{"id":51321,"date":"2018-11-15T08:08:00","date_gmt":"2018-11-15T08:08:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damau.org\/?p=51321"},"modified":"2019-02-25T12:25:52","modified_gmt":"2019-02-25T12:25:52","slug":"tu-va-chu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/51321\/tu-va-chu","title":{"rendered":"T\u1eea và CH\u1eee"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00f2 v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen, t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng nghe h\u1ecd ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n: \u201cD\u1ea1o n\u00e0y \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb trong n\u01b0\u1edbc nghe kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu qu\u00e1!\u201d Nh\u1eefng l\u00fac \u1ea5y, t\u00f4i c\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i: \u201cTrong c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a anh\/ch\u1ecb c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef \u201ctrong n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d!\u201d<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef \u201cnh\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng\u201d t\u1eeb b\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam qua. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1eef l\u00e0m t\u00f4i kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d. L\u00e2u nay, t\u00f4i v\u1eabn suy ngh\u0129, t\u00ecm t\u00f2i trong kho ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta xem c\u00f3 khi n\u00e0o hay \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u ch\u00fang ta d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d hay kh\u00f4ng. Hay l\u00e0 t\u1eeb l\u00fac nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfm mi\u1ec1n Nam, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghe (v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng) ch\u1eef \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

Hai ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cch\u1eef\u201d \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t. V\u1eady ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 xem ng\u1ecdn ng\u00e0nh ra sao \u0111\u00e3. Xin ph\u00e9p cho t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cd\u00e0i d\u00f2ng v\u0103n t\u1ef1\u201d m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat khi t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a hai ch\u1eef n\u00e0y. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d l\u00e0 phi\u00ean \u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u8a5e. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng n\u00ean xem qua c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch qua ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef n\u00e0y ra sao. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tra c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Anh-Hoa v\u00e0 Hoa-Anh th\u00ec th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd d\u1ecbch qua d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00f2ng v\u00f2ng, l\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n. Tra t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Hoa-Anh, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y ch\u1eef \u8a5e c\u00f3 hai ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh trong ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 \u2018word\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018phrase\u2019. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu tra ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Anh-Hoa, t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y ch\u1eef \u2018word\u2019 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ch\u1eef \u5b57 trong ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n. Khi tra t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t, ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u5b57c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018ch\u1eef\u2019 hay \u2018ch\u1eef c\u00e1i\u2019, trong khi \u8a5e l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u2018nh\u00f3m ch\u1eef\u2019!<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c tra c\u1ee9u trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, t\u00f4i c\u00f2n t\u00ecm th\u00eam c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c qua th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u, trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u00f3 c\u00f4 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa. Trong gi\u1edd gi\u1ea3i lao, t\u00f4i h\u1ecfi c\u00f4 ta v\u1ec1 hai ch\u1eef \u8a5e v\u00e0 \u5b57. T\u00f4i vi\u1ebft l\u00ean b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u2018mesa\u2019 (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018c\u00e1i b\u00e0n\u2019) v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ch\u1eef \u2018en la mesa\u2019 (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018tr\u00ean b\u00e0n\u2019), \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00f4i h\u1ecfi c\u00f4 ta g\u1ecdi danh t\u1eeb \u2018mesa\u2019 v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ch\u1eef \u2018en la mesa\u2019 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u00ean v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m g\u00ec trong ti\u1ebfng Quan Tho\u1ea1i. T\u00f4i th\u1ea5y c\u00f4 ta c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 l\u00fang t\u00fang. Suy ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3i, c\u00f4 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u2018ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft\u2019 (\u2018written word\u2019) th\u00ec c\u00f4 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u5b57 (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng nghe nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u2018x\u1ebb ch\u00ec\u2019 \u5beb \u5b57, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef\u2019). C\u00f2n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u2018ch\u1eef n\u00f3i\u2019 (\u2018spoken word\u2019) th\u00ec c\u00f4 d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 hai ch\u1eef \u8a5ev\u00e0 \u5b57! Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m ch\u1eef (\u2018phrase\u2019) \u2018en la mesa\u2019 (m\u00e0 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb\u2019!), c\u00f4 b\u1ea3o ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u8a5em\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 tra c\u1ee9u qua t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa, t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi t\u00f4i ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a hai ch\u1eef \u5b57v\u00e0 \u8a5enh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00c2m H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u00c2m Vi\u1ec7t<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Ngh\u0129a ti\u1ebfng Anh<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Ngh\u0129a ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u8a5e<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

t\u1eeb<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

t\u1eeb<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

word; phrase<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

ch\u1eef; nh\u00f3m ch\u1eef<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u5b57<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

t\u1ef1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

ch\u1eef<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

word; character; letter<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

ch\u1eef; ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i! T\u1ea1i sao hai ch\u1eef H\u00e1n n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1eeba kh\u00e1c ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? Ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n d\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh (\u2018pictographic\u2019 hay \u2018logographic\u2019) v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00fd (\u2018ideographic\u2019), kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y nay d\u00f9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i (\u2018alphabetic\u2019). Trong khi m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t (\u2018word\u2019) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ra th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef c\u00e1i (\u2018letter\u2019), th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n (trong ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u1eeba g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018word\u2019 = \u8a5e, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018character\u2019 = \u5b57) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ra th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e9t (\u7b46 \u2018stroke\u2019). Ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a hai lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n t\u1ef1 trong ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 n\u1ea3y sinh ra s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a hai ch\u1eef \u8a5ev\u00e0 \u5b57khi du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, hai ch\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a trong ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng khi v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n! Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cch\u1eef\u201d (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018letter\u2019), m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cn\u00e9t\u201d (\u2018stroke\u2019). Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh hay ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 \u201cch\u1eef\u201d (\u2018word\u2019\/\u2018mot\u2019) v\u00e0 \u201cch\u1eef c\u00e1i\u201d (\u2018letter\u2019\/\u2018lettre\u2019) v\u00ec c\u00f9ng d\u00f9ng chung b\u1ea3ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 La-tinh.<\/p>\n

Trong kho t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i (v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d. Tuy v\u1eady, trong c\u00e2u v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng\u201d, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d! Xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ri\u00eang l\u1ebb m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef k\u00e9p. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i ch\u1eef \u2018t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng\u2019 l\u00e0 \u2018danh t\u1eeb, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb, ph\u00e9p tu t\u1eeb, t\u1eeb ng\u1eef\u2019, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00e2n v\u00e2n. Trong nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, ch\u1eef \u2018t\u1eeb\u2019 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea ri\u00eang m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb1m chung v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef k\u00e9p, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea ri\u00eang nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018ch\u1eef\/word\u2019. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

\u00a7 T\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec3n H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t \u2013 <\/i>\u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh, Hu\u1ebf, 1932:<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb <\/b>\u8a5eL\u1eddi v\u0103n \u2013 M\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 v\u0103n T\u00e0u \u2013 Lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1eeb (trang 333<\/i>).<\/p>\n

\u00a7 H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t T\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec3n \u2013 <\/i>Thi\u1ec1u Ch\u1eedu, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1942:<\/p>\n

\u8a5e t\u1eeb 1<\/b> l\u1eddi v\u0103n 2<\/b> m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e1t, nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb kh\u00fac<\/b>\u8a5e\u66f2 3 <\/b>c\u00e1c ch\u1eef d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap l\u1eddi v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1eeb<\/b>, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef \u516e,\u53ea, <\/b>v.v. (trang 616<\/i>).<\/p>\n

\u00a7 Vi\u1ec7t-Anh Anh-Vi\u1ec7t T\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec3n Th\u00f4ng D\u1ee5ng \u2013 <\/i>Nguy\u1ec5n v\u0103n Kh\u00f4n, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1967:<\/p>\n

t\u1eeb <\/b>Danh t\u1eeb<\/i>: Noun. \u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb<\/i>: Verb. Di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb<\/i>: Speech (trang 819<\/i>).<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n v\u0103n Kh\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u1eef \u201cch\u1eef\u201d v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

ch\u1eef 1<\/b> letter, word, character. Hay ch\u1eef<\/i>: lettered, literate, well-read (trang 203<\/i>).<\/p>\n

Trong \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n b\u1ecf t\u00fai T\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec3n Anh-Vi\u1ec7t – English-Vietnamese Dictionary <\/i>(1967, do nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Khai Tr\u00ed in l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0), t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n v\u0103n Kh\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u1eef \u2018word\u2019 trong ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1eef\u201d ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t:<\/p>\n

word <\/b>n. <\/i>1 <\/b>ti\u1ebfng, ch\u1eef, l\u1eddi. Word for word translation: <\/i>s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch t\u1eebng ch\u1eef m\u1ed9t. He doesn\u2019t know a word of Latin: <\/i>N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef La-tin n\u00e0o c\u1ea3 (trang<\/i> 1727<\/i>).<\/p>\n

Trong n\u0103m ngh\u0129a c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u201cword\u201d \u1edf tr\u00ean, tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, trong cu\u1ed1n T\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-Anh <\/i>c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i Ph\u1ee5ng do tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc T\u1ed5ng H\u1ee3p H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, (in l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1977 v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1986) \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u1ec5m nhi\u00ean n\u1eb1m ri\u00eang th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ri\u00eang, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u1eef n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c:<\/p>\n

t\u1eeb<\/b> <\/b>word; vocabulary term; anh \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft \u00edt t\u1eeb<\/i> <\/i>his vocabulary was sparse; nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng<\/i> <\/i>honorific words (trang <\/i>909<\/i>).<\/p>\n

G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, cu\u1ed1n T\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 \u0110i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-Anh <\/i>c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n v\u0103n T\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5\/1975 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 may m\u1eafn \u0111em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n T\u00e2n V\u0103n in v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1986. Trong cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00e0y, ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 ri\u00eang v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018word\u2019. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c ch\u1eef k\u00e9p, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb trang 2095, nh\u01b0 \u2018t\u1eeb ngh\u0129a\u2019 semantics,<\/i> \u2018t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean\u2019 etymology, <\/i>\u2018t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n\u2019 man of letters<\/i>, v.v.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u00fac ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y ch\u1eef\u201dt\u1eeb\u201d \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ng\u1eef v\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh sau khi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc chia \u0111\u00f4i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1954, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y b\u00fat mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc trong T\u1ef1 L\u1ef1c V\u0103n \u0110o\u00e0n. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y xem cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u00edch trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft \u201cGia \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d (1936) c\u1ee7a Kh\u00e1i H\u01b0ng (1896-1947):<\/p>\n

… Vi\u1ebft c\u01b0\u1eddi:<\/i><\/p>\n

\u2013 N\u00f3i d\u1ec5 nghe nh\u1ec9! C\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef <\/b>\u201cc\u0169ng t\u1ed1t\u201d m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ecf \u0111i cho ch\u1eef<\/b> \u201cc\u0169ng\u201d, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00e1, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 th\u0103ng!<\/i><\/p>\n

R\u1ed3i ch\u00e0ng n\u00f3i l\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u1ec3 xa h\u1eb3n c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0:<\/i><\/p>\n

\u2013 M\u1ee3 \u1ea1, c\u1ee5 tu\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u1ea1 qu\u00e1, \u0111\u1ebfn hay c\u00f3 c\u00e1i th\u00f3i quen d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef <\/b>\u201cc\u0169ng\u201d: c\u0169ng t\u1ed1t, c\u0169ng ch\u0103m, c\u0169ng th\u00f4ng minh. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfng An Nam, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1i tai h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef <\/b>\u201cc\u0169ng\u201d c\u1ee5 d\u00f9ng sai, c\u1ee5 d\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed7 <\/i>(trang 155).<\/p>\n

V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d. V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec1n Nam t\u1ef1 do l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d l\u1ea1 l\u1eabm \u0111\u00f3. Ho\u00e0ng Ng\u1ecdc Tu\u1ea5n (1947-2005), m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u201ctr\u1ebb\u201d trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60-70, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh qua truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn \u201cTh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n C\u00fac\u201d (1972):<\/p>\n

… T\u00f4i c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta. c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft bao ch\u1eef<\/b> <\/i>than \u00f4i, eo \u01a1i, h\u1ee1i \u01a1i… th\u1ebf m\u00e0 em ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i <\/i>chao \u01a1i, h\u1ed3n t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u00f9ng xu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y \u0111\u00e0n l\u1eafng \u0111au theo ng\u00f3n tay b\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i s\u1ea7u kh\u00fac. <\/i><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

Sau khi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n th\u00f4n t\u00ednh mi\u1ec1n Nam t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1975, d\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 do, nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i qua h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i. D\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y b\u00fat \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh danh t\u1eeb trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y b\u00fat m\u1edbi. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft m\u1edbi, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201ckh\u00f4ng m\u1edbi\u201d trong gi\u1edbi khoa b\u1ea3ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c L\u1eadp (1945-2016), v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. Qua \u0111\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3, \u00f4ng m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea7m b\u00fat v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c L\u1eadp c\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng. Xin \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t tr\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft T\u00ecm nh\u00e2n t\u00ecm ng\u00e3i <\/i>c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u0103ng trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed L\u00e0ng V\u0103n<\/i> s\u1ed1 102, th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1993, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

… T\u00ecm v\u00e0ng t\u00ecm b\u1ea1c d\u1ec5 t\u00ecm,
<\/i>T\u00ecm c\u00e2u nh\u00e2n ng\u00e3i kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm l\u1eafm anh.<\/i><\/p>\n

B\u1ea1n th\u1eafc m\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng, t\u1ea1i sao trong c\u00e2u h\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a\u201d m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e2n ng\u00e3i\u201d? N\u00f3i cho b\u1ea1n nghe, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1ea7y, h\u1ed3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 x\u1ee9 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong. Trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00edn v\u1ecb ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n cai tr\u1ecb \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, t\u1eeb ch\u00faa Ti\u00ean \u0110oan qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng t\u1edbi \u0110\u1ecanh V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Thu\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb l\u00e0 ch\u00faa Ngh\u0129a Ho\u1eb1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Tr\u0103n. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u00eang t\u00ean Ch\u00faa, d\u00e2n x\u1ee9 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1ea1i ch\u1eef<\/b> \u201cngh\u0129a\u201d th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef <\/b>\u201cng\u00e3i\u201d. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1edfi v\u1eady, Qu\u1ea3ng Ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i <\/i>(trang 53).<\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

B\u00e0i n\u00e0y t\u00f4i vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00ec t\u00f4i tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quan m\u00e0 c\u00f3. N\u00f3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a, t\u1eeb l\u00fac ch\u1eef N\u00f4m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf ch\u1eef Nho, cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, thi ca v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam su\u1ed1t t\u1eeb th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ra \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

– \u201cT\u1eeb\u201d(t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 \u2018word\u2019) ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef k\u00e9p (danh t\u1eeb, d\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb, t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng, v.v.)<\/p>\n

– \u201cCh\u1eef\u201d(t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u2018word\u2019) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cCh\u1eef n\u00e0y ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u201d, hay \u201cC\u00f4 \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t th\u00edch ch\u01a1i ch\u1eef!\u201d (T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u201cC\u00f4 \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t th\u00edch ch\u01a1i t\u1eeb!\u201d).<\/p>\n

– \u201cCh\u1eef c\u00e1i\u201d(t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 \u2018letter\u2019) t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1eef a, b, c, v.v. trong b\u1ea3ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Nhi\u1ec1u khi ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1eef\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, khi n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201cch\u1eef\u201d cho c\u1ea3 hai ngh\u0129a \u2018word\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018letter\u2019 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Thay v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1eef c\u00e1i a, ch\u1eef c\u00e1i b, ch\u1eef c\u00e1i c, v.v.\u201d ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i \u201cch\u1eef a, ch\u1eef b, ch\u1eef c\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, khi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cCh\u1eef n\u00e0y ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u201d, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ch\u1eef \u201cch\u1eef\u201d ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018word\u2019, ch\u1ee9 \u2018letter\u2019 th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp m\u00e0i \u0111\u0169ng qu\u1ea7n tr\u00ean gh\u1ebf nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd h\u1ecfi th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 c\u00e2u n\u00e0y: \u201cTh\u01b0a th\u1ea7y\/c\u00f4, \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec \u1ea1?\u201d Trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u00f4i (v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng) d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u201cT\u1ea1i sao con l\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d \u0111\u00f3?\u201d hay \u201cEm kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d n\u00e0y\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d ri\u00eang l\u1ebb b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0o? Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o, t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n chia \u0111\u00f4i cho t\u1edbi t\u1eadn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd (v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n Nam sau khi b\u1ecb c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng chi\u1ebfm), ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d nghi\u1ec5m nhi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef ri\u00eang. Ch\u1eef n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u01a1 man n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t m\u1edbi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 \u1ed3 \u1ea1t du nh\u1eadp kho t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb c\u1eeda mi\u1ec7ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 Trung c\u1ed9ng, hay do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t con \u00f4ng ch\u00e1u cha du h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c \u0111i c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u00ean T\u00e0u mang v\u1ec1. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t m\u1edbi, d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng m\u1edbi du nh\u1eadp khi hai nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Hoa-Vi\u1ec7t k\u1ec1 vai s\u00e1t c\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nhau su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean nh\u01b0 \u201cn\u00fai li\u1ec1n n\u00fai, s\u00f4ng li\u1ec1n s\u00f4ng\u201d m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 n\u00f3i l\u00ean hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y. K\u1ec3 s\u01a1 qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t m\u1edbi \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc thay th\u1ebf ch\u1eef H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u2018\u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n\u2019 (thay v\u00ec \u2018to\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9\u2019), \u2018h\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu\u2019 (thay v\u00ec \u2018s\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh\u2019), \u2018t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p\u2019 (thay v\u00ec \u2018h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1\u2019), \u2018doanh nh\u00e2n\u2019 (thay v\u00ec \u2018th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia\u2019), \u2018th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e1i\u2019 (thay v\u00ec \u2018l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n\u2019), \u2018c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\u2019 (thay v\u00ec \u2018k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7\u2019), \u2018c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7\u2019 (thay v\u00ec \u2018k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt\u2019), \u2018ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng\u2019 (thay v\u00ec \u2018c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng\u2019), \u2018\u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd\u2019 (thay v\u00ec \u2018ghi danh\u2019), \u2018\u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean\u2019 (thay v\u00ec \u2018kh\u00edch l\u1ec7\u2019), \u2018b\u1ee9c x\u00fac\u2019 (thay v\u00ec \u2018u\u1ea5t \u1ee9c\u2019), \u2018\u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1\u2019 (thay v\u00ec \u2018\u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c\u2019), \u2018tham quan\u2019 (thay v\u00ec \u2018th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng\u2019), \u2018c\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng\u2019 (thay v\u00ec \u2018phi c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng\u2019)… \u00d4i th\u00f4i, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u1edbi li\u1ec7t k\u00ea cho xu\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef m\u1edbi n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o n\u1eefa l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d trong nh\u00f3m ch\u1eef \u201c\u0111\u00e0i t\u1eeb\u201d trong gi\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u00e2m \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u201c\u0110\u00e0i t\u1eeb\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (hay ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt) \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong khi \u0111\u00f3ng phim ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n \u00e2m (m\u00e0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018l\u1ed3ng ti\u1ebfng\u2019!).<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i cho r\u00f5 h\u01a1n, ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea1ch r\u00f2i qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XIV, khi ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 v\u0103n t\u1ef1 ri\u00eang, chuy\u1ec7n tranh c\u00e3i gi\u1eefa \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cch\u1eef\u201d kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. L\u00fd do \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Nho, n\u00ean chuy\u1ec7n mu\u1ed1n g\u1ecdi ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d hay \u201cch\u1eef\u201d c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Sang \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XV, ch\u1eef N\u00f4m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. N\u1ed9i c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u201cCh\u1eef N\u00f4m\u201d c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 n\u00f3i l\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cch\u1eef\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, m\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cch\u1eef\u201d, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 \u2018character\u2019 hay \u2018word\u2019. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef N\u00f4m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cch\u1eef\u201d, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018word\u2019 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u2018letter\u2019. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef N\u00f4m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d th\u00ec t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a v\u0103n t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1eeb N\u00f4m\u201d! V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u982d (\u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u2018\u0111\u1ea7u\u2019) ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cch\u1eef\u201d trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d, nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Kim V\u00e2n Ki\u1ec1u (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m. Trong \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c c\u00e2u th\u01a1 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a ch\u1eef \u201cch\u1eef\u201d, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a \u2018word\u2019 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u2018letter\u2019, v\u00ec v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, khi ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u1eabn c\u00f2n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00f4i thai, ch\u1eafc c\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n Du (1765-1820) ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef a, b, c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i chi chi. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi c\u00e2u\u201dCh\u1eef<\/b> t\u00e2m kia m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng ba ch\u1eef<\/b> t\u00e0i\u201d, t\u1ea1i sao C\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft \u201cT\u1eeb t\u00e2m kia m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng ba t\u1eeb t\u00e0i\u201d? \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta suy ngh\u0129. Ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d khi \u0111i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef kh\u00e1c (nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef k\u00e9p (hay gh\u00e9p), r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u khi g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m. \u2018T\u1eeb t\u00e2m\u2019 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018ch\u1eef t\u00e2m\u2019, \u2018t\u1eeb trong tim m\u00e0 ra\u2019 hay l\u00e0 \u2018t\u1ed1t b\u1ee5ng\u2019? \u2018T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3\u2019 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018that word\u2019 hay \u2018ever since\u2019?<\/p>\n

Cao B\u00e1 Qu\u00e1t (1809-1855) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc s\u1eed, l\u00e0m th\u01a1 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng N\u00f4m. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng hai. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n \u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cTrong thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n b\u1ed3 ch\u1eef<\/b><\/em>, m\u00ecnh t\u00f4i gi\u1eef hai b\u1ed3, anh t\u00f4i B\u00e1 \u0110\u1ea1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n t\u00f4i Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Si\u00eau gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t b\u1ed3, c\u00f2n b\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t cho thi\u00ean h\u1ea1.\u201d Trong th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Cao B\u00e1 Qu\u00e1t, tuy ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Cao B\u00e1 Qu\u00e1t d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201cch\u1eef\u201d kh\u00f4ng v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 a, b, c v\u00ec \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a d\u00f9ng t\u1edbi ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu \u201cch\u1eef\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 a, b, c th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi b\u1ed1n c\u00e1i b\u1ed3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ef1ng 29 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t?<\/p>\n

Sau n\u00e0y, khi ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c theo th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i song th\u1ea5t l\u1ee5c b\u00e1t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a thi s\u0129 \u00c1 Nam Tr\u1ea7n Tu\u1ea5n Kh\u1ea3i (1895-1983), vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1926, v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u201cHai ch\u1eef<\/b> n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0\u201d. Thi s\u0129 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 Nho h\u1ecdc, s\u1ed1ng trong bu\u1ed5i giao th\u1eddi H\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e2y h\u1ecdc, t\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 cho b\u00e0i th\u01a1 l\u00e0 \u201cHai t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0\u201d?<\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n gian hay ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2u ca dao, t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef hay th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef c\u00f3 ch\u1eef \u201cch\u1eef\u201d, m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111an c\u1eed d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

\u00a7 T\u1ee5c ng\u1eef:<\/p>\n

– X\u1ea5u hay l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t, d\u1ed1t hay n\u00f3i ch\u1eef<\/b>. (Ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cd\u1ed1t hay n\u00f3i t\u1eeb\u201d!)<\/p>\n

– M\u1ed9t ch\u1eef<\/b> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y, n\u1eeda ch\u1eef<\/b> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y. (Ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cm\u1ed9t t\u1eeb c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y\u201d!)<\/p>\n

– M\u1ed9t kho v\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t nang ch\u1eef<\/b>. (Ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cm\u1ed9t nang t\u1eeb\u201d!)<\/p>\n

\u00a7 Ca dao:<\/p>\n

– Mu\u1ed1n sang th\u00ec b\u1eaft c\u1ea7u ki\u1ec1u,
Mu\u1ed1n con hay ch\u1eef <\/b>ph\u1ea3i y\u00eau l\u1ea5y th\u1ea7y. (Ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cmu\u1ed1n con hay t\u1eeb\u201d!)<\/p>\n

– … Anh v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc l\u1ea5y ch\u1eef<\/b> nhu,
Ch\u00edn tr\u0103ng em \u0111\u1ee3i, m\u01b0\u1eddi thu em ch\u1edd. (Ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201canh v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb nhu\u201d!)<\/p>\n

\u00a7 Th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef:<\/p>\n

– M\u1ed9t ch\u1eef<\/b> b\u1ebb \u0111\u00f4i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. (Ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cm\u1ed9t t\u1eeb b\u1ebb \u0111\u00f4i\u201d!)<\/p>\n

– M\u1ea5y ai h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eef<\/b> ng\u1edd. (Ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cm\u1ea5y ai h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ng\u1edd\u201d!)<\/p>\n

– Ch\u1eef <\/b><\/em>t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u1eef t\u1ed9<\/em>, ch\u1eef <\/b>ng\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef qu\u00e1. (Ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201ct\u1eeb t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh t\u1eeb t\u1ed9\u201d!)<\/p>\n

Trong \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, tuy mu\u1ed1n ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u00e1t c\u00f3 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u2018ch\u1eef\u2019 kh\u00e1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Trong b\u00e0i \u201cT\u00ecnh th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a l\u00ednh\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 Tr\u1ea7n Thi\u1ec7n Thanh (1942-2005), ch\u1eef \u2018ch\u1eef\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng hai l\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018letter\u2019 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018word\u2019. \u1ede gi\u1eefa b\u00e0i h\u00e1t c\u00f3 c\u00e2u \u201cTh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a l\u00ednh, ba-l\u00f4 l\u00e0m b\u00e0n n\u00ean n\u00e9t ch\u1eef<\/b> kh\u00f4ng ngay\u201d. Qua c\u00e2u n\u00e0y, ta hi\u1ec3u \u00fd nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i t\u1eebng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i k\u00ea tr\u00ean ba-l\u00f4 m\u00e0 vi\u1ebft. C\u00e2u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong b\u00e0i nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cTh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a l\u00ednh ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, sau khi \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00eam hai ch\u1eef <\/b>h\u00f4n em\u2019. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, \u2018ch\u1eef\u2019 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018word\u2019. Xin c\u00e1m \u01a1n nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 Tr\u1ea7n Thi\u1ec7n Thanh. N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft \u201csau khi \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00eam hai t\u1eeb h\u00f4n em\u201d ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng em g\u00e1i h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o d\u00e1m nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t n\u1ee5 h\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng s\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf!<\/p>\n

Trong th\u01a1 ca, b\u00e0i \u201c\u0110\u00e2y th\u00f4n V\u1ef9 D\u1ea1\u201d c\u1ee7a thi s\u0129 H\u00e0n M\u1eb7c T\u1eed (1912-1940), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1938, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng cho b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y. Trong b\u1ed1n c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

Sao anh kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ch\u01a1i th\u00f4n V\u1ef9?
<\/i>Nh\u00ecn n\u1eafng h\u00e0ng cau n\u1eafng m\u1edbi l\u00ean.
<\/i>V\u01b0\u1eddn ai m\u01b0\u1edbt qu\u00e1 xanh nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdc
<\/i>L\u00e1 tr\u00fac che ngang m\u1eb7t ch\u1eef<\/b> \u0111i\u1ec1n.<\/i><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

<\/i>\u0110\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1eafc ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 gi\u00e1 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 vi\u1ebft \u201cL\u00e1 tr\u00fac che ngang m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1n\u201d th\u00ec n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau <\/i>t\u1ea3 trong c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 s\u1ebd… ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ed1ng con gi\u00e1p n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. M\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh v\u01b0\u1eddn th\u00f4n V\u1ef9 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n chi l\u00e0 th\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u201cL\u00e1 th\u01b0 ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d c\u1ee7a thi s\u0129 V\u0169 Ho\u00e0ng Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng (1916-1976), trong t\u1eadp th\u01a1 \u201cM\u00e2y\u201d, 1943, \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201cch\u1eef\u201d v\u1edbi hai ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau. L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng \u201cch\u1eef\u201d v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a \u2018letter\u2019:<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u, ch\u00fat g\u00ec nghe v\u01b0\u1edbng r\u1ed1i,
Nh\u01b0 t\u01a1 t\u00ecnh th\u1eafc m\u1eafc bu\u1ed5i chia xa…
<\/i>Ng\u00f3n tay run gh\u00ec n\u00e9t ch\u1eef<\/b> phai nho\u00e0,<\/i>
H\u1ee1i n\u0103m th\u00e1ng, h\u00e3y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea5c \u0111i\u1ec7p!<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng \u201cch\u1eef\u201d v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a \u201cword\u201d:<\/p>\n

N\u00e9t thon m\u1ec1m run r\u1ea9y g\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0a nhanh,
L\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 th\u00fa gi\u1eefa khi t\u00ecm ch\u1ed1n n\u1ea5p.<\/i>
M\u01b0\u01a1i h\u00e0ng ch\u1eef<\/b> \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1, \u1ed3 ng\u01b0\u1ee3ng  ng\u1eadp!
E d\u00e8 sao m\u01b0\u01a1i h\u00e0ng ch\u1eef <\/b>\u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1!<\/em><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xem, n\u1ebfu t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft \u2018M\u01b0\u01a1i h\u00e0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1, \u1ed3 ng\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u1eadp! E d\u00e8 sao m\u01b0\u01a1i h\u00e0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1!\u2019 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c so v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng tr\u1eafc (hay lu\u1eadt ph\u1ed1i thanh), m\u00e0 t\u1ee9 th\u01a1 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec l\u00e0 l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n n\u1eefa!<\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ec7n l\u1edbn n\u00e0o c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb chuy\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf. Theo thi\u1ec3n \u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, mu\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ph\u1ea3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang lan tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ef1c \u0111oan hay kh\u00f4ng? Xin th\u01b0a r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi nhau r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n n\u00ean l\u00e0m. \u0110\u00e0nh r\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf c\u1eeda kho t\u00e0ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef l\u1ea1 tai t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ta th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u00e0m ng\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d, tho\u1ea1t nh\u00ecn th\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ea1ch l\u00e1 t\u00ecm s\u00e2u, t\u1ee7n m\u1ee7n, nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu con s\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u1ea7u n\u1ed3i canh th\u00ec ch\u1eafc c\u0169ng n\u00ean di\u1ec7t con s\u00e2u \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eeb h\u1eadu ho\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung quanh l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ch\u1eafc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i l\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta \u201cl\u1ee1 mi\u1ec7ng\u201d d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch d\u00f9ng. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u201cph\u1ea3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u201d \u0111\u00e3 len l\u1ecfi v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f5 ng\u00e1ch trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, t\u1eeb t\u1eeb nh\u01b0ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd nhan nh\u1ea3n tr\u00ean s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o, truy\u1ec1n thanh, truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u1ea5y c\u0169ng \u0111ang d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n len l\u1ecfi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp d\u1ea1y ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc, cao \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n \u201cch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i\u201d l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ph\u1ea3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb chuy\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf nhau kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea7n C. Tr\u00ed<\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00f2 v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen, t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng nghe h\u1ecd ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n: \u201cD\u1ea1o n\u00e0y \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb trong n\u01b0\u1edbc nghe kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu qu\u00e1!\u201d Nh\u1eefng l\u00fac \u1ea5y, t\u00f4i c\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i: \u201cTrong c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a anh\/ch\u1ecb c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef \u201ctrong n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d!\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2204,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,24,197],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-51321","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-ly-luan","category-quan-diem"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51321","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2204"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=51321"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51321\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":51330,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51321\/revisions\/51330"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=51321"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=51321"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=51321"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}