![\"Nguyen](\"https:\/\/damau.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Nguyen-Tu-Nghiem-Nguyt-Uoc.jpg\" "\\"Nguyen")
<\/a>\nNguy\u1ec7t \u01af\u1edbc<\/em> c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0 Nghi\u00eam (tranh s\u01a1n m\u00e0i 70x50cm, 1987)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\n++<\/b>Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb c\u00f3 sanh\/sinh nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba n\u00f3i, ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u201cb\u00ecnh sanh\u201d\/ \u201cb\u00ecnh sinh\u201d, \u201csanh ti\u1ec1n\u201d\/ \u201csinh ti\u1ec1n\u201d, \u201csanh th\u1eddi\u201d \/\u201dsinh th\u1eddi\u201d. V\u00e0, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb \u201csinh th\u00ec\u201d (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 *sanh th\u00ec). \u201cTh\u00ec\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1eddi\u201d, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, tho\u1ea1t nh\u00ecn, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 \u201csinh th\u00ec\u201d l\u00e0 \u201csinh th\u1eddi\u201d hay \u201csanh th\u1eddi\u201d. Th\u1eadt ra, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n
\u201cSinh th\u00ec\u201d<\/b> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 l\u00fac Ch\u00faa ch\u1ebft, trong c\u00e1c kinh nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ng\u1eafm; m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ngh\u0129a ra, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o qua \u0111\u1eddi. G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 T\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec3n H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh, Vi\u1ec7t Nam T\u1ef1 \u0110i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i Khai Tr\u00ed Ti\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c, Vi\u1ec7t Nam T\u1ef1 \u0110i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a L\u00ea V\u0103n \u0110\u1ee9c & L\u00ea Ng\u1ecdc Tr\u1ee5, \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec3n Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t do Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u01b0 \u00dd ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean (c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n V\u0103n H\u00f3a Th\u00f4ng Tin, in n\u0103m 1999), \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u201cSinh th\u00ec\u201d<\/i>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb Sinh th\u1eddi , Sanh th\u1eddi, Sinh ti\u1ec1n,<\/i> hay, c\u00f3 khi, S\u00eanh ti\u1ec1n<\/i>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb v\u1eeba n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nay \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n do ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 T\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-B\u1ed3-La c\u1ee7a Alexandre de Rhodes, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Qu\u1ea5c \u00c2m T\u1ef1 V\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Hu\u00ecnh T\u1ecbnh Paulus C\u1ee7a, T\u1ef1 \u0110i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Pigneau de B\u00e9haine cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a G\u00e9nibrel cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Taberd xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1838, v\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n b\u1ea3n C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1o Y\u1ebfu L\u00fd, Kinh C\u1ea7u B\u1ea3o \u0110\u00e0ng Cho K\u1ebb R\u00ecnh Sinh Th\u00ec, Ng\u1eafm 15 S\u1ef1 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu,<\/i> v.v., <\/i>\u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u201cSinh Th\u00ec\u201d. V\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ebft\u201d.<\/p>\n
Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \u201csinh th\u00ec\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. V\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 xin n\u00f3i g\u1ecdn. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Alexandre de Rhodes, trong T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-B\u1ed3-La, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201csinh ascendo (l\u00ean), sinh th\u00ec ascensus hora (gi\u1edd l\u00ean)<\/i> – <\/b>\u0111\u00e3 sinh th\u00ec iam mortuus est (\u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft)<\/i>… Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 \u0111i l\u00ean v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d.<\/i> \u201cSinh\u201d, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00ean\u201d, l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ebft\u201d. C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef cho bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u ph\u00e1t \u00e2m ch\u1eef \u201csinh\u201d \u751f, theo ngh\u0129a \u201csinh \u0111\u1ebb\u201d hay \u201cs\u1ed1ng\u201d, l\u00e0 sh\u0113ng<\/i> (gi\u1ed1ng gi\u1ecdng B\u1eafc Kinh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i). V\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t \u00e2m ch\u1eef \u201cth\u0103ng\u201d \u5347, theo ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201c(bay) l\u00ean\u201d, y h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u00e2m gi\u1ed1ng nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9n ngh\u0129a, hay tr\u1ed9n ngh\u0129a. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1eeb \u201csinh th\u00ec\u201d c\u1ee7a Alexandre de Rhodes cho th\u1ea5y \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u201cSinh th\u00ec\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00fac ch\u1ebft\u201d, l\u00e0 \u201cth\u0103ng th\u00ec\u201d, l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u1edd l\u00ean\u201d, \u201cl\u00fac (bay) l\u00ean (v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa)\u201d.<\/p>\n
Ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i d\u00f9ng \u201cuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef\u201d, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ec1m tin kia. D\u00f9 sao, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129, n\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn theo h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu, ch\u1ebft t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat s\u1ed1ng th\u1eadt. L\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 Cha, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. C\u00e2u ch\u00fac \u201cFelix Dies Natalis!\u201d b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Latinh, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 \u201cHappy Birthday\u201d trong ti\u1ebfng Anh. Trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft, gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y h\u1ecd m\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cDies Natalis<\/i>\u201d, ng\u00e0y sinh<\/b>. Ng\u00e0y c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh v\u00e0o N\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u1eddi, hay ng\u00e0y c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u201cqu\u00ea th\u1eadt\u201d, v\u1ec1 \u201cc\u00f5i h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1ng\u201d. Tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong d\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n Ch\u00faa Jesus rao gi\u1ea3ng: N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t l\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gieo v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft \u0111i, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u01a1 tr\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i; nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 m\u1ee5c r\u00e3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft \u0111i, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u b\u00f4ng h\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c. \u201cCh\u1ebft\u201d, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec cao qu\u00fd, t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. Ch\u1ebft cho anh em, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ebft cho ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, trong tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00fac \u00c2m rao gi\u1ea3ng. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, trong tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u00edn l\u00fd C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi. (8)<\/sup><\/p>\n ++<\/strong>\u201cTho\u1eaft \u0111\u00e2u th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u ki\u1ec1u. C\u00f3 <\/i>ch\u00ecu phong-v\u1eadn, c\u00f3 <\/i>ch\u00ecu thanh-t\u00e2n\u201d <\/i>(d\u1ecb b\u1ea3n: c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u). Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1eeb \u201cPhong-v\u1eadn<\/b>\u201d l\u00e0 xinh t\u1ed1t , c\u00f2n \u201cThanh-t\u00e2n<\/b>\u201d l\u00e0 s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd. Trong quy\u1ec3n \u201cTruy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u\u201d do Tr\u1ea7n Nho Th\u00ecn ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean & Nguy\u1ec5n Tu\u1ea5n C\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3o d\u1ecb, ch\u00fa th\u00edch, b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, ta th\u1ea5y ghi:<\/p>\n Phong v\u1eadn<\/i>: y\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec7u, \u0111oan trang; Thanh t\u00e2n<\/i>: c\u00f2n trong tr\u1eafng, c\u00f2n son, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ch\u1ed3ng con.<\/p>\n Ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch g\u1ecdn gh\u1ebd v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9c m\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a TVK, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch sao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngay nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 v\u1ebb cao sang. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta sau n\u00e0y, khi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t. \u00d4ng t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9c m\u1ea1c, d\u00e2n d\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh sau n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a TVK l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft cho tr\u1ebb con \u0111\u1ecdc. Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p cho v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t qua c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng khi \u0111\u1ee9ng vai v\u1eeba ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1eeba ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat cho t\u1edd Nam Phong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t y\u00eau Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u. Nh\u01b0ng khi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u00e2u n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd. Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh s\u1ed1ng sau TVK kho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi 60 n\u0103m. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef (thay cho ch\u1eef Nho hay ch\u1eef Ph\u00e1p) \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn. Th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c. Ta n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n ++<\/strong>\u201cN\u1ed7i ri\u00eang <\/i>d\u1eadp d\u1eadp s\u00f3ng d\u1ed3i. Ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f2i c\u01a1n l\u1ea1i s\u1ee5t s\u00f9i \u0111\u00f2i c\u01a1n\u201d <\/i>(d\u1ecb b\u1ea3n: l\u1edbp l\u1edbp).<\/p>\n T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-B\u1ed3-La c\u00f3 ghi m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb \u201cbloc\u201d. S\u01a1n bloc<\/i> ra\u201d. Ta th\u1ea5y, ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y, bl- c\u1ee7a bloc<\/i> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ee5ng \u00e2m l\u1ecfng l- (\u00e2m t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec trong t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m bl- ), cho ta t\u1eeb b\u00f3c<\/i> (nh\u01b0, \u201cS\u01a1n b\u1ecb b\u00f3c ra\u201d); hay n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ee5ng \u00e2m t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u b-, cho ta t\u1eeb l\u00f3c<\/i> (nh\u01b0 trong t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f4i b\u1ecb l\u00f3c t\u1eebng m\u1ea3ng<\/em>). Ngo\u00e0i ra, bl- c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \/j\/ theo quy lu\u1eadt chung (gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 bl\u0103ng > gi\u0103ng, blanh > gianh, bl\u1ea7u > gi\u1ea7u <\/em>\u2026). (9)<\/sup> Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, bl- c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh l-, r\u1ed3i l- c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh gi- hay tr-, nh\u01b0 trong (\u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa) Bl\u1eddi > L\u1eddi > Gi\u1eddi\/Tr\u1eddi. (T\u1eeb \u201cgi\u1eddi\u201d n\u00e0y, trong \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Gi\u1eddi<\/i>, \u201c\u1ed0i Gi\u1eddi<\/i> \u01a1i!\u201d, hay trong \u201cNgo\u00e0i gi\u1eddi<\/i> m\u01b0a b\u1ee5i bay\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 V\u0169 \u0110\u00ecnh Li\u00ean trong b\u00e0i \u201c\u00d4ng \u0110\u1ed3\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc.)<\/p>\n Trong s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u00e2m H\u00e1n l- qua \u00e2m N\u00f4m tr- <\/b>(nh\u01b0 trong: lai \u4f86 > trai \ud84a\udd56<\/a> , lu\u1eadn \u8ad6 > tr\u1ecdn \u8ad6 ). S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh bl, tl, kl > l > tr , gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trong ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc x\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u201cl\u1ecdn ngh\u0129a\u201d thay cho \u201ctr\u1ecdn ngh\u0129a\u201d. S\u1edf d\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u00ec hai t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m c\u1ed5 \/bl- \/ v\u00e0 \/tl- \/ c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ra hai h\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u00e0 \/l- \/ v\u00e0 \/tr- \/ (bl\u1ecdn, tl\u1ecdn > l\u1ecdn\/tr\u1ecdn; hay bl\u00fac bl\u00e1c > l\u00fac l\u1eafc\/tr\u00fac tr\u1eafc); v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn ra l-, r\u1ed3i ra tr- . Tl- (c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi bl-) th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m th\u00e0nh tr- (nh\u01b0 trong tl\u00edch \/ bl\u00edch > (c\u00e1) tr\u00edch; nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi tl- ch\u1ec9 r\u1ee5ng \u00e2m t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, l\u00e0 l-, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u00e2m t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 t-. B\u1edfi v\u1eady n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m \u201cCon tr\u00e2u tr\u1eafng bu\u1ed9c b\u1ee5i tre\u201d th\u00e0nh \u201cCon t\u00e2u t\u1eafng bu\u1ed9c b\u1ee5i te\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f9ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh. Ngh\u0129 k\u1ef9, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 sai! Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tl- th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh tr- (\u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ng\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf), ch\u1ee9 tl- kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh t-, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i \u201cl\u1eadt ra\u201d \/ \u201ctr\u1eadt ra\u201d, \u201cl\u1ed3i\u201d \/ \u201ctr\u1ed3i\u201d, \u201cl\u1ec7ch\u201d \/ \u201ctr\u1ec7ch\u201d (\u201cch\u1ec7ch\u201d), v.v\u2026 V\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng tr\u00f2i<\/i> ra, l\u00f2i<\/i> ra (ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 th\u00f2i<\/i> ra), ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00f2i<\/i> ra; v\u00e0, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, ngo\u00e0i tr\u1ee5t<\/i>, (ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 th\u1ee5t, s\u1ee5t<\/i>), ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u1ee5t<\/i>.<\/p>\n Theo ng\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u1eef \u00e2m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m bl- c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \/j\/, nh\u01b0 bl\u00e1i<\/i> [tr\u00e1i, qu\u1ea3] > gi\u00e1i <\/em>(nh\u01b0 trong gi\u00e1i n\u00fai\/tr\u00e1i n\u00fai, <\/em>hay gi\u00e1i g\u0103ng\/tr\u00e1i g\u0103ng, <\/em>v.v.)<\/em>, v\u00e0 \/j\/ (\u27e8gi\u27e9), k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \/\u01ab \/ (\u27e8tr\u27e9), (do hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m k\u00e9p \/tl\/) tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi chung to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, gi\u0103ng > tr\u0103ng, gi\u1ed3ng > tr\u1ed3ng<\/em>, gi\u1ea7u > tr\u1ea7u, gi\u1eddi > tr\u1eddi<\/em>\u2026), \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1i<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh tr\u00e1i<\/em>. Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \/j\/ c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \/z\/ (\u27e8d\u27e9), (nh\u01b0 trong d\u00e1i tai, d\u00e1i m\u00edt<\/em> \u2026). (9) <\/sup><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u00e2m \/z\/, m\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd d\u00f9ng trong \u201cN\u1ed7i ri\u00eang d\u1eadp d\u1eadp<\/i> s\u00f3ng d\u1ed3i\u201d c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m c\u1ed5 \/bl- \/ \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u00e0 ra. Nh\u01b0ng ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \/bl- \/ c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \/j\/ (nh\u01b0 trong bl\u0103ng > gi\u0103ng). <\/em>M\u00e0 \/bl- \/, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \/l- \/ (nh\u01b0 trong bloc > l\u00f3c<\/em>). B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch phi\u00ean \u00e2m c\u00e2u \u201c<\/em>N\u1ed7i ri\u00eang d\u1eadp d\u1eadp<\/i> s\u00f3ng d\u1ed3i\u201d c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, khi sang c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n phi\u00ean \u00e2m Ki\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201c<\/em>N\u1ed7i ri\u00eang l\u1edbp l\u1edbp<\/i> s\u00f3ng d\u1ed3i\u201d, theo h\u01b0\u1edbng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/i> \/j\/ hay \/z\/ (\u201cd\u201d, nh\u01b0 trong \u201cGi\u00f3 d\u1eadp s\u00f3ng d\u1ed3i\u201d hay \u201cD\u1eadp li\u1ec5u v\u00f9i hoa\u201d; hay \u201cgi\u201d trong \u201c\u0110\u00e1nh r\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u\u201d, hay \u201cNhai ch\u01b0a gi\u1eadp mi\u1ebfng tr\u1ea7u\u201d) ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i<\/i> th\u00e0nh \/l\/. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u201cd\u1eadp d\u1eadp\u201d th\u00e0nh \u201cl\u1edbp l\u1edbp\u201d.<\/p>\n C\u00f2n \u201c\u0111\u00f2i\u201d: t\u1eeb c\u1ed5, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cnhi\u1ec1u\u201d. \u201cC\u01a1n\u201d: l\u1ea7n, l\u01b0\u1ee3t, phen. C\u1ea3 c\u00e2u : \u201cNgh\u0129 \u0111\u00f2i c\u01a1n l\u1ea1i s\u1ee5t s\u00f9i \u0111\u00f2i c\u01a1n\u201d <\/i>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ee9 ngh\u0129 r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3c, ngh\u0129 r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n ++<\/strong>D\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9ng huy\u1ec3n<\/em> (sic) c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e2u. B\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng mua n\u00e3o, <\/i>ch\u00e1c s\u1ea7u <\/i>ngh\u0129 nao \/ m\u1ed9ng tri\u1ec7u, chu\u1ed1c s\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n \u201cCh\u00e1c\u201d: t\u1eeb c\u1ed5, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cmua\u201d; nh\u01b0 trong t\u1eeb k\u00e9p \u201cb\u00e1n ch\u00e1c\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cmua b\u00e1n\u201d. \u201cNgh\u0129 nao\u201d: ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 xem, ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i xem n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n ++<\/strong>Ph\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u01a1i gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng. <\/em>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc se ng\u00f3n th\u1ecf, t\u01a1 d\u00f9n <\/i>phi\u1ebfm loan<\/i> (So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c d\u1ecb b\u1ea3n: Tr\u00fac se ng\u00f3n<\/i> th\u1ecf, t\u01a1 ch\u00f9ng ph\u00edm loan; ho\u1eb7c Tr\u00fac si ng\u00f3n<\/i> th\u1ecf, t\u01a1 ch\u00f9ng ph\u00edm loan; ho\u1eb7c Tr\u00fac se ng\u1ecdn<\/i> th\u1ecf, t\u01a1 ch\u00f9ng ph\u00edm loan. ) [Ng\u00f3n th\u1ecf, ph\u00edm loan: c\u00e2y s\u00e1o l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng tr\u00fac v\u00e0 d\u00e2y \u0111\u00e0n l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee3i t\u01a1, \u201cth\u1ecf\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cloan\u201d ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i cho v\u0103n v\u1ebb th\u00eam. C\u00f2n \u201cTr\u00fac se<\/i> ng\u00f3n<\/i> th\u1ecf\u201d: \u00fd n\u00f3i ng\u00f3n tay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng s\u00e1o; s\u00e1o tr\u00fac kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed5i th\u00ec bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa. \u0110\u1ebfn \u201cTr\u00fac si<\/i> ng\u00f3n th\u1ecf\u201d th\u00ec c\u1ee5m \u201csi ng\u00f3n th\u1ecf\u201d mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 l\u00e0m ng\u00e2y d\u1ea1i ng\u00f3n tay th\u1ed5i s\u00e1o; \u201cT\u01a1 ch\u00f9ng ph\u00edm loan\u201d: ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n gi\u00e3n d\u00e2y v\u00ec b\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng, l\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng g\u1ea9y. C\u00f2n \u201cTr\u00fac se<\/i> ng\u1ecdn<\/i> th\u1ecf\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ea3n b\u00fat b\u1eb1ng tr\u00fac, ng\u1ecdn b\u00fat l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee3i l\u00f4ng th\u1ecf; \u00fd l\u00e0 b\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 se ng\u1ecdn l\u1ea1i v\u00ec l\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng, kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft. (Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u<\/i>, TNT & NTC]. Trong b\u1ea3n Ki\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u201cTr\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d trong \u201cTr\u01b0\u1edbc se ng\u00f3n th\u1ecf t\u01a1 d\u00f9n phi\u1ebfm<\/i> loan\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cquy\u1ec3n s\u00e1o\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cT\u01a1\u201d l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1eddn\u201d. ]<\/p>\n Phi\u1ebfm \/ Ph\u00edm (i\u00ea > i). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y (nh\u01b0 \u1edf tr\u00ean: Ch\u00ecu\/chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 Chim\/Chi\u00eam), \u00e2m \/i\/ c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u00e2m \/i\u00ea\/, v\u00e0 \u00e2m \/i\u00ea\/ c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u00e2m \/i\/.<\/p>\n ++<\/strong>L\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u du h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi thu\u00ea. T\u00fai <\/em>\u0111\u1eddn c\u1eb7p s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1 d\u1ecdn sang<\/i> (D\u1ecb b\u1ea3n: \u0111\u00e0n). T\u1eeb \u201c\u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 mang v\u00e0 d\u1eaft; \u201cc\u1eb7p s\u00e1ch\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u1ed9p g\u1ed7 ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u00e1ch v\u1edf.<\/p>\n Trong c\u00e2u n\u00e0y, ta c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m \u01a1 > a (g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m \u00f4 > a). \u201c\u0110\u1eddn > \u201c\u0110\u00e0n\u201d; gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trong s\u1edbm m\u01a1i \/ s\u1edbm mai; \u0111\u01a1n c\u1eed \/ \u0111an c\u1eed; kh\u01a1i th\u00f4ng \/ khai th\u00f4ng; Tr\u01b0 B\u00e1t Gi\u1edbi \/ Tr\u01b0 B\u00e1t Gi\u00e1i<\/i>. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00f4i m\u00e0u \/ phai m\u00e0u; m\u1ed9 \/ m\u1ea3<\/i>.<\/p>\n Trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u, \u201cdu h\u1ecdc\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111i tr\u1ecd h\u1ecdc \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c\u201d. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ta th\u1ea5y Kim Tr\u1ecdng, ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 con nh\u00e0 kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3, n\u00ean th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i \u0111i \u201cdu h\u1ecdc\u201d, thu\u00ea h\u1eb3n m\u1ed9t c\u0103n\/ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0, l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u201cNg\u00f4 Vi\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia\u201d (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n nay \u0111i n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u00f4, mai sang n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111i bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n nay \u0111\u00e2y mai \u0111\u00f3, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0). Vi\u1ec7c \u0111i \u201cdu h\u1ecdc\u201d ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi m\u1ed7i kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng hay kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975, \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, vi\u1ec7c \u201cdu h\u1ecdc\u201d kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do. C\u00f2n b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, vi\u1ec7c \u201cdu h\u1ecdc\u201d t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. Sinh vi\u00ean d\u1ec5 \u201c\u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1 c\u1eb7p s\u00e1ch\u201d t\u1eeb trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cd\u1ecdn sang\u201d \u1edf t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n. D\u00f9 sao, Kim Tr\u1ecdng, khi \u0111i \u201cdu h\u1ecdc\u201d nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u201ct\u00fai \u0111\u1eddn\u201d (\u0111i chung v\u1edbi \u201cc\u1eb7p s\u00e1ch\u201d); sinh vi\u00ean du h\u1ecdc b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, ngo\u00e0i con c\u00e1i c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ra, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u201ct\u1ed1i m\u00e0y t\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t\u201d l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n \u0103n h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i du h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 \u201c\u0111\u1eddn \u0111\u1ecbch\u201d, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi \u201ct\u00fai \u0111\u1eddn\u201d nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n ++<\/strong>L\u01a1 th\u01a1 t\u01a1 li\u1ec5u bu\u00f4ng m\u00e0nh. Con oanh h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i tr\u00ean nh\u00e0nh m\u1ec9a mai. M\u1ea5y <\/em>l\u1ea7n c\u1eeda \u0111\u00f3ng then g\u00e0i, D\u1eaby th\u1ec1m hoa r\u1ee5ng bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/i> <\/i>Ch\u1ea7n ng\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee9ng <\/i>tr\u00f3t gi\u1edd l\u00e2u, (\u2026)<\/i> (D\u1ecb b\u1ea3n: t\u1ea7n ng\u1ea7n, su\u1ed1t.) \u201cCh\u1ea7n ng\u1ea7n\u201d: \u00c2m c\u0169, gi\u1edd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n v\u0103n. \u201cCh\u1ea7n ng\u1ea7n\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi \u201cCh\u1ea7n ch\u1eeb\u201d (\u0111\u1eafn \u0111o, do d\u1ef1, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec).<\/p>\n ++<\/strong>V\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u00fd: Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi d\u1eabn cho \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1 t\u1eeb c\u00e2u 287 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u 368: \u201cKim Tr\u1ecdng g\u1eb7p Tu\u00fd Ki\u1ec1u t\u1ecf thi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh m\u00ecnh ra, xin Tu\u00fd Ki\u1ec1u <\/i>c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng<\/b> th\u00ec cho bi\u1ebft: r\u1ed3i tr\u00e2m qu\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0a cho nhau l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a tin<\/i>\u201d. C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cc\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng\u201d, trong v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f3 y\u00eau m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng\u201d, \u201cc\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng\u201d, \u201cc\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng\u201d, \u201ct\u00f4i l\u00e0m v\u1eady\/t\u00f4i y\u00eau c\u00f4 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f4 c\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng?\u201d, v.v… \u201cC\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng\u201d, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, nghe r\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1c, n\u00e9t gi\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c mi\u1ec1n Nam.<\/p>\n ++<\/strong>C\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i bu\u1ed5i im tr\u1eddi. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y b\u00f3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi <\/em>th\u00edt <\/i>tha (D\u1ecb b\u1ea3n: th\u01b0\u1edbt tha). Bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m i > \u01b0\u01a1. Nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i quy lu\u1eadt bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m.<\/p>\n ++<\/strong>L\u1ea7n theo t\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea5m d\u1ea1o quanh. Tr\u00ean nh\u00e0nh li\u1ebfc th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0nh <\/em>kim-xoa. (D\u1ecb b\u1ea3n: <\/i>kim thoa). Bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m x > th. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t \u00e2m \u00e2m \/th\/ th\u00e0nh \u00e2m \/s\/, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, thay v\u00ec n\u00f3i \u201cEm th\u01b0\u01a1ng anh l\u1eafm!\u201d th\u00ec ph\u00e1t \u00e2m th\u00e0nh \u201cEm s\u01b0\u01a1ng\/x\u01b0\u01a1ng anh l\u1eafm!\u201d. Xin nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i v\u00e0 k\u00fd \u00e2m \u201cTh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf\u201d x\u01b0a: \u201cX\u00e1n T\u00ed\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5, g\u1ed1c g\u00e1c t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m t\u1eeb s-, hay x- , sang th- (hay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i) nh\u01b0 \u201ckim xoa\u201d t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd sang \u201ckim thoa\u201d sau n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t \u00e2m ch\u1eef \u201cs\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d, \u201cx\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d (thay v\u00ec \u201cth\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d) nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00e2m c\u1ed5 trong l\u1eddi \u0103n ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t \u00e2m theo m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sang th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau.<\/p>\n D\u00f9 sao, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1eadn th\u00eam v\u1ec1 hai \u00e2m \/th\/ v\u00e0 \/s\/ (xem l\u1ea1i ch\u00fa th\u00edch s\u1ed1 5). Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, ho\u1eb7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i qua l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u01b0 trong \u201cth\u1eabm\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1eabm\u201d, \u201cth\u1ee5t\u201d (h\u1ea1ng) v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ee5t\u201d (h\u1ea1ng), v.v\u2026. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi Thu\u00fd V\u00e2n, Tu\u00fd V\u00e2n v\u00e0 Su\u00fd (Xu\u00fd) V\u00e2n m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n \u1edf tr\u00ean. (10)<\/sup><\/p>\n ++<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi nh\u01b0 <\/em>c\u1ed5i t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng. D\u1edf kim-<\/i>h\u01b0\u1eddn v\u1edbi kh\u0103n h\u1ed3ng trao tay <\/i>(D\u1ecb b\u1ea3n: c\u1edfi, kim ho\u00e0n). C\u1ee5 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00fa: \u201cKim-h\u01b0\u1eddn\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cchi\u1ebfc neo, xuy\u1ebfn\u201d. Bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m \u00f4 > \u01a1 (c\u1ed5i > c\u1edfi<\/i>), chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u00e2m h\u01a1i t\u1ed1i (t\u1ee9c h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, tr\u1ea7m h\u01a1n) sang \u00e2m h\u01a1i s\u00e1ng (n\u1eeda nh\u01b0 \u00e2m \/a\/). Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ed5i \/ c\u1edfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 do v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef. C\u00f2n s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u01a1 > a th\u00ec mang n\u00e9t quy lu\u1eadt h\u01a1n: nh\u01b0 trong b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1edbi \/ b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e1i<\/i> (b\u1ec7nh kh\u00ed h\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef), ng\u00e0y m\u01a1i \/ ng\u00e0y mai<\/i> (v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean).<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u01b0\u01a1 > oa (kim h\u01b0\u1eddn > kim ho\u00e0n<\/i>). Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i khi, thay v\u00ec n\u00f3i \u201cm\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n\/vi\u00ean thu\u1ed1c\u201d, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i, gi\u00e0 l\u00e3o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam) c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng theo l\u1ed1i c\u1ed5 \u201cm\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1eddn thu\u1ed1c\u201d.<\/p>\n ++<\/strong>R\u1eb1ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m c\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y. C\u1ee7a tin g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ghi. S\u1eb5n tay <\/em>b\u1ea3 qu\u1ea1t hoa qu\u1ef3. V\u1edbi nh\u00e0nh <\/em>xoa \u1ea5y t\u1ee9c th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed5i trao<\/i>. (D\u1ecb b\u1ea3n: S\u1eb5n tay <\/i>kh\u0103n g\u1ea5m qu\u1ea1t <\/i>qu\u1ef3). TVK ch\u00fa th\u00edch: \u201cb\u1ea3\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ea7m\u201d.<\/p>\n Ch\u1eef \u201cxoa\u201d th\u00ec ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp n\u00f3i. C\u00f2n ch\u1eef \u201cb\u1ea3\u201d, theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Nho Th\u00ecn & Nguy\u1ec5n Tu\u1ea5n C\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 ba c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u: 1\/ \u201cb\u1ea3\u201d l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb trong ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cchi\u1ebfc\u201d, \u201cc\u00e1i\u201d) d\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt c\u1ea7m tay nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 d\u00e0i, nh\u01b0 dao, qu\u1ea1t; 2\/ \u201cb\u1ea3\u201d l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p x\u1eed tr\u00ed <\/i>c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n trung \u0111\u1ea1i (v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111em\u2026 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i trao\u201d; 3\/ Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u00e0o Th\u00e1i T\u00f4n th\u00ec ngh\u0129: \u201cch\u00fang t\u00f4i ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef \u201cb\u1ea3\u201d n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc l\u1ea7m t\u1eeb ch\u1eef \u201cc\u1ea7m\u201d, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecdc theo ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n (b\u1ea3 – c\u1ea7m). V\u1eady theo b\u1ea3n Ki\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd th\u00ec \u201cS\u1eb5n tay b\u1ea3 qu\u1ea1t hoa qu\u1ef3<\/i>\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ki\u1ec1u \u0111ang c\u1ea7m s\u1eb5n \u1edf tay chi\u1ebfc qu\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u00f3 th\u00eau h\u00ecnh hoa qu\u1ef3, n\u00ean, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc kim thoa, trao t\u1eb7ng cho Kim Tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i trao c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng Kim. C\u00f3 b\u1ea3n Ki\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 \u201cS\u1eb5n tay kh\u0103n g\u1ea5m qu\u1ea1t qu\u1ef3<\/i>\u201d, th\u00ec \u201ckh\u0103n g\u1ea5m qu\u1ea1t qu\u1ef3\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cchi\u1ebfc kh\u0103n b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea5m, chi\u1ebfc qu\u1ea1t g\u1ea5p \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u00f3 v\u1ebd hoa qu\u1ef3\u201d. Ki\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc kim thoa t\u1eb7ng cho Kim Tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u201cxuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4i chi\u1ebfc, kh\u0103n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vu\u00f4ng\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng Kim trao.<\/p>\n ++<\/strong>V\u00e9n m\u00e2y nh\u00f3n b\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdn t\u01b0\u1eddng. Ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f4m n\u1ecd r\u00f5-r\u00e0ng <\/em>ch\u0103ng nhe? (D\u1ecb b\u1ea3n: B\u1eadc<\/i> m\u00e2y r\u00f3n b\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdn t\u01b0\u1eddng. Ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f4m n\u1ecd r\u00f5-r\u00e0ng ch\u1eb3ng nhe<\/i>?). TVK ch\u00fa \u201cCh\u0103ng nhe\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cPh\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng h\u00e9?\u201d. \u201cCh\u1eb3ng nhe\u201d: ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf hay sao, theo ngh\u0129a kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh. Theo t\u00f4i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, \u201cNhe\u201d, ti\u1ebfng Ngh\u1ec7, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eafm (b\u1eafn), ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn, ng\u1eafm ngh\u00eda, c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc, suy x\u00e9t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, nh\u01b0 trong \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafm<\/i> v\u1edbi nhe<\/i> g\u00ec n\u1eefa c\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t l\u1eafm r\u1ed3i!\u201d. Trong c\u00e2u Ki\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Kim Tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i suy x\u00e9t, ngh\u0129 ng\u1ee3i g\u00ec n\u1eefa; ch\u00e0ng ta nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft ngay ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 Ki\u1ec1u r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n ++<\/strong>T\u00fa-b\u00e0 t\u1ed1c th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i. <\/em>\u1ea6m \u1ea7m \u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t h\u01a1i l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0<\/i> (D\u1ecb b\u1ea3n: H\u1eb1m h\u1eb1m) . V\u1ec1 t\u1eeb \u201c\u0111i\u1ec7u\u201d. N\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb kh\u00e1 c\u1ed5, ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ngh\u1ec7, c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 (d\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c) l\u00f4i k\u00e9o m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 theo \u00fd m\u00ecnh, trong khi k\u1ebb b\u1ecb k\u00e9o t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1eb1ng co, tr\u00ec n\u00edu l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 , thay v\u00ec n\u00f3i \u201cL\u00f4i (c\u1ed5) h\u1eafn ra \u0111\u00e2y!\u201d, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u201c\u0110i\u1ec7u h\u1eafn ra \u0111\u00e2y!\u201d.<\/p>\n ++<\/strong>T\u1eeb c\u00e2u 455 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u 458, t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh Ki\u1ec1u v\u00e0 Kim g\u1eb7p nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng th\u1ec1 nguy\u1ec1n (\u201cT\u00f3c m\u00e2y m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n dao v\u00e0ng chia hai\u201d, v\u00e0 \u201c\u0110inh ninh hai mi\u1ec7ng m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi song song\u201d, \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cTr\u0103m n\u0103m t\u1ea1c m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ebfn x\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d). Sau \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9ng ch\u00e9n m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf nh\u01b0 r\u00e1ng tr\u1eddi chi\u1ec1u (\u201cb\u00f4i s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 v\u00e2n h\u00e0\u201d), c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng u\u1ed1ng \u201cqu\u1ef3nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d. Trong c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y, ch\u00e0ng Kim h\u1ecfi \u01b0\u1edbm: Sanh r\u1eb1ng gi\u00f3 m\u00e1t tr\u0103ng trong, B\u1ea5y l\u00e2u nay m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat l\u00f2ng ch\u1eeda cam. <\/i>Gi\u1ecdt s\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eeda <\/i>n\u1eb7ng c\u1ea7u lam, S\u1ee3 l\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n qu\u00e1 ra s\u00e0m s\u1ee1 ch\u0103ng. <\/i>(D\u1ecb b\u1ea3n: Ch\u00e0y, n\u1ec7n). [B\u1ea3n \u201cKi\u1ec1u Truy\u1ec7n d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i\u201d c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3-\u0111\u1eafc-H\u00e0m (T\u01b0-Nghi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c-T\u1eed-Gi\u00e1m), 1929 Edition, c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c Gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam, in l\u00e0 \u201cS\u1ee3 l\u1ea7n-\u0111\u00e2n qu\u00e1 ra s\u1eddm-s\u1edf <\/i>(sic) ch\u0103ng\u201d<\/i>, v\u00e0 ch\u00fa ngh\u0129a \u201cC\u00e2u n\u00e0y n\u00f3i s\u1ee3 \u00e9p n\u00e0i l\u1eafm th\u00e0nh ra s\u1ed5 (sic) s\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 coi\u201d]. <\/i>Ki\u1ec1u nghe v\u1eady th\u00ec m\u1edbi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 T\u1ed1 Nh\u01b0 t\u1ea3: \u201cN\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ed3ng-di\u1ec7p x\u00edch-th\u1eb1ng, M\u1ed9t l\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfng r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng tri. \u0110\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec1u<\/i> (sic) nguy\u1ec7t n\u1ecd hoa kia, Ngo\u00e0i ra ai l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfc g\u00ec v\u1edbi ai.\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 hai t\u1eeb m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cs\u00e0m s\u1ee1\u201d. T\u1eeb sau, \u201cs\u00e0m s\u1ee1\u201d, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb m\u00e0 ta n\u00ean quan t\u00e2m. T\u1eeb n\u00e0y t\u00f4i s\u1ebd b\u00e0n \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n L\u00ea V\u0103n \u0110\u1ee9c cho \u201cl\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n<\/b>\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ckhinh l\u1eddn; l\u1eddn m\u1eb7t\u201d.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Khai Tr\u00ed Ti\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u1eddn; h\u1ed7n; b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec3n Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u01b0 \u00dd coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cd\u00e2y d\u01b0a; c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n\u201d; v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi v\u1ebb th\u1ed1ng thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng\u201d.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Qu\u1ea5c \u00c2m T\u1eeb V\u1ecb c\u1ee7a HTC th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u201cl\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n\u201d, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 TVK d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd ch\u00fa: \u201cL\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n<\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 l\u1ea7y-\u0111\u00e0y; \u201cs\u00e0m s\u1ee1<\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n-\u0111\u00e2n, b\u1ed1c-m\u1ea1t.<\/b> (Ta th\u1ea5y TVK ghi \u00e2m kh- (kh\u00e2n) v\u00e0 \u0111- (\u0111\u00e2n) thay \u0111\u1ed5i qua l\u1ea1i. Xem l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3-\u0111\u1eafc-H\u00e0m n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng \u201cl\u1ea7n-\u0111\u00e2n\u201d m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng \u201cl\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n\u201d). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft, trong v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u201cl\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n<\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u; khinh l\u1eddn; l\u1eddn m\u1eb7t; tr\u00e2y m\u1eb7t, v\u00f4 s\u1ec9, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5; s\u00e0m s\u1ee1, su\u1ed3ng s\u00e3 (11)<\/sup> . N\u00f3 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 ta th\u1ea5y, l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ea7n ch\u1edd\u201d, \u201cd\u00f9ng d\u1eb1ng\u201d, \u201ck\u00e9o d\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ngay\u201d, \u201cd\u00e2y d\u01b0a, c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n\u201d. [ Trong t\u1eeb \u201cl\u1ea7y-\u0111\u00e0y<\/i>\u201d \u1edf tr\u00ean, do c\u1ee5 TVK d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb \u201cl\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n\u201d, ta th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb \u201cl\u1ea7y<\/i><\/b>\u201d. Theo t\u1ef1 v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Hu\u00ecnh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a, th\u00ec \u201cl\u1ea7y<\/i>\u201d c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1ef3 l\u1ee3m, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ea5t (sic) c\u1ee1\u201d. \u201cL\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e2y<\/i>\u201d\/\u201dL\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e0y<\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 \u201c\u00e1p l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n, kh\u00f4ng ki\u00eang n\u1ec3, l\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u1eddn d\u1ec3\u201d. \u201cN\u00f3i l\u1ea7y<\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cN\u00f3i \u0111\u1ee1 m\u1ea5t (sic) c\u1ee1, n\u00f3i d\u1ea7n l\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft h\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u01a1i.<\/i> Th\u00ed d\u1ee5: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u00e0 h\u00e3y c\u00f2n ng\u1ed3i m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e2y\u201d<\/i>. V\u00e0 \u201cCh\u01a1i l\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e2y<\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cCh\u01a1i d\u1ea7n l\u00e2n<\/i>, khu\u1ea5y dai kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ki\u00eang n\u1ec3 (n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tr\u1ebb n\u00edt)\u201d.] V\u1eady, theo l\u1ed1i d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef c\u1ed5 th\u1eddi c\u1ee5 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng (v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 Hu\u00ecnh) th\u00ec l\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n = l\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e0y = l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2n = d\u1ea7n l\u00e2n = l\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e2y<\/i>.<\/b><\/p>\n T\u1eeb \u201cl\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n\u201d n\u00e0y c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong B\u00edch C\u00e2u K\u1ef3 Ng\u1ed9: M\u00f9i t\u00ecnh b\u00e9n gi\u1ecdng qu\u1ef3nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng, Gi\u1ea3 say Sinh c\u0169ng toan \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n.<\/i><\/p>\n Trong t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n \u201cTi\u1ebfng N\u00f3i N\u00f4m Na\u201d c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Gia, t\u1eeb \u201cl\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n<\/i>\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 \u201cdo t\u1eeb \u201cl\u00e2n khan<\/i>\u201d, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u00e1nh xe quay t\u1eeb t\u1eeb, ch\u1eadm r\u00e3i. Ch\u1eef \u201ckhan\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt\u201d (h\u00e0ng khan), \u201ckeo ki\u1ec7t\u201d, \u201c\u00edt \u1ecfi\u201d, \u201cch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p\u201d. C\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201cl\u01b0\u01a1n kh\u01b0\u01a1n\u201d, nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e2u \u201cTh\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u01a1n kh\u01b0\u01a1n, c\u00f4ng n\u1ee3 ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e2u<\/i>.\u201d Sau n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb \u201cl\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n\u201d bi\u1ebfn ra th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb \u201cl\u1eebng kh\u1eebng\u201d, mang ngh\u0129a n\u1eeda mu\u1ed1n th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, n\u1eeda mu\u1ed1n th\u1ebf kia; kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t.\u201d<\/p>\n ++<\/strong>V\u1ec1 t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t<\/i><\/b>\u201d m\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1eeb \u201cs\u00e0m s\u1ee1\u201d, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm ra th\u1eadt r\u00f5 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c n\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u. Ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u201cl\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2n\u201d (\u201cl\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n\u201d, v\u00e0, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi \u201cs\u00e0m s\u1ee1\u201d), theo c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5 TVK. \u201cS\u00e0m s\u1ee1<\/i>\u201d, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u00e2m l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1eddm s\u1ee1<\/i>\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f9a qu\u00e1 tr\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u201d [\u201cUse too familiar a language (with a woman) \/ T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n L\u1ea1c-Vi\u1ec7t]. (12)<\/sup> Ta th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa \u01a1 <\/i>v\u00e0 a<\/i> (\u01a1 > < a), gi\u1eefa \u201cs\u1eddm\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cs\u00e0m\u201d. T\u00f4i ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t<\/i>\u201d \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m c\u1ee7a, t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t<\/i>\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb n\u00e0y. <\/b><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Qu\u1ea5c \u00c2m T\u1ef1 V\u1ecb c\u1ee7a HTC gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t<\/i>\u201d <\/b>nh\u01b0 sau: <\/b>\u201cB\u1ed1c v\u00e0 h\u1ed1t. B\u1ed1c: d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t tay; h\u1ed1t: d\u00f9ng hai tay m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y. [Ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng l\u00e0] \u201cra tu\u1ed3ng ham h\u1ed1, c\u01b0\u1edbp gi\u00e0nh\u201d.<\/b> T\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d n\u00e0y, ng\u00e0y nay, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng. Thay v\u00ec n\u00f3i, \u201cCha n\u1ed9i \u1ea5y t\u00ednh hay s\u00e0m s\u1ee1\u201d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i h\u01a1i v\u1ed1ng l\u00ean \u201cTh\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea3 t\u00ednh hay b\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu \u201cm\u1ea1t<\/i>\u201d (trong \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t\u201d) bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u201ch\u1ed1t<\/i>\u201d (trong \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d) (13)<\/sup>, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m t\u1eeb m > h. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ng\u1eef \u00e2m trong c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m v\u00e0 gh\u00e9p v\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef N\u00f4m v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng qua c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n N\u00f4m v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef th\u1eddi c\u1ed5. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ng\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef th\u1eddi s\u01a1 khai, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n N\u00f4m tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII (m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ebft), c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m k\u00e9p mh- hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1ea5t m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f2n m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m k\u00e9p kr-, kl- khi so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m kh\u00e1c). Tuy nhi\u00ean, x\u00e9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Jrai\/Gia-Rai \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam (m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Nam \u0110\u1ea3o, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Champa (14) <\/sup>), trong quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 10, 1981, ban h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi U\u1ef7 ban Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1ec9nh Gia Lai- Kon Tum, \u201cV\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n ch\u1eef c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c<\/i>\u201d, ta th\u1ea5y t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u \/mh- \/ n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong b\u1ea3ng 28 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m gh\u00e9p \u0111\u00f4i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gia-Rai s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Gia Lai – Kontum \/ Xem \u201cL\u1ef1a Ch\u1ecdn B\u1ed9 Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ebft Ph\u1ee5c V\u1ee5 Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c Ti\u1ebfng M\u1eb9 \u0110\u1ebb Cho Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gia-Rai Hi\u1ec7n Nay<\/i>\u201d c\u1ee7a PGS, TS Vi\u1ec7n Ng\u00f4n Ng\u1eef H\u1ecdc \u0110o\u00e0n V\u0103n Ph\u00fac). (15)<\/sup> Ti\u1ebfng Gia Rai, cho d\u00f9 thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 Nam \u0110\u1ea3o (Malayo-Polynesia, th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Austronesia), tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng do c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c. V\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gia Rai n\u00f3i\/s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i 47\/63 t\u1ec9nh, th\u00e0nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh Gia Lai theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 2009. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m \u0111i chung v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ph\u1ee5 (diacritic marks) nh\u01b0 \u0103, \u00e2, \u00f4, \u01a1, \u01b0. T\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \/pl- \/ , nh\u01b0 \u201cpl\u01a1i\u201d (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00e0ng\u201d) trong ti\u1ebfng Gia Rai, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean, trong khi t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m n\u00e0y \u1edf ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh bl- , r\u1ed3i th\u00e0nh l- (nh\u01b0 blui > l\u00f9i; bl\u00f3c > l\u00f3c\/tr\u00f3c; bl\u00fac bl\u1eafc\/bl\u1ed1c bl\u00e1c > l\u00fac l\u1eafc\/tr\u00fac tr\u1eafc; v.v.). (16)<\/sup><\/p>\n N\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, trong m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m k\u00e9p n\u00e0y, th\u00ec v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean ng\u1eef \u00e2m c\u1ed5 qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u1eef \u00e2m (17)<\/sup>, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ed1c\u201d trong \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean, \/*mh- \/ c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ee5ng \u00e2m t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, \/h- \/, v\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u201cm\u1ea1t\u201d, t\u1eeb *mh\u1ea1t. N\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ee5ng \u00e2m t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u, ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u201ch\u1ea1t\u201d. (Ho\u1eb7c \u201cm\u1ea1t\u201d, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c, qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u1eef \u00e2m t\u1eeb \/m\/ sang \/h\/, c\u0169ng cho ta \u201ch\u1ea1t\u201d). N\u1ebfu \u201cm\u1ea1t\u201d bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u201ch\u1ed1t\u201d, ta c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y ngo\u00e0i n\u00e9t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u m > h, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nguy\u00ean \u00e2m, a > \u00f4. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u1eef li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 cho ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m a > \u00f4 (nh\u01b0 trong \u201ch\u1ea1t\u201d > \u201ch\u1ed9t\u201d, \u201cng\u1ea1t\u201d (th\u1edf) > \u201cng\u1ed9t\u201d (th\u1edf), hay nh\u01b0 trong \u201cgi\u00e1c\u201d sang \u201cgi\u1ed1c\u201d \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7m kh\u1ee9 (d\u1ea5u n\u1eb7ng) sang ph\u00f9 kh\u1ee9 (d\u1ea5u s\u1eafc). Ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n thanh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m nh\u01b0 trong hai t\u1eeb \u201ckh\u00e2n\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00e0n\u201d (t\u1eeb ph\u00f9 b\u00ecnh qua tr\u1ea7m b\u00ecnh) c\u1ee7a \u201cl\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cl\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e0n\u201d, hay gi\u1eefa \u201cvi\u1ec5n\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cvi\u1ec3n\u201d (t\u1eeb ph\u00f9 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng qua tr\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t qua thu\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t) c\u1ee7a \u201cvi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cvi\u1ec3n v\u00f4ng\u201d (18)<\/sup> .<\/p>\n C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb mang n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed3ng nguy\u00ean, qua ng\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eb7t ng\u1eef \u00e2m v\u00e0 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a, ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa hai \u00e2m \/m\/ v\u00e0 \/h\/<\/b>, m\u00e0 t\u00f4i xin th\u1eed li\u1ec7t k\u00ea n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y: m\u1edf > < h\u1edf; m\u00fat > < h\u00fat (\u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c mi\u1ec7ng); (xa) m\u00fat (m\u1eaft) > < (xa) h\u00fat (m\u1eaft) (ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch, kh\u00f4ng gian); (t\u1ecbt) m\u00edt > < (t\u1ecbt) h\u00edt; m\u00f4 (\u0111\u1ea5t) > < (r\u0103ng) h\u00f4 (ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 nh\u00f4 l\u00ean, nh\u00f4 ra); (\u0111\u1eb9p) m\u00e2y m\u1ea9y > < (\u0111\u1eb9p) h\u00e2y h\u1ea9y (ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd, kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh); m\u1eafc (x\u01b0\u01a1ng) > < h\u00f3c (x\u01b0\u01a1ng), v.v\u2026<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t\u201d<\/i> n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd ra, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tra c\u1ee9u n\u00f3 \u1edf r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7, nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i n\u00e0o, t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00e0o, hay b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0o, ch\u00fa ngh\u0129a ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ta m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, qua v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh, v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb. D\u00f9 sao, trong VNQATV c\u1ee7a Hu\u00ecnh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a, cho d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t\u201d,<\/i> nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d<\/i> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft, mang \u00fd chung l\u00e0 \u201cra tu\u1ed3ng ham h\u1ed1, c\u01b0\u1edbp gi\u00e0nh\u201d.<\/p>\n Sau c\u00f9ng, sau nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ecm t\u00f2i, may m\u1eafn, t\u00f4i l\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y trang b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u1edd L\u1ee5c T\u1ec9nh T\u00e2n V\u0103n, s\u1ed1 562, ra ng\u00e0y 6 Octobre 1918 (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang 100 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc), c\u00f3 b\u00e0i \u201cB\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn nh\u01a1n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0\u201d <\/i>(ghi ch\u00fa th\u00eam ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 \u201cDevoir du citoyen envers son Gouvernement\u201d<\/i>), trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u00f3i x\u1ea5u hay tin d\u1ecb \u0111oan c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 th\u00f3i n\u00f3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft gi\u1eef l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110o\u1ea1n sau \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u00f3i n\u00f3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft gi\u1eef l\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t\u201d n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201c (\u2026) Trong nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1, ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn quan l\u00e0ng, xin c\u1ee9u kh\u1ed5, n\u1ebfu xong vi\u1ec7c xin d\u00e2ng h\u1ebft nh\u00e0. Quan l\u00e0ng c\u1ee9u cho kh\u1ecfi t\u00f9 r\u1ea1c, l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, nh\u1edb c\u00e1i l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ai d\u00e8 k\u1ebd<\/i> (sic) mang \u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn tay kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1y d\u00e0i, xin l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 kinh ho\u00e0ng h\u1ee9a b\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t<\/b>, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c xong r\u1ed3i m\u00e0 trong nh\u00e0 ch\u1ea3 c\u00f3 1<\/i> <\/i>(sic) \u0111i\u1ebfu con<\/i>. (\u2026)\u201d. (T\u00f4i in \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh) (19)<\/sup> .<\/p>\n Ph\u00f3ng b\u1ea3n \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t\u201d t\u1eeb b\u00e1o L\u1ee5c T\u1ec9nh T\u00e2n V\u0103n, s\u1ed1 562, ra ng\u00e0y m\u1ed3ng 6 th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi, 1918 (\u0111\u00fang 100 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc)<\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do cho th\u1ea5y \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t<\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t<\/i>\u201d nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed suy lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 (nh\u01b0 \u201cn\u00f3i\/l\u00e0m\/h\u1ee9a b\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cn\u00f3i\/l\u00e0m\/h\u1ee9a b\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d). V\u00e0, x\u00e9t theo ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb \u201cs\u00e0m s\u1ee1\u201d, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean ng\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb t\u1edd L\u1ee5c T\u1ec9nh T\u00e2n V\u0103n, nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba d\u1eabn, th\u00ec, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb \u201cl\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n\u201d, t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t\u201d c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 hai ngh\u0129a: 1\/ mang \u00fd \u201c(l\u00e0m) l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng; (l\u00e0m) l\u1ea5y r\u1ed3i; hay \u201c(n\u00f3i) l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, (n\u00f3i) cho xong, kh\u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o, c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng; (n\u00f3i) l\u1ea5y r\u1ed3i\u201d; 2\/ mang \u00fd \u201c\u00e1p l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n, kh\u00f4ng ki\u00eang n\u1ec3, l\u1eddn d\u1ec3\u201d, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 \u201cra tu\u1ed3ng ham h\u1ed1, c\u01b0\u1edbp gi\u00e0nh\u201d, nh\u01b0 TVK \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb \u201cs\u00e0m s\u1ee1\u201d, v\u00e0 Hu\u00ecnh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb \u201cl\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e2y\u201d (\u201cl\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e0y\u201d\/\u201dl\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n\u201d), m\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang \u00fd th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ee5p gi\u1ef1t\u201d, \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en, trong quan h\u1ec7 nam n\u1eef.<\/p>\n D\u00f9 sao, trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng suy lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed l\u00e0m, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n ng\u1eef li\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 truy t\u00ecm ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb \u00edt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 r\u01b0\u1ee1i nay, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1875, l\u00e0 n\u0103m TVK, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, phi\u00ean \u00e2m ra Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Du. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng tr\u00ean s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o n\u1eefa. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \/m\/ v\u00e0 \/h\/ (c\u1ee7a \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t<\/i>\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t<\/i>\u201d) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m k\u00e9p \/*mh- \/ , d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hai v\u1ecf ng\u1eef \u00e2m kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, nh\u01b0: m\u1edf > < h\u1edf; m\u00fat > < h\u00fat (\u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c mi\u1ec7ng); (xa) m\u00fat (m\u1eaft) > < (xa) h\u00fat (m\u1eaft) (ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch, kh\u00f4ng gian); (t\u1ecbt) m\u00edt > < (t\u1ecbt) h\u00edt; m\u00f4 (\u0111\u1ea5t) > < (r\u0103ng) h\u00f4 (ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 nh\u00f4 l\u00ean, nh\u00f4 ra); (\u0111\u1eb9p) m\u00e2y m\u1ea9y > < (\u0111\u1eb9p) h\u00e2y h\u1ea9y (ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd, kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh); m\u1eafc (x\u01b0\u01a1ng) > < h\u00f3c (x\u01b0\u01a1ng), v.v\u2026, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng song th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u1eef \u00e2m v\u00e0 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n Ngay c\u1ea3 khi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \/*mh- \/ trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u1eef \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5, hi\u1ec7n d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb trong ng\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00e2m \/m\/ v\u00e0 \/h\/ chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i qua l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ng\u1eef \u00e2m, ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eeb mang c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 cho ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai \u00e2m n\u00e0y. Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a TVK v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3: l\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n = s\u00e0m s\u1ee1 = s\u1eddm s\u1ee1 = su\u1ed3ng s\u00e3 = s\u00e3 su\u1ed3ng = b\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t = l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2n = l\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e0y = l\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e2y<\/b>. M\u00e0 \u201cl\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e2y\u201d, theo VNQATV, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201c\u00e1p l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n, kh\u00f4ng ki\u00eang n\u1ec3, l\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u1eddn d\u1ec3\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t\u201d, trong d\u00e3y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d.<\/b><\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t<\/i>\u201d nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, VNQATV c\u00f2n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cL\u00e0m b\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d,<\/i> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00e0m l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ef7 cang<\/i> (sic); l\u00e0m l\u1ea5y r\u1ed3i\u201d. \u201cN\u00f3i b\u1ed1c\u201d<\/i>, hay \u201cn\u00f3i b\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d<\/i> l\u00e0 \u201cn\u00f3i l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d. V\u00e0 \u201cN\u00f3i h\u1ed1t m\u1edb\u201d<\/i> l\u00e0 \u201cn\u00f3i cho nhi\u1ec1u, n\u00f3i v\u00e3i ch\u00e0i, n\u00f3i l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u hai t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d theo n\u00e9t ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 VNQATV v\u1eeba di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i. \u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n duy nh\u1ea5t, cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 t\u00f4i t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d theo ngh\u0129a v\u1eeba n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n (\u2026) D\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eadm x\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i v\u1ea1. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00fat b\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t<\/b> \u0111\u00e3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n d\u00e3 s\u1eed T\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ho\u00e1 b\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ban t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u00e1t c\u01a1m phi\u1ebfu m\u1eabu\u201d, t\u1ee9c n\u00f4m na l\u00e0 b\u00e1t c\u01a1m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 gi\u1eb7t gi\u0169 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 b\u00f9a h\u1ed9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 gi\u1eb7t m\u00e0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng \u01a1n tr\u1eddi bi\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd \u01a1n ph\u1ea3i ghi l\u00f2ng t\u1ea1c d\u1ea1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t \u00f4ng kh\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00fat s\u1ea3ng ng\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 cung k\u00ednh l\u00ean t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c si\u00eau h\u00ecnh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng \u1ea3o ho\u00e1 b\u00e0 ta th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u00e0 ti\u00ean nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ea7u chan ch\u1ee9a l\u00f2ng b\u00e1c \u00e1i!!??<\/i> \u201d<\/i> (T\u00f4i, BVP, in \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh). (20)<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n Trong \u201cT\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec3n Ng\u1eef V\u1ef1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng, l\u00e0m v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng. V\u00e0 trong Vi\u1ec7t Nam T\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a L\u00ea V\u0103n \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 L\u00ea Ng\u1ecdc Tr\u1ee5 th\u00ec \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d, ngo\u00e0i ngh\u0129a \u0111en, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1eeba b\u1ed1c (m\u1ed9t tay) v\u1eeba h\u1ed1t (hai tay) cho mau, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb, l\u00e0: 1\/ v\u1ed9i-v\u00e0ng, c\u1ea9u-th\u1ea3, 2\/ l\u00e0m h\u1ed7n, ve-v\u00e3n \u0111\u00e0n-b\u00e0 c\u00e1ch v\u00f4-l\u1ec5, tr\u1eafng-tr\u1ee3n.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d, ngo\u00e0i ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u1eabn c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 \u201cch\u1ee5p gi\u1ef1t\u201d, su\u1ed3ng s\u00e3\u201d, \u201cs\u00e0m s\u1ee1\u201d trong quan h\u1ec7 nam n\u1eef, hay ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d, \u201cc\u01b0\u1edbp gi\u1eefa ban ng\u00e0y\u201d, c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb gi\u00e0u, k\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh, k\u1ebb c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5, th\u1ebf c\u00f4, s\u1ee9c y\u1ebfu, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n mang m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a, khi \u0111i v\u1edbi \u201cn\u00f3i\u201d, l\u00e0 n\u00f3i b\u1eeba ph\u1ee9a, n\u00f3i \u201cv\u00e3i ch\u00e0i\u201d, n\u00f3i v\u1ed1ng l\u00ean (khi \u201cb\u1ed1c\u201d), n\u00f3i cho xong, cho s\u01b0\u1edbng. N\u00f3i trong l\u00fac cao h\u1ee9ng b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t, kh\u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o, c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. Ch\u1eef \u201ch\u1ed1t\u201d trong \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d, theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n mang trong n\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u201ch\u1ed1t\u201d \u5ffd<\/a>, thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 t\u00e2m \u5fc3<\/a>, l\u00e0 \u201cth\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t\u201d, trong nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 \u201ch\u1ed1t nhi\u00ean\u201d \u5ffd<\/a>\u7136<\/a> (ch\u1ee3t v\u1eady), hay \u201cth\u00fac h\u1ed1t\u201d \u500f<\/a>\u5ffd<\/a> (ch\u1ee3t tho\u00e1ng, n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 nhanh ch\u00f3ng, xu\u1ea5t \u01b0 b\u1ea5t \u00fd), ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t suy \u0111o\u00e1n, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t, qua k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng li\u1ec7u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1i sinh (ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i qua l\u1ea1i) c\u1ee7a hai t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t<\/i>\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t<\/i>\u201d. V\u1ec1 t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d<\/b>, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 hai ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1edf tr\u00ean. V\u1ec1 t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t\u201d<\/b>, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t\u201d l\u00e0, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u201c(l\u00e0m) l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng; (l\u00e0m) l\u1ea5y r\u1ed3i; hay \u201c(n\u00f3i) l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, (n\u00f3i) cho xong, kh\u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o, c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng; (n\u00f3i) l\u1ea5y r\u1ed3i\u201d. V\u00e0, ngh\u0129 xa h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t\u201d, trong ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u201cb\u1ea1t m\u1ea1ng\u201d, \u201cb\u1ed1c ph\u00e9t\u201d [trong \u201ch\u1ee9a b\u1ea1t m\u1ea1ng\u201d (h\u1ee9a cho qua, cho xong, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 g\u00ec c\u1ea3); \u201c(n\u00f3i) b\u1ed1c ph\u00e9t\u201d (n\u00f3i v\u1ed1ng l\u00ean, cho qua, \u201cba hoa\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng)], N\u00f3 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u1eeb\/c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d, \u201cb\u1ed1c l\u00ean\u201d, hay, \u0111i xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 \u201cch\u00e9m gi\u00f3\u201d, nh\u01b0 trong c\u1ee5m \u201cng\u1ed3i \u0103n nh\u1eadu v\u00e0 ch\u00e9m gi\u00f3<\/i>\u201d.]. C\u00f2n ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t\u201d th\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng g\u1eafn b\u00f3, li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi \u201cs\u00e0m s\u1ee1\u201d, \u201csu\u1ed3ng s\u00e3\u201d, \u201cx\u00e1p t\u1edbi\u201d, \u201cch\u1ee5p gi\u1ef1t\u201d, \u201cra tu\u1ed3ng ham h\u1ed1, c\u01b0\u1edbp gi\u00e0nh\u201d, \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d, v.v\u2026 Ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a TVK, cho bi\u1ebft \u201cs\u00e0m s\u1ee1\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t\u201d, cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t\u201d n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u00e0o c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u1ee9 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, hai ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u201cb\u1ed1c m\u1ea1t\u201d c\u0169ng l\u00e0 hai ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 \u201cb\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t\u201d. Coi nh\u01b0 hai t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a.<\/b> V\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u201cl\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u; khinh l\u1eddn; l\u1eddn m\u1eb7t; tr\u00e2y m\u1eb7t, v\u00f4 s\u1ec9, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5; s\u00e0m s\u1ee1, su\u1ed3ng s\u00e3\u201d.<\/p>\n Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa hai \u00e2m \/m\/ v\u00e0 \/h\/ nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y. C\u00f2n vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng, trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 m\u1ecbt m\u1edd c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, c\u1ea3 trong ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m k\u00e9p \/*mh- \/, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chia s\u1ebb, vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m n\u00e0y t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef g\u1ea7n c\u1eadn n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u00eam nh\u1eefng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. T\u00f4i xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed3n nghi.<\/p>\n .4.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n Ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, l\u1ed1i d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef, l\u1ed1i phi\u00ean \u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd qua quy\u1ec3n truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u, phi\u00ean \u00e2m ra Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n phi\u00ean \u00e2m Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a thi h\u00e0o Nguy\u1ec5n Du, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. V\u00e0 v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ea5y, ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t, n\u00f3i chung. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef m\u1edbi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u01b0a t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c d\u00e2n tr\u00ed l\u00ean cao, t\u1ea1o ni\u1ec1m h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf mang hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c giao ti\u1ebfp, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng d\u1ecbch nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n N\u00f4m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb sang ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1i hay, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i n\u1ec1n t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p cho s\u1ef1 m\u1edf mang v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, qua ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 g\u00f3p s\u1ee9c sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7y n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c, kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n Nam Trung B\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb c\u1ed5, \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong d\u00e2n gian qua nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u1eef \u00e2m v\u00e0 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a, v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, v.v., c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, phong c\u00e1ch, l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 \u0103n n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y sang m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i v\u1ecf ng\u1eef \u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 qua \u201cl\u1eddi \u0103n ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i\u201d c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. V\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng \u201cAn Nam r\u00f2ng\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, qua nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, v\u00e0, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, qua vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u, phi\u00ean \u00e2m, ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a quy\u1ec3n Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Du, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i hay, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u00e1i l\u00f3ng l\u00e1nh v\u00e0 u\u1ea9n s\u00fac c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, qua vi\u1ec7c phi\u00ean \u00e2m, ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u, n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, v\u00e0 qua bao nhi\u00eau c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, n\u00f3i chung, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng qu\u1eb7ng m\u1ecf l\u1edbn m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111i sau c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u201ckh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc\u201d v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (Historical linguistics) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 gi\u00fap ta l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 r\u00fat t\u1ec9a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u hay \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ecdc v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, vinh danh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Du, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 di s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 cha \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong d\u00f2ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n H\u00e3y lu\u00f4n \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y trong l\u00fac ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 \u0111i l\u00ean trong d\u00f2ng ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n B\u00f9i V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac<\/b><\/p>\n Tustin Ranch, Calif. <\/p>\n <\/p>\n ____________________ (8) Xem Ph\u00fac \u00c2m th\u00e1nh Gio-An (John 12:24-25). B\u00e0i th\u00e1nh ca \u201cH\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau<\/i>\u201d c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y \u00fd t\u1eeb l\u1eddi rao gi\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y. L\u1eddi kinh c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 th\u00e0nh Assisi (sinh n\u0103m 1182), trong \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i, c\u0169ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201cdies natalis\u201d, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n \u201c(\u2026) O divine master grant that \/ I may not so much seek to be consoled as to console \/ to be understood as to understand \/ To be loved as to love \/ For it is in giving that we receive \/ it is in pardoning that we are pardoned \/ And it’s in dying that we are born to eternal life<\/i>.\u201d<\/p>\n L\u1eddi d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c Kim Long, qua b\u00e0i th\u00e1nh ca \u201cKinh Ho\u00e0 B\u00ecnh<\/i>\u201d, kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt s\u00e1t m\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0:<\/p>\n \u201c(\u2026) L\u1ea1y Ch\u00faa xin h\u00e3y d\u1ea1y con: \/ T\u00ecm an \u1ee7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7i an \/ T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \/ T\u00ecm y\u00eau m\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ebfn y\u00eau. \/ V\u00ec ch\u00ednh khi hi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n l\u00e0 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e3nh \/ Ch\u00ednh l\u00fac qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 l\u00fac g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \/ V\u00ec ch\u00ednh khi th\u1ee9 tha l\u00e0 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha th\u1ee9 \/ Ch\u00ednh l\u00fac ch\u1ebft \u0111i l\u00e0 khi vui s\u1ed1ng mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi<\/i>\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n Andr\u00e9 Gide, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1947, c\u00f3 cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n mang t\u00ednh \u201ct\u1ef1 th\u00fa\u201d v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u201cSi le grain ne meurt<\/i>\u201d (N\u1ebfu h\u1ea1t l\u00faa kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft \u0111i). T\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y trong Ph\u00fac \u00c2m.<\/p>\n (9) D\u1eabn tr\u00edch theo V\u0169 \u0110\u1ee9c Nghi\u1ec7u, \u201cBi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u1eef \u00e2m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/i>\u201d, 2016, http:\/\/www.vanhoanghean.com.vn\/chuyen-muc-goc-nhin-van-hoa\/nhung-goc-nhin-van-hoa\/bien-doi-ngu-am-lich-su-voi-viec-tao-tu-tieng-viet<\/a><\/p>\n (10) Theo L\u1ecbch S\u1eed Ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef 1620-1659<\/i> in n\u0103m 1972 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u vi\u1ebft tay c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1632, ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m x- th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh s-. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5: sinuua, sinua, sinu\u00e2, sino\u00e1 = X\u1ee9 Ho\u00e1 .<\/p>\n (11) \u201cL\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n\u201d \u541d\u5dfe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 \u201csu\u1ed3ng s\u00e3, nh\u1eddn\u201d trong b\u00e0i \u201cKh\u1ea3o S\u00e1t T\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ed5 Trong V\u0103n B\u1ea3n Truy\u1ec7n Th\u01a1 N\u00f4m Nh\u1ecb \u0110\u1ed9 Mai Di\u1ec5n Ca\u201d, c\u1ee7a ThS. Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n. C\u00f2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam T\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Khai Tr\u00ed Ti\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00ec gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u201cS\u1eddm-s\u1ee1\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cs\u00e3-su\u1ed3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n e l\u1ec7 g\u00ec. S\u1ee3 l\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n qu\u00e1, ra s\u1eddm s\u1ee1 ch\u0103ng<\/i> (K).<\/p>\n (12) Th\u1eadt ra, \u201cS\u00e0m s\u1ee1\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u201cl\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2n\u201d\/\u201dl\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n\u201d, theo c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a TVK. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201csu\u1ed3ng s\u00e3\u201d, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong ch\u00fa th\u00edch tr\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. V\u00e0 \u201cs\u00e0m s\u1ee1\u201d c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u201csu\u1ed3ng s\u00e3\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f9a qu\u00e1 tr\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u201d [\u201cUse too familiar a language (with a woman) \/ T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n L\u1ea1c-Vi\u1ec7t]. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, phong c\u00e1ch, c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi (\u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng), trong quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef.<\/p>\n (13) Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i ph\u00e1t \u00e2m do c\u00e1ch gh\u00e9p v\u1ea7n trong ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII v\u00e0 XVIII \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch gh\u00e9p v\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 n\u01a1i ch\u1eef N\u00f4m. Trong s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 qua vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef H\u00e1n hay d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef thu\u1ea7n N\u00f4m kh\u00e1c, ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u N\u1eb7ng > S\u1eafc, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u82e5 > N\u01b0\u1edbc \u6e03 (\u0111i v\u1edbi Thu\u1ef7\u6c35, bi\u1ec3u \u00fd, theo l\u1ed1i thu\u1ea7n N\u00f4m), L\u1eadt \u6817 > R\u1ea5t \u6817 , (theo l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3 t\u00e1), hay L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u7567 > Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \ud842\udc29<\/span><\/span> (\u0111i v\u1edbi Ti\u1ec1n \u524d, bi\u1ec3u \u00fd, theo l\u1ed1i thu\u1ea7n N\u00f4m). S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u trong ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef th\u1eddi s\u01a1 khai, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn sau n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 trong ch\u1eef N\u00f4m.<\/p>\n (14) V\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ebft . Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t (c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng M\u01b0\u1eddng), thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Nam \u00c1, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 M\u00f4n-Khmer (khi kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m nh\u00f3m Munda). C\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft cho l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Th\u00e1i. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Nam \u0110\u1ea3o (Austronesia). N\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c Nam \u0110\u1ea3o, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t \u00edt kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ng\u1eef \u00e2m, ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Champa (Ch\u00e0m, Ch\u0103m) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gia Rai. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gia Rai thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Champa c\u1ee7a ng\u1eef t\u1ed9c Malayo-Polynesia trong ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Nam \u0110\u1ea3o. Ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 l\u00e0, d\u00f9 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng ng\u1eef h\u1ec7, ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef \u00e2m (ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a) v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Ch\u00e0m, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 \u201cgiao l\u01b0u\u201d, \u201c\u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m\u201d \u00edt nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 X tr\u1edf \u0111i (khi, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 982, vua L\u00ea Ho\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i C\u1ed3 Vi\u1ec7t m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c nam chinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 kinh \u0111\u00f4 Indrapura, gi\u1ebft vua Parameshvaravarman, v\u00e0 mang v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u0169 c\u00f4ng Ch\u00e0m), v\u00e0, sau \u0111\u00f3, trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Nam ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n (15) Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ch\u1eef, theo h\u1ec7 Latin, c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gia Rai th\u00ec b\u1ed9 ch\u1eef n\u00e0y, do c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gia Rai ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n (16): Ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m k\u00e9p \/pl- \/ c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Gia Rai, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong ch\u1eef Pl\u01a1i<\/i> hay Pl\u00e2y<\/i>, hay Plei<\/i> (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00e0ng<\/i>). \u0110\u1ecba danh Pleiku \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean, t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Gia Rai, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00e0ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u0111u\u00f4i\u201d. Theo Henri Masp\u00e9ro (1912) v\u00e0 N.K. Sokolovskaya (1978), t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u \/pl- \/ c\u0169ng c\u00f3 trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ed5, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c ng\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan trong c\u00e1ch ghi \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef N\u00f4m. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII , ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m k\u00e9p n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00e1 m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong ng\u1eef t\u1ed9c Malayo-Polynesia (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gia Rai, \u00ca \u0111\u00ea), ch\u1eef \u201cb\u00f4n\u201d c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01b0 tr\u00fa gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef \u201cl\u00e0ng\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. T\u1eeb \u201cb\u00f4n\u201d<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u201cbu\u00f4n<\/i>\u201d (l\u00e0ng); v\u00e0 \u201cbu\u00f4n l\u00e0ng\u201d<\/i> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 n\u1eb1m trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ecba danh Bu\u00f4n Ma Thu\u1ed9t c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1i bu\u00f4n\/l\u00e0ng<\/i> c\u1ee7a cha c\u1eadu Thu\u1ed9t\u201d (c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t: m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 con t\u00ean B\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 ch\u01a1i ch\u00e0o h\u1ecfi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u: \u201cB\u1ed1 th\u1eb1ng B\u00ecnh \u01a1i, c\u00f3 t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01a1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2y!\u201d).<\/p>\n (17) Theo Henri Masp\u00e9ro (1912), v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 \u00e2m l\u1ecfng r<\/em>, l<\/em> (nh\u01b0: bl -, pl -, kl -, kr -, ml -, tl – …), trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n – R\u1ee5ng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1eef y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sau: T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Annam-Lusitan-Latinh (Vi\u1ec7t-B\u1ed3-La) <\/em>c\u00f3 ghi 4 c\u1eb7p song song tl- \/\/ l- : tl\u00edu tlo- l\u00edu lo; tl\u00fac tl\u00e1c – l\u00fac l\u00e1c; tlo – lo; tl\u1ed9n tl\u1ea1o – l\u1ed9n l\u1ea1o.<\/em><\/p>\n – R\u1ee5ng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sau gi\u1eef y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc: T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Annam-Lusitan-Latinh <\/em>c\u00f3 ghi b\u01a1i tl\u1ebbi – b\u01a1i t\u1ea3i<\/em>; v\u00e0 tl\u1ebdn (tl\u00e0ng)<\/em>. T\u1eeb tl\u1ebdn (tl\u00e0ng)<\/em> n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i trong trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef B\u1eafc ph\u00e1t \u00e2m t\u1ebdn \/ tr\u1ebdn. <\/em>H\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t t\u1eeb c\u00f3 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u tr<\/em>– hi\u1ec7n nay, v\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb tl<\/em>– \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u00e2m v\u1edbi t-<\/em> \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0: b\u00ean t\u00e1i<\/em> (b\u00ean tr\u00e1i), m\u1ed9t t\u0103m<\/em> (m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m), con t\u00e2u<\/em> ( con tr\u00e2u), b\u1ee5i te<\/em> (b\u1ee5i tre), c\u00e1i t\u1ed1ng<\/em> (c\u00e1i tr\u1ed1ng), t\u00ean gi\u1eddi<\/em> (tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi) …<\/p>\n – \u201cHo\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac\u201d th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u00e2m kh\u00e1c ( bl \u2192 \/ j \/, tl \u2192 \/ \u01ab \/, ml \u2192 \/ \u0272 \/ ): V\u00ed d\u1ee5: blang \u2192 gi\u0103ng, blai \u2192 giai \u2026 tl\u0103m \u2192 tr\u0103m, tl\u1ea7n \u2192 tr\u1ea7n, tl\u00e1ng \u2192 tr\u1eafng \u2026 ml\u1eddi \u2192 nh\u1eddi, ml\u1ea7m \u2192 nh\u1ea7m<\/em> \u2026<\/p>\n – \u00c2m ti\u1ebft ho\u00e1, m\u1ed7i \u00e2m ti\u1ebft gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu d\u1eabn ng\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n th\u00ec r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eeb tl\u1ee7ng <\/em>(tl\u0169ng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n <\/em>Annam-Lusitan-Latinh. <\/em>T\u1eeb n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u1eeb thung l\u0169ng<\/em> ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n – Hai, ba t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f9ng nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o v\u1edbi nhau; n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng quy v\u1edbi nhau. <\/p>\n Th\u1ef1c ra, c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00eau tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u201c\u0111\u01a1n tuy\u1ebfn\u201d nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. M\u1ed7i t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft q\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ri\u00eang, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng ri\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u00f9ng nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o v\u1edbi nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: bl- bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i cho ta \/ j \/ (bl\u00e1i [qu\u1ea3] \u2192 gi\u00e1i<\/em>), nh\u01b0ng \/ j \/ n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f9ng nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi \/ \u01ab \/ (k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb \/ tl \/) tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: tr\u0103ng – gi\u0103ng, tr\u1ea7u -gi\u1ea7u, tr\u1ed3ng – gi\u1ed3ng<\/em> \u2026) , n\u00ean gi\u00e1i<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh tr\u00e1i<\/em>; \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u1eeb c\u00f2n gi\u1eef l\u01b0u t\u00edch th\u00ec \/ j \/ \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh \/ z \/ (d\u00e1i tai, d\u00e1i m\u00edt<\/em> \u2026).<\/p>\n (D\u1eabn tr\u00edch theo V\u0169 \u0110\u1ee9c Nghi\u1ec7u, trong \u201cBi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u1eef \u00e2m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/i>\u201d, 2016. VHNA).<\/p>\n (18) T\u1eeb \u201cvi\u1ec3n v\u00f4ng<\/i><\/b>\u201d n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb l\u00e1y. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem \u201cvi\u1ec3n v\u00f4ng\u201d (v\u1edbi \u201cvi\u1ec3n\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u h\u1ecfi) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb l\u00e1y ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u, theo d\u1ea1ng c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb l\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u1edfi hai ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a [nh\u01b0 nhi nh\u00f4, s\u1edbn s\u00e1c <\/i>(l\u00e1y ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u) l\u01a1 th\u01a1, l\u00f3ng ng\u00f3ng, b\u01a1 v\u01a1, l\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1c <\/i>(b\u1ed1n t\u1eeb n\u00e0y l\u00e1y v\u1ea7n), v.v<\/i>.]. D\u00f9 sao, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ta n\u00ean ghi ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean (etymology) l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t \u201cvi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng\u201d, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m tr\u00ean kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. \u201cVi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng\u201d l\u00e0 tr\u00f4ng xa (theo T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh). Theo T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Nguy\u1ec5n Qu\u1ed1c H\u00f9ng, \u201cvi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng\u201d \u9060\u671b l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn xa, tr\u00f4ng ng\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u cao xa; c\u00f2n \u201cv\u1ecdng vi\u1ec5n\u201d \u671b\u9060 l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn xa, th\u00ed d\u1ee5: v\u1ecdng vi\u1ec5n k\u00ednh (\u1ed1ng nh\u00f2m, c\u0169ng c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cvi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng k\u00ednh\u201d). Theo T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a \u0110inh Gia Kh\u00e1nh th\u00ec: \u201cVi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng\u201d: 1. \u9060\u671b nh\u00ecn xa; k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng \u9060\u671b\u93e1 (vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng k\u00ednh); 2. <\/i>\u5e7b\u60f3 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d. Vi\u1ec7t Nam T\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Khai Tr\u00ed Ti\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng cho \u201cvi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng\u201d l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u00f4ng xa\u201d, c\u00f2n ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng l\u00e0 \u201cmong m\u1ecfi chuy\u1ec7n xa x\u00f4i\u201d. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u201cvi\u1ec3n v\u00f4ng\u201d, \u0111a s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n ch\u00fa ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cxa r\u1eddi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c\u201d. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 \u201c\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u201cvi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng\u201d theo gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110inh Gia Kh\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 \u201ctr\u00f4ng ng\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u cao xa\u201d, c\u0169ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u201cvi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng\u201d, theo gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Qu\u1ed1c H\u00f9ng. V\u1ec1 thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u, t\u1eeb l\u00e1y th\u01b0\u1eddng gh\u00e9p c\u00e1c thanh ngang-s\u1eafc-h\u1ecfi, v\u00e0 huy\u1ec1n-n\u1eb7ng-ng\u00e3 v\u1edbi nhau. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ta c\u00f3 \u201cvi\u1ec3n v\u00f4ng\u201d thay cho \u201cvi\u1ec5n v\u00f4ng\u201d, d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu vi\u1ebft \u201cvi\u1ec5n v\u00f4ng\u201d th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a g\u1ed1c h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n
\n4 th\u00e1ng XII, 2018<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n
\nCh\u00fa th\u00edch<\/strong>:<\/p>\n