{"id":48746,"date":"2018-02-06T02:03:58","date_gmt":"2018-02-06T02:03:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/?p=48746"},"modified":"2019-02-25T22:39:05","modified_gmt":"2019-02-25T22:39:05","slug":"vu-va-mong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/48746\/vu-va-mong","title":{"rendered":"VÚ và MÔNG"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1eefu nh\u0169, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f3 v\u00fa\u201d. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu nh\u0169 kh\u00e1c, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 v\u00fa l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho con b\u00fa. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1eb7p v\u00fa c\u1ee7a gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (\u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1) \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00eau g\u1ee3i t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 t\u1ea1i sao. V\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a sinh v\u1eadt. N\u00f3i chung, c\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1c l\u1eabn gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i trong mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh mang nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng con c\u00e1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. C\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di truy\u1ec1n sang c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y cho r\u1eb1ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u0169 hoa \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd sinh s\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec1u con c\u00e1i cho h\u1ecd. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ng\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng con c\u00e1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng (v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eefa). M\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u n\u0103m 2004 c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 nh\u0169 hoa l\u1edbn s\u1ea3n su\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u hormone oestradiol h\u01a1n trong kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa chu k\u1ef3 kinh nguy\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd d\u1ec5 th\u1ecd thai h\u01a1n. <\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chuy\u00ean gia nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd l\u1eafm v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u00ean khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Theo h\u1ecd, tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00ec tinh tr\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 phung ph\u00ed m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i (ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh v\u00ec no\u00e3n s\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ee9ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n). <\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ngay nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia tr\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu v\u00ec l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat v\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 nh\u0169 hoa \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n th\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u con c\u00e1i h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng y\u00eau th\u00edch n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di truy\u1ec1n xu\u1ed1ng con c\u00e1i h\u1ecd. Qua tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau, con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng y\u00eau th\u00edch nh\u0169 hoa \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ng\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ng\u1ef1c n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 kh\u00eau g\u1ee3i h\u01a1n (trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd).<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 theo nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc Owen Lovejoy th\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c giao c\u1ea5u gi\u1eefa gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00f3 giao c\u1ea5u th\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i sinh s\u1ea3n, do \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n. H\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u1eb7p nh\u0169 hoa tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1i n\u1eef l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n: \u201c\u00c0, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i!\u201d V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y trong ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng trong th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed (v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay!) c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u201c\u00c0, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao c\u1ea5u.\u201d Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ed9 ng\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi, v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c g\u1ee3i d\u1ee5c khi nh\u0169 hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u00edch l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c m\u1eb9 cho con b\u00fa. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Larry Young c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Emory \u1edf Atlanta (Georgia, M\u1ef9) ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n gi\u1eefa m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 con \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i ra th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c gi\u1eefa nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef. Theo gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c m\u1eb9 cho con b\u00fa l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9. Khi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef cho con b\u00fa, n\u00fam v\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 b\u1ecb k\u00edch th\u00edch, v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u00f3c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebft ra m\u1ed9t h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t (neurochemical oxytocin<\/i>) t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ee9a con h\u01a1n. Theo \u00f4ng Young, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c khi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00fa c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb k\u00edch th\u00edch. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec khi \u1ea5y n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ti\u1ebft ra c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t neurochemical oxytocin<\/i> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khi cho con b\u00fa. Tuy nhi\u00ean trong l\u00fac n\u1ea7y th\u00ec ch\u1ea5t oxytocin<\/i> gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, theo gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y, \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 qua s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft (l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c u\u1ed1ng s\u1eefa no) s\u1ebd b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i c\u1ee7a c\u1eb7p v\u00fa ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 thu h\u00fat. \u0110\u1ee9a b\u00e9 c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sung s\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 trong khi cho n\u00f3 b\u00fa. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng b\u1ea9m sinh c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a nh\u0169 hoa ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng mu\u1ed1n m\u01a1n tr\u1edbn nh\u0169 hoa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m l\u1eabn nhau. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c trao \u0111\u1ed5i theo b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 gi\u1eefa m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 con trong l\u00fac cho b\u00fa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c trao \u0111\u1ed5i theo b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 gi\u1eefa hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh trong l\u00fac \u00e2n \u00e1i.<\/p>\n

Theo l\u1eddi Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Young, \u201cS\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ch\u00e0ng trai, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb l\u00fac d\u1eady th\u00ec, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 thu h\u00fat c\u1ee7a nh\u0169 hoa l\u00e0 do c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 anh ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c gi\u00fap kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m quan (c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4 \u1ea5y g\u1eafn b\u00f3 h\u01a1n v\u1edbi anh ta.\u201d<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Fran Mascia-Lees c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Rutgers cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n h\u00f3a khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p v\u00fa \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng g\u1ee3i d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1i nam tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 xem b\u1ed9 nh\u0169 hoa c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u1eabn ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc Mali \u1edf T\u00e2y Phi v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c g\u1ee3i d\u1ee5c khi k\u00edch th\u00edch b\u1ed9 ng\u1ef1c ph\u00e1i n\u1eef th\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd cho b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u1eabn \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m hay tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u00edch n\u1ea7y. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c tuy cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9 ng\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh giao c\u1ea5u ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c s\u1edd m\u00f3, xoa n\u1eafn, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n n\u00fam v\u00fa, t\u1ea1o kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0. <\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 nh\u0169 hoa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u1ee3i d\u1ee5c, hay th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 hai d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Azande v\u00e0 Ganda \u1edf Phi Ch\u00e2u cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9 nh\u0169 hoa \u1ed1m v\u00e0 d\u00e0i l\u00f2ng th\u00f2ng l\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u1ea5t. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 hai d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c, Maasai \u1edf Phi Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 Manus \u1edf Nam Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p v\u00fa tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9ng s\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 v\u00f2m tr\u00f2n nh\u01b0 n\u1eeda tr\u00e1i d\u1eeba \u00fap v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u1ee3i d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 nh\u0169 hoa c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb b\u1ea9m sinh (do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a) m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba n\u00f3i, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ed3i n\u1eafn v\u00e0o tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u00e1i nam l\u1eabn n\u1eef, t\u1eeb khi h\u1ecd m\u1edbi sinh ra.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ngay ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft nghi\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u00fd do v\u0103n h\u00f3a tr\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf ph\u00e1i nam c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m khi ph\u1ea7n n\u00fam v\u00fa c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u00edch. L\u00fd do v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ea7y. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh trong \u0110\u1eb7c San Y T\u1ebf T\u00ecnh D\u1ee5c (Journal of Sexual Medicine) n\u0103m 2006 \u1edf Anh cho th\u1ea5y 52% nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean nam tham d\u1ef1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho r\u1eb1ng tuy n\u00fam v\u00fa c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5, v\u00e0 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u00e0o thai, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00fam v\u00fa \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 n\u00fam v\u00fa ph\u00e1i n\u1eef, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00fam v\u00fa \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u1eabn \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 khi b\u1ecb k\u00edch th\u00edch.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1eb7p v\u00fa \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu nh\u0169 kh\u00e1c?<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o S\u01b0 Young ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i chung tu\u00e2n theo quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1eefu nh\u0169 kh\u00e1c. Quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u00f4i c\u1eb7p s\u1ed1ng chung l\u00e2u h\u01a1n n\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 quen thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau h\u01a1n. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m t\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi nhau. \u00d4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam, \u201cH\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u00ec lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng hai ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ecd giao h\u1ee3p m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1eb7p v\u00fa trong l\u00fac l\u00e0m t\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1eefu nh\u0169 kh\u00e1c, ngay n\u1ebfu c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng, th\u00ec con \u0111\u1ef1c giao c\u1ea5u v\u1edbi con c\u00e1i t\u1eeb ph\u00eda sau n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1eb7p v\u00fa c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u00f2i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9 v\u01b0\u1ee3n (nh\u01b0 lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9 bonono<\/i>) c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f4i khi t\u1ef1 m\u00e2n m\u00ea v\u00fa c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong l\u00fac th\u1ee7 d\u00e2m. R\u1ea5t \u00edt khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang giao c\u1ea5u m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t. M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 v\u00ec k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eadt lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean hai ch\u00e2n kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y cho ph\u00e9p lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi giao c\u1ea5u m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t trong khi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u00fa \u0111i hai ch\u00e2n kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eadt lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 l\u00fd do gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u1eb7p v\u00fa c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i n\u1ea7y mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i c\u1eb7p nh\u0169 hoa, \u0111\u00f4i m\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a nay l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u00f9ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 n\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. V\u00ec h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng. C\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111i \u0111\u1ee9ng, th\u1eddi trang \u00e1o qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd ki\u1ec3u  v\u00e0 may c\u1eaft v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u1ea7y? C\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee5p, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng hi\u1ec7n nay, ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y v\u00f9ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 n\u1ea7y? <\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed5 xung th\u00eam nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. \u1ede ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201c\u0111\u1eaby \u0111\u00e0\u201d nh\u1ea5t. C\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean than phi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u1eb7p m\u00f4ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i cho th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed7i khi h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00ean c\u00e2n?<\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00fap s\u1ef1 sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng con c\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec trong lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p m\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eaby \u0111\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c sinh s\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec1u con? N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 th\u00ec s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t l\u1eafm, tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p m\u00f4ng l\u1edbn gi\u00fap lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1c d\u1ec5 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i; v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y d\u1ec5 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c giao c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 sinh con. <\/p>\n

Trong lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9 tinh tinh (chimpanzee<\/i>), m\u1ed7i khi con c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh trong th\u00e1ng th\u00ec v\u00f9ng \u00e2m h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e1u h\u01a1n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf h\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 n\u1edf ph\u1ed3ng to l\u1edbn h\u1eb3n l\u00ean. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o c\u00f4ng khai cho th\u1ea5y c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 \u0111ang s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 giao c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 th\u1ee5 thai. Trong lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh x\u1ea3y ra k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u00eam \u1ea3 b\u00ean trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u g\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111ang \u1edf trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 d\u1ec5 th\u1ee5 thai nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9 v\u01b0\u1ee3n, \u1edf ch\u1ed7 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ee5 thai quanh n\u0103m ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng. Tuy v\u1eady v\u00ec lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9 v\u01b0\u1ee3n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p m\u00f4ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n ch\u0103ng?<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p m\u00f4ng l\u1edbn ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i con. Trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u1edf th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed, vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee1 t\u00edch tr\u1eef \u1edf m\u00f4ng l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nhi\u1ec1u con. <\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i c\u1eb7p m\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i h\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 ngang r\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft khi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n. K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd do \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n l\u00ean, v\u00e0 v\u00f2m s\u1ecd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1edbn l\u00ean theo. Tuy v\u00f2m s\u1ecd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0i nhi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cho ph\u00e9p chui \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua c\u1eeda m\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 sinh \u0111\u1ebb th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. <\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p m\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eaby \u0111\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i h\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1 ngang t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng m\u00f4ng l\u1edbn. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ng\u1ef1c \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed y\u00eau th\u00edch nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng m\u00f4ng l\u1edbn s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u con c\u00e1i h\u01a1n. Con c\u00e1i h\u1ecd c\u0169ng mang khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng y\u00eau th\u00edch di truy\u1ec1n n\u1ea7y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao ng\u00e0y nay m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng ph\u00e1i n\u1eef h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng m\u00f4ng l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Bilkent \u1edf Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng m\u00f4ng l\u1edbn. Trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y, 300 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a cho xem nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a 3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u1ea3 3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f4ng l\u1edbn gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhau, tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c nhau: m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 m\u00f4ng l\u1edbn v\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee1 trong m\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00e1c v\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eafp th\u1ecbt trong m\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1ee9 ba c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cong \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng th\u1eaft l\u01b0ng l\u00e0m cho c\u1eb7p m\u00f4ng v\u1ec3nh tr\u00f2n ra. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ai h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng tr\u00ean ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 m\u00f4ng l\u1edbn v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 cong x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng tr\u00ean xem nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9 cong x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cong x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng kho\u1ea3ng 45o<\/sup> l\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb cho th\u1ea5y n\u00e9t h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p m\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 do k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc hay h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 cong nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u00f4i m\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb tr\u00f2n v\u00e0 to \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 cong kho\u1ea3ng 45o<\/sup> tr\u00ean c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean? Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 David Lewis cho bi\u1ebft c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 cong kho\u1ea3ng 45o<\/sup> cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed \u0111ang mang thai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c lum khum t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eadn ng\u00e0y s\u1eafp sinh con. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea9m sinh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cong \u00edt h\u01a1n th\u00ec c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 8 l\u1ea7n) khi h\u1ecd khum ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd di chuy\u1ec3n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong l\u00fac mang thai, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfm th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u1edb n\u00f3i chi \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng con c\u00e1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

L\u1ee3i \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng y\u00eau th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m trong \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cong c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng kho\u1ea3ng 45o<\/sup>. Tuy v\u1eady, tri th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u00f4ng to l\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf th\u00ec b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ng\u1ef1c to v\u00e0 m\u00f4ng to?<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt ra, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft khi di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Darwin \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i tuy r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u mang nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tuy t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb nh\u01b0ng m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c chung. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc v\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb x\u01b0a nay. Sau 150 n\u0103m, c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u1ea7y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng cho h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean l\u1eabn nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. <\/p>\n

Tuy v\u1eady, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Darwin l\u00fac sinh ti\u1ec1n, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i th\u00ec nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 trong b\u00e0i n\u1ea7y, v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ea1i sao lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng ng\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u00f4ng to. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i n\u1eefa m\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, t\u00e2m t\u00ednh, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v.v. th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, s\u00e2u k\u00edn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd n\u00ean r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. <\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf tr\u00ean, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed7i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u00f4ng to \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1eb7p \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 hay m\u1ed9t b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn. Do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng khi kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u hay di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. N\u1ebfu \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, phong t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, t\u00e2m linh, v.v. th\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng n\u1ea7y c\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n b\u1ed9i ph\u1ea7n. <\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1eeba b\u00e3i thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 si\u00eau ph\u00e0m h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. Vi\u1ec7c n\u1ea7y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng trong l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong ranh gi\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. V\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch (m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m) v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

Khi l\u00e1i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i qua nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00f9y \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc bao nhi\u00eau m\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc xe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qua l\u1ecdt hay kh\u00f4ng. Khi g\u1eb7p tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u n\u00e0o, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n cho r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o qu\u00e1 d\u1edf.<\/p>\n

<\/u><\/p>\n

<\/u><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/u>:<\/p>\n

D\u1eef ki\u1ec7n d\u00f9ng trong b\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n internet kh\u00e1c nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n (th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 t\u00ean h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, t\u00ean t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u, v.v.) trong b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u hay ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eadn ngu\u1ed3n..<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1eeba b\u00e3i thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 si\u00eau ph\u00e0m h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. Vi\u1ec7c n\u1ea7y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng trong l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong ranh gi\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2007,"featured_media":48745,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-48746","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-nghien-cuu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/48746","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2007"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=48746"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/48746\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":48747,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/48746\/revisions\/48747"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/48745"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=48746"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=48746"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=48746"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}