{"id":69056,"date":"2021-06-30T10:26:00","date_gmt":"2021-06-30T10:26:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damau.org\/?p=69056"},"modified":"2022-02-21T02:33:22","modified_gmt":"2022-02-21T02:33:22","slug":"tu-luc-van-don-van-hoc-v-cch-mang-32","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/69056\/tu-luc-van-don-van-hoc-v-cch-mang-32","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ef1 L\u1ef1c V\u0103n \u0110oàn V\u0103n h\u1ecdc và cách m\u1ea1ng (32)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o: V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 C\u1ea7n lao<\/b> <\/p>\n

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Qua lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i<\/i> k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Tam D\u00e2n c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n D\u1eadt Ti\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc sau \u0111\u00e2y: <\/p>\n

– D\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Qu\u1ed1c gia<\/i> c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n D\u1eadt Ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. <\/p>\n

– Theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, tranh \u0111\u1ea5u cho gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7n lao,<\/i> ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. <\/p>\n

– C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn, san b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o. <\/p>\n

– \u0110\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. <\/p>\n

Xin nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i, quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n lao c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n lao c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng Karl Marx nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n<\/i> b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/i>, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ea7n lao b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb<\/i> ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n.<\/i> <\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nhau v\u00ec gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. <\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, tranh \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi. <\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 hai, b\u1edfi v\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm, n\u01b0\u1edbc ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n; c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ee3i, hay \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t, ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4, nh\u01b0 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. C\u00e1c quan thanh li\u00eam th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1eeb Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c, Nguy\u1ec5n Tri Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n, Ho\u00e0ng Di\u1ec7u… \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ed1ng thanh b\u1ea1ch, \u1ed1m \u0111au kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n mua thu\u1ed1c, vua ph\u1ea3i ban cho. Vua Minh M\u1ea1ng n\u00eau g\u01b0\u01a1ng: mua c\u00e2n nh\u00e3n, c\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u0169ng b\u1eaft ghi l\u1ea1i trong Kh\u00e2m \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1i Nam H\u1ed9i \u0110i\u1ec3n S\u1ef1 L\u1ec7. <\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 sau khi Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t, chia cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n, khai th\u00e1c qu\u1eb7ng m\u1ecf, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. Giai c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n lao b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9<\/i> theo \u0111\u00fang “lu\u1eadt” c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. <\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n lao<\/i> c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o, t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u1ea7n lao “h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p” n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u xa, th\u1eb3ng th\u1eebng v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. <\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 C\u1ea7n Lao<\/b> <\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 C\u1ea7n Lao<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean Ng\u00e0y Nay t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 125 (28-8-38) \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 159 (20-4-39). <\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u1eabn \u0111i t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng thay v\u00ec l\u1eddi Karl Marx: “L\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p<\/i>“, Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o cho r\u1eb1ng: “L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ea7n lao l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i”<\/i>. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft C\u1ea7n lao c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y. C\u1ea7n lao c\u00f2n l\u00e0 l\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi:<\/i> <\/p>\n

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Lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n lao \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ngh\u0129 r\u1ed9ng ra, ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, h\u1ec5 v\u1eadt n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n lao. M\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t th\u00f3c n\u1ea9y m\u1ea7m c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c lao l\u1ef1c. Con chim bay \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1ed3i, tr\u00e2u b\u00f2 c\u00fai xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1m c\u1ecf, t\u00f4m c\u00e1 b\u01a1i l\u1eb7n d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, sinh v\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u1eady, sinh ra, l\u1edbn l\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y. D\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean chung, lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.” (V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n lao, <\/i>NN s\u1ed1 125).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

R\u1ed3i \u00f4ng lu\u1eadn ti\u1ebfp: Nh\u01b0ng lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt c\u1ea7n lao m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh lao l\u1ef1c, c\u00f2n \u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n lao c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng chia l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i: c\u1ea7n lao tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n lao ch\u00e2n tay, v\u00e0 coi tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tinh th\u1ea7n. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia n\u00e0y mang \u0111\u1ea7y th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ee9 c\u1ea7n lao: th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea7n \u00f3c \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ebfn tay, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 hai tai n\u1eefa. H\u1ecda s\u0129, v\u0103n s\u0129, c\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eaft, c\u00f3 tay, th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao v\u1ebd, vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c… Tuy v\u1eady, c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n \u0111i ch\u01a1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e8o \u0111\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0103n, kh\u00e1c xa nhau: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 do mu\u1ed1n ch\u00e8o th\u00ec ch\u00e8o, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb1ng kia l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e8o, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i. (NN s\u1ed1 125) <\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u1ed7i r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 C\u1ea7n lao <\/i>l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c<\/i> hay b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c<\/i>. Trong s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p: b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i th\u00e2n, hay b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edfng. <\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m sau c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5,<\/i> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7.<\/i><\/b> <\/p>\n

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Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/b> <\/p>\n

– Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7? Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: <\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7, ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n d\u00f9ng, quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1n hay \u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1 \u0111i<\/i>.
Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e3 man \u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/i>.
H\u1ed3i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t (Aristote, Platon…) v\u1eabn coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/i> (Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/i>, NN s\u1ed1 126).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e3 man n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb l\u00fac n\u00e0o? <\/p>\n

– B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh, Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o vi\u1ebft:<\/i> <\/p>\n

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Theo nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Herbert Spencer, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 <\/i>[n\u00f4 l\u1ec7] c\u00f2n l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0103n th\u1ecbt ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eefa. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi th\u00e1i c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau k\u1ebb th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn gi\u1ebft k\u1ebb b\u1ecb thua \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 \u0103n th\u1ecbt (…) Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 khi nhi\u1ec1u, qu\u00e1 \u0103n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ebft, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m th\u1ecbt. Trong khi \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00e1i ng\u00e0y gh\u00ea t\u1edfm \u1ea5y, b\u1eaft h\u1ecd l\u00e0m l\u1ee5ng m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00ean h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n lao cho m\u00ecnh y\u00ean ngh\u1ec9 dong ch\u01a1i c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111em gi\u1ebft n\u1ed1t h\u1ecd \u0111i m\u00e0 \u0103n. N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y. <\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

R\u1ed3i: <\/p>\n

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Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y nu\u00f4i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i, b\u00e8n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u1ea5y th\u00eam n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho \u0111\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ebf, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, b\u1eaft h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m cho m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea9y ra \u1edf M\u1ef9 ch\u00e2u ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u1edf Phi ch\u00e2u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/i> (Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7,<\/i> NN s\u1ed1 126).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Spencer \u0111\u00fang t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 trong \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 cao tay \u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean: ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0103n th\u1ecbt ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. B\u00fat ph\u00e1p m\u1ec9a mai ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm, kh\u00f4ng khoan nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng: “M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb1ng l\u00e0m c\u1ecf <\/i>[x\u1ef1c] h\u1ebft t\u00f9 binh, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb1ng \u0111em t\u00f9 binh b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7”<\/i> th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 “nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o” h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. <\/p>\n

M\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111em so s\u00e1nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ng\u00e0y nay, th\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n “c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng” h\u01a1n: B\u1edfi v\u00ec giai c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, tuy b\u1eaft n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111em g\u01b0\u01a1m gi\u00e1o b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 sinh m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 th\u00f4n tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong l\u00fac n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f2n ng\u00e0y nay, d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, th\u00ec giai c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 ng\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng, \u0103n b\u00e1m v\u00e0o d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i<\/i>. <\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft, <\/p>\n

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ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 th\u1eddi x\u01b0a, d\u1eabu l\u00e0 d\u00e3 man, v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u0103n minh h\u01a1n n\u1ea9y ra c\u00e1i s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn bu\u00f4n m\u1ecdi Phi ch\u00e2u, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00ea h\u00e8n \u1ea5y<\/i>.” (Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7,<\/i> NN s\u1ed1 126)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9?<\/b> <\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 th\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 “\u0103n th\u1ecbt ng\u01b0\u1eddi” (theo c\u1ea3 ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u1eabn ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng), Trong b\u00e0i Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/i> (NN s\u1ed1 127, 11-9-38), Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o vi\u1ebft:<\/i> <\/p>\n

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Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u00e3 man c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0103n th\u1ecbt ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i kh\u1ed5 sai chung th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eed h\u00ecnh.
<\/i>Th\u1ef1c ra, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi kh\u1ed5 c\u1ef1c, nh\u1ee5c nh\u00e3 c\u1ee7a s\u00fac v\u1eadt. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eefa. Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt, ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u01a1i hay l\u00e0m vi\u00eac t\u00f9y \u00fd. Ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o l\u00e0m g\u00ec th\u00ec l\u00e0m n\u1ea5y, b\u1ea3o \u0111i th\u00ec \u0111i, b\u1ea3o \u0103n th\u00ec \u0103n, b\u1eaft nh\u1ecbn th\u00ec nh\u1ecbn, \u0111\u00e1nh th\u00ec ch\u1ecbu \u1ea5y \u0111\u00f2n. (…) Ch\u1ee7 cho l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u1ee3, ch\u1ee7 b\u1eaft v\u1ee3 th\u00ec m\u1ea5t v\u1ee3 (…) L\u00e0 v\u00ec \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 coi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111au x\u00f3t \u0111\u00e2u, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u0169 tr\u00e2u b\u00f2, s\u1ed1ng \u0111<\/i>\u1ec3 k\u00e9o c\u1ea7y.
<\/i>Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1i th\u00f4ng minh \u1ea5y, \u1edf th\u00f4n qu\u00ea, th\u00ec b\u1eaft h\u1ecd l\u00e0m h\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c n\u00f4ng, \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb th\u00ec b\u1eaft h\u1ecd l\u00e0m t\u00f4i t\u1edb, l\u00e0m th\u1ee3, c\u00f3 khi h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m \u00f4ng lang, l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u1eefa” <\/i>(Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/i>, NN s\u1ed1 127).<\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea7n d\u00e0, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n \u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 c\u0169ng gia t\u0103ng, v\u00ec v\u1eady Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ea5m gi\u1ebft n\u00f4 l\u1ec7: ch\u1ee7 gi\u1ebft n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecb t\u1eed h\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 b\u00ean T\u00e0u: vua Quang V\u0169 nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n c\u0169ng ra \u0111\u1ea1o d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m gi\u1ebft n\u00f4 t\u1ef3, n\u1ebfu gi\u1ebft s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u1eed tr\u1ea3m, c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu \u0111em n\u00f4 t\u1ef3 ra ho\u1ea1n th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tru\u1ea5t l\u00e0m th\u1ee9 d\u00e2n. <\/p>\n

N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trung c\u1ed5: bu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/b> <\/p>\n

Sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trung c\u1ed5. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 v\u0103n minh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u0169ng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o “k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u1edbi” v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, n\u1ea9y sinh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 bu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi,<\/i> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n “ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng” m\u1edbi. Th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5 vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o vi\u1ebft trong b\u00e0i T\u1ef1 do \u1edf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p,<\/i> tr\u00ean Ng\u00e0y Nay s\u1ed1 89 (2-12-37), nh\u01b0 sau:<\/i> <\/p>\n

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B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1442, Gonzal\u00e8s, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc Portugal \u0111em tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd bi\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0ng c\u1ed1m v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ea5y b\u1edf, n\u01b0\u1edbc Portugal r\u1ed3i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c m\u1edbi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i bu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5, tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 nh\u1edd c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u<\/i>.
N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng \u1edf trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c dung t\u00fang ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o \u1ea5y. \u1ede c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n mua n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e9b\u00e8ne, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u1ed7 \u0111en nh\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 mun, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho h\u1ecd. N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n g\u00ec h\u1ebft, ngo\u00e0i quy\u1ec1n nai l\u01b0ng ra l\u00e0m v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 su\u1ed1t \u0111\u00eam n\u1eefa, t\u00f9y theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u: \u00f4ng \u1ea5y mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp, giam c\u1ea7m, ch\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n tay hay gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft \u0111i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu<\/i> (V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng,<\/i> NN s\u1ed1 89).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Trong b\u00e0i Bu\u00f4n m\u1ecdi<\/i> (NN s\u1ed1 131, 8-10-38), Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi <\/i>tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn r\u1ea5t cao, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau khi Christophe Colomb<\/i> kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 (1498), v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u0103m t\u1ed1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111em \u0111i b\u00e1n<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm l\u1eddi:<\/i> <\/p>\n

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Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, h\u1ed3i b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 x\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecdn da tr\u1eafng, n\u1ed1i g\u00f3t \u00f4ng Christophe Colomb, \u0111ua nhau sang khai th\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ch\u00e9m gi\u1ebft, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 b\u1eaft d\u00e2n da \u0111\u1ecf l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho h\u1ecd \u1edf trong c\u00e1c h\u1ea7m m\u1ecf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf v\u1ed1n t\u1ea1ng y\u1ebfu, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c, n\u00ean ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau m\u00e0 k\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb linh m\u1ee5c, \u00f4ng Las Casas, b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i “s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn” l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n da \u0111en, kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, \u0111em sang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thay. Vi\u1ec7c “bu\u00f4n m\u1ecdi” v\u00f9ng l\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y.
<\/i>B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 vua Charles Quint cho ph\u00e9p \u0111em sang M\u1ef9 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. R\u1ed3i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, Anh, Ph\u00e1p, H\u00f2a Lan, th\u1ea5y l\u1ee3i, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 m\u00e0 theo. Vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n m\u1ecdi tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00e1i ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1n m\u1ea1t \u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdng v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u, r\u1ed3i th\u00ec cho \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Phi ch\u00e2u, c\u1ee9 theo d\u1ecdc b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n m\u00e0 ki\u1ebfm “\u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0ng” \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edf sang M\u1ef9 b\u00e1n l\u1ea5y l\u1ee3i. (Bu\u00f4n m\u1ecdi<\/i>, NN s\u1ed1 131)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

D\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tay bu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y “nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o”, n\u00ean bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mua, tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho vua ch\u00faa da \u0111en c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, r\u1ea5t kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn “c\u1ee9u”, b\u1eaft theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa, th\u00ec linh h\u1ed3n h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y l\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng trong khi ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i ng\u00e0y vinh quang \u1ea5y, th\u00ec h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t: <\/p>\n

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H\u1ecd b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n bu\u00f4n m\u1ecdi mua \u0111\u1eaft mua r\u1ebb, nh\u00e9t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u00f3i l\u1ea1i, r\u1ed3i cho xu\u1ed1ng t\u1ea7u ch\u1edf sang M\u1ef9. Trong khoang t\u1ea7u, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfi s\u1eaft d\u00e0i ch\u1ea1y t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u kia, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb xi\u1ec1ng x\u00edch v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 khi c\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i tr\u00f2ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i v\u00f2ng s\u1eaft n\u1eefa. (…) N\u1ebfu s\u00f3ng c\u1ea3 hay ch\u00faa t\u00e0u th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u00fd kh\u00e1c, t\u1ee9c th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng l\u1ea1i, c\u1eeda th\u00ec l\u1ea5y \u0111inh \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0o: n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i s\u0103ng<\/i> l\u1edbn.
<\/i>M\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i s\u0103ng<\/i> th\u1eadt. V\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1edf b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 l\u00fac t\u1edbi b\u1ebfn, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m: g\u1ea7n ba tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft \u1edf d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. <\/i>(Bu\u00f4n m\u1ecdi<\/i>, NN s\u1ed1 131)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch bu\u00f4n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t, theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, n\u0103m 1690, s\u1ed1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ebft l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n v\u1ea1n v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1820, l\u00ean t\u1edbi 34 v\u1ea1n. <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u1edbi b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf: n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh b\u1ecf t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1833 v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1848. <\/p>\n

Tuy v\u1eady, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft h\u1eb3n, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c. <\/p>\n

N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tr\u00e1 h\u00ecnh<\/b> <\/p>\n

Ai c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng khi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 bu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m, th\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u0169ng h\u1ebft. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ea7m. V\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh “ng\u00e0y nay” t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khi Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y, n\u0103m 1937:<\/i> <\/p>\n

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H\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 \u0111i \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u1ea5y cho ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c n\u01a1i, c\u00f2n t\u1edbi b\u1ed1n tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u tri\u1ec7u n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/i>” (N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eddi nay<\/i>, NN s\u1ed1 <\/b>132).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u1edbi hay n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tr\u00e1 h\u00ecnh<\/i> n\u00e0y, ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean ho\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba<\/i>, nh\u00e2n danh m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ebfn khai h\u00f3a cho d\u00e2n man r\u1ee3 b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. C\u1ed9ng th\u00eam v\u1edbi s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c ch\u00faa tr\u1eddi: ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0103n minh “c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o” t\u1ef1 cho \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn khai ho\u00e1 cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o, “v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o”. <\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u1ea5m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p che \u0111\u1eady n\u1eefa:<\/i> <\/p>\n

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\u1ede trong th\u00ec l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, m\u00e0 \u1edf ngo\u00e0i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc son m\u1edbi, l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 giao k\u00e8o l\u00e0m phu hay lao c\u00f4ng \u00e1p b\u00e1ch. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y x\u1ea9y ra \u1edf c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n mu\u1ed1n b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7, s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eddi kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u01b0u l\u1ee3i ri\u00eang cho m\u00ecnh.<\/i> (N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eddi nay<\/i>, NN s\u1ed1 <\/b>132).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u1ed9 l\u1ec7 tr\u00e1 h\u00ecnh<\/i> sau \u0111\u00e2y: Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cho vay n\u1ee3 \u1edf Nam M\u1ef9, Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0 Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. <\/p>\n

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1-Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cho vay n\u1ee3<\/b> \u1edf Nam M\u1ef9<\/b> <\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tr\u00e1 h\u00ecnh<\/i> (NN s\u1ed1 <\/b>133, 22-10-38), Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cho vay n\u1ee3 \u1edf Nam M\u1ef9, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi nh\u1eb9 \u0111i l\u00e0 p\u00e9onage<\/i> [p\u00e9on<\/i> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Nam M\u1ef9, p\u00e9onage<\/i> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf Nam M\u1ef9]. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng, xu\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n cho d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 vay, \u0111\u1ec3 khai kh\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho thu\u00ea, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh l\u00e3i n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u00ea \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tr\u1ea3 h\u1ebft n\u1ee3. <\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 b\u1eb1ng v\u00f5 l\u1ef1c, r\u1ed3i cho d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 thu\u00ea l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 cho h\u1ecd m\u01b0\u1ee3n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1ed1n khai kh\u1ea9n; khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi cho qu\u00e2n \u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbp. <\/p>\n

Theo Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng h\u01a1i gi\u1ed1ng vi\u1ec7c cho vay l\u00e3i \u1edf th\u00f4n qu\u00ea ta ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f2n di t\u00edch trong quy\u1ec3n lu\u1eadt h\u1ed9 B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y [1938] \u1edf C\u00e0 Mau, l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1i \u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1: M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t t\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 qu\u1eaft: M\u00f9a c\u1ea5y y cho t\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec1n vay b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a g\u1eb7t ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 cho y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecba l\u00faa. Y c\u00f2n ch\u1ebf ra ba th\u1ee9 ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y: 1\u0111, 0\u011150 v\u00e0 0\u011120. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn vay, y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u1ee9 ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y n\u00e0y th\u00f4i, khi\u1ebfn t\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec1n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i “ti\u00eau” \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u1eeda hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a y, v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 c\u1eaft c\u1ed5, n\u00ean su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tr\u1ea3 h\u1ebft n\u1ee3 cho ch\u1ee7. Nguy\u00ean H\u1ed3ng t\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i l\u1ed1i cho vay d\u00e3 man n\u00e0y trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft S\u00f3ng g\u1ea7m<\/i>, \u1edf H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng, ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc. <\/p>\n

2- Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n<\/b>. <\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9 phu. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u1edf x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, thu\u1ed9c di\u1ec7n “m\u1ed9 phu”. Vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9 phu cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 giao k\u00e8o gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n, Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o vi\u1ebft:<\/i> <\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty khai kh\u1ea9n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng \u1edf c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9 phu \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn khai kh\u1ea9n. Phu k\u00fd v\u00e0o t\u1edd giao k\u00e8o l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng t\u1eeb 6 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn 3 n\u0103m, v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i.
<\/i>M\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 \u00e1n ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng x\u1ea9y ra \u1edf b\u00ean Anh \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00ea h\u00e8n \u1ea9n sau nh\u1eefng t\u1edd giao k\u00e8o: M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha b\u00e1n cho c\u00f4ng ty Anh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 trong v\u0103n t\u1ef1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng k\u1ef3 kh\u00f4i: 200 phu m\u1ecdi, tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 3550 b\u1ea3ng.
<\/i>Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3, d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3o Sao Thome v\u00e0 Principe <\/i>[S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Principe] thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, tuy r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a phu v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7. N\u0103m 1925, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh hai \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea5y, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 g\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00ec h\u1ebft: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi ch\u00e2u \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea5y b\u1eaft l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 khi x\u01b0a.
\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecnh c\u1edd x\u1ea9y ra khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u1edf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c<\/em>. (N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tr\u00e1 h\u00ecnh,<\/i> NN s\u1ed1 133).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

3-Lao c\u00f4ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch<\/b> <\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn hai l\u1ea7n, tr\u00ean NN s\u1ed1 89 (12-12-37) v\u00e0 NN s\u1ed1 150 (25-2-39). Trong b\u00e0i T\u1ef1 do \u1edf Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p,<\/i> V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng<\/i>, tr\u00ean Ng\u00e0y Nay s\u1ed1 89, Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o vi\u1ebft:<\/i> <\/p>\n

<\/i> <\/p>\n

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\u0110i khai th\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, d\u00e2n m\u1eabu qu\u1ed1c ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y <\/i>[nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng] tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, v\u00ec ti\u1ec1n d\u1eabu c\u00f3 mu\u00f4n, v\u1ea1n, \u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ra l\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1eady cho n\u00ean t\u1eeb l\u00fac sinh ra thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm h\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng r\u1ebb gi\u00e1 bao nhi\u00eau l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn \u0111i khai thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau<\/i>.
C\u00e1i l\u1ebd kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebb ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea1 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng lo\u00e0i s\u00fac v\u1eadt: ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/i>” (V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng<\/i>, Ng\u00e0y Nay s\u1ed1 89).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng: <\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f3, ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9. V\u1eady m\u00e0 d\u00e2n da v\u00e0ng \u1edf \u00c1 ch\u00e2u hay d\u00e2n da \u0111en \u1edf Phi Ch\u00e2u b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh r\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft h\u1ecd l\u00e0m cho x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.” <\/i>(NN s\u1ed1 89)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, “m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edfng trong l\u00f2ng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng mang m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i c\u0103m h\u1eddn, u\u1ea5t \u1ee9c. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh, b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i<\/i>“. <\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho m\u00ecnh, cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t.<\/i> <\/p>\n

<\/i> <\/p>\n

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C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, th\u00ec c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1i g\u1edf, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ec9 nh\u1ee5c cho v\u0103n minh, cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.
<\/i>Tuy v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1i g\u1edf \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n minh c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn trong kho\u1ea3ng ba, b\u1ed1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Th\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i \u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1i g\u1edf \u1ea5y l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7.
<\/i>Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u m\u1ed9t v\u1ebft nh\u01a1 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch<\/i>.” (NN s\u1ed1 89)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

C\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch lao \u0111\u1ed9ng: v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd<\/b> <\/p>\n

H\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, trong b\u00e0i V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng,<\/i> tr\u00ean Ng\u00e0y Nay s\u1ed1 150 (25-2-39) Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o b\u00e0n l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd. <\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch?<\/i> <\/p>\n

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Sau nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, H\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng l\u00fac n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00ec s\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 l\u00fac \u1ea5y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 lao c\u00f4ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch<\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n trong H\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f2ng h\u1ee9a s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. <\/p>\n

K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1930, c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch m\u1edbi b\u1ecb b\u1ecf. Tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u00f3 m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00e1c \u00f4ng quan lang (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ed5 ty hay th\u1ed5 m\u1ee5c) v\u00f9ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 (ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c), l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i, v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng: d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i c\u00e0y ru\u1ed9ng cho lang, \u0111i c\u1ea5y l\u00faa cho lang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f9a \u0111i g\u1eb7t cho lang<\/i>. <\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 M\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du, \u1edf mi\u1ec1n xu\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i l\u00e0m x\u00e2u n\u1eefa. <\/p>\n

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Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea5y ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u1eeb l\u00fac m\u1edbi l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1840, m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra quy l\u1ec7 h\u1eb3n hoi. Theo quy l\u1ec7 \u1ea5y, d\u00e2n \u0111inh m\u1ed7i l\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m x\u00e2u cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc 48 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng \u00edch nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, x\u00e2y gi\u1ebfng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m xa qu\u00e1 nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh n\u0103m d\u1eb7m<\/i> [21,50 km][1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea7u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m h\u1ed9 cho n\u00ean v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng \u0111inh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. <\/p>\n

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\u00d4ng Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Nam K\u1ef3 Le Myre de Vilers l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xin b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea5y. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1881, l\u1eddi xin \u1ea5y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.
<\/i>Xong <\/i>[Song] \u1edf ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc, th\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng dai d\u1eb3ng. N\u0103m 1904, l\u00fac l\u00e0m con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xe l\u1eeda H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i- V\u00e2n Nam, h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n d\u00e2n Annam b\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u0111i l\u00e0m phu. H\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c, n\u01a1i \u0103n ch\u1ed7 \u1edf l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec7 sinh, n\u00ean ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau m\u00e0 k\u1ec3.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1930, khi h\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, th\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba m\u1edbi ra ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 ng\u00e0y 21-8-1930, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m x\u00e2u trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean h\u00e0nh \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1edbi ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y 6-2-1932. <\/p>\n

R\u1ed3i khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u00ecnh D\u00e2n ban h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103m 1936, \u0111i\u1ec1u 3 c\u00f3 ghi r\u00f5: s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 21-8-1930, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. <\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean “c\u00e1i g\u00ec k\u00eau l\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng hay s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/i>“[2]<\/a>. \u00dd Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i: v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m x\u00e2u, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 “trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/i>“. <\/p>\n

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Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong r\u1eebng cao su<\/b> <\/p>\n

Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n lao trong r\u1eebng cao su c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t t\u00e0n \u00e1c kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, sau khi Paul Doumer \u00e9p vua Th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1eddng cho To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n, quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai ch\u01b0a xung c\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t hoang hay “v\u00f4 ch\u1ee7” v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta c\u00f2n ra th\u00eam m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y Paul Doumer r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o, coi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p trong cu\u1ed1n h\u1ed3i k\u00fd \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p (k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m)<\/i> L’Indo-Chine fran\u00e7aise (souvenirs<\/em>)[3]<\/a> <\/em>m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn. <\/p>\n

Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n \u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng t\u1eeb B\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng Nam, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n cao su \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 nam Trung Vi\u1ec7t. <\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i V\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 C\u1ea7n lao \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng: Trong r\u1eebng cao su<\/i>, in tr\u00ean Ng\u00e0y Nay s\u1ed1 151 (4-3-39) v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 152 (11-3-39), Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9 phu n\u00e0y:<\/i> <\/p>\n

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B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1909, l\u00fac b\u1ecdn t\u00e0i phi\u1ec7t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khai th\u00e1c nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecf m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam hay \u1edf b\u00ean Cao M\u00ean, nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng cao su, h\u1ecd m\u1edbi ch\u1ee3t nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u1ea5y d\u00e2n th\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n. H\u1ecd m\u1edbi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac \u1edf trung ch\u00e2u B\u1eafc K\u1ef3, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0a d\u00e2n \u0111i v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n Nam l\u00e0m phu trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n d\u00e0i.
<\/i>R\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y, phu m\u1ed9 v\u00e0o trong Nam hay sang T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi m\u1ed7i n\u0103m m\u1ed7i nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1922, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 9000 phu ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc. Qua n\u0103m 1924, th\u00eam l\u00ean 6000 phu. R\u1ed3i m\u1ea5y n\u0103m sau, cao su b\u00e1n ra ngo\u00e0i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u, n\u00ean n\u0103m 1927, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1ed9 v\u00e0o g\u1ea7n hai v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi.
<\/i>Nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m \u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u0103m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng k\u00edch ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9 phu l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n (Trong r\u1eebng cao su <\/i>NN, s\u1ed1 151).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng k\u00edch \u1ea5y l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t b\u1ecdn ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p g\u00e2y n\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng Chassaing, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 “phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9 phu v\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea5y t\u00e1c t\u1ec7: n\u00e0o l\u00e0 d\u00e2n phu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec7 sinh n\u00ean \u1ed1m \u0111au, ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1edf cao su kh\u00f4ng theo \u0111\u00fang giao k\u00e8o; n\u00e0o l\u00e0 b\u1ecdn cai \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n, \u0111\u00e1n \u00e1p d\u00e2n phu<\/i>“. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u00e1i \u00f4ng Delamarre v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u tra t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 r\u00f5, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i x\u1ea9y ra \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i:<\/i> <\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n Mimot, phu ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn 11 gi\u1edd, 11 gi\u1edd r\u01b0\u1ee1i; th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 15 h\u00f4m l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea1t 1 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u1edb v\u00f4 l\u00fd. Phu \u0103n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 no m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u01a1m kh\u00f4ng: nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf th\u00ec l\u00e0m ngay m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t; m\u00e1i th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 h\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 m\u01b0a v\u00e0o, chung quanh th\u00ec h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ru\u1ed3i mu\u1ed7i. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ec9 l\u00e0m cai l\u1ea5y roi \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp phu tr\u1ed1n ra; b\u1eaft v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i tr\u1ed1n ra n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi phu b\u1ecb th\u00eam 26 roi g\u00e2n b\u00f2; h\u1eafn l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea5y g\u1eady \u0111\u00e1nh ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng.
<\/i>\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1929, phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 m\u1ed9 phu l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng Bazin, Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c s\u1edf m\u1ed9 phu, b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t. V\u1ea3 n\u0103m \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u0103m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9 phu b\u1ecb ng\u1eebng h\u1eb3n l\u1ea1i <\/i>(Trong r\u1eebng cao su<\/i>, NN s\u1ed1 151).<\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c m\u1ed9 phu Bazin b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t<\/b> <\/p>\n

Bazin, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “tr\u00f9m mua b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7”, b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n \u0110\u00e0o, vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i. Hai tho\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau: <\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1eb7t nghi v\u1ea5n: “T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft anh H\u1ecdc, anh Vi\u00ean r\u00f5 vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y <\/i>[vi\u1ec7c \u00e1m s\u00e1t], nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1 th\u1ee7 l\u00e0 ai? Ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 ra tay x\u1eed t\u1eed Ba- gianh<\/i>?[4]<\/a> <\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ed1ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5. <\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n \u0110\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf g\u1ea7n Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc, vi\u1ebft r\u00f5 h\u01a1n: <\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u00e1m s\u00e1t Bazin v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n L\u00e2n v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Lung ng\u00e0y 9-2-1929, tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0103n nh\u00e0 s\u1ed1 110 ph\u1ed1 Hu\u1ebf (ch\u1ee3 H\u00f4m) H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc.[5]<\/a> <\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 l\u00fd do \u00e1m s\u00e1t, Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n \u0110\u00e0o vi\u1ebft:<\/i> <\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3nh th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111o\u00e0n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a VNQD\u0110 \u1edf trong c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p: G\u00f4-\u0110a, Poinsard et Veyret, Descourd et Cabaud, Denis Fr\u00e8res, Brasserie Hommel, c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Vi\u00ean, u\u1ef7 vi\u00ean trong th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 VNQD\u0110, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 trao ph\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c chi \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ebfn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u T\u1ed5ng B\u1ed9 cho thi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ebft t\u00ean tr\u00f9m mua b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 Bazin, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eeb m\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecda cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.
B\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o Kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Vi\u00ean g\u1eb7p Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc, Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n \u0110\u00e0o v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu \u0110\u1ea1t, \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed Vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Chi \u0111o\u00e0n C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u T\u1ed5ng B\u1ed9 x\u00e9t, xin ra l\u1ec7nh cho ban \u00e1m s\u00e1t gi\u1ebft Bazin. \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi:
– “N\u1ebfu nay v\u1ed9i gi\u1ebft Bazin, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n s\u1ebd kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed trong c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean trong “S\u1ed5 \u0110en” c\u1ee7a s\u1edf m\u1eadt th\u00e1m. Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n s\u1ebd b\u1eaft h\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ea3ng s\u1ebd tan, l\u1ee3i \u00edt m\u00e0 h\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u.<\/em>[6]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

V\u1eabn theo Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n \u0110\u00e0o, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ra T\u1ed5ng B\u1ed9 x\u00e9t, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Vi\u00ean v\u1eabn t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng theo d\u00f5i Bazin, r\u1ed3i c\u00f9ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n L\u00e2n v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Lung h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Khi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m, v\u00e0o x\u00e0 lim x\u00e9 \u00e1o th\u1eaft c\u1ed5 t\u1ef1 t\u1eed ch\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng khai cho \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1n. <\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c c\u1ee7a Bazin, Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n \u0110\u00e0o vi\u1ebft:<\/i> <\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ec3 cung \u1ee9ng s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng cho c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng tr\u1ed3ng cao su mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecf Nam K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Mi\u00ean, L\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea3o Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie, Nouvelles-H\u00e9brides n\u1eefa. Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i quy m\u00f4 \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Trung k\u1ef3, mi\u1ec1n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u00edt m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4ng, l\u1ea1i lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb thi\u00ean tai ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i. T\u00ean tr\u00f9m mua b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o b\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Bazin (Ba- gianh), \u1edf s\u1ed1 35 ph\u1ed1 F\u00e9lix Faure, th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean Weil \u1edf ph\u1ed1 Blockhaus Nord, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.<\/i> <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 cho c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, Bazin v\u00e0 Weil chi\u00eau m\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u manh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t tay sai, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 cai m\u1ed9 phu. Nh\u00e2n danh ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed9, b\u1ecdn cai n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ph\u00f2ng m\u1ed9 \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. Chi\u1ebfu theo s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hoa h\u1ed3ng r\u1ea5t h\u1eadu, n\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng m\u00e1nh kho\u00e9 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp, d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7 ph\u1ec9nh ph\u1edd, b\u1ecdn cai n\u00e0y c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1eaft c\u00f3c, b\u1ecf thu\u1ed1c m\u00ea, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 “M\u1eb9 M\u00ecn”<\/em>[7]<\/a>, khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng theo d\u00f5i ch\u1ed3ng con c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1c tu\u1ed5i 17, 18 tr\u1edf l\u00ean (…)<\/em> <\/p>\n

Mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n y\u00eau \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean m\u1ea5t t\u00edch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 ph\u00f2ng m\u1ed9 phu \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chu\u1ed9c ti\u1ec1n. N\u1ebfu ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 \u00edt ng\u00e0y, th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a xu\u1ed1ng t\u1ea7u thu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edf ra H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng giao cho ch\u1ee7 mua b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 Bazin ho\u1eb7c Weil, k\u00edp l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd, r\u1ed3i lu\u1ed3n xu\u1ed1ng t\u1ea7u b\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf v\u00e0o S\u00e0i G\u00f2n.<\/em>[<\/strong><\/em>8]<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

<\/i> <\/p>\n

H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 v\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t Bazin<\/b> <\/p>\n

\u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc: Sau v\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t Bazin, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean VNQD\u0110 b\u1ecb truy n\u00e3 kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. Theo Nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ed1ng, l\u1ec7nh l\u00f9ng b\u1eaft kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 17-2-1929, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n in h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n \u0111i. Theo d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec Nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd \u0111i Hu\u1ebf v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc, g\u1eb7p Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ec3 xin c\u1ee5 Phan th\u01b0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a c\u1ee5 Phan ra kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00ec v\u1ee5 Bazin, Nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft t\u1ea1i Hu\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 3-1929. Ng\u00e0y 2-7-29, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a ra to\u00e0 c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed. Trong phi\u00ean to\u00e0 n\u00e0y, hai ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Nhu b\u1ecb x\u1eed 20 n\u0103m c\u1ea5m c\u1ed1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t.[9]<\/a> <\/p>\n

Phong H\u00f3a s\u1ed1 45 (5-5-33) \u0111\u01b0a tin: <\/p>\n

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27 ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2n x\u00e1 v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc: H\u00f4m 20\/4, t\u1ea7u Claude Chappe \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1edf \u1edf T\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3o <\/i>[Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie] v\u1ec1 27 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea1m, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean VNQD\u0110 b\u1ecb to\u00e0 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i x\u1eed, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean qu\u00e1n.
<\/i>Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u00f9 n\u0103m n\u0103m; t\u00ednh ra c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn 11 th\u00e1ng n\u1eefa m\u1edbi h\u1ebft h\u1ea1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0110\u1ee9c Ho\u00e0ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ra \u00e2n cho.
<\/i>Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng Ph\u1ea1m Tr\u00e2n t\u1ef1 Nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ed1ng<\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111i Nouvelle Cal\u00e9donnie, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i C\u00f4n \u0110\u1ea3o nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i ghi nh\u1eadn. <\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t Bazin, trong n\u0103m 1929, Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ecb thanh tr\u1eebng kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, nhi\u1ec1u \u1ed5 kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t gi\u00e1c. <\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1929, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 x\u1ea9y ra: Cha con \u0110\u1ed9i D\u01b0\u01a1ng (Ph\u1ea1m Th\u00e0nh D\u01b0\u01a1ng), m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu, gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ban Binh V\u1ee5, l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n. D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ed1c, sau \u0111\u0103ng l\u00ednh v\u00e0o s\u1edf t\u1ea7u bay B\u1ea1ch Mai, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp h\u1ea1 s\u0129 quan. D\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3ng. Vi\u1ec7c D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a “T\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i” theo \u0111\u1ecbch: D\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho s\u1edf m\u1eadt th\u00e1m nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o bom, nh\u1eefng kho ch\u1ee9a v\u0169 kh\u00ed; t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o nh\u1eefng qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m n\u1ed9i \u1ee9ng cho \u0111\u1ea3ng trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i l\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i: h\u01a1n 200 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i binh b\u1ecb b\u1eaft b\u1edb, gi\u00e1ng ch\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i xa. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i tan r\u00e3 h\u1ebft. <\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 18-12-1929, Ph\u1ea1m Th\u00e0nh D\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1eabn Riner, thanh tra m\u1eadt th\u00e1m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e2y b\u1eaft ba l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc, Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Nhu v\u00e0 Ph\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00ednh, \u1edf nh\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed l\u00e0ng V\u00f5ng La, c\u1ea3 ba tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t. <\/p>\n

Th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i, c\u00e1c \u1ed5 v\u0169 kh\u00ed b\u1ecb kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean b\u00ed m\u1eadt b\u1ecb truy l\u00f9ng, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y 26-1-1930, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 20 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 V\u00f5ng La, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ng\u00e0y 10-2-1930, l\u00fd do: N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ngay, th\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ebd \u0111i t\u1edbi tan r\u00e3. \u1ede bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i c\u00e2u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: “Kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u00ec th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n<\/i>“. Cu\u1ed9c T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u “ch\u1ecdn l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft”,<\/i> nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi Nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 sau ghi l\u1ea1i. <\/p>\n

Sau n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc. <\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u1ea3: L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u1ecdc Quy\u1ebfn, \u0110\u1ed9i C\u1ea5n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn tr\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. <\/p>\n

Theo Nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ed1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb b\u1ea1i l\u1ed9, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n vi\u00ean \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 70.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n \u0110\u00e0o, c\u00f3 1500 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean. <\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp chi b\u1ed9 Nam \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u01b0 X\u00e3 cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1926, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 5 thanh ni\u00ean. T\u1ed5ng B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean quy t\u1ee5 15 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1929, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean, qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng. <\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c \u00e1m s\u00e1t Bazin ng\u00e0y 9-2-1929, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 truy n\u00e3 to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, b\u1ecb \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7y. Th\u00e1ng 5-1929, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a g\u1ea5p r\u00fat, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tan r\u00e3, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y. <\/p>\n

Theo Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n \u0110\u00e0o, t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1929 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang n\u0103m 1930, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 70 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a bom, \u0111ao, ki\u1ebfm, truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n, c\u1edd qu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c VNQD\u0110. <\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Th\u00e0nh D\u01b0\u01a1ng cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1929, \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed9i \u1ee9ng trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i l\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a<\/i> v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb: <\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Nhu l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c l\u00ean Y\u00ean B\u00e1i truy\u1ec1n l\u1ec7nh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00eam 10-2-30: Cai Ho\u1eb1ng (Ng\u00f4 H\u1ea3i Ho\u1eb1ng) ch\u1ec9 huy chi\u1ebfm kho qu\u00e2n nhu, ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ed3n Cao, nh\u01b0ng phi c\u01a1 Ph\u00e1p, t\u1eeb H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i bay l\u00ean oanh t\u1ea1c tr\u00fang b\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy. M\u1ed9t gi\u1edd \u0111\u00eam 10-2-30, Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Nhu t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng H\u01b0ng H\u00f3a, L\u00e2m Thao, b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n. Ng\u00e0y 13-2, Ph\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00ednh, thu th\u1eadp t\u00e0n qu\u00e2n Y\u00ean B\u00e1i t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh S\u01a1n T\u00e2y, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m ch\u00e2n \u1edf \u0110\u00e1p C\u1ea7u, Ph\u1ea3 L\u1ea1i. <\/p>\n

K\u00fd Con (\u0110\u1eb7ng Tr\u1ea7n Nghi\u1ec7p, 19 tu\u1ed5i) ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n c\u1ea3m t\u1eed \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng. Tr\u1ea7n Quang Di\u1ec7u di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ho\u00e0ng Gia M\u00f4, \u1edf H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y 16-2- l\u00e0ng C\u1ed5 Am b\u1ecb 57 tr\u00e1i bom t\u00e0n ph\u00e1.[10]<\/a> H\u00f4m sau, Vi V\u0103n \u0110\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n vi\u1ec7c c\u00e0n qu\u00e9t nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n, Nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ed1ng vi\u1ebft: <\/p>\n

Ngay ng\u00e0y 17-2-1930, t\u00ean Vi V\u0103n \u0110\u1ecbnh, T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ec1 Ph\u1ee5 D\u1ef1c, kh\u00e1m b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng, t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t m\u1edb kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 b\u1eaft 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi- C\u00f2n V\u0129nh B\u1ea3o v\u00e0o tay t\u00ean C\u00f4ng s\u1ee9 H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 30 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft.<\/em>[11]<\/strong><\/a> <\/p>\n

V\u1eady, d\u00f9 cu\u1ed9c T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a<\/i> c\u00f3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng hay kh\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o “th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng? <\/p>\n

V\u1ee5 \u00e1m s\u00e1t Bazin, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh m\u1ed9 phu t\u00e0n \u00e1c? <\/p>\n

V\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Y\u00ean B\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho bao nhi\u00eau thanh ni\u00ean \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c sau n\u00e0y? <\/p>\n

Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Bazin<\/b> <\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Bazin l\u00e0m h\u1ecd gi\u1eadt m\u00ecnh, vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9 phu b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7 h\u1eb3n. Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o vi\u1ebft:<\/i> <\/p>\n

<\/i> <\/p>\n

\n

V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1930, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1eb3n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9 phu (…) \u0110\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ecbch ra 5% s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a phu, r\u1ed5i b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra, c\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng ng\u1ea7n \u1ea5y, g\u1eedi nh\u00e0 gi\u00e2y th\u00e9p, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac h\u1ebft h\u1ea1n giao k\u00e8o, phu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong n\u0103m 1933, s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh tr\u1ea3 cho phu v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 24 v\u1ea1n b\u1ea1c.
<\/i>R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111\u1ec3 cho phu phen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n no v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec7 sinh.<\/i> <\/i>(Trong r\u1eebng cao su<\/i>, NN s\u1ed1 151, 4-3-39).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9 phu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: <\/p>\n

\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1932, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi phu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng 0,40 \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e0n b\u00e0: 0,30 \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. Sau n\u0103m 1932, l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 0,30\u0111, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 0, 27 \u0111. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1935, l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng n\u1eefa: \u0110\u00e0n \u00f4ng, 0,27\u0111, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0: 0, 20\u0111. Tuy v\u1eady, b\u1ecdn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u00f2n k\u00eau l\u00e0 cao qu\u00e1, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng n\u1eefa! <\/i>(Trong r\u1eebng cao su<\/i>, NN s\u1ed1 152, 11-3-39).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i cho gi\u1edbi \u0111i m\u1ed9 phu, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9 phu v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i m\u1ed9 phu, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n v\u1ec1, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f9ng l\u1eafm ch\u1ec9 \u1edf h\u1ebft h\u1ea1n giao k\u00e8o 3 n\u0103m, kh\u00f4ng ai \u1edf th\u00eam n\u1eefa. <\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1929, c\u00f3 3723 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed1n, 1457 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft<\/i> hay t\u1ef1 \u00fd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. <\/p>\n

Tr\u1ed1n \u0111i, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tr\u00f3c n\u00e3 b\u1eaft l\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea1t ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u00f9 t\u1ed9i. <\/p>\n

B\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: Ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9 phu, t\u00ecm ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo th\u00f3i th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7. T\u00ecm c\u00e1ch cho d\u00e2n B\u1eafc t\u1ef1 \u00fd v\u00e0o Nam l\u00e0m \u0103n, sinh c\u01a1 l\u1eadp nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n vi\u1ec7c di d\u00e2n. <\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i Lu\u1eadt x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/i>, in tr\u00ean Ng\u00e0y Nay s\u1ed1 153 (18-3-39), Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o cho bi\u1ebft: Lu\u1eadt m\u1ed9 phu, sau n\u00e0y d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n \u0111i m\u1ed9 phu \u1edf trong Nam ho\u1eb7c T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f2n h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi phu kh\u1ed5 c\u1ef1c \u1edf H\u00f2n Gay, U\u00f4ng B\u00ed, \u1edf trong nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ee3i Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p che ch\u1edf. N\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y \u0111i, th\u00ec b\u1ecdn ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng, t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n. <\/p>\n

Ngay nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103m 1933, \u0111\u00e3 ra, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng b\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng khi sang \u0110\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1ecdn ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ecdn ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ee3i Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, n\u01a1i m\u01b0\u1ee3n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, tr\u1ebb con, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng thi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. <\/p>\n

B\u1ecdn ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n v\u1eabn h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Annam l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng lu\u1eadt x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. <\/p>\n

T\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ee1 b\u1edd. Th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang n\u0103m 1936, t\u1eeb Nam ra B\u1eafc, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 4, 5 v\u1ea1n th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ch\u1ec9 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1edbt gi\u1edd l\u00e0m v\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00ec l\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c 11, 12 gi\u1edd m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. (Lu\u1eadt x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/i>, NN s\u1ed1 153). <\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u00ecnh d\u00e2n l\u00ean c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7n lao m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t quy ch\u1ebf lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o h\u01a1n. <\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i 1936 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u00ecnh D\u00e2n<\/b> <\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 30-12-1936, s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy\u1ec7t y v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau, ng\u00e0y 27-1-1937, To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n Br\u00e9vi\u00e9 k\u00fd ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh ban h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u00f5i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 trong b\u00e0i Lu\u1eadt x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/i>, tr\u00ean Ng\u00e0y Nay s\u1ed1 154 (25-3-39). C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng: <\/p>\n

– C\u1ea5m m\u01b0\u1ee3n tr\u1ebb em d\u01b0\u1edbi 12 tu\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ebfn 20 tu\u1ed5i, b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i cho th\u00e0nh th\u1ee3. <\/p>\n

– S\u1ed1 th\u1ee3 t\u1eadp vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 1\/3 s\u1ed1 th\u1ee3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. <\/p>\n

– X\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 25 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t t\u1edd quy \u01b0\u1edbc ri\u00eang, n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng, k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, v\u1ec7 sinh… do nha Thanh tra Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng duy\u1ec7t. <\/p>\n

– K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 1-1-1937, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c 9 gi\u1edd. <\/p>\n

– K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 1-1-1938, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c 8 gi\u1edd. <\/p>\n

– L\u00e0m \u0111\u00eam ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. <\/p>\n

– \u0110\u00e0n b\u00e0, con g\u00e1i, tr\u1ebb con d\u01b0\u1edbi 18 tu\u1ed5i, c\u1ea5m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00eam. <\/p>\n

– Th\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y trong tu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u1ec9 10 ng\u00e0y, c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng. <\/p>\n

– T\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec7 sinh cho th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n. <\/p>\n

– Tai n\u1ea1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng: khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i ngh\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1 b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0y, th\u00ec d\u00f9 l\u1ed7i \u1edf th\u1ee3 hay kh\u00f4ng, ch\u1ee7 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng cho h\u1ecd. <\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt lao \u0111\u1ed9ng 1936, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 theo t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, l\u1ea5y c\u1edb r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh tuy \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n t\u00ecm h\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. <\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y:<\/i> <\/p>\n

<\/i> <\/p>\n

S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng ch\u1ea1p n\u0103m 1936 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u00ecnh D\u00e2n tuy\u00ean h\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 can h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng”<\/i> (NN s\u1ed1 154) <\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch v\u00e0 m\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft th\u00eam g\u00ec. <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n: <\/p>\n

– Kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n. <\/p>\n

– Kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng. <\/p>\n

– Kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 che ch\u1edf cho th\u1ee3 khi b\u1ecb \u1ed1m \u0111au, b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc, tai n\u1ea1n, th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p… <\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh 1936 (NN s\u1ed1 154). <\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng sau khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, n\u0103m 1939, quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u0169, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u b\u1ecb thu h\u1ed3i: b\u00e1o ch\u00ed b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t g\u1eaft gao h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111i C\u00f4n \u0110\u1ea3o. <\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1939, Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t lo\u1ea1t V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n lao, <\/i>v\u1edbi b\u00e0i T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i>, tr\u00ean Ng\u00e0y Nay s\u1ed1 159 (29-4-39), v\u1edbi l\u1eddi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t sau \u0111\u00e2y: <\/p>\n

\n

S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p, m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ai gi\u00fap h\u1ecd, th\u00ec theo lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd, t\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u h\u1ecd, t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

C\u00e2u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u: c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ea7n lao<\/i>.<\/b> <\/p>\n

(C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp) <\/p>\n

Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea
thuykhue.free.fr <\/p>\n

\n

[1]<\/a> V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n lao \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Lao c\u00f4ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch<\/i>, NN s\u1ed1 150, 25-2-39. <\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n lao \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Lao c\u00f4ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch<\/i>, NN s\u1ed1 150, 25-2-39. <\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> <\/i>L’Indo-Chine fran\u00e7aise (souvenirs) <\/i>Nxb Vuibert et Nony, Paris, in l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, 1905. <\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ed1ng, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc<\/i>, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 17, b\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. <\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n \u0110\u00e0o, Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng<\/i>, NXB T\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t, t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n k\u1ef3 4, Cali, 2006, trang 48-53. <\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n \u0110\u00e0o, Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng<\/i>, trang 50. <\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Xem ph\u00f3ng s\u1ef1 Bu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi <\/i>c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t Chi Mai, tr\u00ean Ng\u00e0y Nay nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u. <\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n \u0110\u00e0o, Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng<\/i>, trang 47-48. <\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ed1ng, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc<\/i>, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 17 v\u00e0 18, b\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. <\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin trong \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y vi\u1ebft theo Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n \u0110\u00e0o v\u00e0 Nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ed1ng trong hai cu\u1ed1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng<\/i> v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc<\/i>. <\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ed1ng, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 30, b\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n lao c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n lao c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Karl Marx nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n [c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c] b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ea7n lao [d\u1ecb ch\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb] ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1108,"featured_media":69060,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,9,8,181,289],"tags":[383],"class_list":["post-69056","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-nghien-cuu","category-phe-binh","category-tu-lieu","category-tu-luc-van-doan-phong-hoa-ngay-nay","tag-tu-luc-van-doan"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/69056","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1108"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=69056"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/69056\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":69063,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/69056\/revisions\/69063"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/69060"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=69056"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=69056"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=69056"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}