![\"Chagall\"](\"http:\/\/damau.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Chagall.jpg\" "\\"Chagall\\"")
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.1.<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n Vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a. Vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u00e3 qua d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1, nh\u1eefng tra v\u1ea5n, nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft tha, nh\u1eefng g\u1ea1n h\u1ecfi, nh\u1eefng b\u0103n kho\u0103n ray r\u1ee9t d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ta. Vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef; t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00e0, trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e9n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng hoa l\u00e1 n\u1eafng m\u01b0a c\u00e2y tr\u00e1i, nh\u1eefng m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng tr\u0103ng sao tinh t\u00fa c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9ng \u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh… v\u00e0o c\u00e1i li ti c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t ch\u1eef. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea5ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3) c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft \u201cN\u1ed5 L\u1edbn\u201d (Big Bang) \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e9n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 k\u1ef3 b\u00ed v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc n\u00e0y v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t que t\u0103m, \u1edf nh\u1eefng gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i cho n\u00f3 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc k\u00ednh v\u1ea1n hoa v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1i c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (1) <\/sup><\/p>\n V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 b\u00ed \u1ea3o huy\u1ec1n s\u00f4i s\u1ee5c v\u00e0 linh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn\u2014trong nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. Ch\u00fang m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng m\u00e3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc v\u0103n mang theo v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a ri\u00eang trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh th\u00e1m m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. V\u0103n b\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1m \u1ea3nh, m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng thu h\u00fat, m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9ng m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1eafn, c\u00f9ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 J.P. Sartre. Vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00f3. Sartre kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 th\u01a1. C\u00e1i vi\u1ebft, trong suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o v\u0103n. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 cung c\u00e1ch \u201cd\u1ea5n th\u00e2n\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra, vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01a1, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta b\u00e2y gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Sartre ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ecb giam h\u00e3m trong vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 nghi ng\u1edd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb giam h\u00e3m trong nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t khung \u201cd\u1ea5n th\u00e2n\u201d m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Th\u01a1, th\u1eadt ra, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u0169ng m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi t\u1ef1 do n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00f3.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n t\u00ecm v\u00e0o t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u01a1. \u0110\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u khi, l\u00e0 t\u00ecm v\u00e0o t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 l\u00e0 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u01b0a l\u1ed1i c\u0169\u201d trong ta, l\u00e0 s\u1edd m\u00f3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfng m\u00e1y \u0111\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u00e1i tim m\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh minh m\u01b0a hay n\u1eafng ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o, l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn ng\u1eafm tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng phong c\u1ea3nh, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, v\u01b0\u1eddn t\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, n\u00fai non m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, trong \u0111\u1eddi, ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft tay t\u1eeb gi\u00e3. \u0110\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 l\u00e0 nghe ng\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u00ecnh, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f2 t\u00ecm v\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u00e0i th\u01a1, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u01a1, nh\u1eefng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e2m u d\u1eabn ta gi\u00e1p m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00e1m \u1ea3nh thi\u1ebft tha xa v\u1eafng. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi, tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t ch\u1eef, ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng con h\u1ebbm nh\u1ecf d\u1eabn ta \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f5 thu phong, nh\u1eefng tr\u1eddi xanh m\u00e2y tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecf hoa v\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m xao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng ta. L\u00fac \u1ea5y, ta s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n kh\u1eafc kho\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong ti\u1ebfng gi\u00f3 nh\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian. <\/p>\n \u0110\u1ecdc th\u01a1 l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u01a1, qua c\u00e1i m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trong ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3i quang t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng rung \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn trong \u0111\u1eddi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, qua c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 rung \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng kh\u00f3c n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u01a1. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0o trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o b\u00e0i th\u01a1, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u00e3 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft, trong l\u00fac s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u1ea5y. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecdc trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i. V\u00e0 trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3i quang c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hay c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh l\u00f2ng m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh \u1edf s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u00e0u s\u1eafc cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01a1, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1\u2014hay \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1\u2014kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u00e3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, trong v\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tr\u00f9ng kh\u00edt v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, th\u1eadt ra, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i m\u00e3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i th\u01a1, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ea5p ch\u1edbi trong c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng gian bao la b\u00e1t ng\u00e1t c\u1ee7a th\u01a1, l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c nghi\u1ec7m b\u00e0i th\u01a1. M\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n ch\u1ec9 trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, m\u00e0, nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n, c\u00f2n l\u00e0 trong v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n, m\u00e0, ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0, b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 qua v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y\u2014c\u00e1i v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ecbt c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n h\u1eafn, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u00f2ng m\u00e1u v\u00e0 h\u01a1i th\u1edf h\u1eafn, l\u00e0m cho k\u1ebb ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecbt x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9ng m\u01a1, suy t\u01b0, \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00ec th\u1ebf, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao thoa. \u1ea4y l\u00e0 l\u00fac c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1m \u1ea3nh, tr\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean h\u1ec7, tr\u01b0\u1eddng thu h\u00fat trong kh\u00f4ng gian t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01a1 gi\u0103ng nh\u1eefng s\u00f3ng ngang s\u00f3ng d\u1ecdc v\u00e0o c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u01a1 (hay \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, v\u00e0o c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng gian t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u01a1 khi h\u1eafn s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u1ea5y). T\u00f9y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 rung c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng, t\u00f9y v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00f3ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f9y v\u00e0o t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01a1 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ri\u00eang cho h\u1eafn ta. H\u1eafn \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01a1, c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o chung v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u01a1 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 m\u1edbi. V\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t<\/i> b\u00e0i th\u01a1<\/i>. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau b\u00e0i th\u01a1<\/i> ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd, c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01a1 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau b\u00e0i th\u01a1 m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9t cu\u1ed1ng trong nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu, nh\u01b0ng trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u1ea9m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01a1, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n nhau. <\/p>\n S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ph\u00e1i sinh\u2014nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh n\u1edf nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng sinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u01a1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3\u2014c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean g\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01a1 khi c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1, m\u00e0 ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01a1 trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eafn. Nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 h\u1eafn thu nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1c \u0111i. V\u00e0, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u0169. Ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, h\u00e3y c\u1ee9 cho l\u00e0 h\u1eafn \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u0169, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i b\u00e0i th\u01a1 h\u1eafn \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u0169 m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, trong m\u1ed9t l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, h\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 kh\u00e1c, nh\u00fa l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00fap hoa th\u1eb9n th\u00f2 th\u01a1 ng\u00e2y t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m x\u00e1c th\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1t khao m\u1ed9ng m\u1ecb, nh\u1eefng tr\u0103n tr\u1edf d\u00e0y v\u00f2, nh\u1eefng r\u00e3 r\u1eddi h\u00e2n hoan hay nh\u1eefng h\u01b0ng ph\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1eafn trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng sau l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn v\u1edbi b\u00e0i th\u01a1. K\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01a1 kia, h\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 h\u1eafn c\u1ee7a l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi. <\/p>\n .2.<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n L\u00fd lu\u1eadn ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u1ee7a l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t n\u1eeda r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u1ebfu l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng giao th\u1eddi gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII v\u00e0 XIX, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi trong kho\u1ea3ng g\u1ea7n n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ch\u1ee9 \u00edt ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn. Trong l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng. T\u00f9y v\u00e0o quan ni\u1ec7m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau (\u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 Nga v\u00e0 M\u1ef9) m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t, \u1edf m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. <\/p>\n T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh<\/i>. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t sau khi k\u1ebb s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o vi\u1ebft xong h\u00e0ng ch\u1eef cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u00ecnh. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn ng\u1eafm \u1edf nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng, nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, hay nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau: ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft k\u1ebb s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n (m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng cho l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m), s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac mang \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e3, \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n\u2014nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0103n h\u00f3a. V\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng chi ph\u1ed1i gi\u1eb1ng gi\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1eafn s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1eafn qua nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ecbt trong \u0111\u1eddi. V\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i: khi n\u00e0o c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n th\u00ec b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t theo ngh\u0129a m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, v\u00e0, trong m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c so v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau, theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3m, c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 theo xu th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n Norman Holland, nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc khi cho r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1i t\u00f4i \u0111em n\u1ed9i dung v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh n\u1ed9i dung \u00fd th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0, ch\u00ednh b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ghi d\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u201cVi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch [t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m] l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 t\u00ednh\u201d (\u201cInterpretation is a function of identity\u201d). (2)<\/sup> T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i k\u1ebb th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n, v\u1edbi c\u00e1 t\u00ednh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3, soi chi\u1ebfu n\u00f3, v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 soi chi\u1ebfu c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1ea5y, h\u1eafn t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ecdc th\u01a1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u0103n, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, suy ngh\u0129, rung \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1, ham mu\u1ed1n, thi\u1ebft tha… c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u1eefa. C\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn. C\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c ch\u1ebf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00ecnh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tan t\u00e1c v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t h\u00fat, nhi\u1ec1u khi, trong nh\u1eefng manh m\u00fan r\u1ed1i ren c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, trong tr\u00f2 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 chia c\u1eaft t\u00e2m \u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng linh ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong nh\u1eefng vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ecdc, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta sau nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n th\u1ea5t t\u00e1n, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i th\u1ea5t tung, v\u00e0 sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c co k\u00e9o gi\u1eb1ng gi\u1eadt v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi. <\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng, h\u00e3y th\u1eed t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u0169. <\/p>\n b\u00f9i v\u0129nh ph\u00fac<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n XII \u2013 1996<\/p>\n Xem l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung: IX – 2017<\/p>\n ________________________________________<\/p>\n <\/b><\/p>\n Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/b><\/p>\n <\/b><\/p>\n (1) B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc mang nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t th\u01a1; b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa th\u00edch khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. D\u00f9 sao, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf \u00fd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft th\u00eam v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 (\u201ct\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 k\u1ef3 b\u00ed v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc n\u00e0y [\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9n] v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t que t\u0103m, \u1edf nh\u1eefng gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\u201d) m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong b\u00e0i. H\u1ecd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00f4 l\u00fd, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201ckh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t que t\u0103m\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, xin \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o kh\u00e1 d\u00e0i mang t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cBig-Bang Discovery Makes A Star Out of An Astrophysicist\u201d<\/i> (Los Angeles Times, Sunday, May 10, 1992, ph\u1ea7n The Nation<\/i>). Xin ph\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u1eafn c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3: \u201cTheorists have come to the remarkable conclusion that all of the matter of the universe\u2014and all of the space as well\u2014was initially contained in an infinitely dense ball smaller than the period at the end of a sentence<\/i>…\u201d (\u201cC\u00e1c nh\u00e0 [v\u1eadt l\u00fd] l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd [v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng] n\u00e0y l\u00e0, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y\u2014v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng gian n\u1eefa\u2014\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung ch\u1ee9a, \u1edf l\u00fac kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u, trong m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00f2n [m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i banh] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9n th\u1eadt ch\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m \u1edf cu\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u vi\u1ebft.\u201d) D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u201c\u0111\u1ea7u que t\u0103m\u201d trong nh\u1eefng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00ec h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u201cque t\u0103m\u201d kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong khung v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u00fd v\u1ec1 [\u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a] \u201c\u0111\u1ea7u que t\u0103m\u201d v\u00e0 [\u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a] \u201cd\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m cu\u1ed1i c\u00e2u\u201d ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tin t\u01b0\u1edfng. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft George Smoot, thu\u1ed9c Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, qua nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ean v\u1ec7 tinh Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi hoan ngh\u00eanh. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp, \u201cNh\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc Stephen Hawking c\u1ee7a Cambridge University, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc Albert Einstein nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a George Smoot: \u201c\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 [v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i] c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 [v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i] c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi\u201d \u201d.<\/p>\n (2) Normand Holland, UNITY IDENTITY TEXT SELF. PMLA 90, s\u1ed1 5 (th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi, 1975): 813-22. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch l\u1ea1i trong \u201cReader Response Criticism: from Formalism to Post-Structuralism\u201d, do Jane P. Tompkins ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0110\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n t\u00ecm v\u00e0o t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u01a1. \u0110\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u khi, l\u00e0 t\u00ecm v\u00e0o t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 l\u00e0 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u01b0a l\u1ed1i c\u0169\u201d trong ta, l\u00e0 s\u1edd m\u00f3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfng m\u00e1y \u0111\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u00e1i tim m\u00ecnh …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":829,"featured_media":47545,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[25,288],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-47546","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nhan-dinh","category-tuy-luan"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47546","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/829"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=47546"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47546\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":47547,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47546\/revisions\/47547"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/47545"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=47546"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=47546"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=47546"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}