{"id":52241,"date":"2019-02-09T09:29:00","date_gmt":"2019-02-09T09:29:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damau.org\/?p=52241"},"modified":"2019-02-25T11:36:56","modified_gmt":"2019-02-25T11:36:56","slug":"cach-mang-thi-ca-the-gioi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/52241\/cach-mang-thi-ca-the-gioi","title":{"rendered":"Cách M\u1ea1ng Thi Ca Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

\"revolution<\/a><\/p>\n

Th\u01a1 b\u1ebf t\u1eafc? Thi ca th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sa s\u00fat ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n? Th\u01a1 Anh ng\u1eef, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, v\u1eady m\u00e0 Jonathan Yardley, nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Washington Post, vi\u1ebft, \u201cThi ca Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u01a1, b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean theo ng\u00e0nh v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n ai n\u1eefa.\u201d (S\u1ed1 b\u00e1o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n 1995).<\/i> Joseph Epstein, ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean The American Scholar (H\u1ecdc Gi\u1ea3 Hoa K\u1ef3)<\/i> h\u1ecfi, \u201cAi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft th\u01a1?\u201d <\/i> <\/p>\n

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 th\u01a1. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 th\u01a1 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 h\u01b0\u1edbng ra th\u01a1. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1n l\u00e2m nguy. V\u00ec v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a th\u01a1, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c, t\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh, t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, c\u1ea7n \u201cngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 th\u01a1.\u201d <\/p>\n

Ngh\u0129 V\u1ec1 Th\u01a1 S\u1eafp \u0110\u1ebfn<\/font><\/strong> <\/p>\n

Ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 th\u01a1 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u01a1, nh\u01b0ng ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u201cngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 th\u01a1\u201d d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho nh\u1eefng ai nghi ng\u1edd, mu\u1ed1n suy x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a thi ca. <\/p>\n

Ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u201cngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 th\u01a1\u201d d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0ng l\u00e0m th\u01a1 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m th\u01a1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng theo c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. <\/p>\n

Th\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u0129 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt cao k\u1ef3 v\u00ec: 1- Chia s\u1ebb t\u00e2m s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, 2- m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9. Th\u01a1 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1ea5p l\u1ef1c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, hay \u0111\u1eb9p, m\u00e0 c\u1ee9 nhai l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u201cth\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 qua\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n. Th\u01a1 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u1ee3i c\u1ea3m, l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n, n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 quen thu\u1ed9c, tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng. Con c\u00f3c trong hang. Con c\u00f3c ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3. Con c\u00f3c nh\u1ea3y ra. Con c\u00f3c ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3. Con c\u00f3c nh\u1ea3y v\u00f4.<\/i> \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao b\u00e0i th\u01a1 con c\u00f3c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho th\u01a1 d\u1edf. Khi m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ra \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i, b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft ngay gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng hai c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: 1- \u0110\u00e3 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n g\u00ec n\u01a1i ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1 v\u00e0 kho h\u00e0ng thi ca? 2- \u0110\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t? <\/p>\n

Ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 th\u01a1 trong \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t th\u1eed th\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft d\u00f9 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, v\u1eabn tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, th\u1eafp l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n, \u0111\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a minh b\u1ea1ch, trong b\u00f3ng \u0111en. <\/p>\n

\u0110i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o nghi ng\u1edd, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t: Th\u01a1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00f3 l\u1ebd, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u1ea5y ai quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u201cTh\u01a1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn\u201d l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/i> s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi. Th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 qua l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/i> C\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u trang s\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi d\u1ecdc theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed thi ca. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm trong ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111ang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u01a1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169 c\u1ee7a th\u01a1. <\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng th\u01a1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 g\u00ec, sau khi bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 qua l\u00e0 g\u00ec. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a th\u01a1. \u201cTh\u01a1 mai sau s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi th\u01a1 \u0111ang c\u00f3.\u201d<\/i> Nh\u1eefng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 \u201cvay m\u01b0\u1ee3n\u201d, \u201ckh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t\u201d, v\u00e0 \u201cth\u01a1 \u0111ang c\u00f3.\u201d C\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m th\u01a1 \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng\u201d cho th\u01a1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. <\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1i Ni\u1ec7m \u201c\u0110\u00e3 Qua\u201d V\u00e0 \u201cS\u1eafp \u0110\u1ebfn\u201d <\/strong><\/font> <\/p>\n

1- Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch theo thi ca, th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 qua l\u00e0 th\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c l\u00f2ng tin c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n cao v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u01a1 trong \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0 mai sau. Th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 qua l\u00e0 th\u01a1 d\u0129 v\u00e3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 qua mang b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n, cung \u1ee9ng cho s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh. Trong khi, th\u01a1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 th\u01a1 ng\u00e0y mai. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 qua v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n, s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u, v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t thi ca. <\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ranh gi\u1edbi minh b\u1ea1ch. S\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 khi n\u00e0o th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 qua ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0 th\u01a1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp, t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, hai lo\u1ea1i th\u01a1 c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t, h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh giai \u0111o\u1ea1n theo ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: Th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 qua y\u1ebfu d\u1ea7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 v\u00e0 th\u01a1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n r\u00f5 d\u1ea7n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21. <\/p>\n

2- Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch theo lu\u1eadn l\u00fd, \u0111\u00e3 qua v\u00e0 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian. \u0110\u00e3 qua l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. S\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. M\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n chia l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho \u201cb\u00e2y gi\u1edd\u201d mang t\u00ednh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n di \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. N\u00f3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u201cngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd\u201d. <\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u2018ngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd\u2019 l\u00e0 v\u1eeba g\u00f5 xong ch\u1eef \u201cb\u00e2y gi\u1edd\u201d, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. V\u00ec v\u1eady hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u1ea3o. Di\u1ec5n tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 nu\u1ed1t d\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 qua nu\u1ed1t d\u1ea7n th\u01a1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, th\u01a1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eeba xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 qua. Th\u01a1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 trong d\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng, suy \u0111o\u00e1n, v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tin. <\/p>\n

3- Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch theo t\u00e2m l\u00fd, th\u1eddi gian v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian t\u00e2m l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u1eddi gian t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed7i b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Th\u1eddi gian t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 qua, th\u01a1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t, th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1 t\u00ednh, s\u1edf h\u1ecdc, s\u1edf ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 th\u01a1. <\/p>\n

Qua nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch tr\u00ean, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 qua v\u00e0 th\u01a1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn tuy hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Tuy c\u00f3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh s\u1ebd \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng minh b\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n chung. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn: C\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, theo v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u201cngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 th\u01a1\u201d l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng truy t\u1ea7m, khai ph\u00e1 th\u00eam b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc th\u01a1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. V\u00ec t\u00ednh di \u0111\u1ed9ng mong manh c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, th\u01a1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u01a1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u01a1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 qua, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. <\/p>\n

\u201cNgh\u0129 v\u1ec1 th\u01a1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n tr\u00ecnh khai ph\u00e1: Theo d\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft t\u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 qua, tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 trong th\u01a1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u01a1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3, r\u00e1p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1eb7c ch\u00e2n dung th\u01a1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. R\u1ed3i th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1edbi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ebd m\u00f4i m\u1eaft m\u00e0y r\u00e2u tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh. (*) <\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1i Ni\u1ec7m C\u00e1ch M\u1ea1ng Th\u01a1<\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u01a1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd. N\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n sinh. Nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 thi ca thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i c\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 th\u01a1. Nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 khi l\u1edbn c\u00f3 khi nh\u1ecf. Nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do l\u1edbn c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0103n nh\u1ecbp v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea1o n\u00ean cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng thi ca. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng thi ca t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13; cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n xu\u00f4i \u1edf Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latin trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960-70. <\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t chung, th\u01a1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang \u0111i v\u00e0o ng\u00f5 c\u1ee5t. N\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u01a1 h\u00f4m qua, th\u01a1 \u0111ang c\u00f3, th\u01a1 ng\u00e0y mai s\u1ebd b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p t\u1eeb ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3, s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, cho \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u01a1 ng\u00e0y mai s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt mang t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng. Th\u01a1 m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1ecbp s\u1ed1ng. Tinh hoa c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb9p t\u00e2m t\u01b0 \u0111ang m\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111u\u1ed5i r\u01b0\u1ee3t, ch\u00ecm s\u00e2u theo t\u00e2m tr\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc, ni\u1ec1m tin v\u0103n h\u00f3a duy v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111am m\u00ea duy v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. <\/p>\n

Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 sinh t\u1ed3n cho th\u1ea5y tr\u1ea3i qua bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay, th\u01a1 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, th\u01a1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho hi\u1ec7n sinh, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong nh\u01b0 kh\u1ee7ng long. L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y cho v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng, thi ca s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u00e0n l\u1ee5n. Th\u01a1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. <\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc th\u01a1 nh\u01b0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, v\u00ec b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0103n minh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u0169y th\u1eeba trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed (digimodernism). N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ti\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u01a1, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u01a1, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 nh\u1ecbp s\u1ed1ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc v\u0103n minh. <\/p>\n

\u201cMake it new\u201d (l\u00e0m m\u1edbi)<\/i> tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Ezra Pound (1885-1972) ti\u1ec1n phong cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc chung v\u00e0 thi ca d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd thi\u1ebfu. \u201cL\u00e0m m\u1edbi th\u01a1\u201d kh\u00f4ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. \u201cL\u00e0m m\u1edbi th\u01a1 l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa\u201d kh\u00f4ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. L\u00e0m m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb sinh t\u1ed3n. N\u1ebfu th\u01a1 b\u1ecb khai tr\u1eeb, b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, d\u00f9 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 v\u00f4 \u00edch. <\/p>\n

Quan \u0110i\u1ec3m Khi N\u00e0o C\u00e1ch M\u1ea1ng?<\/strong><\/font> <\/p>\n

Khi n\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng thi ca th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u? M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi quan tr\u1ecdng sau khi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin nghi v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd chung c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u. <\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn, n\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ee9 ba x\u1ea3y ra, n\u1ebfu khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4i \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i … nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u tr\u00ean s\u1ebd l\u00e0m khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. <\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd chung cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cung \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u00ed ca \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i. <\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd: S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111i t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n theo th\u1eddi gian nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng chi\u1ec1u. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t sinh l\u1ef1c ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n. C\u1ea3 hai xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3t. T\u1ea1o ra ba hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng: <\/p>\n

1- N\u1ebfu l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi, ch\u1eadm hay nhanh t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n m\u1ea1nh hay nh\u1eb9. <\/p>\n

2- N\u1ebfu l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9ng, s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea9y l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fac ti\u1ebfn l\u00fac l\u00f9i. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eb1ng co n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1eefa c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi, gi\u1eefa truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, gi\u1eefa m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin. C\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, t\u00e1i x\u00e9t, m\u00e0i gi\u0169a nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9, ho\u1eb7c sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. <\/p>\n

3- N\u1ebfu l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c, l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, v\u1eadt l\u00fd, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, t\u00e2m l\u00fd, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, t\u01b0 duy… kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. <\/p>\n

L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn: L\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u00edch l\u1edbn trong g\u1ea7n 50 n\u0103m. Phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. <\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n th\u01a1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, trong phong th\u00e1i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u01a1. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chung. R\u1ed3i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ef1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thi ca c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1o ra hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 3: M\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 do l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y chung c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh. T\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01a1 21. <\/p>\n

L\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 ti\u1ec1n phong ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng truy t\u1ea7m nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c m\u1edbi. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f2n m\u1ecfi, l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u00e1i l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u00e1i d\u1ee5ng th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 70-80. Khi ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi: b\u1ed5 t\u00fac, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. <\/p>\n

L\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n 21 g\u1eb7p s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf t\u1eeb v\u00e0i phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng, ho\u00e0i c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ec1n phong. Hai phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 hai v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Stuckist v\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01a1 T\u00e2n H\u00ecnh Th\u1ee9c (Neo\/New Formalism). <\/p>\n

Stuckist l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1999 b\u1edfi Billy Childish v\u00e0 Charles Thompson. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t thi ca, h\u1ecd ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c th\u01a1 theo nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111a s\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 phong tr\u00e0o h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. H\u1ecd c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thi ca trong ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c, bao g\u1ed3m g\u1ea7n 240 nh\u00f3m hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n tr\u00ean h\u01a1n 52 qu\u1ed1c gia. G\u1ea7n 20 n\u0103m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a Stuckist kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n th\u01a1 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho phong tr\u00e0o ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 ti\u1ec1n phong. Qua m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia nh\u1eadp tuy ghi t\u00ean nh\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh,\u201d kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111o\u00e0n nh\u00f3m. <\/p>\n

Neo Formalism, T\u00e2n H\u00ecnh Th\u1ee9c, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o nh\u1ecf t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 t\u1ef1 do, h\u1ecd c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9ng quay v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u, v\u1ea7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u00e2n H\u00ecnh Th\u1ee9c bao g\u1ed3m Charles Martin, Brad Leithauser, Timothy Steele, Molly Peacock, Phillis Levin, Marilyn Hacker, Mark Jarman, Danna Gioia .\u2026 \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p Rebel Angels:\u201d 25 Poets of the New Formalism,\u201d <\/i>1996, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi Jarman v\u00e0 David Mason. H\u1ecd vi\u1ebft: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong d\u00f2ng thi ca Hoa K\u1ef3 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i sinh c\u1ee7a nh\u1ecbp v\u00e0 v\u1ea7n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt [t\u00ednh truy\u1ec7n trong th\u01a1], gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 tr\u1ebb, sau giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n [nh\u1ecbp v\u00e0 v\u1ea7n] b\u1ecb l\u1ea5n \u00e1p.\u201d<\/i> <\/p>\n

Phong tr\u00e0o T\u00e2n H\u00ecnh Th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n nh\u1ecbp v\u00e0 v\u1ea7n trong th\u01a1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 90 r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat. Nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a N.S. Thompson trong P.N. Review<\/i> s\u1ed1 Th\u00e1ng11\/12 n\u0103m 2003: \u201cTrong l\u00fac nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n hay \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 th\u00e0nh danh. Suy x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y (T\u00e2n H\u00ecnh Th\u1ee9c] \u00edt ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u01a1 m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.\u201d (Form and Funtion, H\u00ecnh Th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee9c N\u0103ng.) <\/i> <\/p>\n

Stuckist v\u00e0 Neo Formalism l\u00e0 hai phong tr\u00e0o th\u01a1 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0i c\u1ed5 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean. Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u00fd do h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t x\u1ea3y ra, m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c th\u1ed1i lui. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, 2018, c\u1ea3 hai phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n 21. C\u1ea3 hai thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng thi s\u0129 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o. <\/p>\n

Theo l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean, l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n 21, th\u00ec l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed7i l\u1edbn, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. <\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, khi l\u1ef1c ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf, t\u00e0n r\u1ee5i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fac c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng thi ca 21 ph\u1ea5t kh\u1edfi. <\/i> <\/p>\n

R\u1ed3i n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0…<\/strong><\/font> <\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng thi ca kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra. Th\u01a1 c\u1ee9 l\u1ec1nh b\u1ec1nh tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i, c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng \u00edt \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3. Kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 ra sao nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1c quan. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt thi ca s\u1ebd b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u00e2n th\u1eddi, h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi, d\u1ed3n \u00e9p v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u00e1t ch\u00e8o, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u00e1t B\u1ed9 …. \u0110\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a khoa c\u1ed5 v\u0103n. Danh t\u1eeb thi s\u0129 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1eed ng\u1eef. <\/p>\n

Hai vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh cho th\u1ea5y hai \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a thi ca th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f4m nay v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y mai t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh. N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt thi s\u0129 l\u00e0 n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn. \u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 Karl Marx \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n b\u00e1nh xe l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/i>. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft b\u00e1nh xe l\u0103n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 ai \u0111ang l\u0103n n\u00f3. <\/p>\n

(Tr\u00edch: T\u00edn Hi\u1ec7u Th\u01a1 S\u1eafp \u0110\u1ebfn.)<\/i> <\/p>\n

GHI <\/strong>(*) <\/p>\n

[Th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thi s\u0129 nh\u01b0 Mark Levine, Karen Volkman, D.A. Powell, Peter Gizzi, Juliana Spahr, Joshua Clover, Kevin Young, Trace Morris, Myung Mi Kim, Stacy Doris, Susan Wheeler, Mark Nowak, Kenneth <\/i>Goldsmith, tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0o American Poets in the 21st<\/sup> Century: The New Poetics do Claudia Rankine v\u00e0 Lisa Sewell th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, Weslyan University Press, 2007, mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n trong v\u00f2ng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ti\u00ean tri cho th\u01a1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng. <\/i> <\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0: <\/i>https:\/\/ www.worldliteraturetoday.org\/;http:\/\/www.ou.edu\/wlt<\/u><\/i>; <\/i>http: \/\/ www.litshowcase.org\/…v…v… c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp The Pip Anthology of World Poetry of the 21st<\/sup> Century, Volume 10 do Douglas Messerli th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 2017 do Green Integer \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn 46 thi s\u0129 t\u00e0i danh quen thu\u1ed9c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. Thi ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y qua lu\u1eadn v\u0103n, s\u00e1ch v\u1edf trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 qua. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng Volumes kh\u00e1c trong b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch The Pip Anthology of World Poetry, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng theo d\u00f5i d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. <\/i> <\/p>\n

V\u00e0i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 Contemporay American Poetry do A. Poulin, Michael Waters th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. The Ecco Anthology of the International Poetry do Ilya Kaminsky v\u00e0 Susan Harris th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi HarperCollins Publisher, 2010. A Companion to Twentieth Century Poetry do Neil Roberts th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi Blackwell Publishing, 2003. The News from Poems do Jeffrey Gray v\u00e0 Ann Keniston th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi University of Michigan Press, 2016. …v…v…<\/i> <\/p>\n

(Trong ph\u1ea7n tham kh\u1ea3o, c\u00f3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn, t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p, tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn th\u01a1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c th\u01a1 trong t\u1eebng v\u00f9ng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n d\u00f2 c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 qua v\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u th\u01a1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn.)<\/i>]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f4m nay v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y mai t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh. N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt thi s\u0129 … c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn. \u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 Karl Marx \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n b\u00e1nh xe l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft b\u00e1nh xe l\u0103n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 ai \u0111ang l\u0103n n\u00f3.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1809,"featured_media":52240,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,25,37],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52241","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nghien-cuu","category-nhan-dinh","category-tho"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52241","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1809"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=52241"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52241\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":52242,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52241\/revisions\/52242"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/52240"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=52241"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=52241"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=52241"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}