{"id":46328,"date":"2017-05-02T01:20:00","date_gmt":"2017-05-02T01:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/?p=46328"},"modified":"2022-02-27T02:19:13","modified_gmt":"2022-02-27T02:19:13","slug":"su-troi-len-cua-chu-nghia-dan-toc-oan-han-phan-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/46328\/su-troi-len-cua-chu-nghia-dan-toc-oan-han-phan-2","title":{"rendered":"S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i lên c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a dân t\u1ed9c oán h\u1eadn (ph\u1ea7n 2)"},"content":{"rendered":"

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To\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh bao qu\u00e1t l\u00e0, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng Descartes v\u1ed1n c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 h\u1eefu. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea3 l\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ngh\u0129a gi\u1eefa hai c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3. Trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i th\u1ea7n b\u00ed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Mao lao m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y gi\u1ed1ng y nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi c\u00f4ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecdc Goethe trong l\u00fac chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb phi v\u1ee5 th\u1ea7n phong c\u1ea3m t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n, Steve Bannon th\u00fa nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda c\u1ef1c t\u1ea3. N\u0103m 2013, Bannon n\u00f3i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u00fd gi\u1ea3 r\u1eb1ng: \u201cL\u00ea-nin mu\u1ed1n h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u0169ng v\u1eady. T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 tan t\u00e0nh s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf h\u00f4m nay.\u201d<\/p>\n

Mishra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p s\u1eafc n\u00e9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n ch\u00e9o \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 \u1ea5y. \u00d4ng v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, d\u00f9 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1edbi m\u1ea5y \u0111i n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng chung chia l\u00f2ng c\u0103m th\u00f9 mang t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebb s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n, d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u00edn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eeb c\u1ef1c n\u00e0y sang c\u1ef1c kia, m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh. Nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Gabriele D\u2019Annuzio [1863\u20131938], nh\u00e0 phi\u00eau l\u01b0u v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 qu\u00ed t\u1ed9c, k\u1ebb bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t-x\u00edt v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh Carnaro, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea3n m\u1ec7nh trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, Mishra th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau s\u1ebd h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng t\u1eb7c 9\/11 [\u1edf New York, 2001] v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh bom t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Islam.<\/p>\n

D\u2019Annuzio v\u00e0 Osama bin Laden [1957\u20132011] l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng linh h\u1ed3n c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n t\u1ed9c: nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn v\u01b0\u1ee3t-ra-ngo\u00e0i-hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n, s\u1ed1ng h\u1ebft \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng tay ch\u01a1i phi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. T\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3t nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd ra s\u1ee9c tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u201cngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, ho\u1eb7c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gi\u1edbi d\u00e2n qu\u00ea hay giai c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb\u201d, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cthanh ni\u00ean c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, di d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n giai c\u1ea5p trung l\u01b0u b\u1eadc th\u1ea5p\u201d. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ngh\u00e8o th\u00ec b\u1ecb vong th\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft l\u1edd m\u1edd vi\u1ec7c m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t-x\u00edt \u00dd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn Saudi Arabia, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri M\u1ef9 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho Trump, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng t\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb d\u00f9 n\u00f3 k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi xung \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t, v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

D\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 s\u1ef1  \u0111a d\u1ea1ng trong nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ghi t\u00ean \u0111i theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt, t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n, ch\u00e1n ch\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m, t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111ang cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng, hi v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Trump theo chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0ng d\u1ecdc bao qu\u00e1t y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i do s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng M\u1ef9 t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng M\u1ef9 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c kh\u1edd kh\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n tri\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p thu\u1eadt, y h\u1ec7t Pepe the Frog, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt h\u00f3a th\u00e2n trong truy\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i c\u1ef1c h\u1eefu d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a da tr\u1eafng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 hai v\u1eeba k\u1ec3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n Dabig<\/i> c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Islam, th\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed khi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf ngh\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, ho\u1eb7c khi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch thi h\u00e0nh. Khi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh, v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u1edf tu\u1ed3ng h\u00e1t, r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfm trang nh\u1ea5t t\u1edd b\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebb kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kia \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m ra t\u1ea5n tu\u1ed1ng \u0103n kh\u00e1ch, t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ecb ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1i t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc ri\u00eang r\u1ebd: cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Islam t\u1ea1i Iran n\u0103m 1979, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Trump t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 n\u0103m 2016. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 \u1ea5y cung c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 v\u1ebb t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o v\u1edbi c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ecf d\u1ea5u t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n t\u1ef1 do ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ef1c \u0111oan v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. Kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc Michel Foucault [1926\u201384] xem l\u00e0 t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Iran [1979] m\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ccu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u00ean nh\u1ea5t.\u201d Sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u1edf M\u1ef9 n\u0103m ngo\u00e1i [2016], Slavoj \u017di\u017eek [1949- ], nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0<\/strong>\u1edfng Slovania, k\u1ebb x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i du ca, \u0111\u00e3 mang ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a khuynh t\u1ea3 Trump ra c\u00f4ng khai khi \u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng s\u1ee3 Hillary h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

oOo<\/p>\n

Mishra thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n Jean Jacques Rousseau [1712\u201378]. Ng\u00e0y nay, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gia kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Geneva \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 qui \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00f3a khi\u1ebfn cho truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trung khuynh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng t\u1ea5n phong gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 v\u1ecfn v\u1eb9n l\u00e0 h\u1ed3i \u1ee9c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, cho d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c xem b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 cho t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e0 do b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn Islam nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i lai v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eb1m s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc m\u1ecdi c\u00e1i trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ef1c \u0111oan \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng an nh\u00e0n b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed, ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac m\u1edbi kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00fd tr\u00ed, \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qu\u00e1, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng phi l\u00fd tr\u00ed. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169 v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 th\u1eafng \u1ea5y, \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1ecb d\u00e2n to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb. N\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 \u00fd ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb M\u1ef9, m\u00e0 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n ao \u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00e2n hoan nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng b\u1ea7y \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111am m\u00ea v\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh k\u00edch d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i th\u1ecb ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111ang t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng mong \u01b0\u1edbc trong t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n nh\u1eefng b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt \u0111ang vu\u1ed9t m\u1ea5t n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb r\u1ea5t th\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn \u2013 d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u2013 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 an nh\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed. Mishra cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda r\u00f5 n\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7y cay \u0111\u1eafng v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1760 gi\u1eefa Rousseau v\u00e0 Voltaire [1694\u20131778] v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u.<\/p>\n

Voltaire \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho m\u00ecnh gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n khi \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Catherine V\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i [1729\u201396] \u01b0u \u00e1i. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp tay c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7y uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o Khai s\u00e1ng, m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Nh\u01b0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 theo cung c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 che ch\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5ng qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 Rousseau xem c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Catherine th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1i v\u1ec1 sau b\u1ecb nh\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u1eed gia Ren\u00e9 Girard [1923\u20132015] g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c\u201d. Phong tr\u00e0o Khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Nga ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3ng, v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9 trong gi\u1edbi qu\u00ed t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ch\u00fat n\u00e0o k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a Voltaire d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Catherine. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt \u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho phong tr\u00e0o Khai s\u00e1ng lan r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u1ed5 v\u0169 n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng \u1ea5y \u201cd\u1ea1y cho phong tr\u00e0o Khai s\u00e1ng Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong khi ch\u0129a m\u0169i s\u00fang v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3.\u201d \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Rousseau, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u1ea5y sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch. Trong The Social Contract<\/i> (Kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 1762) \u00f4ng qui tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Catherine, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Peter \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf [1672\u20131725], k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 \u201cao \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c th\u1eddi Khai s\u00e1ng khi \u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga; \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0.\u201d<\/p>\n

Mishra g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn\u201d c\u1ee7a sa ho\u00e0ng \u1ea5y; n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ec7 khi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5ng qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng; c\u00f2n khi n\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi k\u1ebb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, th\u00f4ng qua ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1. Nh\u01b0 Rousseau \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan \u201cth\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga, t\u00f4i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng Nga s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd chinh ph\u1ee5c Ba Lan.\u201d B\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n h\u00f3a ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf ngo\u1ea1i lai, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ebb g\u1ea3y.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a Voltaire v\u00e0 Rouuseau \u201cv\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng [Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u]\u201d theo Mishra, \u201cc\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0m \u00fd s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t.\u201d Voltaire \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u0103n b\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c (urtext) cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e2n b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u00e2m m\u01b0u x\u00e2m l\u0103ng Iraq n\u0103m 2003 v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 s\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; Rousseau th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn Islam, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n do cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. Ai \u0111\u00fang? Mishra v\u1edbi ph\u1ea1m vi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 ra r\u1eb1ng th\u1eadt v\u00f4 l\u00fd t\u1edbi n\u1ef1c c\u01b0\u1eddi khi ch\u1ecdn ra ai \u0111\u00fang ai sai \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. H\u1ec5 khi n\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Voltaire \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh m\u00f9 l\u00f2a v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Rousseau t\u1eeb b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu, s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u1ed1i t\u0103m th\u00eam l\u00ean, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u di\u1ec5n ra theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

oOo<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 ngay trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Khai s\u00e1ng \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c. Khi Herder k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o m\u00ecnh h\u00e3y n\u00f4n ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eddn c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng Seine ra, th\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ng\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ee9c ph\u1ed3ng l\u00ean ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh. Trong th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c Herder, thi s\u0129 Ernst Moritz Arndt [1769\u20131860], s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u00e2m thanh nghe nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ed1ng tr\u1eadn: \u201cH\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 o\u00e1n h\u1eadn (mang t\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p: resentiment)<\/i> n\u00e0y ch\u00e1y \u00e2m \u1ec9 nh\u01b0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa thi\u00eang li\u00eang trong m\u1ecdi con tim, v\u00e0 h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n ch\u00fang ta trong s\u1ef1 trung t\u00edn, ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt v\u00e0 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.\u201d Trong Heinrich von Treitschke [1834\u201396], vi\u1ebft th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0110\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Bismarch v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1870, ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n, trong giai \u0111i\u1ec7u ti\u1ebfng ti\u00eau d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ed1ng tr\u1eadn. Treitschke ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n r\u1eb1ng Heinrich Heine [1797\u20131856], thi s\u0129 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i \u201ckh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd vi\u1ebft ti\u00eau ca\u201d. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i, \u201cHeine c\u00f3 \u201clinh h\u1ed3n\/tinh th\u1ea7n \u2013 esprit<\/i>\u201d, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch g\u00ec l\u00e0 Geist<\/i> (linh h\u1ed3n\/tinh th\u1ea7n \u2013 spirit<\/i>) trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0110\u1ee9c.\u201d B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Heine hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111ang tr\u1ed7i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c (German national particularism) \u1edf m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 o\u00e1n gh\u00e9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf m\u1eb7t kia. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft: \u201cNh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u1eadn hi\u1ebfn mang t\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p (the French-devourers) th\u00edch sau \u0111\u00f3 nu\u1ed1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00f3n tr\u00e1ng mi\u1ec7ng ngon l\u00e0nh.\u201d Mishra di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ed9c tr\u1ef1c h\u01a1n: \u201cM\u1eb7t b\u00ean kia c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ee3 Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 b\u00e0i Do Th\u00e1i.\u201d Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u1ec1m (soft nationalism), s\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111i qu\u00e1, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee9ng (hard nationalism), t\u1ea9y r\u1eeda ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i (s\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec5u) v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qu\u00e1. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Heine c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1834 r\u1eb1ng \u201cM\u1ed9t v\u1edf k\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn cho cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3nh \u0111i\u1ec1n vi\u00ean h\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean.\u201d L\u1eddi ti\u00ean tr\u00ed \u1ea5y th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn Ernst J\u00fcnger<\/strong> <\/b>[1895\u20131998] g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00f2 r\u00e8n trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00f2 th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u1edbi.\u201d Nietzsche \u0111\u01b0a l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 d\u00f9 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u: \u201cS\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng<\/i> cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf.\u201d<\/p>\n

K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb t\u00e1i r\u00e8n g\u00f2 b\u1edfi tr\u1eadn th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1ea5y cho t\u1edbi nay \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i v\u1eabn x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c, l\u1edbn lao h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i r\u00e8n g\u00f2 th\u00eam l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri c\u1ee7a Nietzsche l\u1ea1i kh\u1ea3 thi h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i \u0111ang nh\u00ecn ra ngo\u00e0i, qua c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf Leipzig t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, \u0111ang r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t. T\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i n\u1ed7i khi\u1ebfp h\u00e3i, khi t\u00ednh phi l\u00fd tr\u00ed, s\u1ef1 o\u00e1n h\u1eadn (resentiment<\/i>) c\u00f9ng c\u01a1n th\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9 \u0111ang bao ph\u1ee7 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf b\u1ecb nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a n\u00e0y.\/.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eb1m s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc m\u1ecdi c\u00e1i trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ef1c \u0111oan \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng an nh\u00e0n b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed, ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac m\u1edbi kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00fd tr\u00ed, \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qu\u00e1, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng phi l\u00fd tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2133,"featured_media":46332,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[161,26,136,50,25,8,42],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-46328","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ban-tron-chinh-tri","category-dich-thuat","category-gioi-thieu-tac-gia","category-gioi-thieu-tac-pham","category-nhan-dinh","category-phe-binh","category-sang-viet-ngu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46328","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2133"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=46328"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46328\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":46333,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46328\/revisions\/46333"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/46332"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=46328"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=46328"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=46328"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}