<\/p>\n
D\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 th\u01a1, tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ec1 t\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb ; t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed san \u0111\u1ecbnh Kinh Thi, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Aristote lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Thi ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn nay, h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00eang m\u00ecnh xu\u1ed1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thi ca. Tuy nhi\u00ean, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 th\u01a1 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c b\u00e9n nh\u1ea1y gi\u00fap ta linh c\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t th\u01a1 ; th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea7n b\u00ed v\u1ec1 th\u01a1, nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m Xu\u00e2n Thu Nh\u00e3 T\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n nay t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam.<\/p>\n
Gi\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00fang t\u00fang r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a thi ca. N\u0103m 1925 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n L\u00e2m h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i Paris, Henri Bremond, trong b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u00ab th\u01a1 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay \u00bb [1]<\/a> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m huy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u01a1, l\u00e0m lung l\u1ea1c c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn nay, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft, k\u1ecbch, \u2026 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh ; nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m nay, b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n \u00abthi ph\u00e1p\u00bb (po\u00e9tique) tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 n\u00f3i chung, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia nh\u01b0 Heidegger, Bachelard, Sartre, \u2026 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc, t\u1eeb de Saussure \u0111\u1ebfn Jakobson v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb Sapir \u0111\u1ebfn L\u00e9vi-Strauss. N\u0103m 1962, Jakobson v\u00e0 L\u00e9vi-Strauss, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 mang nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c nghi\u00eam t\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u00e0i th\u01a1 M\u00e8o (Les Chats) c\u1ee7a Baudelaire, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc Benveniste. B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 th\u01a1 [2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n T\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1973, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, n\u00ean ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o th\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 th\u01a1, t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m v\u00ec ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam y\u00eau th\u01a1 v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam gi\u00e0u thi t\u00ednh. V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i, \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 suy ngh\u0129 trong lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i s\u1eafp t\u1edbi : th\u01a1 v\u00e0 v\u0103n xu\u00f4i kh\u00e1c nhau ra sao, t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa \u00fd th\u01a1 v\u00e0 l\u1eddi th\u01a1, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi th\u01a1, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u th\u01a1\u2026 \u0110\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ly kh\u1ecfi qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta v\u1ec1 th\u01a1, thi t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ca dao, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i thi ph\u1ea9m c\u1ed5 kim c\u1ee7a ta ; m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u01a1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ebfu ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 Jakobson \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ; t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00f3p \u00fd v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3, d\u00f9 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn qua d\u0103m m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ebft lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed1n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n : th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ; th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, thi\u1ebfu t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 th\u01a1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Nam x\u01b0a v\u1ec1 th\u01a1 ; th\u1ee9 ba, mu\u1ed1n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb ; th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u01a1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u0103n v\u1ebb th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00e1n, m\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u1ebb th\u00ec gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n B\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m do c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00f3i tr\u00ean t\u1ea1o ra.<\/p>\n * *<\/p>\n Trong b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i n\u00eau l\u00ean nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n : Th\u01a1 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng ra sao ? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n v\u0103n Trung, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c [3]<\/a> nay t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i v\u1eafn t\u1eaft v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i chung, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u00e0i ng\u1eeb\u01a1i d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n <\/i>\u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t tin t\u1ee9c, m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m. M\u1ed7i t\u1eeb ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng : con m\u00e8o, con ch\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. Khi t\u1eeb ng\u1eef v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i th\u00ec, theo Jakobson, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng thi ph\u00e1p<\/i> (fonction po\u00e9tique). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u01a1.<\/p>\n N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, th\u01a1 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u1eady n\u00f3 c\u0169ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t \u00fd. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p truy\u1ec1n \u0111i, m\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong v\u1ecf \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung v\u1eeba l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c : n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Cho n\u00ean khi so s\u00e1nh th\u01a1 v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i qu\u00e1 \u0111i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi Jakobson : th\u01a1 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh<\/i>, trong khi v\u0103n xu\u00f4i, hay l\u1eddi n\u00f3i th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c : n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 n\u00f3i c\u00e1i g\u00ec, c\u00f2n l\u00e0m th\u01a1, l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i th\u00fa nghe l\u1eddi m\u00ecnh n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0 ch\u00e0ng Tr\u00fac \u1edf d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea7u truy\u1ec7n \u0110\u00f4i b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t Linh \u00ab n\u00f3i xong v\u00e0 nghe ti\u1ebfng m\u00ecnh n\u00f3i<\/i>, Tr\u00fac nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u \u1ea5y ch\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, n\u0103m n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u1eady<\/i>.. \u00bb.<\/p>\n Y\u00eau th\u01a1 l\u00e0 y\u00eau l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1eb9p. \u0110\u1eb9p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea7n v\u00e8, v\u0103n v\u1ebb.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, Mallarm\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o : \u00ab l\u00e0m th\u01a1 v\u1edbi t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/i> \u00bb. Nguy\u1ec5n v\u0103n Trung c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00eam quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Val\u00e9ry, Breton, Sartre [4]<\/a>. Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u01a1 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, nh\u01b0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5. Th\u1eadt ra, t\u1eeb 1921, Jakobson \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng : \u00ab th\u01a1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c<\/i> (un \u00e9nonc\u00e9 visant l\u2019expession), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh trong quy lu\u1eadt n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i ; ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m, b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a. Th\u01a1 d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi n\u00f3i<\/i> \u00bb [5]<\/a> .\u00d4ng c\u00f2n so s\u00e1nh \u00ab n\u1ebfu h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng<\/i> nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb quan c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o \u00e2m b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u thu\u1ed9c th\u00ednh quan c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu v\u0169 \u0111i\u1ec7u t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i, th\u00ec th\u01a1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i. Th\u01a1 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3<\/i> \u00bb (la po\u00e9sie est la mise en forme du mot \u00e0 valeur autonome\u2026c\u2019est le langage dans sa fonction esth\u00e9tique) [6]<\/a>. H\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau, c\u0169ng t\u1ea1i Prague, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u00ab th\u01a1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec \u00bb v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 \u00ab thi t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra sao ? \u2013 Th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch : t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u00ean, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00f2a v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m ; n\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch : nh\u1eefng con ch\u1eef, v\u00e0 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00f4 v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng con ch\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ri\u00eang<\/i> \u00bb [7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n M\u00e3i v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y, khi Jakobson \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a khoa ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o m\u1edbi khai th\u00e1c tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u0169ng nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac (structuralisme) v\u1edbi L\u00e9vi-Strauss.<\/p>\n Trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, m\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc, L\u00e9vi-Strauss c\u0169ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 Jakobson : \u00ab ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa<\/i> ch\u00fang ta, thi s\u0129 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, x\u01b0a kia, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/i> \u00bb [8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb quan ni\u1ec7m : th\u01a1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef theo l\u1eddi Val\u00e9ry, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi, m\u00f4n \u00ab thi ph\u00e1p \u00bb (la po\u00e9tique) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f3 ng\u1eeb\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n xem th\u01a1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 ta v\u1eabn quan ni\u1ec7m, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ri\u00eang, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng : \u00ab Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n thi ca b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp th\u01a1 v\u00e0o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 x\u00e9t thi ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i chung ,(\u2026) v\u00ec c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i> \u00bb [9]<\/a> .Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem thi ca nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecd kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t l\u1eddi th\u01a1 nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ti\u1ebfng Anh, ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt, ti\u1ebfng M\u01b0\u1eddng\u2026 Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n hay \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc tham kh\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n ****<\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed so s\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f4m na ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y (ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5) v\u1edbi th\u01a1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 mu\u1ed1n ch\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ebfu thu\u1ed1c, t\u00f4i h\u1ecfi : \u00ab anh c\u00f3 di\u00eam kh\u00f4ng ? \u00bb th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ebfu thu\u1ed1c. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c : anh c\u00f3 l\u1eeda ? anh c\u00f3 h\u1ed9p qu\u1eb9t ? anh c\u00f3 b\u1eadt l\u1eeda ? anh cho t\u00f4i m\u1ed3i \u0111i\u1ebfu thu\u1ed1c\u2026 N\u00f3i sao c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. V\u1eady ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i chung ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ; ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 thi ca m\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ri\u00eang, t\u1ef1 l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00f9ng<\/p>\n m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u xin l\u1eeda, m\u00e0 t\u00f4i n\u00f3i :<\/p>\n \u00ab Cho t\u00f4i xin ch\u00fat l\u1eeda<\/i><\/p>\n L\u1eeda t\u1eaft.<\/i><\/p>\n Cho t\u00f4i xin n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft<\/i><\/p>\n N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft chua \u00bb<\/i><\/p>\n \u2026 <\/i><\/p>\n th\u00ec t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n xin l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111i\u1ebfu thu\u1ed1c, nhen b\u1ebfp c\u01a1m, m\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed3ng dao \u0111\u1eb9p. C\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed3ng dao \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafm m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch g\u00ec h\u1ebft : \u0110\u1ee9a b\u00e9 l\u00ean n\u0103m ch\u01a1i r\u1ed3ng r\u1eafn, th\u00ec xin n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft l\u00e0m g\u00ec ?<\/p>\n C\u0169ng ch\u00fa b\u00e9 \u0111\u00f3, khi b\u1eadp b\u1eb9 t\u1eadp n\u00f3i, h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng con m\u00e8o, con ch\u00f3\u2026 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 hai lo\u1ea1i gia s\u00fac n\u1ecd ; l\u1edbn l\u00ean ch\u00fat n\u1eefa n\u00f3 d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n : con v\u1ec7n, con tam th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng : d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o h\u01a1n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con dao, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u00f3 c\u00f3 con dao b\u1ed5 d\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 d\u1eeba, con dao cau \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 cau, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1eabn l\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5. Mai kia n\u00f3 l\u1edbn l\u00ean s\u1ebd g\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u00e8o, t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbch l\u00e0 ch\u00f3, th\u00ec d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 d\u00f9ng dao cau \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ecdc th\u01b0 t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 dao b\u1ed5 d\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbch. Hai v\u00ed d\u1ee5 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng minh hai \u0111i\u1ec1u : M\u00e8o, ch\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1eeb ng\u1eef (c\u00e1i bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n) l\u00e0 hai c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1i sau l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng hai t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng ngh\u0129a (m\u00e8o, con tam th\u1ec3) hay m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb hai ngh\u0129a (m\u00e8o gia s\u00fac hay m\u00e8o t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n).<\/p>\n Trong Th\u01a1 th\u00ec kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fa b\u00e9 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb9, h\u00e1t ngh\u00eau ngao :<\/p>\n Con m\u00e8o con ch\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng<\/i><\/p>\n B\u1ee5i tre c\u00f3 m\u1eaft, n\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 quai<\/i><\/p>\n (Ca dao)<\/p>\n Hai ch\u1eef con m\u00e8o, con ch\u00f3, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e2u ca dao kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ai ch\u1ea3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e2y tre c\u00f3 m\u1eaft, v\u00e0 n\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed3ng (mi\u1ec1n Trung) c\u00f3 quai ? V\u1eady n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean c\u00e1i g\u00ec, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i th\u00fa nghe l\u1eddi m\u00ecnh n\u00f3i, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh cho l\u00e0 hay. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 hay, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i t\u00f9y ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u00f9y l\u00fac, l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn : V\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 v\u0103n xu\u00f4i n\u00f3i ri\u00eang nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Th\u01a1 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/i>. V\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, khi \u0111\u01b0a quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch thi ca ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t, v\u00ec b\u00e0i th\u01a1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n ; l\u1ed1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e2u th\u01a1.<\/p>\n N\u00f3i th\u01a1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng : th\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. V\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00e2u n\u00f3i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng th\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u th\u01a1, v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00e1ch n\u00f3 ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu, ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u th\u01a1 ta cho l\u00e0 hay, d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a, c\u00f3 \u00fd, c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh. \u1ede t\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb b\u1ebf t\u1eafc. C\u00e2u th\u01a1 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00e2u n\u00f3i, m\u1edbi l\u00e0m ta ch\u00fa \u00fd. Ta c\u00f3 ch\u00fa \u00fd r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y hay, c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y hay, l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y hay. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2u th\u01a1 hay \u0111\u00f3 tuy c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng hay v\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a,<\/i> m\u00e0 hay v\u00ec h\u01a1i n\u00f3i, gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i. Khi c\u00e2u th\u01a1 hay v\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i hay c\u1ee7a v\u0103n xu\u00f4i (beaut\u00e9 prosaique), nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi v\u0103n hoa m\u1ef9, m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi n\u00f3i kh\u00e9o, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e2u n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n M\u1ea1c T\u1eed:<\/p>\n Sao b\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1edf trong m\u00e0u huy\u1ebft,<\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u1ecf xu\u1ed1ng l\u00f2ng t\u00f4i nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt ch\u00e2u.<\/i><\/p>\n C\u00e2u th\u01a1 n\u00e0y d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3, v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u tu t\u1eeb ph\u00e1p, ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n.<\/p>\n N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan l\u1eddi\/\u00fd, c\u00e1i bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n\/c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, (signifiant\/signififi\u00e9) b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n : trong l\u1eddi n\u00f3i th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 v\u0103n xu\u00f4i, l\u1eddi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00fd, \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ph\u1ea3i qu\u00ean l\u1eddi, nh\u01b0<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1 qu\u00ean n\u01a1m<\/i>\u201d (Trang T\u1eed). Trong th\u01a1, \u00fd l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi tr\u00ean hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n : trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, \u00fd n\u00e2ng l\u1eddi, t\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan cho t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ; ngo\u00e0i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u00fd l\u00e0m m\u00f4i gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa l\u1eddi th\u01a1 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe. C\u00e2u th\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3, th\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng \u00fd \u201cnh\u01b0 thuy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e1i, nh\u01b0 ng\u1ef1a kh\u00f4ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i>\u201d, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thuy\u1ec1n, c\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ng\u1ef1a. Th\u01a1 hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i \u00fd, nh\u01b0 ng\u1ef1a thi\u00ean l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd v\u00e0o gi\u00e2y c\u01b0\u01a1ng, cho d\u00f9 gi\u00e2y c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 th\u01a1 x\u01b0a t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng sang T\u00e2y, quay chung quanh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i tuy\u1ebft nguy\u1ec7t phong hoa. \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu trong th\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u00f3i c\u00e1i g\u00ec, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u00f3i ra sao.<\/p>\n V\u00ec trong th\u01a1, \u00fd l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi, n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng th\u01a1 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng th\u01a1 trong nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o, c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb b\u1eadc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft d\u1ea1y th\u01a1. Con em l\u1edbn l\u00ean m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft y\u00eau th\u01a1, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u01a1 hay. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n Theo l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa, th\u00ec n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i Thu \u0111i\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Khuy\u1ebfn l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i c\u00e2u c\u00e1 m\u00f9a thu. \u0110\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ? d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Khuy\u1ebfn khi l\u00e0m b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111i c\u00e2u ? hay \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u01b0\u1ee3n vi\u1ec7c \u0111i c\u00e2u, m\u01b0\u1ee3n lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh ao thu, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb9p ? Ph\u00e1i duy l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ebb l\u1ea1i : Nguy\u1ec5n Khuy\u1ebfn l\u00e0m b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n k\u1ebb s\u0129 ; v\u00ec t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n cao \u0111\u1eb9p n\u00ean b\u00e0i th\u01a1 hay. Nghe kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n, v\u00ec c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 thi s\u0129 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e2u . V\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau thi s\u0129 T\u01b0 M\u00e3 T\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u01b0, Baudelaire ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, l\u00e0 k\u1ebb t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 khi c\u00f2n t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, anh th\u00edch b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec anh th\u00edch \u0111i c\u00e2u, anh th\u00edch m\u00f9a thu, hay v\u00ec b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u00f3 hay ? T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i th\u01a1 Thu \u0111i\u1ebfu l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi th\u01a1, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ao thu, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i c\u00e2u.<\/p>\n N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi l\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh th\u01a1 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi l\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng. <\/i>V\u1ea7ng tr\u0103ng l\u00e0m sao m\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ebb l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f4i\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ? L\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cgieo th\u00e1i s\u01a1n nh\u1eb9 t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3ng mao\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ? Thi s\u0129 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb ng\u1eef. S\u1ef1 ho\u00e1n chuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u2013 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ; tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i c\u00e2u : con r\u00f4 con di\u1ebfc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c th\u1ee3 c\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng L\u00e3 V\u1ecdng, \u0111i c\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i c\u00e2u. C\u00f4 h\u00e1i ch\u00e8 l\u00fac v\u01b0\u01a1n tay th\u00ec c\u00e0nh ch\u00e8 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ; c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ee9ng ch\u1ee5p h\u00ecnh, tay v\u01b0\u01a1n c\u00e0nh ch\u00e8, th\u00ec c\u00e0nh ch\u00e8 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4 c\u00f3 b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb9p. C\u00f4 \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u00ec b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd vin v\u00e0o c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u01a1 c\u0169ng v\u1eady : n\u00f3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ra th\u01a1, ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec m\u1edbi l\u00e0 th\u01a1. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u th\u01a1 \u201ct\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean thi\u00ean th\u00e0nh\u201d, c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n B\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng th\u01a1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i, thi s\u0129 l\u00e0m th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u01a1, nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb \u0111i c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i c\u00e2u, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00e1, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i m\u1ecdi quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa th\u01a1 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ? Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng thi s\u0129 l\u1edbn c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gia ng\u00e0y nay, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u1ea5y ai ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1ecb h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n Th\u01a1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. B\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o th\u00ec t\u00f9y ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u01b0a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nay.<\/p>\n Th\u01a1 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn, x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n, v\u00ec ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Th\u01a1 l\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh \u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec d\u00f9 mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng thi ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ta, nh\u01b0 Ki\u1ec1u, Cung O\u00e1n, Chinh Ph\u1ee5 Ng\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ec1u mang \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. G\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ta h\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 ti\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn \u201cm\u01a1 theo tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 v\u01a1 v\u1ea9n c\u00f9ng m\u00e2y\u201d g\u1eb7p l\u00fac kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u201c\u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y trong l\u00f2ng m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng phong c\u1ea3nh c\u0169\u201d nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n Tu\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c. G\u1ea7n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 say V\u0169 Ho\u00e0ng Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0 \u201cc\u1eafm thuy\u1ec1n s\u00f4ng l\u1ea1\u201d, n\u0103m 1963, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1t l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn L\u1eeda T\u1eeb Bi h\u00f9ng tr\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 soi s\u00e1ng cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i thay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n V\u00e0 nh\u00ecn chung th\u01a1 Hy L\u1ea1p, th\u01a1 T\u00e0u, th\u01a1 T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u mang \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n Th\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1ecf qua quan ni\u1ec7m \u201cthi d\u0129 ng\u00f4n ch\u00ed\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cv\u0103n d\u0129 t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o\u201dc\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nho, b\u1ecf qua lu\u00f4n quan ni\u1ec7m th\u01a1 ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 l\u1edbn ca ng\u1ee3i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Khu\u1ea5t Nguy\u00ean qua \u0110\u1ed7 Ph\u1ee7, cho \u0111\u1ebfn Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i, Nguy\u1ec5n Khuy\u1ebfn. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i Quy Kh\u1ee9 Lai T\u1eeb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0o Ti\u1ec1m, th\u01a1 l\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n B\u1ec9nh Khi\u00eam. C\u00f2n th\u01a1 xu ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a 28 v\u00ec sao trong Tao \u0110\u00e0n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ai bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi. Trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nho gi\u00e1o khe kh\u1eaft, th\u01a1 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu g\u00f2 b\u00f3 trong tam c\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u0169 th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, ca ng\u1ee3i c\u00e1i h\u00f9ng, c\u00e1i v\u0129, b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c k\u1ebb y\u1ebfu, t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng. Khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh y\u00eau trai g\u00e1i, th\u01a1 g\u1ea1n l\u1ecdc t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, cho n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n Kinh Thi \u01b0\u1edbt \u00e1t nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn ngay th\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u01a1 ph\u1ea3i \u201ct\u01b0 v\u00f4 t\u00e0\u201d, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh chung cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 khi v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean l\u00e0m v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u0103n minh.<\/p>\n V\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u00e0y nay t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, th\u01a1 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n quan tr\u1ecdng trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc. Tr\u1ebb em h\u1ecdc th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 y\u00eau qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ed1n y\u00eau th\u01a1, th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c th\u01a1 t\u1eeb l\u00fac n\u1eb1m n\u00f4i, n\u1ebfu thi ca \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00fang vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, xin m\u01b0\u1ee3n l\u1eddi Jakobson : \u201c Thi ca, so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c, tuy<\/i> kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt, v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n quy v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Th\u01a1 gi\u00fap ta kh\u1ecfi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 han r\u1ec9 \u0111ang h\u0103m d\u1ecda nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 th\u00f9 h\u1eadn, v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng v\u00e0 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn<\/i>\u201d [10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Jakobson xin \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ebfn<\/p>\n Dieppe, 7-1973,<\/p>\n \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i, Orl\u00e9ans 12- 2008<\/p>\n <\/i><\/p>\n <\/u><\/p>\n <\/u><\/p>\n <\/u><\/p>\n <\/u><\/p>\n <\/u><\/p>\n Ph\u1ee5 ch\u00fa 12-2008<\/u><\/p>\n S\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t sau 1973 , \u0111\u00e3 xem l\u1ea1i :<\/p>\n – H\u00e0 Minh \u0110\u1ee9c : Th\u01a1 v\u00e0 m\u1ea5y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1\u2026. 1974<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i trong th\u01a1 ca 1996,<\/p>\n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c<\/p>\n – Phan C\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ec7 : Phong tr\u00e0o th\u01a1 m\u1edbi 1982,<\/p>\n V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam 2004<\/p>\n – Phan Ng\u1ecdc : Phong c\u00e1ch Nguy\u1ec5n Du 1985,<\/p>\n – v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n – Nguy\u1ec5n Phan C\u1ea3nh : Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u01a1 1987<\/p>\n – Nguy\u1ec5n H\u01b0ng Qu\u1ed1c : T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u01a1 1988<\/p>\n Ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 th\u01a1 1990<\/p>\n – Mai Ng\u1ecdc Ch\u1eeb : V\u1ea7n th\u01a1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1991<\/p>\n – Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n K\u00ednh : Thi ph\u00e1p ca dao 1992<\/p>\n – L\u00ea \u0110\u00ecnh K\u1ef5 : Th\u01a1 m\u1edbi… 1993<\/p>\n – Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea : C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u01a1 1995<\/p>\n – Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 Th\u00e0nh : T\u01b0 duy th\u01a1 1996.<\/p>\n – H\u1eefu \u0110\u1ea1t : Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u01a1 Vi\u1ec7t nam 2000<\/p>\n – Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u00ecnh S\u1eed : V\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Th\u1eddi gian, 2001.<\/p>\n – Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c C\u00e1c1995 ; Nguy\u1ec5n th\u00e1i H\u00f2a 1997 ; Phan Di\u1ec5m Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng 1998,<\/p>\n v\u1ec1 thi ph\u00e1p trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n gian<\/p>\n<\/p>\n [1]<\/a> Bremond, La Po\u00e9sie Pure, nxb Grasset, Paris 1926<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed L\u2019Homme, s\u1ed1 II, 1,1962, in l\u1ea1i trong Questions de Po\u00e9tique<\/i>, Roman Jakobson, nxb Le Seuil, Paris, 1973, tr. 401-419.<\/p>\n [3]<\/a> Nguy\u1ec5n v\u0103n Trung, L\u01b0\u1ee3c Kh\u1ea3o V\u0103n H\u1ecdc, cu\u1ed1n 2, Nam S\u01a1n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, 1965, tr. 72-82. S\u00e0\u00ec g\u00f2n<\/p>\n [4]<\/a> S\u0111d, tr. 16-34.<\/p>\n [5]<\/a> In l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Prague, 1921, in l\u1ea1i trong Questions de Po\u00e9tique, S\u0111d, tr. 14, v\u00e0 trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Po\u00e9tique, s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 Jakobson, Paris, 7-1971, tr.290.<\/p>\n [6]<\/a> Jakobson, Questions \u2026, s\u0111 d, tr. 16 ; t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Po\u00e9tique ,s \u0111 d tr.290. T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa nguy\u00ean v\u0103n nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n <\/a>7Jakobson, Co-je po\u00e9sie, Prague 1933-1934, in l\u1ea1i trong Po\u00e9tique, s\u0111d, tr. 308, v\u00e0 trong Questions de Po\u00e9tique, s\u0111d, tr. 124.<\/p>\n [8]<\/a> Levi-Strauss, Anthropologie Structurale, tr 70, Plon, Paris 1958, Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss n\u00f3i \u00ab cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i\u2026 x\u01b0a kia \u00bb v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n truy nguy\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, qua c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed5 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Phi Ch\u00e2u, Nam M\u1ef9, v\u00ec theo \u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef.Ch\u1eef \u00ab gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u00bb \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng theo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n
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