{"id":6777,"date":"2009-06-13T00:05:00","date_gmt":"2009-06-13T00:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/archives\/6777"},"modified":"2019-02-28T02:49:30","modified_gmt":"2019-02-28T02:49:30","slug":"tram-viet-tren-vung-dinh-menh-chuong-2-hat-giong-nay-mam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/6777\/tram-viet-tren-vung-dinh-menh-chuong-2-hat-giong-nay-mam","title":{"rendered":"Tr\u0103m Vi\u1ec7t Tr\u00ean V\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ecbnh M\u1ec7nh: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2 – H\u1ea0T GI\u1ed0NG N\u1ea8Y M\u1ea6M"},"content":{"rendered":"

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CH\u01af\u01a0NG 2
H\u1ea0T GI\u1ed0NG N\u1ea8Y M\u1ea6M<\/strong><\/p>\n

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L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t, N\u1ec1n M\u00f3ng V\u0103n Minh Ti\u1ec1n Hoa \u1ea4n<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb bao gi\u1edd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u thi\u00ean di xu\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1n kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea5y m\u1ef1c nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf. <\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p ngay m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn ho\u1ea3 m\u00f9 v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian v\u1edbi 20 v\u1ecb vua h\u1ecd H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i 26 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u1ed1c t\u00edch c\u0169ng m\u00f9 m\u1edd kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m th\u1eddi gian. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u01b0ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t ch\u1eef \u0111\u1eadm m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u trang s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t \u2013 ba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00ean trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

1. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc thi\u00ean di xu\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec1n nam.<\/p>\n

2. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb r\u1eebng s\u00e2u n\u00fai cao t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng b\u1ec3 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

3. H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t. <\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbt l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf tr\u00ean, nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1ng coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft Tam Ho\u00e0ng Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n t\u1ed9c. V\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u1eeb L\u1ea1c Long Qu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n sang H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb Thu\u1ea5n sang V\u0169, d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e0i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f9 m\u1edd qua th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt ra th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u1eabn m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean coi t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1edd H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng trong ngai v\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5 (ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng truy l\u00ean t\u1edbi L\u1ea1c Long Qu\u00e2n hay th\u1ea7n N\u00f4ng). Th\u00ec Phong Ch\u00e2u (B\u1ea1ch H\u1ea1c, V\u0129nh Y\u00ean) kinh \u0111\u00f4 V\u0103n Lang c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec1n H\u00f9ng c\u00f2n kia, l\u1ebd n\u00e0o d\u1ec5 m\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c!<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn h\u00e3y c\u00f2n k\u1eb9t \u1edf ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o thi\u00ean k\u1ef7 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn 18 \u0111\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng (c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft 18 d\u00f2ng vua?). N\u1ebfu ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 18 \u0111\u1eddi H\u00f9ng th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i lui ng\u00e0y l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c xu\u1ed1ng \u00edt ra l\u00e0 2.000 n\u0103m. Theo ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng sau, th\u1eed t\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i 18 \u0111\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi trung b\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1eddi 25 n\u0103m, ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian tr\u00ean b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m n\u0103m. N\u1ebfu k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00c2u Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t (n\u0103m 257 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) th\u00ec H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 ghi trong Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed L\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t d\u1ecb nh\u00e2n \u1edf b\u1ed9 Gia Ninh, \u0111\u1eddi Chu Trang V\u01b0\u01a1ng, thu ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0i \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng [1]<\/a>. \u0110\u1eddi Trang V\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 Chu l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean (696-682). \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 h\u01a1i c\u00f3 v\u1ebb s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ed1n n\u1ed7i s\u1eed s\u00e1ch c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n ghi n\u0103m T\u00e2n M\u00e3o \u0111\u1eddi Th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 Chu, t\u1ee9c 1109 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf ph\u00eda nam x\u1ee9 Giao Ch\u1ec9 sai s\u1ee9 \u0111em chim b\u1ea1ch tr\u0129 sang c\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu y c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y th\u00ec l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u00edt ra b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb thi\u00ean k\u1ef7 2 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y t\u1ea1m coi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi v\u1ea5n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng h\u1eb1ng thi\u00ean k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang t\u00f4i x\u1ebfp cu\u1ed9c thi\u00ean di c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee7 cho ch\u00fang ta suy c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng di v\u1eadt ta \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn s\u00e2u v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng thau v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tinh vi cao \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n (1924), c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 T\u00e2y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edbt b\u00e0n t\u00e1n x\u00f4n xao. Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u00f3i l\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y ng\u1ee3p, v\u00e0 v\u00ec qu\u00e1 ng\u1ee3p h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng ra n\u00f3. Th\u1eadt th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng khi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n h\u00e8n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kia (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c) l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i v\u00ed v\u1edbi v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Hallstatt, LaT\u00eane (Heine Geldern) hay Saint Acheul, Mas d\u2019Asil (Victor Goloubew). Do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9ng minh di ch\u1ec9 \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n t\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p V. Goloubew, Friedrich Hirth, Olov Janse [2]<\/a> hay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m ch\u00f3t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1nh tay v\u0103n minh T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u01b0\u01a1n d\u00e0i t\u1edbi nh\u01b0 H. Geldern, Callenfeis v.v\u2026<\/p>\n

D\u1ea7u sao, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u00f3 b\u1ecb b\u00f3p m\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. V\u00ec n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1eb7t sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb m\u1ea5y ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m nay. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecf \u00fd nghi ng\u1edd t\u1ea1o n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1eedng s\u1ed1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00e0o Th\u1ecbnh (Y\u00ean B\u00e1i, 1960) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hoa v\u0103n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ng\u1ecdc L\u0169 m\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f2n c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb khi \u00c2u Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t th\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p, v\u0103n minh s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 h\u01a1n. Th\u00e0nh C\u1ed5 Loa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0m ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t. Ren\u00e9 Despierres trong C\u1ed5 Loa, Capital Du Royaunme \u00c2u L\u1ea1c<\/i> \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 chung c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ngo\u00e0i c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i (g\u1ed3m ba l\u1edbp d\u00e0i t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 17 c\u00e2y s\u1ed1) kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m g\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh Paris c\u1ea5t sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. \u0110\u00e3 th\u1ebf l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n \u201cn\u1ecf th\u1ea7n\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh. N\u0103m 1959 d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00fac ngay d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft n\u1ecf An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, tuy r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea7n h\u00f4n th\u00e1nh \u00e1m g\u00ec nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 m\u00e1y b\u1eafn m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u m\u0169i t\u00ean, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u1eafn h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00edch, c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9i cung th\u1ee7 theo nh\u1ecbp l\u1ec7nh. \u0110\u00e0ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt ti\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. <\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft s\u1eed h\u00f4m nay, n\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ch\u00f3i l\u1ecdi nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a khoa kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft t\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00e0y \u1edf r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ngo\u00e0i h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111ua nhau \u0111i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u00e3i t\u1eadn Kampuchia, Indonesia, Phi-l\u00edp-pin.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9, d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Ch\u1ec9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n mang qu\u00e2n sang \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady do Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00ec nh\u00f3m Vi\u1ec7t s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c H\u00e1n ho\u00e1 kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t mi\u1ec1n xu\u00f4i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a quan qu\u00e2n T\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 nam \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u0103n minh \u1ea4n. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n nh\u00f3m Vi\u1ec7t lui v\u1ec1 r\u1eebng n\u00fai (nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n M\u01b0\u1eddng) l\u00e0 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n n\u1ebfp sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n. Ch\u00ednh trong n\u1ec1n n\u1ebfp sinh ho\u1ea1t \u1ea5y m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc anh h\u00f9ng c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0 \u0110inh B\u1ed9 L\u0129nh, L\u00ea L\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n

L\u00e2m \u1ea4p, H\u1ea1t Nh\u00e2n T\u00e1i Sinh Ngo\u00e0i V\u00f2ng \u1ea2nh H\u01b0\u1edfng H\u00e1n T\u1ed9c<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng tan v\u1ee1 \u1edf C\u1ea9m Kh\u00ea (V\u0129nh Y\u00ean) v\u00e0 th\u1ebf b\u1ee9c hai b\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 t\u1eadn (n\u0103m 43) th\u00ec b\u1ecdn tu\u1ef3 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i d\u1eabn t\u00e0n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n (v\u00f9ng Thanh Ngh\u1ec7). Sau M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n \u0111em qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1nh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0110\u00f4 D\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb thua \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i ra h\u00e0ng, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i lui v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u1ef1c nam ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00f9ng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n (b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Ch\u00e0m trong nh\u00f3m L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t) gi\u1eef huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1. M\u00e3i 59 n\u0103m sau (n\u0103m Nh\u00e2m D\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eddi H\u00f2a \u0110\u1ebf nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, t\u1ee9c 102) nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t xong n\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t qu\u1eadt kh\u1edfi. N\u0103m 192, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Khu Li\u00ean (Ch\u2019u Lien hay K\u2019iu Lien) [3]<\/a>, d\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m (Hsiang Lin) kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm huy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u00ean huy\u1ec7n l\u1ec7nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n. S\u1ee9 th\u1eed \u0111\u1ea5t Giao Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 Ph\u00e0n Di\u1ec5n th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ed9i binh Giao Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e2n s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n t\u1ecf ra \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 phe kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ch\u1ed1ng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 r\u1ed1i ren, H\u00e1n tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e0nh c\u1eed Ch\u00fac L\u01b0\u01a1ng xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i Th\u00fa C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ki\u1ec1u l\u00e0m Th\u1ee9 S\u1eed Giao Ch\u1ec9 lo vi\u1ec7c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c giao tranh, qu\u00e2n H\u00e1n v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda nam qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam (Je Nan) do Khu Li\u00ean chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef. <\/p>\n

Khu Li\u00ean nh\u1eefng mong b\u1eafc ti\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5t L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf, m\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0nh d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf ph\u00eda nam m\u00e0 x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c L\u00e2m \u1ea4p (Lin Yi) g\u1ed3m huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i huy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam bao g\u1ed3m khu Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh, Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean ng\u00e0y nay. Sau khi x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t Khu Li\u00ean lo ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n n\u1ed9i tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh c\u0103n c\u1ee9, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c th\u00e2u \u0111o\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u00fd ch\u00ed \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i cho con ch\u00e1u. <\/p>\n

N\u0103m 270, d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i Khu Li\u00ean th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n, Ph\u1ea1m H\u00f9ng (Fan Hsiung) l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u ngo\u1ea1i l\u00ean n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i, l\u1ea1i kh\u1edfi binh \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 Nh\u1eadt Nam v\u00e0 C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho \u0110\u00e0o Ho\u00e0ng, Th\u1ee9 S\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u, ph\u1ea3i d\u00e2ng s\u1edb v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 T\u1ea5n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 xin gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean binh s\u1ed1 khi nh\u00e0 T\u1ea5n c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3m qu\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u qu\u1eadn. N\u0103m 349, Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n (Fan Wen) mang qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o t\u1edbi t\u1eadn mi\u1ec1n nam \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng may \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n n\u00ean th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Phu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u0103m 399, Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t (Fan Hu Ta) mang qu\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm Nh\u1eadt Nam, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ed1c v\u00e0o Giao Ch\u1ec9, nh\u01b0ng sau b\u1ecb Th\u00e1i Th\u00fa \u0110\u1ed7 Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. N\u0103m 413, Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, song r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb Th\u1ee9 S\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed7 Tu\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ed9 mang qu\u00e2n sang t\u1eadn L\u00e2m \u1ea4p ch\u00e9m gi\u1ebft t\u00e0n h\u1ea1i (n\u0103m 420). <\/p>\n

S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng xong, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e2m \u1ea4p d\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0111\u1ec3 xin l\u0129nh l\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u00e2u v\u1edbi T\u1ed1ng tri\u1ec1u. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n g\u00e2y th\u00eam s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd cho b\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau qu\u00e2n T\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng d\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh s\u00e2u v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba L\u00e2m \u1ea4p, t\u00e0n s\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbp m\u1ea5t tr\u00ean 100.000 c\u00e2n v\u00e0ng (n\u0103m 446). T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 L\u00e2m \u1ea4p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u1ecbp n\u00e0o g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o L\u00e2m \u1ea4p b\u00e8n t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn d\u1ea7n xu\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam. X\u1ee9 L\u00e2m \u1ea4p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng (Huan Wang) nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 808 v\u1ec1 sau th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh (Champa).<\/p>\n

Ph\u00f9 Nam, C\u00e2y C\u1ea7u B\u1eafc Xu\u1ed1ng Mi\u1ec1n Nam<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

N\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n L\u00e2m \u1ea4p, cho\u00e1n h\u1ebft mi\u1ec1n nam l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 l\u00e0 x\u1ee9 Ph\u00f9 Nam. Theo t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa th\u00ec v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1. S\u1eed s\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t m\u00f9 m\u1edd v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y. Truy\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n t\u1edbi n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 n\u00e0ng Li\u1ec5u Di\u1ec7p (Liu Ueh) v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1ee3 l\u1eadp n\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u m\u1edbi. Th\u1ef1c ra chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh x\u1ee9 Ph\u00f9 Nam, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n vua Kaundinya v\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Nagi Soma trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n gian ho\u00e1 trong khu v\u1ef1c Ph\u00f9 Nam Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi s\u1eed L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t th\u00ec ta th\u1ea5y th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y do giai c\u1ea5p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Khi Hai B\u00e0 th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c di t\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 nam. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n r\u1ea5t th\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 \u0111i bi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 sao? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u to\u00e1n r\u00fat v\u1ec1 nam b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n l\u1eafm ch\u1ee9. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu v\u1eady bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t t\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf mi\u1ec1n c\u1ef1c nam c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y? S\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong s\u1eed s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u1edf L\u00e2m \u1ea4p m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf c\u1ea3 Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd khi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft khi l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c, v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 g\u00ec , ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi Trung Hoa (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3) th\u00ec t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 Phnom (ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u phi\u00ean ra l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Nam) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00fai non. Di t\u00edch c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea5y \u1edf V\u00f5 C\u1ea3nh g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3n kinh Ph\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n Nam \u1ea4n v\u00e0o ti\u1ec1n b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u0103n minh \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long, xong lan qua Bi\u1ec3n H\u1ed3 (Tonl\u00e9 Sap) r\u1ed3i v\u00f2ng sang t\u1eadn Ch\u00e2u Th\u1ed5 Chao Phraya xu\u1ed1ng b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai. Trong su\u1ed1t n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m, Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 5, nh\u01b0ng sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 6 th\u00ec y\u1ebfu d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 b\u1ecb Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p th\u00f4n t\u00ednh. <\/p>\n

Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Nam ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ee9ng ri\u00eang trong t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 v\u1edbi t\u1ed9c M\u00f4n Khmer. Tuy nhi\u00ean vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a hai qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean th\u1eadt l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 g\u1ea1ch n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p v\u1eeba suy s\u1ee5p (\u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nam Vi\u1ec7t) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p \u0111ang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho gi\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng Tr\u0103m Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f2n m\u00e3i ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i. <\/p>\n

[c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp<\/em>]<\/p>\n

\n

Ghi Ch\u00fa:<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> \u201cCh\u00ed Chu trang v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, Gia ninh b\u1ed9 h\u1eefu d\u1ecb nh\u00e2n y\u00ean, n\u0103ng d\u0129 \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt, ph\u1ee5c ch\u01b0 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00f4 \u01b0 V\u0103n Lang, hi\u1ec7u V\u0103n Lang qu\u1ed1c, d\u0129 thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5t vi t\u1ee5c, k\u1ebft th\u1eb3ng vi ch\u00ednh, truy\u1ec1n th\u1eadp b\u00e1t gia x\u01b0ng H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng.\u201d (Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed L\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i>)<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Olov Janse m\u1edbi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 k\u1ef3 kh\u00f4i! Trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n sau c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n (The Illustrated London News<\/i>, ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1935), nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i th\u1eddi gian tr\u00f4i qua, b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a H. Geldern m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa l\u0169 tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 xoay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7u l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp b\u1edfi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tochar\u00e9ens t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng Pont Euxin mi\u1ec1n H\u1eafc H\u1ea3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f4ng trinh tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn \u1edf m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t v\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t. Su\u1ed1t trong b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u0103n minh Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Hu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1959 (b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u0103ng li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp trong c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc 12, 13 v\u00e0 14 do Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Hu\u1ebf \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1959 v\u00e0 1960), \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u00f4i b\u00e1c ra kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 n\u00f3i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y trong th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf: nh\u1eefng n\u1ea5m m\u1ed3 k\u1ebb ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee5c cho cao l\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d4ng \u0110\u1ed1ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eaft O. Janse n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n Herm\u00e8s c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p m\u00e0 d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5ng th\u1edd t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec5n chinh \u1edf H\u1eafc H\u1ea3i t\u1edbi. <\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef trong ngo\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ea th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ec7n k\u00ea c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 L\u00e2m \u1ea4p (Lin Yi) ho\u1eb7c Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh (Champa) v\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Nam (Funan) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u00c2u M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p ngay m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn ho\u1ea3 m\u00f9 v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian v\u1edbi 20 v\u1ecb vua h\u1ecd H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i 26 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u1ed1c t\u00edch c\u0169ng m\u00f9 m\u1edd kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m th\u1eddi gian. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1355,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,152,153,9,183],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6777","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-hoc-thuat","category-lich-su","category-nghien-cuu","category-nhan-van"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6777","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1355"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6777"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6777\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":53483,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6777\/revisions\/53483"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6777"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6777"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6777"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}