{"id":5887,"date":"2009-05-05T00:06:00","date_gmt":"2009-05-05T00:06:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/archives\/5887"},"modified":"2019-03-01T02:24:02","modified_gmt":"2019-03-01T02:24:02","slug":"kiem-duyet-tu-do-dien-dat-mot-song-dau-lich-su","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/5887\/kiem-duyet-tu-do-dien-dat-mot-song-dau-lich-su","title":{"rendered":"ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t\/t\u1ef1 do di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t, m\u1ed9t song \u0111\u1ea5u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed"},"content":{"rendered":"<\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 \u0111i theo g\u1ea7n su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. \u0110\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb th\u00f9 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 dai s\u1ee9c: t\u1ef1 do di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0y t\u1ecf, mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u00fd, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i ra; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n \u201ctr\u1ecb\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n nghe nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh th\u00edch nghe, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u00ednh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7: k\u1ebb th\u00ec mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng cho n\u00f3i. K\u1ebb mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i th\u00ec th\u1ea5p c\u1ed5 b\u00e9 mi\u1ec7ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nghe l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 g\u01b0\u01a1m, c\u00f3 s\u00fang, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 k\u1ebb c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u1ecbt mi\u1ec7ng k\u1ebb v\u00f4 quy\u1ec1n. \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ecbt mi\u1ec7ng, k\u1ebb c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u00e8n t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eefng l\u1ec7, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e9p\u2026- v\u00e0 khi c\u1ea7n, t\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m ch\u00fang – nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch bu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c. Ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t!<\/p>\n

H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ee3, n\u00ean t\u1ef1 ng\u1eadm mi\u1ec7ng hay \u0111\u00e0nh ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecbt mi\u1ec7ng. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3, v\u1eabn t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n ra c\u1ea3nh c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n, truy n\u00e3, b\u1eaft b\u1edb, t\u00f9 \u0111\u00e0y v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ch\u00f3c. C\u1ea5m th\u00ec c\u1ea5m, b\u1eaft th\u00ec b\u1eaft, t\u00f9 th\u00ec t\u00f9, gi\u1ebft th\u00ec gi\u1ebft, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

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Y\u00eau ai c\u1ee9 b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 y\u00eau
<\/i>Gh\u00e9t ai c\u1ee9 b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 gh\u00e9t
<\/i>D\u00f9 ai ngon ng\u1ecdt nu\u00f4ng chi\u1ec1u
<\/i>C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i y\u00eau th\u00e0nh gh\u00e9t.
<\/i>D\u00f9 ai c\u1ea7m dao d\u1ecda gi\u1ebft
<\/i>C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i gh\u00e9t th\u00e0nh y\u00eau<\/i><\/p>\n

Ph\u00f9ng Qu\u00e1n<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

C\u1ea5m n\u00f3i v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 n\u00f3i. Ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c song \u0111\u1ea5u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch (TL). V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 221 (tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch), T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng, v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, khi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc sau h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m ly lo\u1ea1n, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh trong tay. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i do m\u00ecnh l\u1eadp ra, \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t an v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00ean t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t, b\u1eb1ng t\u00f9 \u0111\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. Ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t m\u1ecdi ngu\u1ed3n ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1eb1m bu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh. Cao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u201cph\u1ea7n th\u01b0 khanh nho\u201d (\u0111\u1ed1t s\u00e1ch ch\u00f4n h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2) x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 231 (tr\u01b0\u1edbc TL). C\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n L\u00fd T\u01b0 t\u00e2u v\u1edbi T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng:<\/p>\n

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Th\u1ea7n xin \u0111\u1ed1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch s\u1eed, tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n. Tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9c b\u00e1c s\u0129, ai c\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5u Kinh Th\u01b0, Kinh Thi, s\u00e1ch v\u1edf c\u1ee7a tr\u0103m nh\u00e0 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quan th\u00fa, quan \u00fay m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111i, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e1m b\u00e0n nhau v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Kinh Thi, Kinh Th\u01b0 th\u00ec ch\u00e9m gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee3, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eddi x\u01b0a m\u00e0 ch\u00ea \u0111\u1eddi nay th\u00ec gi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd. Quan l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o, th\u00ec c\u0169ng b\u1ecb t\u1ed9i. L\u1ec7nh ban ra trong ba m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1t s\u00e1ch th\u00ec kh\u1eafc v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t cho \u0111i th\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y v\u00e0 canh gi\u1eef tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh. Nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch thu\u1ed1c, s\u00e1ch b\u00f3i, s\u00e1ch tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y. Ai mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt th\u00ec th\u1edd quan l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m th\u1ea7y.<\/i><\/p>\n

S\u1eed k\u00fd T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft, gi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft. V\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1t v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh: t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 Socrates (469-399), nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft, s\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Athenes (Hy L\u1ea1p). Tuy ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Athenes v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin ri\u00eang v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 do, Socrates kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t n\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 mang \u00f4ng ra x\u1eed v\u00ec t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u201cth\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai, l\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb\u201d. Socrates ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 399 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch(TL).<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u tr\u1edb tr\u00eau l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 th\u00e2n y\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Platon (428-348), d\u00f9 k\u1ebft \u00e1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1eed t\u1eed th\u1ea7y m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thi h\u00e0nh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t. Ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, kallipolis<\/i>, trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cRepublic\u201d, Platon \u0111\u00f2i \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n tr\u00ean n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 \u00f4ng cho l\u00e0 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 mang l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cho \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. Thi ca, k\u1ecbch ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho tr\u1ebb con nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. V\u00ec theo \u00f4ng, v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1eef. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb g\u1eedi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft k\u1ecbch ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f2i ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00fa cho nh\u1eefng \u1ea5u nhi.<\/p>\n

Ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t, ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 \u201ccensor<\/i>\u201d. Truy nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c g\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ta tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u201cS\u1edf ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t\u201d (office of censor) \u1edf C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a La M\u00e3 (1), v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 443 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch. Censor<\/i>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m k\u00ea, l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 hai vi\u00ean th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n cao c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch thu thu\u1ebf, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n l\u00ednh. D\u1ea7n d\u00e0, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ki\u1ec3m k\u00ea l\u1edbn d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Ki\u1ec3m k\u00ea tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3, th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t cho l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ra. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a La M\u00e3 (kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch), censor<\/i> l\u00e0 vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a La M\u00e3.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 (Roman Empire) (2), khi quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, th\u00ec ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t l\u1eddi \u0103n ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ee3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ef1 do gi\u1eefa ch\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t tu\u00e2n, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u1eed ph\u1ea1t. Vua ch\u00faa m\u1ea5y ai mu\u1ed1n nghe nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tr\u00e1i tai. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Nero (37-68 sau TL) n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u00f4ng thua g\u00ec T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e0y \u1ea3i nh\u1eefng ai d\u00e1m ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1t s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c. Constantine (272-337) c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n Nero. Trong khi ban h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o, \u00f4ng ra l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft gia Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 Arius ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

V\u1ecb vua k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, Theodolius (347-395), bi\u1ebfn Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1ec1 sau. V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cai tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n l\u1eabn th\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc\/Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t bao tr\u00f9m. Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1i g\u00ec sai, c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc, c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9. N\u00f3i chung, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m, l\u00e0 t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o, ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb. N\u0103m 496, m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t do Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Gelasius ban h\u00e0nh, li\u1ec7t k\u00ea t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o (heretical) v\u00e0 ng\u1ee5y t\u00e1c (aprocryphal) c\u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh trong c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1231, gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gregory cho th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp T\u00f2a \u00c1n D\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o (Inquisition), nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a ra x\u1eed nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 15, m\u00e1y in \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y in \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn lao l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch in v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i l\u00e0 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi m\u1ebb: th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 th\u00f4ng tin. Nhu c\u1ea7u truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1edbm tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\/c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1eefa qu\u1ed1c gia\/qu\u1ed1c gia. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 m\u1edbi mang l\u1ea1i cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i La M\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n xuy\u00ean qua m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh ban h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1543, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh: kh\u00f4ng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n ra n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. Theo ch\u00e2n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, n\u0103m 1563, vua Charles IX c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p ban h\u00e0nh s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1: kh\u00f4ng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in hay b\u00e1n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 lan truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t th\u01b0 t\u1eeb v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o chuy\u1ec3n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u00eam \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u201cIndex Librorum Prohibitorum\u201d do Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Paul IV ban h\u00e0nh l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1559. \u201cIndex Librorum Prohibitorum\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 danh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh, ("List of Prohibited Books) l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m, c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung gieo r\u1eafc t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o. Danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ee3t ban h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1948. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1eb1m trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea5m n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1966 th\u00ec Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Paul VI m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf \u201cIndex Librorum Prohibitorum.\u201d (3)<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i La M\u00e3. Th\u00e0nh th\u1eed, cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111i b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ef1t quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111en t\u1ed1i nh\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ed m\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft b\u1edb, t\u00f9 \u0111\u00e0y hay gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n gay g\u1eaft ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t. Trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n s\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5u tranh kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 mu\u1ed1n gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ef1t b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i tinh th\u1ea7n, th\u1ee9 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Socrates vinh danh qua c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, qua h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng: nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e9 m\u1ecdn, v\u00f4 danh, v\u00f4 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khi, v\u00f4 t\u00e2m. M\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, khi l\u00fd tr\u00ed, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 cho c\u00e1c tranh c\u00e3i v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n d\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t s\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 John Milton (1608-1674). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Milton, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u hay t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u201cquy\u1ec1n\u201d.<\/p>\n

Milton v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, nh\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d4ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh kinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ee9ng ra ngo\u00e0i gi\u00f2ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 23\/11\/1644, \u00f4ng cho c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cAreopagitica, a Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing, to the Parliament of England<\/i>\u201d. Thay v\u00ec ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ngh\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7n, \u00f4ng cho in b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n trong m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t cho c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb vi\u00ean v\u1edbi h\u00e0m \u00fd th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Trong b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n, \u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t \u201cLicensing Act\u201d do Ngh\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7n ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung s\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n (pre-publication censorship) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. V\u1eeba tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb \u00dd sau khi vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m Galileo trong t\u00f9, Milton y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Ngh\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean thay th\u1ebf s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn, Milton kh\u00f4ng binh v\u1ef1c cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u hay in \u1ea5n t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb tr\u00f9 d\u1eadp, b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. Theo \u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung ph\u1ea3n ph\u00fac, vu c\u00e1o hay b\u00e1ng b\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed theo lu\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t. Th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u00eam ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh c\u00e3i v\u00e0 qua tranh c\u00e3i, c\u00e1i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n. Milton qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft: \u201cGi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch hay: ai gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u1ebft \u0111i m\u1ed9t t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf; nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu anh ta ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch hay, l\u00e0 anh ta v\u1eeba gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft ch\u00ednh l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u1eeba gi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf trong m\u1eaft m\u00ecnh<\/i>\u201d <\/i>(4). Milton k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do tinh th\u1ea7n, t\u1ef1 do \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 do cao h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi t\u1ef1 do. \u201cH\u00e3y cho t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 do t\u00ecm bi\u1ebft, t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 tranh c\u00e3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do theo \u00fd th\u1ee9c, \u1edf tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 do.<\/i>\u201d (5)<\/i><\/p>\n

Ngh\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7n Anh ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c b\u1edfi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Milton, v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Milton \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t di ch\u1ee9ng cho quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (civil liberty). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00e0i tham lu\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn h\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. N\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 sau v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u201cLicensing Act\u201d n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m v\u1ec1 sau, n\u0103m 1694, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 18. Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1776. \u0110an M\u1ea1ch, Na Uy theo g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1770. N\u0103m 1787, Tu Ch\u00ednh \u00c1n Th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t (First Amendment) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n D\u00e2n S\u1ef1 (Bill of Rights) sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Areopagitica<\/i>. N\u0103m 1789, <\/i>Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u00e2t v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cT\u1ef1 do truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch v\u00e0 in \u1ea5n t\u1ef1 do.<\/i><\/p>\n

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<\/i>Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 gian tru\u00e2n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m (c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u00e1u) cho quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. Kh\u00f4ng. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 v\u00e0 k\u00e9o qua th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21, l\u1ea5y l\u00fd do an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh, l\u1ea5y l\u00fd do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, l\u1ea5y l\u00fd do ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hay nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do linh tinh kh\u00e1c, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn cho \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m k\u1ef5.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t k\u00e9o d\u00e0i l\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t, tinh vi nh\u1ea5t, kh\u1eaft nghi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nga tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung \u00c2u phong tr\u00e0o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Nh\u1edd th\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 10 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb 1855 \u0111\u1ebfn 1865 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a Nga Ho\u00e0ng Alexander II. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean n\u00e0y, b\u00e1o ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1866, lu\u1eadt ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m tan bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn 40 n\u0103m sau, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf d\u1ef1a theo lu\u1eadt ban h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1905-1906. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, trong nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh do Ch\u00ednh Ph\u1ee7 L\u00e2m Th\u1eddi ban h\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng 4\/1917, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nga kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 11\/1917, sau khi L\u00ea nin v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n l\u00ean n\u1eafm ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 70 n\u0103m sau.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec b\u1eb1ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u xem ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng ra l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed. Lenin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ng\u1eafn n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 m\u00e0 Lenin g\u1eedi cho Gavril Ilyich Myasnikov (1889-1945) \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 8\/1921 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft nhan \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cVexed questions\u201d (Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nan gi\u1ea3i) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u00e0y (6). Myasnikov v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Lenin, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 sau do c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00f4ng ta x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng \u1edf qu\u1eadn Motovilikha thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng Perm Gubernia. Tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i tham lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng theo t\u00f4i, qua l\u00e1 th\u01b0 n\u00e0y, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Lenin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00e1 r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o, th\u1eb3ng th\u1eebng v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, cho ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u00f4i qua, nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Lenin v\u1eabn l\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam cho ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 kh\u00e1 d\u00e0i (6 trang), v\u1edbi gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u1eeba ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u1eeba thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c. Ph\u1ea7n tr\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 h\u01a1i d\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i cho l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ef1 tin, r\u1ea5t d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Lenin v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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Kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201ct\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed\u201d tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 19. T\u1ea1i sao? T\u1ea1i v\u00ec n\u00f3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vua ch\u00faa v\u00e0 cha c\u1ed1, \u0111\u00e1m l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u1ecdn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/i><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 x\u1ee9 s\u1edf n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang kh\u1ecfi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cha c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 Ngh\u0129a Nga \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00e0m.<\/i><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u201ct\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed\u201d t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y.<\/i><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do mua \u0111\u1ee9t c\u00e1c t\u1edd nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o,mua \u0111\u1ee9t c\u00e1c c\u00e2y b\u00fat, t\u1ef1 do h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9, t\u1ef1 do mua b\u00e1n v\u00e0 ng\u1ee5y t\u1ea1o \u201cd\u01b0 lu\u1eadn\u201d c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n.<\/i><\/p>\n

(\u2026) T\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 Ngh\u0129a Nga , l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang b\u1ecb bao v\u00e2y b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m t\u00f4i t\u1edb trung th\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn ch\u00fang, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ecdn Men-S\u00ea-V\u00edch v\u00e0 b\u1ecdn C\u00e1ch M\u1ea1ng X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 Ngh\u0129a.<\/i><\/p>\n

(\u2026)T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n (tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi) v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u1eb7t v\u00e0o tay b\u1ecdn ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t v\u0169 kh\u00ed kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 do t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, v\u00ec t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p.<\/i><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1i g\u00ec t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/i><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y: \u201ct\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed\u201d trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf s\u1ebd ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c mua \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111\u00e1m vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 L\u1eadp Hi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u00e1ch M\u1ea1ng X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Men S\u00ea V\u00edch, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u01a1 s\u1edf tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta.<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. \u201cB\u1ecdn ch\u00fang\u201d gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 s\u1ebd mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u201cl\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta.<\/i><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf; Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap b\u1ecdn t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

B\u00e1c b\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a Myasnikov cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cc\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf \u0111ang ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh trong x\u1ee9 s\u1edf, t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed s\u1ebd gi\u00fap v\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7n ch\u00fang\u201d, Lenin vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

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T\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed\u201d s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap g\u00ec cho \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u1edf Nga tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m, sai l\u1ea7m, tai h\u1ecda v\u00e0 t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n (kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n), b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 b\u1ecdn t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf mong mu\u1ed1n. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0169 khi giao v\u00e0o tay c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. B\u1ecdn ch\u00fang ch\u01b0a ch\u1ebft; ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang \u0111ang l\u1eabn tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0 r\u00ecnh ch\u1edd. <\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

(\u2026) \u0110\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed mu\u1ed1n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh cho \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ed9p l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 thu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c trong tay \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong tay b\u1ecdn t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed qu\u00ean \u0111i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ecf, r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: b\u1ecdn t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 \u201ct\u1ef1 do\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 mua \u0111\u1ee9t b\u00e1o ch\u00ed cho ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i n\u00e0y. Ch\u00edn tr\u0103m tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i n\u00e0y.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, Lenin th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n c\u00f3 sai l\u1ea7m, nh\u01b0ng sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u00f3 \u201cph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u201ct\u1ef1 do\u201d (ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n)\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft th\u00fac l\u00e1 th\u01b0, Lenin th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c Myasnikov h\u00e3y ra s\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n, t\u1eeb t\u1eeb nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, thay v\u00ec c\u1ee9 \u0111u\u1ed1i theo c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng ma tr\u01a1i \u201ct\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed\u201d.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5: t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng Lenin th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0i, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi phe t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn? Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u! T\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Lenin ch\u1ec9 s\u1ee3 c\u00e1i b\u1ec7nh \u201ct\u1ef1 do\u201d truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0o trong ch\u00ednh h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed\u201d Myasnikov m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111ang thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c). Giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 con ng\u00e1o \u1ed9p m\u00e0 Lenin s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecda c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e2u d\u00e0i: kh\u00e9p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, trong \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 b\u1ecbt mi\u1ec7ng m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef sai kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p. R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed su\u1ed1t 70 n\u0103m tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1eeba l\u00e0 vua ch\u00faa, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5. V\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ec9a mai thay, l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Nga v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3!<\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, kh\u1ed1i X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 tan r\u00e3, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn xem c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Lenin l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecdc qua m\u1ed9t tr\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

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C\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 b\u00e1o t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed. Ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quy ch\u1ee5p l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201ct\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed\u201d. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m b\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00ec s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng t\u1edd b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0110\u1ea3ng, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ra b\u00e1o t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.
Nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea3ng, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp thu, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi qua b\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e0i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n vi\u1ec7c ra \u0111\u1eddi b\u00e1o t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5u th\u00f4ng tin, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0m v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9 cho c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed\u201d \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc th\u1ea5m th\u00eda cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00e0o, ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1ee3t theo v\u1ebft xe \u0111\u1ed5 \u1ea5y?
S\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u00f4 l\u00fd tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o ch\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Do hi\u1ec3u phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh hi\u1ec3u sai v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ra c\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 s\u00fay, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00f2i \u201ct\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed\u201d theo ki\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a "tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\u201d, t\u1ef1 phong cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u0103ng h\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\u201d. Song, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, trong \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1edd b\u00e1o theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng "t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed\u201d ki\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3.
M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00eau tr\u00ean xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng toan t\u00ednh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ecd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc; ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng, c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, ph\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.
Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, li\u00ean k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n \u1edf b\u00ean trong c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c x\u1ea5u \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng b\u00e1o ch\u00ed ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta. H\u1ecd quay l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u1ebb vang, h\u00e0o h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd.
Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00e1o, nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3i k\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby s\u1ef1 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c, vu c\u00e1o h\u00e8n h\u1ea1, b\u00eau ri\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t \u0111ang ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam c\u1ea7n c\u00f9 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, ch\u1eaft chiu x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau "d\u00e2n gi\u00e0u, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u0103n minh". Th\u1eadt tr\u1edb tr\u00eau khi h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd mong mu\u1ed1n, th\u00ec "\u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c", v\u1eabn "s\u1ed1ng trong v\u00f2ng l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu t\u1ed1i t\u0103m" (!). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nu\u00f4i d\u00e3 t\u00e2m x\u1ea5u xa \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u201ct\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed\u201d, theo ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb n\u00e0y.
T\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed cho ai, v\u00ec ai? C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi b\u00e1o ch\u00ed n\u00f3i ri\u00eang trong g\u1ea7n 20 n\u0103m qua c\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay cho ta c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u00e0nh r\u1ecdt. Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang xu th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft k\u00fd t\u00ean l\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng Vinh, nguy\u00ean ph\u00f3 ban Tuy\u00ean Gi\u00e1o trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n VN. Tuy c\u00e1ch l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb v\u1edbi Lenin c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau do kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t v\u1eabn l\u00e0: kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u1ef1 do di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft trong c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 xin tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t kh\u00e1 l\u00fd th\u00fa c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i \u201cc\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n: <\/i><\/p>\n

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\u2026 ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u1eb7t y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 che \u0111\u1eady ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m giao ti\u1ebfp, ho\u1eb7c giao ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch che \u0111\u1eady, \u201cn\u00f3i v\u1eady m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady\u201d! N\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i v\u1ecf c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u00f3i quen hay x\u00e9t n\u00e9t l\u1eddi \u0103n ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. C\u00e1i c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t \u1edf c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. H\u1ecd n\u00f3i b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00f4 c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft sinh kh\u00ed, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u1ebft, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u201cg\u1ed7\u201d, n\u00f3i c\u1ea3 bu\u1ed5i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi n\u00e0o. C\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, \u00edt c\u00e1 t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u00edt tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m nh\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, c\u00e0ng n\u00f3i m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn. V\u00e0 n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n che \u0111\u1eady. V\u1eabn bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai tin nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 n\u00f3i. N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 chuy\u1ec7n, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do, v\u1ec1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u00f4 b\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. R\u1ed3i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec7n li\u00eam ch\u00ednh, v\u1ec1 ch\u00ed c\u00f4ng v\u00f4 t\u01b0, v\u1ec1 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. N\u00f3i d\u1ed1i lem l\u00e9m, n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i l\u00ec l\u1ee3m, n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft run s\u1ee3 v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen h\u1ecfi l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen l\u01b0u gi\u1eef c\u00e1c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra. Ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 h\u1ecfi l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p, l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i k\u1ef5, d\u1ec5 g\u1eb7p tai h\u1ecda n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecfi g\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p gi\u1eef m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i n\u00f3i trong c\u00e1i tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe tuy c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5y nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 nghe c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng vang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng.<\/i><\/p>\n

(Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1ea3i\/\u0110i t\u00ecm c\u00e1i t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef g\u1ed7! N\u00f3i d\u1ed1i ! N\u00f3i v\u00e0 nghe trong c\u00e1i tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng!<\/i><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng!<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0, Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u1ebb b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u00e3 ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u00ean c\u1ed5. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng nguy\u00ean ph\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ban tuy\u00ean gi\u00e1o H\u1ed3ng Vinh s\u1ebd ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u00ec r\u1ea5t \u201cc\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n\u201d m\u00e0 ch\u1ebft l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t \u201cph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1ea3i?<\/p>\n

*<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ef1 do, th\u1ef1c ra, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m, m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft do m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o ph\u00e1t sinh. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. \u0110\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u00e0m v\u1eadt b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc k\u1ef3 b\u00ecnh, t\u1eafc minh<\/i>. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i ra, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u00e2u th\u00fac k\u1ec1m t\u1ecfa v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 khao kh\u00e1t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o. Ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ngay trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fac b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p d\u1eef d\u1ed9i nh\u1ea5t, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f2i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o h\u1ebft. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c hay c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. H\u1ecd b\u00e0y t\u1ecf y nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0103n, h\u1ecd u\u1ed1ng. H\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t phe, hay \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o. Khi Pasternak vi\u1ebft \u201cDoctor Jivago\u201d hay khi Solzhenitsyn vi\u1ebft \u201cM\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y trong \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ivan Denisovich<\/a>\u201d hay \u201cTr\u1ea1i ung th\u01b0\u201d, khi hay khi Ph\u00f9ng Qu\u00e1n vi\u1ebft \u201cL\u1eddi m\u1eb9 d\u1eb7n\u201d…, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t phe n\u00e0o, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t phe n\u00e0o. V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n h\u00e1t h\u00f2 tr\u00ean ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u ca dao t\u00ecnh t\u1ee9. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t bi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u00e0ng d\u00e0i th\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t c\u00e0ng l\u00f9i b\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea3i qua h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tranh \u0111\u1ea5u, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/i>. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh ho\u1ea1t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Internet hay to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a hay kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u2026 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1i c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i, xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1i c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u00ean c\u00f3 n\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng<\/i>. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, n\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 phe n\u00e0y hay phe kia, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00f4i hay thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 anh, m\u00e0 n\u1eb1m ngay trong s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 Milton, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 tranh c\u00e3i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn xem c\u00e1i c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c hay Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang loay hoay \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1eadn b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i tr\u00e0o ra t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong. O \u00e9p b\u00ean trong, ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, Lenin c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed l\u00e0 giao v\u0169 kh\u00ed cho b\u1ecdn t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed di\u1ec5n ra ngay trong l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n. Nh\u01b0 con si\u00eau vi, t\u1ef1 do di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t, t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp ngay trong m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ai. Ch\u1eb3ng l\u1ea1 g\u00ec, trong th\u1eddi gian v\u1eeba qua, c\u00e1c \u201cs\u1ef1 c\u1ed1\u201d b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, \u201cs\u1ef1 c\u1ed1\u201d t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u1ea3y ra trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n. Ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o tham nh\u0169ng, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n Ho\u00e0ng Sa Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tranh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi 1979 hay g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n khai th\u00e1c B\u00e2u-X\u00edt \u1edf T\u00e2y nguy\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ecbch thu c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 \u201cv\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1\u201d v\u00e2n v\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00e2n v\u00e2n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c x\u00fac trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, trong c\u00e1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edf c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay, t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cchuy\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y \u1edf huy\u1ec7n\u201d. D\u00f9 s\u1edbm d\u00f9 mu\u1ed9n, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec5n ra, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t r\u00f5 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i quy\u1ec1n m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201c\u0110i t\u00ecm c\u00e1i t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t<\/i>\u201d c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1ea3i hay b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u201cAi? T\u00f4i?\u201d<\/i> (7) <\/i>c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ebf Lan Vi\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngay l\u00fac h\u1ecd t\u1ecf ra l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n\u201d nh\u1ea5t khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u1ed1 d\u1ed3n \u00e9p ch\u00fang v\u00e0o trong v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y, m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c hay nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u, m\u1ed9t tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng. <\/i>V\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 nghe ti\u1ebfng vang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng. <\/i>Y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb r\u00fat h\u1ebft ru\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng, trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c hay nh\u00e0 v\u0103n nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u201cch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng\u201d nh\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u00e0 c\u00e1i tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng. V\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ki\u1ec3u \u201c\u0110i t\u00ecm c\u00e1i t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t<\/i>\u201d hay \u201cAi? T\u00f4i?\u201d <\/i>c\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd xem l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00f4i ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi, v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi. Mong m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t c\u00e1i t\u00f4i ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c. H\u00e3y gi\u1eef n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 cho n\u00f3 ra \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi m\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng t\u00ecm.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea7n Do\u00e3n Nho
<\/b>(05\/09)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ghi Ch\u00fa:<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a La M\u00e3, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 510 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 44 (tr\u01b0\u1edbc TL)<\/p>\n

(2) \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 27 (tr\u01b0\u1edbc TL) khi Augustus tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, sau khi tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb n\u0103m 44 (tr\u01b0\u1edbc TL), l\u00fac Julius Caesar<\/a> t\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi (perpetual dictator).<\/p>\n

(3) \u201cGi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean Internet. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0\u1ee3c qua m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh \u0111i v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n sau. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ng\u1eafn nh\u01b0ng t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf hai b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201cThe Catholic Church and Censorship in Literature, Books, Drama, and Film\u201d <\/i>v\u00e0 \u201cCensorship of Books\u201d<\/i> , \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 trang m\u1ea1ng \u1edf ph\u1ea7n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

(4) As good almost kill a man as kill a good book: who kills a man kills a reasonable creature, God’s image; but he who destroys a good book, kills reason itself, kills the image of God, as it were, in the eye.<\/p>\n

(5) Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties.<\/p>\n

(6) V. I. Lenin, Collected Works<\/i><\/a>, Volume 32<\/a>, trang 504-509<\/p>\n

(7) C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem \u1edf: http:\/\/www.i4vn.com.vn\/forum\/tho\/29993-tho-che-lan-vien.html<\/a><\/p>\n

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<\/b>Ai? T\u00f4i!
<\/b>
M\u1eadu Th\u00e2n 2.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng
Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam, c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 30
Ai ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft 2.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ?
T\u00f4i!
T\u00f4i – ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u th\u01a1 c\u1ed5 v\u00f5
Ca t\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfc m\u1ea1ng m\u00ecnh
trong m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c xung phong.
M\u1ed9t trong ba m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia \u1edf m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn
v\u1ec1 sau m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m
Ng\u1ed3i b\u00e1n qu\u00e1n b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nu\u00f4i \u0111\u00e0n con nh\u1ecf
Qu\u00e1n treo hu\u00e2n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7y, m\u1ecdi c\u1ee1,
Ch\u1ea3 hu\u00e2n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o nu\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh c\u0169!
Ai ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1eady ?
L\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00f4i!
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u th\u01a1
gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi,
T\u00f4i \u00fa \u1edb.
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y nh\u1eafc nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u th\u01a1 t\u00f4i l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y xung phong
M\u00e0 t\u00f4i x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5.
T\u00f4i ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u00e2u th\u01a1 n\u00e0o h\u00f4m nay
Gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y nu\u00f4i \u0111\u00e0n con nh\u1ecf
Gi\u1eefa bu\u1ed3n t\u1ee7i chua cay v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/i><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ebf Lan Vi\u00ean <\/b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/u>:<\/p>\n

– S\u1eed k\u00fd T\u01b0 m\u00e3 Thi\u00ean<\/i> (B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Phan Ng\u1ecdc)<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.avsnonline.net\/library\/ebooks\/vn\/SuKy\/index.htm<\/a><\/u> <\/u><\/p>\n

– Mette Newth, <\/i>The long history of censorship<\/i> <\/i><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.beaconforfreedom.org\/about_project\/history.html<\/u> <\/i><\/p>\n

– Censorship<\/i> http:\/\/library.thinkquest.org\/C004203\/political\/political05.htm<\/a><\/u><\/u><\/p>\n

– Censor<\/i> http:\/\/www.livius.org\/cb-cf\/censor\/censor.html<\/a><\/u><\/u><\/p>\n

– William Smith, Censor<\/i> http:\/\/penelope.uchicago.edu\/Thayer\/E\/Roman\/Texts\/secondary\/SMIGRA*\/Censor.html<\/a><\/u><\/p>\n

– John Milton: Areopagitica, a Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing, to the Parliament of England<\/i>. http:\/\/www.dartmouth.edu\/~milton\/reading_room\/areopagitica\/<\/a><\/u><\/p>\n

– Analytic Teaching Vol. 23, No 2, The Catholic Church and Censorship in Literature, Books, Drama, and Film <\/i>http:\/\/www.viterbo.edu\/analytic\/Vol%2023%20No.%202\/The%20catholic%20Church%20and%20censorship.pdf<\/a><\/u><\/u><\/p>\n

– Censorship of Books, <\/i>http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/03519d.htm<\/a><\/u> <\/u><\/p>\n

– <\/em>H\u1ed3ng Vinh\/T\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o<\/em> ch\u00ed \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em> <\/em><\/em><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.vietnamjournalism.com\/module.html?name=News&file=article&sid=828<\/a><\/u><\/u><\/p>\n

– Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1ea3i: \u0110i t\u00ecm c\u00e1i t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t<\/i><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.viet-studies.info\/NguyenKhai_DiTimCaiToiDaMat.htm<\/a><\/u><\/u><\/p>\n

– <\/cite>Plato and Censorship www.unca.edu\/philosophy\/ugradphconf\/Archives\/conf2005\/papers2005\/Plato%20and%20Censorship<\/a>.<\/u><\/cite><\/i><\/u><\/cite><\/p>\n

doc <\/u><\/cite><\/u><\/p>\n

– V. I. Lenin, Collected Works<\/i><\/a>, 1st English Edition, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1965, Volume 32<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea7n Do\u00e3n Nho<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

…, t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng, trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c hay nh\u00e0 v\u0103n nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u201cch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng\u201d nh\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u00e0 c\u00e1i tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng. V\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ki\u1ec3u \u201c\u0110i t\u00ecm c\u00e1i t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t\u201d hay \u201cAi? T\u00f4i?\u201d c\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd xem l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00f4i ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":501,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,30,187,138],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5887","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-chuyen-de","category-chuyen-de-kiem-duyet-van-hoa-nghe-thuat","category-tieu-luan"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5887","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/501"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5887"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5887\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":53744,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5887\/revisions\/53744"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5887"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5887"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5887"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}