L\u1eddi T\u00f2a So\u1ea1n: <\/strong>Ph\u1ea7n III l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t trong bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o n\u00e0y, gi\u00fap l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00eau ra trong ph\u1ea7n II. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, s\u1eed gia, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u00fd th\u1ee9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. <\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ec7n theo d\u00f5i, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin n\u00eau l\u00ean sau \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0i n\u00e9t ch\u00ednh trong hai k\u1ef3 5 v\u00e0 6 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n III:<\/p>\n D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quan ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ea3i h\u01a1n 400 n\u0103m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i L\u00fd, Tr\u1ea7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn Minh thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 L\u00ea L\u1ee3i, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1edbi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 ta hi\u1ec3u ng\u00e0y nay. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, tuy ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, c\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng chia x\u1ebb huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 t\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi g\u1eafn k\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u, trong \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed1i r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. <\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m tr\u00ean, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00eau l\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn hai quan ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ernest Andr\u00e9 Gellner, theo \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 ph\u00f3 s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p sang c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong gi\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nho s\u0129 sang lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang; v\u00e0 hai l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Benedict Anderson, theo \u0111\u00f3, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh: t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/i>, c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/i> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n<\/i>. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u1ea5n lo\u00e1t (print capitalism) v\u1edbi hai s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau, th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 19, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi hai c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5: \u201cGia \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00e1o\u201d c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, v\u00e0 \u201cTruy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7y Lazaro Phi\u1ec1n\u201d v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau, s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00f4ng Ng\u00f4n v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u00e1c C\u1ed5. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecdc-vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng s\u0129 v\u00e0 nho s\u0129 th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/b><\/p>\n (K\u1ef3 5)<\/em><\/b><\/p>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV c\u00f3 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ec7nh danh \u201cd\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t\u201d \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nay l\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc v\u00e0 b\u1eafc mi\u1ec1n trung? C\u00f3 th\u1eadt c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m hay x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00ea \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c s\u1edbm h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t? <\/p>\n Th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i sao \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng qu\u00e2n Minh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi gi\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng quan qu\u00e2n, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n truy s\u00e1t t\u1edbi c\u00f9ng cha con vua c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd? Th\u1ebf v\u00ec sao t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa h\u0103ng h\u00e1i tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Minh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i \u201cQu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i vi chi kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0 \u570b\u5185\u7232\u4e4b\u7a7a\u865a\u201d, trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec th\u1ebf tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng<\/i>? Th\u1ebf nguy\u00ean do g\u00ec \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i vi Thanh H\u00f3a thay v\u00ec t\u1ea1i \u201ctrung t\u00e2m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d? Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y th\u00ec s\u1ef1 o\u00e1n gh\u00e9t m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t? Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i th\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 xoay chi\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i qui m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb l\u00e2u trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 chi ph\u1ed1i t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 xem c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u1ec9 th\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n m\u1ea1t-H\u1ed3-L\u00ea s\u01a1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u bao la, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau. Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu tinh l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5t. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t mang t\u1ea7m quy m\u00f4 g\u1ea5p ngh\u00ecn v\u1ea1n l\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ea1i C\u00e1o n\u00ean tham v\u1ecdng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng qua m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ng\u1eafn l\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u00ea L\u1ee3i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i g\u00ec, v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9t ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t-\u0110\u1ea1i Ngu m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea1c qu\u00e1 xa ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. <\/p>\n \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a <\/b>c\u1ee7a <\/b>Ernest Renan (1823 – 1892):<\/b>(97)<\/sup><\/p>\n D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tinh th\u1ea7n. C\u00f3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, th\u1ef1c ra ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t, t\u1ea1o <\/i>n\u00ean t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t n\u1eb1m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, m\u1ed9t trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. C\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc di s\u1ea3n k\u00fd \u1ee9c phong ph\u00fa; c\u00e1i kia l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 <\/i>l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chung s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed bi\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t.<\/i> (98)<\/i><\/sup><\/p>\n Ho\u1eb7c theo c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c: V\u00ec th\u1ebf d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t qui m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi <\/i>c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng hy sinh m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1ed7i <\/i>ng\u01b0\u1eddi chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. N\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9; tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn, l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/i> <\/i>c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0, xin l\u1ed7i ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ph\u00e9p \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng<\/i>.(99)<\/sup><\/p>\n Renan di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i th\u00eam: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0o n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef hay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a anh ta, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0o lu\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c r\u1eb7ng n\u00fai. M\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u1edbn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi tr\u00ed \u00f3c minh m\u1eabn v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim \u1ea5m \u00e1p, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u1ee9 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Khi n\u00e0o \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh qua nh\u1eefng hy sinh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f2n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/i>.(100)<\/sup><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Renan cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch quan nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chia x\u1ebb nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng c\u00f9ng nhau ph\u00e1t huy gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn mang t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n. Ta th\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u01b0a b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch quan, c\u1ee7a Renan v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ec7nh danh d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t-An Nam d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n a. \u0110\u1ed3ng s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc di s\u1ea3n k\u00fd \u1ee9c phong ph\u00fa:<\/u><\/p>\n \u1ee8c Trai kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t k\u00fd \u1ee9c gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 vinh quang ch\u00f3i l\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng L\u01b0u Cung, Tri\u1ec7u Ti\u1ebft, \u00d4 M\u00e3, Toa \u0110\u00f4; nh\u01b0 uy nghi \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng Tri\u1ec7u, \u0110inh, L\u00fd, Tr\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng vai ph\u1ea3i l\u1ee9a v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc. <\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb k\u00fd \u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1428, gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n qua ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n nh\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i v\u1eabn xem Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 l\u00e0 vua t\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. S\u1eed k\u00fd c\u1ee7a L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb h\u1ecd Tri\u1ec7u (To\u00e0n Th\u01b0 I, 95),(101)<\/sup> quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a L\u00ea T\u1eafc.(102)<\/sup> R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa d\u01b0\u1edbi hai tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i L\u00fd-Tr\u1ea7n. Quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n. Ngo\u00e0i vua t\u1ed5 g\u1ed1c T\u1ea7n, m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb vua t\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c, thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch m\u1edd khu\u1ea5t h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c (kho\u1ea3ng 1377 \u2013 1388). S\u1eed gia khuy\u1ebft danh n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 \u1edf b\u1ed9 Gia Ninh, th\u1eddi Chu Trang v\u01b0\u01a1ng (696 \u2013 682TCN), d\u00f9ng \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt qui ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng.(103)<\/sup> C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u0103ng, khu v\u1ef1c n\u1eb1m kho\u1ea3ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd, V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac nay. Khi Ph\u1ea1m S\u01b0 M\u1ea1nh (1300? \u2013 1384?) kinh l\u00fd v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y, n\u01a1i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang theo phong t\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1, \u00f4ng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u201cH\u00e0nh qu\u1eadn\u201d trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e2u: \u201cL\u00f4 th\u1ee7y phi\u00ean ly, Thao t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1c. V\u0103n Lang nh\u1eadt nguy\u1ec7t, Th\u1ee5c s\u01a1n h\u00e0 \u7018\u6c34\u85e9\u7c6c\u6d2e\u805a\u843d\u6587\u90ce\u65e5\u6708\u8700\u5c71\u6cb3\u201d,(104)<\/sup> s\u00f4ng L\u00f4 l\u00e0m ph\u00ean gi\u1eadu, s\u00f4ng Thao \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m. (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1ng) d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi V\u0103n Lang, tr\u00ean non n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ee5c.<\/i> Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n th\u00f4ng tin S\u01b0 M\u1ea1nh nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n trong L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi.(105)<\/sup><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f9ng chung k\u00fd \u1ee9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm. L\u00f9i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng th\u00ec k\u00fd \u1ee9c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00e1nh. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t ph\u00eda nam l\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung v\u1edbi giai t\u1ea7ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hoa H\u1ea1, tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi h\u1ecd L\u01b0u t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 hai h\u1ecd L\u00fd-Tr\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i Giao ch\u00e2u n\u00ean s\u1eed gia d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh d\u01b0\u1edbi hai tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i M\u00e2n thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00f4n Tri\u1ec7u V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0m vua t\u1ed5. Nh\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi v\u1ecb t\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh \u1edf Gia Ninh thu ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng, truy\u1ec1n n\u1ed1i m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m \u0111\u1eddi. C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng vua qu\u00ea Thanh H\u00f3a nh\u01b0 L\u00ea-Nguy\u1ec5n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi v\u1ecb vua t\u1ed5 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i n\u00e0y. Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t k\u00fd \u1ee9c theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i. S\u01a1 su\u1ea5t ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh trong \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n h\u1ecd H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng. B\u1ed5 sung quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh vua L\u00ea.<\/p>\n b. S\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chung s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed bi\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t:<\/u><\/p>\n C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 L\u00ea L\u1ee3i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n t\u00e0i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 r\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c ra l\u00e0m quan v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. To\u00e0n Th\u01b0 ghi ch\u00e9p m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n – Th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang n\u0103m \u0110inh M\u00f9i (1427): H\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c quan c\u1ea5p l\u1ed9 t\u00ecm h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee3c, tr\u00ed d\u0169ng, l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 T\u01b0 M\u00e3, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u1edbng, m\u1ed7i vi\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi (To\u00e0n Th\u01b0 II, 282). M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea Th\u00e1i t\u00f4ng, v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y than phi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a vua v\u1ec1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng thi\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n – Th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang n\u0103m Gi\u00e1p D\u1ea7n (1434): \u201c\u2026..M\u1edbi r\u1ed3i, t\u00ecm ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft. Nay \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ai theo l\u1ec7nh ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i l\u00f2ng tr\u1eabm l\u00e0 c\u1edb l\u00e0m sao?\u201d (To\u00e0n Th\u01b0 II, 330).<\/p>\n So v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ee5 d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9 3.000 gi\u1ea5y kh\u00e1m h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec3n quan vi\u00ean Giao Ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn 9.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec nh\u00e0 L\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c chi\u00eau t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u01b0u t\u00fa. Tr\u1ea3i h\u01a1n 400 n\u0103m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd L\u00fd, h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Minh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ean \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u mang y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c-v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u00f9 ch\u1eef ch\u00ecm khu\u1ea5t n\u01a1i h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00ednh nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201ckinh\u201d th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u n\u00e0y, theo Keith Taylor, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00ean t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly, c\u00f4 l\u1eadp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a L\u00ea L\u1ee3i. D\u00f9 Taylor nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t kh\u00e1 nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3 v\u00ec \u201ckinh\u201d ch\u1ec9 ng\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 b\u1eafc trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c \u00e9o le nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta suy ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai ph\u00eda nam. H\u1ecd mang ho\u00e0i b\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c s\u01a1n c\u01b0\u1edbc, ho\u00e0i b\u00e3o m\u00e0 tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi v\u1ecb vua g\u1ed1c Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng M\u1ea1c \u0110\u0103ng Dung.<\/p>\n C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi L\u00ea L\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai n\u00ean, theo ti\u00eau ch\u00ed Renan, ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi g\u1eafn k\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u. <\/p>\n \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a <\/b>c\u1ee7a J<\/b>oseph Stalin (1878 \u2013 1953):<\/b><\/p>\n D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf chung, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 chung, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u00e2m l\u00fd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a chung.<\/i>(106)<\/sup><\/p>\n Theo Stalin, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra b\u00ean tr\u00ean d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd \u0111i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3.<\/p>\n a. L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 chung, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung:<\/u><\/p>\n Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Minh sang, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m hai khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1eafc b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 b\u1eafc trung b\u1ed9 v\u1ed1n b\u1ecb ng\u0103n chia b\u1edfi \u0111\u00e8o Tam \u0110i\u1ec7p kh\u00e1 hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean v\u1eabn giao ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ed9 duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n. Trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u00e2n t\u00f4ng, khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i hao t\u1ed5n, Hoan Di\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 kho d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef binh l\u00ednh. Trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c L\u00ea L\u1ee3i, \u0110\u00f4ng Quan v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ed5 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam. Tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c bi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n c\u01b0 th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a hai \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. <\/p>\n M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u H\u1eadu L\u00ea, To\u00e0n Th\u01b0 ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c c\u00e3i nhau v\u0103ng m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a cao c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p gi\u1eefa quan l\u1ea1i g\u1ed1c kinh v\u00e0 g\u1ed1c tr\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf hai kh\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng chung ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, lo\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi L\u00fd r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf kinh \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c. Ph\u1ea7n l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung nay c\u00f2n l\u01b0u qua di s\u1ea3n th\u01a1 N\u00f4m Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ea7m tinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 xa l\u1ea1 d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi kinh hay tr\u1ea1i do c\u00e1c t\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ecd B\u1ebf, \u0110\u00e8o, Ma, C\u1ea7m\u2026 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o; c\u00e1c h\u1ecd n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Kra-Dai tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng cao. Th\u1eddi qu\u00e2n Minh r\u00fat lui, ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Kinh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 M\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng Lam S\u01a1n d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i th\u1ec1 \u0110\u00f4ng Quan mang h\u1ecd Ph\u1ea1m (V\u1ea5n), L\u00ea (Ng\u00e2n), Nguy\u1ec5n (Ch\u00edch), B\u00f9i (B\u1ecb) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecd hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, s\u1eed gia kh\u00f4ng xem c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 M\u01b0\u1eddng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ecb gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n th\u00edch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng M\u00e2n v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec song ng\u1eef nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n kinh l\u1ed9 khi c\u00f9ng n\u00f3i th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ec7nh danh \u201cnh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cman nh\u00e2n\u201d, ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 60% t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ki\u1ec3m k\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1408.<\/p>\n b. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf chung:<\/u><\/p>\n Stalin cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Georgia chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c khi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, kinh t\u1ebf t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao ti\u1ebfp ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n n\u1ed5i l\u00ean; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00ednh c\u00f4 l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 h\u00f2a ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i. V\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eadm m\u00e0u s\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 cung t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n c. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u00e2m l\u00fd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a chung:<\/u><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, Stalin n\u00eau v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ba c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u00c1i Nh\u0129 Lan. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ba nh\u00f3m n\u00f3i c\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ba d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 kh\u00e1c nhau r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Theo \u00f4ng, do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sinh t\u1ed3n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau n\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u00e2m l\u00fd kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft nh\u01b0ng khi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a chung n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn. \u00d4ng g\u1ecdi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y "\u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c" v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 trong l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn Stalin l\u00e0 thang b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u201ckh\u00e1c\u201d. Kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o, \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0o th\u00ec hai c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hai d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c? C\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0i Loan, H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng, Singapore v\u00e0 Trung Hoa l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c? \u0110a s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa theo ngh\u0129a s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c-v\u0103n h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa, theo ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u1ea5y B\u1eafc Kinh l\u00e0m t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i hai \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t? N\u1ebfu d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y Singapore-Trung qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00ec eo bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00e0i Loan kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201ckh\u00e1c\u201d ra sao gi\u1eefa hai b\u1edd? C\u00f3 l\u1ebd xem ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean tranh c\u00e3i cay \u0111\u1eafng b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u201cCh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t nh\u01b0ng l\u01b0\u1edbt qua ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c. Ngo\u00e0i quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft mang t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, thang b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u201ckh\u00e1c\u201d ph\u1ea3i do t\u1eebng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ebfu ngh\u0129 b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1ch quan quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u00ec e r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 v\u00f4 t\u01b0. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, Ernest Renan \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn; v\u1ec1 sau, \u0111a s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n Stalin b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a chung \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp b\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc, t\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a cung \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a chung nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n d. Thi\u1ebfu hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kinh t\u1ebf-v\u0103n h\u00f3a chung, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o?:<\/u><\/p>\n Stalin \u0111\u01b0a ra hai d\u1ea1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ba T\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Cyrus the Great (600 \u2013 530TCN) v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Hy L\u1ea1p d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Alexandre the Great (356 \u2013 323TCN). Theo \u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m c\u01b0 d\u00e2n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c hay b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u00e0 l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo, tan h\u1ee3p t\u00f9y theo th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c. L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 hai \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ecba trung h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn thung l\u0169ng Indus bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eafc d\u00e2n, nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean r\u1ea5t t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3. Ba T\u01b0-Hy L\u1ea1p \u00f4m v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 Assyria, Indus\u2026 ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o \u00f4m \u1ea5p m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y v\u00ec c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ea1m l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eeba s\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t may m\u1eafn ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n minh H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi L\u00fd Tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n minh Vi\u1ec7t H\u00e1n sau \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kra-Dai c\u00f2n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c ri\u00eang bao gi\u1edd. C\u00e1c anh h\u00f9ng tr\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n (Ph\u00fac L\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u), \u0110inh B\u1ed9 L\u0129nh (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2u), L\u00ea Ho\u00e0n (\u00c1i ch\u00e2u) \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc bao g\u1ed3m v\u00f9ng b\u1eafc b\u1ed9. Tuy v\u1eady, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t l\u00f2ng d\u1ea1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n. D\u00e2n tr\u1ea1i t\u1eebng mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecf L\u00ea Ho\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, h\u1ecd li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi L\u00fd, ri\u00eang Ngh\u1ec7 An-T\u00e2n B\u00ecnh-Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a h\u00f2a theo Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, tinh hoa kinh l\u1ed9 h\u0103ng h\u00e1i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Minh truy di\u1ec7t nh\u00e0 H\u1ed3, th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean xin s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba. \u1ede \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Georgia tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c qua v\u00ed d\u1ee5 do Stalin \u0111\u01b0a ra. D\u00e2n Georgia s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi qu\u00e2n Th\u1ed7 hay Ba T\u01b0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1ebft l\u1eabn nhau. <\/p>\n Sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao h\u01a1n t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ba T\u01b0-Hy L\u1ea1p, hay d\u00e2n x\u1ee9 Georgia, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi cho tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t ch\u01b0a h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh theo ti\u00eau ch\u00ed Stalin.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Walker Connor (1926 \u2013 2017):<\/b> (107)<\/sup><\/p>\n D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng chia x\u1ebb m\u1ed9t huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 t\u00f4ng; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng.<\/i>(108)<\/sup><\/p>\n Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111ang b\u00e0n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn v\u00e0i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Connor nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n – D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 hay s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kinh qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. Do g\u1eafn k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u0103n c\u01a1 s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c, Connor \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1ecb x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, primordialist<\/i>.(109)<\/sup> Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, Anthony David Smith x\u1ebfp \u00f4ng v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1eadu k\u1ef3, late modernist<\/i>.(110) <\/sup>Theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng Connor, ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i. D\u1eabu v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c nhau, lu\u00f4n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n a. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng chia x\u1ebb m\u1ed9t huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 t\u00f4ng:<\/u><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong ph\u1ea7n b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Ernest Renan, trong l\u00f2ng \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hai c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 vua t\u1ed5. Vua t\u1ed5 g\u1ed1c T\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong ghi ch\u00e9p th\u1eddi L\u00fd Tr\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd c\u1ee7a L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u hay An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a L\u00ea T\u1eafc. Vua t\u1ed5 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n d\u00e2n gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh qua th\u01a1 Ph\u1ea1m S\u01b0 M\u1ea1nh, hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft-c\u1ed5 t\u00edch L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i.(111)<\/sup> \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi L\u00ea, Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean bi\u00ean t\u1eadp, b\u1ed5 sung, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a l\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n x\u01b0a th\u00e0nh k\u1ef7 H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng th\u1ecb, k\u1ef7 nh\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c trong \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0. Thay v\u00ec l\u1ea7n theo Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i Trung Nguy\u00ean, S\u0129 Li\u00ean d\u1eabn d\u1eaft d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i vua t\u1ed5 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba H\u00f9ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng quanh co \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 Th\u1ea7n N\u00f4ng kh\u00e1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. Tuy quy c\u00f9ng n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng vai tr\u00f2 huynh \u0111\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i Hoa H\u1ea1. S\u1eed gia h\u1ecd Ng\u00f4 th\u1eeba bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Minh xem d\u00e2n An Nam ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 Man, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i anh em.<\/p>\n Connor ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, patriotism<\/i> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nationalism<\/i>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia(112)<\/sup> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 xem m\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1. N\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea1i C\u00e1o k\u00eau g\u1ecdi l\u00f2ng y\u00eau \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t(113)<\/sup> th\u00ec To\u00e0n Th\u01b0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 t\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m cung c\u1ea5p cho nh\u00f3m c\u01b0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t chia r\u1ebd-h\u1eadn th\u00f9 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1i. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd L\u00ea L\u1ee3i nghi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabm nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1 ch\u00f3ng v\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi \u01b0u t\u00fa. \u00d4ng c\u00f9ng h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc Connor h\u01a1n n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m, L\u00ea L\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u00e0nh vi sinh ra t\u1eeb c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n, thay v\u00ec t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n. Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt. Ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 giao th\u00f4ng, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 th\u00f4 s\u01a1 n\u00ean c\u00e1c vua L\u00ea d\u00f9 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb phi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n b. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng:<\/u><\/p>\n B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, Connor n\u00f3i: <\/p>\n \u201c\u0110i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0, v\u1edbi Napoleon v\u00e0 l\u1ec7nh t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u00fd th\u1ee9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n thu h\u1eb9p trong gi\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n qu\u00fd hay c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed tinh hoa kh\u00e1c\u201d.(114)<\/sup><\/p>\n V\u00e0:<\/p>\n \u201cTrong v\u00e0i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n\u201d(113)<\/sup> ho\u1eb7c \u201c\u2026.vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1edbn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang tham gia ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d.(116)<\/sup><\/p>\n Theo Anthony Smith, \u00fd ngh\u0129 th\u1ee9 hai b\u00ean tr\u00ean qu\u00e1 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn. N\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX v\u00ec trong tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed sau th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady Connor \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f2a tr\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 (d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3)(117)<\/sup> v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, Connor gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u00fa v\u1ecb g\u00ec v\u1edbi qui m\u00f4 tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o gi\u1edbi \u01b0u t\u00fa, v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 2% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1836. \u00d4ng khuy\u00ean Smith n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng minh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Anh ch\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u201cquy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d v\u1ed1n c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh Smith.<\/p>\n Qua l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i ki\u1ec3u Anglo-Saxon, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 Connor vi\u1ebft ra c\u00e2u th\u1ee9 hai trong \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb l\u1ec7nh t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p(118)<\/sup> ban h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1793. Theo \u201clev\u00e9e en mass\u201d, thanh ni\u00ean l\u00e0nh l\u1eb7n t\u1eeb 18 \u0111\u1ebfn 25 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7m v\u0169 kh\u00ed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i li\u00ean minh \u00c1o, Ph\u1ed5, Anh, T\u00e2y Ban Nha, H\u00e0 Lan thu\u1ed9c \u00c1o, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha\u2026. v\u00ec ch\u00faa c\u00e1c x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n thanh l\u00fd c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Trai tr\u1ebb t\u00f2ng qu\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u, vua Louis XVI \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ed3i th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi l\u1ea1: d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111e d\u1ecda ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? C\u00f3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng? D\u00f9 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 phong ph\u00fa v\u1edbi s\u1eed T\u00e2y nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 cho bi\u1ebft n\u00e9t ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Khi Nguy\u00ean M\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n ph\u00e1t h\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec7u d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbng, n\u00eau ra nhi\u1ec1u g\u01b0\u01a1ng tu\u1eabn qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a danh nh\u00e2n Trung Hoa m\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 trung th\u1ea7n ngh\u0129a s\u0129, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n – C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i l\u00e2u nay \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1eeda ta c\u1ea7m gi\u1eef binh-quy\u1ec1n, thi\u1ebfu \u00e1o th\u00ec m\u1eb7c \u00e1o cho, thi\u1ebfu \u0103n th\u00ec s\u1ebb c\u01a1m \u0111\u1ee1, quan nh\u1ecf th\u00ec cho l\u00ean ch\u1ee9c, b\u1ed5ng \u00edt cho th\u00eam l\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111i th\u1ee7y c\u1ea5p thuy\u1ec1n, \u0111i b\u1ed9 c\u1ea5p ng\u1ef1a, nh\u1eefng khi tr\u1eadn m\u1ea1c, s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng th\u00e1c th\u1ea7y chung v\u1edbi tr\u00f2, nh\u1eefng l\u00fac m\u1eebng khao, ti\u1ebfng vui c\u01b0\u1eddi ai c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ea5y. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i sau \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch tinh th\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1:<\/p>\n – \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1m \u0103n \u00e1o m\u1eb7c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111i l\u1ea1i. V\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3:<\/p>\n – Gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n trung ngh\u0129a: s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng hi sinh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7. <\/p>\n T\u1ef3 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1eddn ru\u1ed9ng, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecdi g\u00e0, c\u1edd b\u1ea1c, s\u0103n b\u1eafn, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c; h\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ch trong ho\u00e0ng cung. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi b\u1edfi H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o v\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i li\u00ean thu\u1ed9c \u1edf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng. <\/p>\n Th\u1eddi Minh thu\u1ed9c, m\u00f9a h\u1ea1 n\u0103m 1427, phe Lam S\u01a1n xao x\u00e1c b\u1edfi th\u00f4ng tin Li\u1ec5u Th\u0103ng \u0111ang h\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n b\u00ean kia \u1ea3i Pha L\u0169y. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, L\u00ea L\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft g\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0n t\u00f9 binh m\u01b0u ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a b\u1ecdn quan l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Minh \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o nam. \u00d4ng t\u1ecf v\u1ebb b\u1ea5t an, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c g\u1eedi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ec7nh d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, h\u00e0o ki\u1ec7t v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. D\u1ee5 g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n v\u1ec7 Thi\u1ebft \u0110\u1ed9t nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f2ng li\u1ec1u ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1nh tan qu\u00e2n gi\u1eb7c l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i, c\u00f2n x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t lo toan, \u00e1o c\u01a1m khen th\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 do \u1edf ta. B\u1ecdn c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u1edb ng\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc, ch\u1edb lo ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang. Bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y v\u1ee3 con ta ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang th\u00ec v\u1ee3 con c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1edbi ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang. Mong c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c, ch\u1edb n\u1ea3y lo phi\u1ec1n<\/i> (To\u00e0n Th\u01b0 II, 287).(120)<\/sup><\/p>\n L\u1ec7nh cho t\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec7u qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c x\u1ee9 Ngh\u1ec7 An, T\u00e2n B\u00ecnh, Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n Ta kh\u1edfi binh \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Mong c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng, v\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecdn ngh\u0129a vua t\u00f4i, cha con. Ta bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n s\u0129 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, H\u01b0ng Kh\u00e1nh, Tr\u00f9ng Quang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng h\u00e3o, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u00f4ng g\u00ec l\u00e0 b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh l\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft g\u00ec. B\u1ecdn c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u1ec9 u\u1ed5ng ph\u00ed s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c cho h\u1ecd th\u00f4i. Nay thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i, ta c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i nh\u01b0 ngh\u0129a cha con, mong c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i d\u1ed1c l\u00f2ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0. T\u1eeb x\u01b0a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0103n t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong h\u1ea7u c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i th\u00f4i, c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c g\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u. C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i h\u00e3y ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp qu\u00e2n s\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, sau khi d\u1eb9p y\u00ean b\u1ecdn gi\u1eb7c t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, s\u1ebd chia m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng<\/i> (To\u00e0n Th\u01b0 II, 288).(121)<\/sup><\/p>\n L\u1ec7nh chung cho t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n:<\/p>\n Gi\u1eb7c Minh t\u00e0n h\u1ea1i d\u00e2n ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u01a1n hai ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m. Bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ta c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 35 v\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ee3i khi ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4ng Quan, s\u1ebd cho 25 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i 10 v\u1ea1n l\u00e0m qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec 1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m qu\u00e2n, m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i ph\u00fa d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec1u tha cho 3 n\u0103m<\/i> (To\u00e0n Th\u01b0 II, 288).(122)<\/sup><\/p>\n C\u00e1ch L\u00ea L\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i l\u00e0m ba l\u01b0\u1ee3t gi\u00fap ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t vai v\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m binh l\u00ednh trong chi\u1ebfn tranh. Qu\u00e2n Thi\u1ebft \u0110\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c Thanh H\u00f3a d\u00e0y d\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed5ng tr\u1eeb b\u1ecb chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n; k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn qu\u00ea Ngh\u1ec7 An, T\u00e2n B\u00ecnh, Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c, vua d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd ph\u1ee5c vi\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn; sau c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 to\u00e0n qu\u00e2n, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 \u0111inh tr\u00e1ng tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01a1i khi Lam S\u01a1n xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, \u0111a s\u1ed1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ng\u0169 khi h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i Thi\u1ebft \u0110\u1ed9t g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i gia \u0111\u00ecnh L\u00ea L\u1ee3i n\u00ean an \u1ee7i t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 vua ch\u00e2n t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u00e2n t\u00ecnh h\u01a1n, \u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3ng cam c\u1ed9ng kh\u1ed5 v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i qu\u00e2n tr\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m t\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1edbp \u201cmanh l\u1ec7\u201d tay tr\u1eafng theo vua t\u1eeb s\u1edbm. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i chung g\u1ed3m ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i mi\u1ec5n s\u01b0u thu\u1ebf trong ba n\u0103m.(123)<\/sup><\/p>\n D\u1ee5 c\u00e1c h\u00e0o ki\u1ec7t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/p>\n C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 r\u1ed3i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4ng Quan ch\u01b0a h\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ta v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 n\u1eb1m kh\u00f4ng y\u00ean chi\u1ebfu, \u0103n kh\u00f4ng ngon mi\u1ec7ng, s\u1edbm khuya suy ngh\u0129, kh\u00f4 h\u00e9o ru\u1ed9t gan. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ta, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. Ta tuy l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 gi\u00e0 \u1ed1m, b\u1ea5t t\u00e0i, hai l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n, ba l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 b\u1ec1 kham n\u1ed5i, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea3, h\u1eefu t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u1ed1c, th\u00e1i ph\u00f3, th\u00e1i b\u1ea3o v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1eb7t, th\u00e1i u\u00fd, \u0111\u00f4 nguy\u00ean so\u00e1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n khuy\u1ebft, h\u00e0nh khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan, m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t, hai ph\u1ea7n. Cho n\u00ean, ta nh\u00fan m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c h\u00e0o ki\u1ec7t c\u00f9ng nhau d\u1ed1c s\u1ee9c, c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap mu\u00f4n d\u00e2n, ch\u1edb c\u00f3 mai danh \u1ea9n t\u00edch, \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea7m than m\u00e3i m\u00e3i<\/i> (To\u00e0n Th\u01b0 II, 289).(124)<\/sup><\/p>\n Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i d\u00e0nh cho h\u00e0o ki\u1ec7t g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u00e0i ch\u1ee9c cao h\u1ebft b\u1eadc. Vua kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u201cquy n\u00f4ng\u201d, v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy di\u1ec5n h\u00e0o ki\u1ec7t v\u1ed1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t hay t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u1edbn n\u00ean mang t\u00e2m l\u00fd chu\u1ed9ng danh. B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng ban ph\u00e1t danh ph\u1eadn d\u00f9 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng L\u00ea V\u0103n Linh, B\u00f9i Qu\u1ed1c H\u01b0ng, Ph\u1ea1m V\u1ea5n, L\u00ea S\u00e1t, Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i, Tr\u1ea7n Nguy\u00ean H\u00e3n\u2026 M\u1ed9t t\u00e2m l\u00fd s\u1ed1t ru\u1ed9t b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u00f4ng \u0111ang gi\u00e0nh gi\u1eadt nh\u00f3m trung, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u kinh l\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda m\u00ecnh v\u00ec s\u1ee3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea3o chi\u1ec1u khi qu\u00e2n Minh chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf? C\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban ra gi\u1eefa qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian b\u1ee9c b\u1ed1i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7n binh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc. \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c L\u00ea L\u1ee3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi sinh hay c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ea5y so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i n\u00f3 thi\u1ebft th\u00e2n h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. D\u00f9 \u201cmanh l\u1ec7\u201d c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tinh th\u1ea7n trung ngh\u0129a, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ebft cho b\u1eadc tr\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0ng xem ra ch\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f5 qu\u00fd ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec7u ti\u1ec1n tri\u1ec1u l\u00e0 xa x\u1ec9. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd \u00fay l\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf danh ho\u1eb7c l\u1ee3i, \u201cli\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ct\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t\u201d c\u1ee7a danh-l\u1ee3i kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u00e1ng suy ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 c\u0169ng tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ebfn n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, khi ch\u00e1nh s\u1ee9 Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n (1796 \u2013 1867) tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ta th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb gh\u00e9p \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng bang\u201d v\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i Nam. V\u1ec1 sau n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 T\u0103ng B\u1ea1t H\u1ed5 (1858 \u2013 1906) hay Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u (1867 \u2013 1940) m\u1edbi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1c Long, L\u1ea1c H\u1ed3ng\u2026g\u1ee3i \u00fd to\u00e0n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng chung huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a <\/b>c\u1ee7a E<\/b>rnest Andr\u00e9 Gellner (1925 \u2013 1995)<\/b>(125)<\/sup> <\/b><\/p>\n Th\u1ef1c ra, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Kh\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c hay nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m, trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd <\/i>gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho nhau; r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i n\u00e0y thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1i kia s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean bi k\u1ecbch. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00e0nh cho nhau, m\u1ed7i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. V\u00e0i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng tranh lu\u1eadn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, trong ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0m \u00fd s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. <\/i><\/p>\n Khi \u0111\u00f3, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c trong th\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta, v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 hai \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a thay th\u1ebf, t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi s\u1ebd gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft n\u00e0y.<\/i><\/p>\n 1. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f9ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u1ebfu v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd chia x\u1ebb c\u00f9ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp. Ph\u1ea7n III<\/b><\/h2>\n
C\u01af D\u00c2N GIAO NAM TH\u1edcI \u0110\u1ea0I C\u00c1O<\/b><\/h2>\n
– Th\u00e1ng 3: H\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh cho c\u00e1c l\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n t\u00e0i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c, tr\u00ed d\u0169ng anh ki\u1ec7t, cho g\u1ecdi t\u1edbi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, r\u1ed3i c\u1ea5t nh\u1eafc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Ai che gi\u1ea5u th\u00ec b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1ed9i tru\u1ea5t gi\u00e1ng (To\u00e0n Th\u01b0 II, 286).
– Th\u00e1ng 4: Vua n\u00f3i: \u201cTa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i d\u0169ng, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, s\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i, cho n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i nh\u00fan m\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec1n, d\u1ed1c l\u00f2ng tr\u1ecdng s\u0129, c\u00f9ng m\u01b0u vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt sinh d\u00e2n. Ai ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u01b0u tr\u00ed d\u0169ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o t\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed m\u00ecnh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m quan cao, t\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ecdng\u201d (To\u00e0n Th\u01b0 II, 287).
– M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o d\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban ra c\u0169ng trong th\u00e1ng 4, \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t cao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi: \u201c…m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea3, h\u1eefu t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u1ed1c, th\u00e1i ph\u00f3, th\u00e1i b\u1ea3o v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1eb7t, th\u00e1i \u00fay, \u0111\u00f4 nguy\u00ean so\u00e1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n khuy\u1ebft, h\u00e0nh khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan, m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t, hai ph\u1ea7n…\u201d (To\u00e0n Th\u01b0 II, 289).
– Th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m M\u1eadu Th\u00e2n (1428): Ra l\u1ec7nh ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan v\u0103n v\u00f5 \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh, n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1edfng theo l\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed hi\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n, n\u1ebfu v\u00ec ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0i, v\u00ec th\u00e2n quen, ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t th\u00ec b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb t\u1ed9i theo l\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed k\u1ebb gian (To\u00e0n Th\u01b0 II, 314).
– Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m K\u1ef7 D\u1eadu (1429): Ra l\u1ec7nh ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng v\u0103n v\u00f5 h\u00e0o ki\u1ec7t n\u00e0o c\u00f2n b\u1ecb b\u1ecf s\u00f3t, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc g\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ai ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec th\u00f9 h\u1eb1n m\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n, v\u00f9i d\u1eadp, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn ngay ch\u1ed7 Thi\u1ebfu ph\u00f3 L\u00ea V\u0103n Linh m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn, n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee9c th\u00ec t\u00e2u tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t nh\u1eafc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee9 l\u00e0 ng\u1ee5y quan hay s\u0129 th\u1ee9, c\u1ed1t l\u1ea5y t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u01a1n (To\u00e0n Th\u01b0 II, 320).
– Th\u00e1ng 10: H\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n v\u0103n v\u00f5, c\u00f4ng h\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1i phu t\u1eeb tam ph\u1ea9m tr\u1edf l\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed hi\u1ec1n t\u00e0i (To\u00e0n Th\u01b0 II, 321).<\/p>\n
– C\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX.
– D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng g\u00f3i g\u1ecdn trong gi\u1edbi tinh hoa.
– C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c, ethnic group<\/i>; d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nation<\/i>; qu\u1ed1c gia\/n\u01b0\u1edbc, state<\/i>; qu\u1ed1c gia-d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nation-state<\/i>; qu\u1ed1c gia-\u0111a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, multination-state<\/i>\u2026.d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb d\u00f9ng l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n. \u00d4ng minh \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00eam thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c, ethnonationalism<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh quan ni\u1ec7m ri\u00eang.
– C\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n, thay v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110a s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1u ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1eddi gian, t\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a v\u00e0 s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n, n\u00ean h\u1ecd suy ngh\u0129 hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ni\u1ec1m tin \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n
– N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 th\u00e1i-\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n, m\u00e0 b\u1ed5ng-l\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u0169ng b\u1ecb k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c chi\u1ebfm m\u1ea5t; ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 gia-quy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111u\u1ed5i, m\u00e0 v\u1ee3 con c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u0169ng b\u1ecb k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c b\u1eaft \u0111i; ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 t\u00f4ng ta s\u1ebd b\u1ecb d\u00e0y x\u00e9o, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed3 m\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u0169ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0o l\u00ean, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e2n ta ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y ch\u1ecbu nh\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 tr\u0103m ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng nh\u01a1 kh\u00f4n r\u1eeda, t\u00ean x\u1ea5u v\u1eabn c\u00f2n, m\u00e0 gia thanh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u0169ng ch\u1eb5ng kh\u1ecfi mang ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 b\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng.(119)<\/sup><\/i><\/p>\n
– \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed tr\u1ecdng th\u1ecb, quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc.
– \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5ng l\u1ed9c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ea1nh v\u1ee3 con, b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n m\u1ed3 m\u1ea3 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean.
– \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n danh ti\u1ebfng con nh\u00e0 v\u00f5.<\/p>\n
2. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u1ebfu v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nhau thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, <\/i>c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0m n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng ni\u1ec1m tin, l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh) ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u1ebfu v\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i chung c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean tham gia c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. S\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u1eabn nhau l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia x\u1ebb n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, bi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch h\u1ecd v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean.<\/i><\/p>\n
![\"Gellner-SoDoCauTrucXH\"](\"https:\/\/damau.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Gellner-SoDoCauTrucXH.jpg\" "\\"Gellner-SoDoCauTrucXH\\"")
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