T\u00f2a \u0110\u00f4 Ch\u00e1nh Saigon \u2013 V\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean bu\u1ed3n\u201d 1972 – \u1ea2nh Raymond Depardon
<\/em><\/p>\nB\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, c\u0169ng v\u1eabn trong lo\u1ea1t \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 Saigon c\u1ee7a Depardon [2], Saigon d\u1ea7n r\u00f5 n\u00e9t chi\u1ebfn tranh h\u01a1n hai t\u1ea5m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh t\u1eeb b\u00ean kia b\u1edd Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Anh ta s\u1ebd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 s\u1edbm m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris 1973, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y do anh g\u00e2y ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ngu ng\u1ed1c mu\u1ed1n x\u00eda v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 mi\u1ec1n Nam, mu\u1ed1n "run the war" – theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c anh – t\u1eeb 1963 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u00e3i. Nh\u00ecn anh t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 anh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y ra th\u1ebf c\u1edd b\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i ch\u00ednh anh kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i n\u1ed5i ph\u1ea3i th\u00e1o ch\u1ea1y m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n
T\u00f4i th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi anh. Th\u1ef1c ra anh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng thanh b\u00ecnh \u00eam \u1ea3 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc anh. Anh ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng may r\u01a1i v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi qu\u00e2n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 anh ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, qua m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc xa l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m ho\u1eb7c 18 th\u00e1ng theo lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh. Anh c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i sau l\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t \u00fd trung nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Love Story c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang anh. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 tinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 phim Love Story \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfu tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp Gi\u00e1ng Sinh 1970, anh c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 xem phim \u1ea5y v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ee7a anh r\u1ed3i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sang Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong t\u1ea5m h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. V\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1ch qu\u00ea anh n\u1eeda v\u00f2ng tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i affiche, c\u00e1i poster Love Story tr\u01b0\u1edbc Rex \u1ea5y, anh ngh\u0129 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4i, t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i l\u1ea9n th\u1ea9n l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eefa r\u1ed3i. T\u00f4i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i ra \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i!<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0, th\u1ef1c ra, c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ec9 r\u1ea5t m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1eb7p m\u1eaft b\u00e0ng quan c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Saigon, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1eadm b\u1edfi b\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung ph\u00eda tr\u00e1i t\u1ea5m h\u00ecnh: b\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a Trung T\u00e1 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh B\u1ea3o, ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n 11 Nh\u1ea3y D\u00f9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea5n gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3i Charlie trong m\u00f9a h\u00e8 72 v\u00e0 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n n\u1eb1m l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i v\u1edbi b\u00ed s\u1ed1 1020 trong b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 400 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Depardon, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a \u0111\u00f4 s\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 trung t\u00e1 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh B\u1ea3o, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 th\u1ebf b\u1edfi b\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung b\u1ecb c\u1eaft m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda tr\u00e1i khi \u00f4ng lia m\u00e1y b\u1ea5m c\u1eb7p nam n\u1eef n\u1eafm tay nhau \u1edf trung t\u00e2m t\u1ea5m h\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t photopgrapher chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1i l\u1ed7i \u1ea5u tr\u0129 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c \u201cobjects\u201d m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n b\u1eaft b\u1ecb c\u1eaft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd Depardon kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh B\u1ea3o. V\u00e0 b\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ea7m nh\u1eafm c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. T\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u1ebfn Saigon, l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u00e1i th\u1ea7n, c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u1eb1m khu\u1ea5t sau nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t thanh b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Saigon, r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn Biafra v\u00e0 Chad \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi xa x\u00f4i l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfp c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u201cb\u1eaft\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2013su\u00fdt h\u1ee5t- m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t ch\u1ea5m ph\u00e1 trong b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i m\u1ea1ch ng\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sinh ho\u1ea1t xem ch\u1eebng thanh b\u00ecnh \u1edf b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea5u sau n\u00f3 bi\u1ebft bao l\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau linh tang t\u00f3c. T\u00f4i cho \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh \u201c\u0103n may\u201d c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng!<\/p>\n
T\u00f4i nh\u00ecn b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh kh\u00e1c \u0111ang \u1edf r\u1ea5t xa con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i Saigon n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh \u1ea5y \u1edf t\u1eadn mi\u1ec1n Trung, \u1edf ph\u00e1 Tam Giang. V\u00e0 tuy xa, anh c\u0169ng \u0111ang th\u1ea3 h\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 Saigon, v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e1 Tax n\u1eb1m \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t c\u1eb7p t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n trong b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y. Anh nh\u1edb Saigon v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ee7a anh \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Anh b\u0103n kho\u0103n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft gi\u1edd n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau anh \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? \u0110ang \u1edf th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n hay \u0111ang lang thang tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Saigon d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng c\u00e2y \u201cvi\u1ec1n ng\u1ecdc th\u1ea1ch len tr\u00f4i\u201d. Hay b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n v\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho k\u1ef3 thi s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. Anh ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch m\u1edf th\u00e2u \u0111\u00eam tr\u00ean c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng cao \u1ed1c v\u00e0ng v\u00f5 \u00e1nh \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc thi. Ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi gi\u1edd th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e1 Tax s\u1eafp \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda v\u00e0 Saigon b\u00f9ng l\u00ean s\u1ed1ng n\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng ph\u00fat cu\u1ed1i trong ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gi\u1edbi nghi\u00eam ph\u1ee7 xu\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Saigon \u2026<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh kh\u00e1c \u2013t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft anh \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Depardon tr\u00ean- ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho m\u00f9a h\u00e8 \u1ea5y \u2013h\u00e8 72- l\u00e0 M\u00f9a H\u00e8 \u0110\u1ecf L\u1eeda. L\u2019\u00c9t\u00e9 72 hay l\u00e0 L\u2019\u00c9t\u00e9 Embras\u00e9? V\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi m\u00f9a h\u00e8 72 theo c\u00e1i t\u00ean anh \u0111\u00e3 khai sinh n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n
T\u00f4i nh\u1edb Phan Nh\u1eadt Nam v\u00ec anh \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch tr\u00ean: anh l\u1edbn l\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00f9a \u1edf Tru\u1ed3i, \u1edf ph\u00e1 Tam Giang. Anh thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1 Tam Giang \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn l\u00ednh \u0111i qua ph\u00e1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n
C\u1ea3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh \u1ea5y sau 75 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0y \u1ea3i \u1edf ch\u1ed1n r\u1eebng thi\u00eang n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c v\u1edbi h\u01a1n \u201cm\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m m\u1eb7t s\u1ea1m soi khe n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00f3a th\u00e2n th\u00e0nh v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1ed5 s\u01a1\u201d b\u1edfi ph\u00eda th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n
T\u00f4i c\u00f2n xem \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n video ng\u1eafn v\u1ec1 v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh kh\u00e1c \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3i 31 H\u1ea1 L\u00e0o. Trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 n\u0103m x\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u00e1t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u201cgi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft \u01b0\u1edbt khung tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc\u201d b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 l\u00e3o lam l\u0169. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a con trai trong b\u1ee5ng m\u1eb9 l\u00fac cha t\u1eed tr\u1eadn \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3i 31 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung ni\u00ean g\u1ea7y g\u00f2 \u0111en \u0111\u1ee7i.<\/p>\n
Qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng khi t\u00f4i nh\u00ecn chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh qua l\u0103ng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013d\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb- t\u1eeb ph\u00eda thua cu\u1ed9c khi l\u00ean \u00e1n ph\u00eda th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng theo c\u00e1i ki\u1ec3u \u201ctru di tam t\u1ed9c\u201d th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con em h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng th\u00e2n th\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh VNCH.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3m c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3m c\u1ea3nh sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng pho tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u00ean ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1ea5t c\u1eadn nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh theo l\u00fd l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n b\u00ean th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n
\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u00eda thua cu\u1ed9c -m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa trong ch\u00ednh n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh- g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh l\u01b0\u01a1ng tri c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00f3 bi\u1ebft bao nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, tri\u1ebft gia, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi gi\u1eadt m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n t\u1ec9nh v\u00ec th\u1ea5y ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n thi\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh, b\u1ea5t c\u1eadn nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh…<\/p>\n
Jean Paul Sartre, m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia hi\u1ec7n sinh, m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c thi\u00ean t\u1ea3, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc- \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. [3]<\/p>\n
Jean Lacouture, nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o v\u00e0 s\u1eed gia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ni\u1ec1n B\u1eafc trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng "M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eadn Gi\u1ea3i Ph\u00f3ng Mi\u1ec1n Nam" l\u00e0 "Mon Vietcong", \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 chua ch\u00e1t v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n t\u1ec9nh khi "m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn" n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng "vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng" ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1976.<\/p>\n
Oliver Todd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 th\u00fa nh\u1eadn \u00f4ng t\u1eebng l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n trong th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa hai mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Nam – (I) may have fallen victim to ‘the totalitarian temptation’ during the (VN) war-, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n Cruel April: The Fall Of Saigon, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra cho mi\u1ec1n Nam trong 4 th\u00e1ng cu\u1ed1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 30 Th\u00e1ng T\u01b0. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi "c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n" v\u00e0 t\u1eadn m\u1eaft ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra trong chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Saigon. V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft tay c\u1ee7a Jean Paul Sartre g\u1eedi cho th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7m l\u00e1 th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft tay \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i r\u1ed3i v\u00e0o Saigon t\u1eeb m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1975. \u00d4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ea3n t\u1ec9nh khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang mi\u1ec1n Nam, coi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang mi\u1ec1n Nam nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9. \u00d4ng th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng khi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t "\u0111\u00e1nh t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n" c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 \u0110\u1ed7 M\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o d\u00e2n ch\u00fang mi\u1ec1n Nam, nh\u00ecn ra th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch "\u0111\u00e1nh t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n" v\u00e0 "kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi" n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 k\u00e9o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang mi\u1ec1n Nam xu\u1ed1ng cho b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. \u00d4ng cho l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng chi\u1ebfm mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 Stalin \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi Nam T\u01b0, Hung Gia L\u1ee3i trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n d\u00e2n ch\u00fang n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u1edf Prague v\u00e0 Budapest.<\/p>\n
Th\u1ef1c ra l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa b\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed "thi\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh" ho\u1eb7c "b\u1ea5t c\u1eadn nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh" t\u00f4i n\u00eau tr\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat nh\u01b0ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u1ed1ng nhau t\u1eeb Li\u00ean Bang X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a Nh\u00e2n D\u00e2n Trung Hoa, cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n
* * *<\/p>\n
Trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean, n\u1ebfu ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i ngang t\u1ed5ng y vi\u1ec7n C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u. Nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng binh c\u1ee7a phe thua cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng v\u1eadn v\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m la li\u1ec7t tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh lang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i t\u00e2n, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng.Trong khi \u1ea5y, sau m\u1ed7i tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh, th\u01b0\u01a1ng binh ph\u00eda th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i mang \u0111i v\u00e0o t\u1eadn r\u1eebng th\u1eb3m, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u201cb\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n d\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn\u201d h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u00f4 s\u01a1. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u01a1ng binh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00ec nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u1ebft. Ph\u00eda th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eaft cho chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u1eady nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd l\u1ecbch, \u0111\u1ed1t s\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1edbi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1p duy v\u1eadt n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c hay b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp m\u1ea5t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, 44 n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e3 su\u00fdt xo\u00e1t n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, con s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed m\u1eadt. Con s\u1ed1 \u1ea5y h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp cho c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec1n nam.<\/p>\n
L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n Gia Long qu\u00e1 h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i khi tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 T\u00e2y S\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u1eadt m\u1ed3 Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1ea1c x\u00edch h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t v\u00e0o trong ng\u1ee5c th\u1ea5t, vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn Gia Long m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u00e1i kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy v\u1eady, Gia Long kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 b\u1eb1ng \u201cl\u00fd l\u1ecbch\u201d nh\u1eefng con em th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh trong \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c trong \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a vua L\u00ea ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n
Ch\u00ednh Nguy\u1ec5n Nghi\u1ec5m -v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng Ng\u0169 Ph\u00fac- l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c Tr\u1ecbnh S\u00e2m kh\u1edfi binh nam ti\u1ebfn x\u00f3a s\u1ed5 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Nguy\u00ean Ph\u00fac Thu\u1ea7n trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch nam ti\u1ebfn 1774-1775. L\u00fac \u1ea5y Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh 13 tu\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0ng trong th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac khi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n gi\u1ebft Th\u00e1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Thu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 T\u00e2n Ch\u00ednh V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac D\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1777 \u1edf Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n
K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac n\u00e0y Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh 15 tu\u1ed5i, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng, tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 gian nan, b\u1ecb Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n manh gi\u00e1p, qu\u00e2n s\u0129 th\u1ea5t t\u00e1n, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n su\u00fdt b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 b\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ebft. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xoay chi\u1ec1u sau khi Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 b\u0103ng h\u00e0. Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 v\u1eeba gh\u00e9t v\u1eeba s\u1ee3 Quang Trung Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7, k\u1ebb th\u00f9 b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1i thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1eadp tan m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i giang s\u01a1n x\u1ee9 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng. Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng l\u00fac ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n Th\u00e1i Lan do Chi\u00eau T\u0103ng Chi\u00eau S\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e3nh b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh tan \u1edf R\u1ea1ch G\u1ea7m, qu\u00e2n Th\u00e1i th\u1ea5t t\u00e1n b\u1ecf thuy\u1ec1n l\u1ea9n tr\u1ed1n qua Cam B\u1ed1t ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 Th\u00e1i trong l\u00fac ch\u00ednh Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh su\u00fdt b\u1ecb b\u1eaft n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 to\u00e1n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3n l\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac.<\/p>\n
Th\u00f9- v\u00e0 nh\u1ee5c- \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft l\u1ea5y g\u00ec m\u00e0 \u0111ong \u0111\u1ebfm?<\/p>\n
Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n c\u1eed m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5, Nguy\u1ec5n Du c\u00f3 cha v\u00e0 c\u00e1c anh l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Nghi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1ea3n Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m quan \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a vua L\u00ea ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 anh l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ec1 l\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p t\u00e1n nhung v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Quang Trung \u2013k\u1ebb th\u00f9 b\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1i thi\u00ean v\u1edbi Gia Long\u2013 c\u1eed \u0111i s\u1ee9 sang Trung Hoa th\u1eddi C\u00e0n Long. V\u1eady m\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Du v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gia Long tr\u1ecdng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebfn Tham tri b\u1ed9 L\u1ec5, nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m ch\u00e1nh s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Gia Long sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c. N\u00ean nh\u1edb Nguy\u1ec5n Du thi H\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1ee3t ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed7 Tam Tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f2n thua T\u00fa X\u01b0\u01a1ng sau n\u00e0y. Tr\u1ea7n T\u1ebf X\u01b0\u01a1ng thi H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1ee3t xu\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed7 k\u1ef3 thi H\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00f4ng T\u00fa. Nguy\u1ec5n Du ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sinh \u0111\u1ed3. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 \u201cb\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p\u201d Nguy\u1ec5n Du ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u1ea3. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 l\u00fd l\u1ecbch Nguy\u1ec5n Du r\u1ea5t x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 ng\u1ee5y qu\u00e2n ng\u1ee5y quy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c \u201cc\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d, b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh Nguy\u1ec5n Nghi\u1ec5m l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n k\u1ebf cho Tr\u1ecbnh S\u00e2m kh\u1edfi binh nam ti\u1ebfn x\u00f3a s\u1ed5 c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0110\u00e0ng trong c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Gia Long Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh.<\/p>\n
Xa h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Tr\u1ecbnh Nguy\u1ec5n ph\u00e2n tranh su\u1ed1t g\u1ea7n 200 n\u0103m \u1edf hai b\u00ean b\u1edd con s\u00f4ng Gianh, khi chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 th\u1ea5y chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qua l\u00fd l\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i n\u0103m 1975.<\/p>\n
* * *<\/p>\n
C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m theo l\u1eddi m\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a con tim \u2013t\u00f4i tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf\u2013 v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ecdn cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t l\u1eb1n ranh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ebfn tho\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nan, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i ch\u1ecbu l\u1eddi ong ti\u1ebfng ve c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda. Kh\u00f4ng may, \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00fat nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft l\u00eca \u0111\u1eddi, ph\u00eda \u00f4ng \u201cch\u1ecdn\u201d c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u1eadp Ca Kh\u00fac Da V\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n
L\u1eeda ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0 ng\u00f9n ng\u1ee5t ch\u00e1y t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng T\u01b0 1975 – \u0111\u1ebfn nay l\u00e0 44 n\u0103m, g\u1ea7n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. L\u1eeda \u1ea5y v\u1eabn \u00e2m \u1ec9 ch\u00e1y. V\u00e0 ch\u00e1y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n
<\/b><\/p>\n
Mai Xu\u00e2n V\u1ef9<\/b><\/p>\n
4\/2019<\/b><\/p>\n
<\/strong><\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
[1] \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng sai. Segal vi\u1ebft k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n cho Love Story tr\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0 khi phim \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quay, Paramount \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Segal chuy\u1ec3n k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh truy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd lo vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho phim. \u0110\u00e3 s\u1eb5n c\u1ed1t truy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft \u1edf d\u1ea1ng k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n, Segal vi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nhanh. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Love Story \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Hai 1970 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh best seller tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi phim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 d\u1ecbp Gi\u00e1ng Sinh n\u0103m \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n
[2] M\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Magnum Photo, Depardon kh\u00f4ng may m\u1eafn nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p Eddie Adams, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc Loan h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft \u0110\u1ea1i U\u00fd Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n L\u00e9m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Minh M\u1ea1ng g\u00f3c S\u01b0 V\u1ea1n H\u1ea1nh \u1edf Saigon T\u1ebft M\u1eadu Th\u00e2n 1968. B\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a Adams l\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i danh v\u1ecdng v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i Pulitzer v\u00e0 d\u00ecm t\u01b0\u1edbng Loan xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eadn b\u00f9n \u0111en. Adams r\u1ea5t h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn v\u00e0 xin l\u1ed7i t\u01b0\u1edbng Loan nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u00ec theo \u00f4ng t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh ch\u1ec9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. N\u0103m 1998, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Eddie vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean b\u00e1o Time v\u1ec1 n\u1eeda s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i \u00day c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m -gi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u0129 quan VNCH g\u1ed3m 6 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb con- ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eafc c\u0169ng s\u1ebd suy ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n
Ri\u00eang t\u00f4i, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u "n\u1eeda s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt" kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean "H\u00e0nh Quy\u1ebft \u1ede Saigon" hay \u201cSaigon Execution\u201d n\u00e0y. T\u01b0\u1edbng Loan ch\u01b0a tra h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t d\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 khi b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i t\u1edbi giao cho \u00f4ng, l\u00e0m sao \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh Trung T\u00e1 Nguy\u1ec5n Tu\u1ea5n, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 cha \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong 4 \u0111\u1ee9a con nh\u1ecf b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n
C\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n tin cho l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng Loan h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft trong b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 L\u00ea C\u00f4ng N\u00e0, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean qu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9i ki\u00eam ph\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u1eadn 5, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ea1i \u00day Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n L\u00e9m. V\u00e0 d\u00f9 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh. R\u1ed3i v\u1ee3 con, gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh b\u1ecb b\u1eafn n\u00e0y ra sao? Gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd c\u00f3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ai trong hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean l\u00e0 th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n?<\/p>\n
C\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea3m c\u1ea3nh chi\u1ebfn tranh m\u00e0 h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp. Bi\u1ebft bao l\u00e0 oan khi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh \u1edf hai b\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tuy\u1ebfn…<\/p>\n
T\u01b0\u1edbng Loan \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh kia c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t x\u1eed. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m sai, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 theo lu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c C\u00f4ng \u01af\u1edbc t\u00f9 binh Gen\u00e8ve. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, sau nh\u1eefng n\u0103m s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n Nam, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng bu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i cho t\u01b0\u1edbng Loan. T\u01b0\u1edbng Loan l\u00fac \u1ea5y l\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c T\u1ed5ng Nha C\u1ea3nh S\u00e1t VNCH, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m an ninh c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n ch\u00fang mi\u1ec1n Nam, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Saigon. V\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea1i \u00day Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n L\u00e9m b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u00f2a \u00e1n Qu\u00e2n S\u1ef1 Saigon, \u00f4ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng \u2013\u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng T\u1ed1 Vi\u00ean, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 l\u00fac \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3- bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 c\u01a1 may tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi t\u1eed h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm hoi. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u201ckh\u00f4n ngoan\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf theo nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng Westmoreland \u2013t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i VN- \u00d4ng l\u00e0m theo c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh hay l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m? Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00f4ng m\u1edbi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ngh\u0129, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e1m l\u00e0m d\u00e1m ch\u1ecbu. D\u00f9 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ecb ti\u00eau t\u00e1n v\u00ec b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Adams, l\u00fac Adams xin l\u1ed7i \u00f4ng v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee5p b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh \u1ea5y, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eeda mi\u1ec7ng: "b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee5p th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u1ee5p". \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c phong c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb s\u0129. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh \u201cti\u1ec3u t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n\u201d khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, trong l\u00fac \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 xem \u201cc\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng\u201d nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ec3u t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n trong chi\u1ebfn tranh. C\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh Saigon Execution kia, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i U\u00fd Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n L\u00e9m \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i \u1edf Hu\u1ebf? Th\u1eadt l\u1ea1 l\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng g\u00ec khi b\u00e1o Life cho \u0111\u0103ng h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 ch\u00f4n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u1edf Hu\u1ebf sau tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn M\u1eadu Th\u00e2n 1968 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tet Offensive \u0111\u00f3. T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t d\u1ea5u h\u1ecfi v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edbng Loan: attrocity! T\u01b0\u1edbng Loan ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u0129 quan B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t, trong khi b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t gi\u1ebft h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n. V\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7.<\/p>\n
Qua chi\u1ebfn tranh, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i s\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m "h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh" v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u201c\u0111u\u1ed1c s\u1ed1ng L\u00ea V\u0103n T\u00e1m\u201d hay l\u00e0 \u201canh h\u00f9ng\u201d T\u00f4 V\u0129nh Di\u1ec7n \u201cl\u1ea5y th\u00e2n ch\u00e8n ph\u00e1o\u201d, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh ra t\u1eeb \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u01b0 v\u00f4\u201d, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u201ch\u01b0 v\u00f4\u201d theo ngh\u0129a \u2026r\u1ea5t \u0111en, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Saigon d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef X\u1ea1o H\u1ebft Ch\u1ed7 N\u00f3i v\u1eady, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Nihilism \u0111\u00e2u. T\u00f4i nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ebft gi\u00e1p \u201cba gai\u201d Patton c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9: "The object of war is not to die for your country. But to make the bastard on the other side die for his"<\/i>. Ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh ph\u00eda Nam \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft cho qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u00e0 l\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng th\u1eb1ng kh\u1ed1n \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u00ean kia chi\u1ebfn tuy\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft cho qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/i><\/p>\n
[3] C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i th\u00eam \u00edt gi\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 JP Sartre, b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ai t\u1eebng l\u1edbn l\u00ean \u1edf Saigon \u0111\u1ec1u, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00eang m\u00ecnh k\u00ednh n\u1ec3, hay l\u00e0 \u2013\u00edt nh\u1ea5t- bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean \u00f4ng: Jean Paul Sartre \u2013g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi- L’\u00catre et le N\u00e9ant.<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60s v\u00e0 70s \u1edf Saigon, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ai h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean hay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u00eau cho h\u1ecd t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Saigon s\u1ebd l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: JP Sartre. Ho\u1eb7c Aristotle. Hay Plato.<\/s><\/p>\n
\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh, \u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. V\u00e0 d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Saigon v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u1ea5m \u2013hay \u0111\u1ed1t- s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n
Sau th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 T\u00e2y \u00c2u, v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c chia th\u00e0nh hai c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau: phe T\u1ea3 phe H\u1eefu hay l\u00e0 T\u1ef1 Do v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n. V\u00e0 Sartre \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a phe T\u1ea3, nh\u00f3m tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Marxism. V\u00e0 nh\u00f3m tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c thi\u00ean t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m th\u1eafng th\u1ebf, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 mode mini \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u1edf tr\u00ean, Marxism l\u00fac \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u201cmode\u201d th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u2013kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang g\u00ec Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n
Nh\u00e1nh kia,\u201dphe h\u1eefu\u201d, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb T\u1ef1 Do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. M\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1nh T\u1ef1 Do n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng l\u1edbp v\u1edbi Sartre \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieures, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Raymond Aron.<\/p>\n
Trong hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Aron l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m cao h\u01a1n Sartre trong c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieures trong m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 Max Weber. (D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, ta ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u00e0 v\u1ed9i k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn Aron l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n hay tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n. B\u1edfi Sartre l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean \u201cc\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t\u201d lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea1o b\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f9a ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Sartre \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c khoa tr\u01b0\u1edfng Gustave Lanson ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c!)<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00f4i b\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ed1i \u0111i v\u00e0 ch\u00ed h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau. L\u00fac Paris b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng, Sartre v\u1eabn loanh quanh \u1edf Paris, mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 L\u2019\u00catre ho\u1eb7c Le N\u00e9ant. Ho\u1eb7c L\u2019Existentialism v\u00e2n v\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eadt v\u1ee5 Gestapo c\u1ee7a Hitler, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00ean cho Sartre suy ngh\u0129 \u201cv\u1edb v\u1ea9n\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eb7c Sartre ti\u00eau hoang th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi Simonne de Beauvoir \u2013hay v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00e0o \u1edf Paris!- mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Hitler. V\u00e0 Gestapo ch\u1ec9 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u00f3m \u00f4ng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n trong \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p T\u1ef1 Do c\u1ee7a De Gaulle. T\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i xin l\u1ed7i vong linh \u00f4ng khi vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng v\u1edbi gi\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f9a c\u1ee3t- v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u00fat khi\u1ebfm nh\u00e3- nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. B\u1edfi th\u1eadt l\u00f2ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd khi th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2013 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u201cLe Fils R\u00e9belle\u201d c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Oliver Todd c\u0169ng- g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 womanizer. Andr\u00e9 Malraux, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng V\u0103n H\u00f3a Ph\u00e1p- ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng chua ch\u00e1t: \u201cSartre ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec cho kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3.T\u00f4i th\u00ec b\u1ecb Gestapo g\u1ecdi l\u00ean g\u1ecdi xu\u1ed1ng, trong khi nh\u1eefng v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Sartre \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0n d\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn \u0110\u1ee9c\u201d.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa cho m\u00ecnh, Sartre ch\u01a1i ch\u1eef: \u201cPendant l\u2019Occupation, j\u2019\u00e9tais un \u00e9crivain qui r\u00e9sistait, et non un r\u00e9sistant qui \u00e9crivait\u201d.<\/p>\n
C\u00e2u \u1ea5y, t\u00f4i cho l\u00e0 Sartre ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang n\u1eeda sau: \u201cnon un r\u00e9sistant qui \u00e9crivait\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, Sartre kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 tham gia kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ckh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n\u201d. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u: \u201cj\u2019\u00e9tais un \u00e9crivain qui r\u00e9sistait\u201d, Sartre l\u1ea1i c\u0169n<\/a>g ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda: \u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n (\u00e9crivain), \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng (r\u00e9sistait) c\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\nC\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh m\u00e0 Adams \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fa nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y Sartre c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c. Ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Paris v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn Vichi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec cho kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Malreaux.<\/p>\n
Aron th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng tr\u1ed1n qua Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n theo De Gaulle v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e2y b\u00fat bi\u00ean t\u1eadp trong t\u1edd b\u00e1o Francaises Libres c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p T\u1ef1 Do cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft th\u00fac.<\/p>\n
K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac n\u00e0y Sartre l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i. Trong l\u00fac Aron \u2013c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 George Orwell, Arthur Koestler- l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u201ctr\u00ed th\u1ee9c\u201d v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u201cthi\u00ean t\u1ea3\u201d.<\/p>\n
\u201cTort avec Sartre ou raison avec Aron\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1, m\u1ed9t b\u0103n kho\u0103n c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i l\u00fac \u1ea5y l\u00e0 nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 Sartre: \u201cIl vaut mieux avoir tort avec Sartre que raison avec Aron\u201d. Th\u00e0 l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi Sartre c\u00f2n h\u01a1n c\u00f3 l\u00fd v\u1edbi Aron.<\/p>\n
Sartre nh\u1ea1o b\u00e1ng Aron trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng La Naus\u00e9e c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t anh Roquentin kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a anh ta. Roquentin \u0111\u00e1nh v\u1eadt kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh. <\/p>\n
V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Statin \u1edf Li\u00ean Bang X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3ng Qu\u00e2n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u1edf Prague v\u00e0 Budapest \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Sartre b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa. <\/p>\n
Trong khi \u1ea5y, Aron vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch L\u2019Opium d\u00e9s Intellectuels ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch th\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Marxistes \u2013m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 Sartre- T\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u0169ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Marx \u201creligion is the opium of the people\u201d. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, Aron ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c thi\u00ean t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1ch, v\u00f4 \u01a1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c thi\u00ean t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u201ctr\u1eafng tay\u201d d\u01b0\u1edbi thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng XHCN khi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i n\u00e0y b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea5t. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c thi\u00ean t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c b\u1edfi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, thay v\u00ec ch\u1ecdn s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd. Theo \u00f4ng, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb bi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd l\u1ebd v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n
V\u00e0 Aron c\u0169ng n\u00eau r\u00f5 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn phong tr\u00e0o Marxism tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i \u1edf Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00e0i M\u1ef9 do tinh th\u1ea7n \u201cQu\u1ed1c Gia\u201d – nationalism do De Gaulle ch\u1ee7 x\u01b0\u1edbng. \u00d4ng cho l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan Gaullism n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nguy hi\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n
C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f4i b\u1ea1n \u1edf hai chi\u1ebfn tuy\u1ebfn. V\u00e0 Aron \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng khai tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u201c\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n ngh\u0129a tuy\u1ec7t\u201d \u2013n\u00f3i theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Kim Dung- v\u1edbi Sartre.<\/p>\n
Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec1n Nam. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Nam th\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Marxistes. Sartre t\u1ec9nh ng\u1ed9.<\/p>\n
\u00d4ng b\u1eaft tay l\u00e0m h\u00f2a v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n Aron c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00f9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n L’ \u00cele de Lumi\u00e8re (con t\u00e0u \u0110\u1ea3o \u00c1nh S\u00e1ng c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n). \u0110\u00f4i b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng nhau g\u00f5 c\u1eeda \u0111i\u1ec7n Elys\u00e9e, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Giscard d\u2019Estaing \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1979. L\u00fac \u1ea5y kinh t\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p \u0111ang ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0ng nh\u1eadn di d\u00e2n. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a Sartre v\u00e0 Aron \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Giscard d\u2019Estaing ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. D\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u2013nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0103n n\u0103n v\u00ec nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn \u2013v\u00e0 thi\u00ean t\u1ea3- trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60s v\u00e0 70s, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00f2ng tay \u0111\u00f3n c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n li\u1ec1u m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed5 ra bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng XHCN. Theo b\u00e1o Le Monde, m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o thi\u00ean t\u1ea3: \u201cC’est la premi\u00e8re grande vague d’immigration en France d’origine asiatique. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng di d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c \u00c1 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p.\u201d<\/p>\n
Xin n\u00f3i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat v\u1ec1 Sartre:<\/p>\n
Sartre l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Sartre c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia! Chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Sartre, t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady.<\/p>\n
Th\u1ef1c ra c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n hay ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 Marxism c\u1ee7a Sartre kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 qua th\u1eddi gian, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1eed gia hay thu\u1ed9c gi\u1edbi chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean \u1ee7y s\u00e2u xa, v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 g\u00ec t\u00f3m g\u1ecdn trong v\u00e0i c\u00e2u. <\/p>\n
Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n c\u1eed m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Sartre v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1968, khi b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa cho s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u1edf Nga X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean Gulag: \u201cIl ne faut pas d\u00e9sesp\u00e9rer Billancourt.\u201d Sartre \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u0110\u1eebng l\u00e0m Billancourt tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n
Nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n d\u1eabn c\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u00e0y. Cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Sartre.Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1956, l\u00fac 2,500 xe t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Budapest \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u0111\u00f2i t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Hung Gia L\u1ee3i, m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y sau, ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 11, Sartre tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n tr\u00ean b\u00e1o Express: \u201cLa faillite compl\u00e8te du socialisme en tant que marchandise import\u00e9e d\u2019URSS\u201d – Sartre cho r\u1eb1ng XHCN du nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n. V\u00e0 Sarte cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1i XHCN \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i Li\u00ean X\u00f4.<\/p>\n
V\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u00e0i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch \u00fd c\u1ee7a Sartre l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1i XHCN \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u1ea5y\u201d ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u00e1n c\u00e1i c\u00e2u \u201c\u0110\u1eebng l\u00e0m Billancourt tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng\u201d c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u201cng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh\u201d n\u00e0y. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1956, l\u00e0 12 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc!<\/p>\n
Xin m\u1edf m\u1ed9t ngo\u1eb7c nh\u1ecf \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Boulogne Billancourt \u2013d\u00e2n Parisien g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Boulogne-sur-Seine- l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u00e1ch Paris h\u01a1n 8 c\u00e2y s\u1ed1. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tr\u00ean, th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60s, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u01a1i c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u00e3ng xe h\u01a1i Renault, Sartre d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Billancourt \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p. Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, suy di\u1ec5n tr\u00ean r\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n
[D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd Billancourt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eefa m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 giao d\u1ecbch c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 IT v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng h\u00e0nh dinh Alcatel-Lucent \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ngh\u00e0nh IT \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft Alcatel-Lucent. Alcatel c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Bell Laboratories. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 sinh vi\u00ean Computer Science n\u00e0o c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft Bell Labs, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 Brian Carnighan \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh Unix (Unix Operating System) tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i m\u00e1y Univac b\u1ecf ph\u1ebf. C\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i Dennis Ritchie vi\u1ebft ra ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef C. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean Alcatel \u1edf Boulogne b\u00e2y gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p n\u1eefa. N\u0103m 2014 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Alcatel Lucent Enterprise \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 2016 Nokia mua h\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng Bell Labs v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi (subsidiary of) Cty m\u1eb9 Nokia.]<\/p>\n
Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng Sartre kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u 1 c\u00e2u nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean m\u00e0 l\u00e0 2 c\u00e2u \u1edf 2 n\u01a1i v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, Sartre \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: \u201cIl ne faut pas d\u00e9sesp\u00e9rer les pauvres\u201d.<\/p>\n
V\u00e0 trong v\u1edf k\u1ecbch Nekrasov, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1955 c\u1ee7a Sartre, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Valera \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u201cD\u00e9sesp\u00e9rons Billancourt\u201d (Scene 8, Act 5)<\/p>\n
V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i qua nhi\u1ec1u \u201ctam sao th\u1ea5t b\u1ed5n\u201d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1eafn 2 c\u00e2u tr\u00ean l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh \u201dIl ne faut pas d\u00e9sesp\u00e9rer Billancourt\u201d.<\/p>\n
T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00ec gi\u1edd ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e1i c\u00e2u \u201cIl ne faut pas d\u00e9sesp\u00e9rer les pauvre\u201d Sartre vi\u1ebft hay n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc cho h\u1ebft v\u1edf k\u1ecbch 8 m\u00e0n, m\u1ed7i m\u00e0n g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed3i, \u0111o\u1ea1n. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u00e0 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00e1i N\u00e9ant hay Nothingness c\u1ee7a Sartre kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ea1ng t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i xin l\u1ed7i \u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng Being and Nothingness c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng gi\u1eefa l\u1eb1n ranh Qu\u1ed1c Gia \u2013 C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Marxiste, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 50s, 60s v\u00e0 70s, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Bin Laden, \u0111\u1ed5 h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n trong v\u1ee5 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 September 11, v\u00e0 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi -nh\u01b0 Paul Johnson ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n- cho r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Sartre \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho n\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng \u1edf Cam B\u1ed1t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 70s v\u00ec nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Khmer \u0111\u1ecf nh\u01b0 Pol Pot, Khieu Samphan v\u00e0 Ieng Sary \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eebng l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 Sartre. <\/p>\n
Th\u00f4i. T\u00f4i l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 g\u00e2y kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p m\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i. B\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y: https:\/\/comprenonsnousbien.wordpress.com\/2008\/05\/30\/dsesprer-billancourt\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh tr\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee5p, Saigon l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u00ecnh y\u00ean, nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u00ecnh y\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1eaft l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef, v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee3 mua s\u1eafm ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 mua s\u1eafm xong ng\u1ed3i x\u00edch l\u00f4 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ed1 th\u1ecb thanh b\u00ecnh<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2187,"featured_media":60005,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[193,124],"tags":[149],"class_list":["post-60010","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ban-tron-chien-tranh-viet-nam","category-tuy-but","tag-chien-tranh-viet-nam"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60010","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2187"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=60010"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60010\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":60011,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60010\/revisions\/60011"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/60005"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=60010"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=60010"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=60010"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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