m 1952 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean qui t\u1ee5 ch\u1eebng 8.000. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Hoa ki\u1ec1u v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Sukarno, \u0111\u1ea3ng CS \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u: hai tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1955. C\u0169ng n\u0103m n\u00e0y, trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u1edf Java, c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm 20,6% phi\u1ebfu; sang n\u0103m 1957, s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu CS h\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecdt l\u00ean 27,4%.<\/p>\n M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1edbi s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean ba tri\u1ec7u, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam 16 tri\u1ec7u \u0111o\u00e0n vi\u00ean trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 \u0111o\u00e0n vi\u00ean nh\u01b0 sau : \u0110o\u00e0n N\u00f4ng D\u00e2n (BTI) 8,5 tri\u1ec7u, T\u1ed5 Ch\u1ee9c Nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n Th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n (SOBSI) 3,5 tri\u1ec7u, \u0110o\u00e0n Thanh Ni\u00ean C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n (Pemuda Rakjat) hai tri\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0110o\u00e0n Ph\u1ee5 N\u1eef C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n (Gerwani) 2 tri\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n L\u00fd do m\u00e0 Sukarno \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u00f4ng ta mu\u1ed1n CS c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u01a1n trong li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p NASAKOM \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec th\u00e2n h\u1eefu v\u1edbi Trung c\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u1ee5c B\u1eafc Kinh-Djakarta m\u00e0 khuynh \u0111\u1ea3o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u201cth\u1ee9 ba\u201d [4]<\/a> <\/sup>.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda CS, Aidit \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n ve vu\u1ed1t Sukarno b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ca t\u1ee5ng Ng\u0169 ni\u1ec7m Pantja Sila, d\u00f9 ngay t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c M\u00e1c x\u00edt. Aidit c\u0169ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Sukarno trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng M\u00e3 Lai \u00c1 sau khi li\u00ean bang n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp[5]<\/a> <\/sup>. V\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng, Aidit \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean s\u0103n s\u00f3c \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u B\u1eafc Kinh g\u1eedi ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t y s\u0129 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 lo b\u1ec7nh \u0111au th\u1eadn cho T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n Sang n\u0103m 1965, Sukarno bi \u0111au lu\u00f4n, v\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 l\u00e0 khi \u00f4ng ta n\u1eb1m xu\u1ed1ng th\u00ec th\u1ebf ba ch\u00e2n NASAKOM c\u0169ng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 theo. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho t\u1edbi 1965, \u0111\u1ea3ng CS \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n th\u1ebf hai ch\u00e2n: C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng CS. Ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t b\u00ean phe kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o [6]<\/a> <\/sup>v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i (tr\u1eeb Kh\u00f4ng Qu\u00e2n thi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng). T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch gi\u1eefa hai phe \u0111\u00e3 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1ng chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ebb c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n Do \u0111\u00f3, vai tr\u00f2 v\u1ecb y s\u0129 c\u1ee7a Sukarno \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng. V\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 \u0111i t\u1edbi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef tay tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Ch\u00ednh Bi\u1ebfn V\u00e0 H\u1eadu Qu\u1ea3<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n \u0110\u00eam 30 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1965, n\u0103m ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 20 n\u0103m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf m\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch v\u00e0o t\u01b0 th\u1ea5t c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh cao c\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ba t\u01b0\u1edbng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng tham m\u01b0u tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ahmad Yani, b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0, ba t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u0111em v\u1ec1 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Halim h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft, ri\u00eang t\u01b0\u1edbng Nasution, t\u1ed5ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t ch\u1ebft trong gang t\u1ea5c, tuy b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 con g\u00e1i n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i b\u1ecb b\u1eafn ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 trung t\u00e1 Untung, ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n C\u1eadn v\u1ec7 Ph\u1ee7 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Untung gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1eadp tan cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00e1nh \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9. Ti\u1ebfp tay v\u1edbi Untung ngay t\u1eeb ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00f3 CS x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp, T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh Kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Dhani v\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Halim, c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n vi\u00ean Thanh ni\u00ean v\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n trong v\u00f9ng (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u1ea1i Halim).<\/p>\n Ng\u00e0y ra qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. T\u1edd Harian Rakjat, nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng CS \u0111\u00e3 in l\u00ean trang nh\u1ea5t b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t n\u1eafm tay to l\u1edbn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1eef GESTAPU \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea5m v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng Indonesia. GESTAPU l\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft \u201cGerakam September Tiga Puluh\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201c Cu\u1ed9c V\u1eadn \u0110\u1ed9ng 30 Th\u00e1ng 9\u201d. T\u1edd b\u00e1o c\u0169ng h\u00f4 h\u00e0o d\u00e2n ch\u00fang h\u00e3y h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi cu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n Bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho phe c\u1ed9ng. V\u00ec ngay ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, t\u01b0\u1edbng Suharto, t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh L\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tr\u1eeb B\u1ecb Chi\u1ebfn L\u01b0\u1ee3c (KOSTRAD) \u0111\u00e3 tung qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Halim. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 \u1edf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a phe t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu \u1edbt. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n khu kh\u00e1c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf. Nasution \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng Suharto l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. S\u1ef1 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft v\u00e0 loan truy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft th\u00ea th\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong tang l\u1ec5 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 s\u00e1t (m\u00e0 Sukarno v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng T\u1ed5ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1), T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng duy nh\u1ea5t sikat<\/i>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch<\/i>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1m sinh vi\u00ean H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. \u201cSikat\u201d \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp. Thanh ni\u00ean H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp tay c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i h\u1ecd c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch nh\u1eefng g\u00ec. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c thanh tr\u1eebng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5.<\/p>\n T\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea3ng CS v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ri\u00eang l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Aidit b\u1ecb tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1. Thanh ni\u00ean CS v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1ebft nhau ngay tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1. Trong khi t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y m\u00e1u \u0111\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf Java v\u00e0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf Bali. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3ng vai ph\u1ed1i tr\u00ed h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 thanh ni\u00ean H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. H\u1ecd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng \u0111o\u00e0n, v\u00f5 trang b\u1eb1ng s\u00fang \u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng dao nh\u1ecdn, s\u1ee5c s\u1ea1o v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1eebng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111i h\u00e0ng x\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean CS v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau \u1edf m\u1ed9t ven s\u00f4ng h\u1ed1c n\u00fai n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i c\u00e1c chi b\u1ed9 CS c\u00f3 v\u00f5 trang \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0ng n\u01a1i n\u00e0o CS c\u00e0ng c\u1ef1a qu\u1eady th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb t\u00e0n s\u00e1t d\u00e3 man. \u1ede Trung Java, c\u00f3 l\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m k\u00ea l\u00e0 100% C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft h\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 tr\u1eeb tr\u1ebb con. Aidit, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n sau c\u0169ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft t\u1ea1i Trung Java v\u00e0 b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng 1965, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Sukarno \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 con s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft l\u00e0 87.000, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean trong ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i ra 1\/10 con s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c [7]<\/a> <\/sup>. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 che d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u1ea5m th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch Indonesia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbu b\u1edbt tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft c\u00f2n cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Con s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt ra c\u0169ng x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u [8]<\/a> <\/sup>.<\/p>\n Song song v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u201ctri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\u201d \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Indonesia g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ganjang Kommunis<\/i>), sinh vi\u00ean \u1edf Djakarta c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1 lu\u00f4n t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Trung c\u1ed9ng trong khu Hoa ki\u1ec1u Glodok. Hoa ki\u1ec1u kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i b\u1ecb kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i Trung c\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111em t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1edf d\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 Hoa l\u1ee5c. H\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n gia \u0111\u00ecnh Trung hoa \u0103n ch\u1ef1c n\u1eb1m nh\u1edd \u1edf b\u1ebfn t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 ra \u0111i.<\/p>\n Sang n\u0103m 1966, tuy nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3 qua, nh\u01b0ng Indonesia v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 x\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Sukarno \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i uy quy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng. Thanh ni\u00ean, sinh vi\u00ean li\u00ean t\u1ee5c xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u0103ng h\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Sinh vi\u00ean H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (KAMI) v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eadn H\u1ecdc sinh H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (KAPPI). Sau c\u00f9ng, t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1967, h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng T\u01b0 v\u1ea5n Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n do t\u01b0\u1edbng Nasution gi\u1eef gh\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu tru\u1ea5t ph\u1ebf Sukarno v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbng Suharto l\u00ean thay.<\/p>\n Sukarno r\u1eddi b\u1ecf ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1967, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Sukarno \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1965. L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i NASAKOM do Sukarno x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00e3 tan r\u00e3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i g\u00ec th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec3u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n [c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp<\/em>]<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Ghi Ch\u00fa:<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n [1]<\/a> Ch\u1eef t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ba ch\u1eef Nasionalism, Agama, v\u00e0 Komunism.<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> N\u0103m 1964, Aidit \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u201ckhi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n v\u00f5 trang \u0111\u1ea5u tranh\u201d.<\/p>\n [3]<\/a> Sau n\u00e0y, khi ng\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, Sukarno \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1 Qu\u1ed1c C\u1ed9ng trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1 cao Tan Malaka l\u00e0 anh h\u00f9ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. N\u0103m 1962 b\u1ea3n ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed Tan Malaka \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 che \u0111\u1eady b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho l\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1eafn l\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n [4]<\/a> Ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 65 trong l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, Sukarno c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i tr\u1ee5c l\u00f2ng th\u00f2ng h\u01a1n t\u1eeb Djakarta qua Phnom Penh t\u1edbi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, B\u1eafc Kinh, v\u00e0 B\u00ecnh Nh\u01b0\u1ee1ng (B\u1eafc H\u00e0n).<\/p>\n [5]<\/a> Trong d\u1ecbp n\u00e0y Sukarno \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat Indonesia ra kh\u1ecfi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n [6]<\/a> \u0110\u1ea3ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o C\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn Masjumi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n n\u0103m 1960, sau n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o B\u1ea3o Th\u1ee7 Nahdatul Ulama v\u1edbi 6 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 20 tri\u1ec7u \u0111o\u00e0n vi\u00ean h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3.<\/p>\n [7]<\/a> John Hughes, Indonesia Upheaval, David McKay, 1967.<\/p>\n
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