{"id":4477,"date":"2009-03-10T01:03:00","date_gmt":"2009-03-10T01:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/archives\/4477"},"modified":"2019-03-14T10:21:32","modified_gmt":"2019-03-14T10:21:32","slug":"charles-darwin-con-nguoi-va-thuyet-tien-hoa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/4477\/charles-darwin-con-nguoi-va-thuyet-tien-hoa","title":{"rendered":"Charles Darwin – Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a"},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u0103m 2009 l\u00e0 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 200 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y sinh c\u1ee7a Darwin v\u00e0 150 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u201cOn the origin of species\u201d (\u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt\u201d), m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n \u201cOn the origin of species\u201d c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng trong khoa h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n trong nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00e2m l\u00fd, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed m\u00e0 Max Planck \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra sau n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o sinh h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 10 t\u1ec9 n\u0103m v\u00e0 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u201cOn the origin of species\u201d \u0111\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh ngh\u0129 hay do Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i th\u00fa v\u1eadt tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t hay trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n t\u01b0 duy nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Copernicus v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u xoay quanh tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 th\u1eadt ra tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh xoay quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Trong 4 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Darwin \u201cThe voyage of the Beagle<\/em>\u201d, \u201cOn the origin of species<\/em>\u201d, \u201cThe descent of men<\/em>\u201d, v\u00e0 \u201cThe evolution of emotion in man and animal<\/em>\u201d, th\u00ec quy\u1ec3n \u201cThe origin of species<\/em>\u201d l\u00e0 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t qua s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd, logic \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c cho thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a qua c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra.<\/p>\n

D\u0129 nhi\u00ean quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Charles Darwin \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c. Ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c ch\u1ed1i t\u1eeb m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u201cOn the origin of species\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Darwin sinh n\u0103m 1809 trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf Shrewbury, T\u00f4 C\u00e1ch Lan. \u00d4ng n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Darwin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi s\u0129 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng, Eramus Darwin. L\u00fac c\u00f2n l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean y khoa tr\u1ebb \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Edingburg, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u say m\u00ea t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc: thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4ng. Sau n\u00e0y khi \u00f4ng b\u1ecf y khoa chuy\u1ec3n qua \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 \u00fd th\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 J. Henslow, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 A. Sedgwick (4). \u00d4ng theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 A . Humboldt, C. Lyell, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t s\u00e1ch \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u201cNguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc\u201d (Principles of Geology) c\u1ee7a C. Lyell trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 cho \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eddi gian th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf, d\u1ea7n tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ebd k\u1ebft tinh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1838, nh\u1edd Henslow \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i tr\u00ean t\u00e0u HMS Beagle \u0111i th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00f2ng quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi do nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt v\u00e0 thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng R. Fitzroy \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n. Cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 5 n\u0103m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 Darwin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbp quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 th\u00e2u th\u1eadp, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t (n\u00fai l\u1eeda, \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb n\u00fai l\u1eeda g\u1ea7n Nam M\u1ef9), c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e3y san h\u00f4.<\/p>\n

\"clip_image001\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a Darwin tr\u00ean t\u00e0u Beagle \u0111i v\u00f2ng quanh tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t gh\u00e9 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i \u1edf Nam M\u1ef9, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o \u1edf Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00dac,.. gi\u00fap \u00f4ng th\u00e2u th\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch l\u00e0m \u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sau n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u1edf Nam M\u1ef9 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u1edf nh\u1eefng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c. \u00d4ng t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ed1ng \u1edf trong c\u00e1c r\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi \u1edf Phi ch\u00e2u, \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, Nam M\u1ef9 m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau, t\u1ea1i sao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00e0y t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn?<\/p>\n

Darwin kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n quan s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt qua s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (natural selection). Darwin c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 trong s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Wallace c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng \u00fd ngh\u0129 v\u1edbi \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c sinh v\u1eadt qua thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a qua c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u00e0 b\u00e0i v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Wallace (\u201cOn the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type\u201d) g\u1edfi \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Indonesia, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng Wallace \u0111ang th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m. Darwin \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a qua ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qua tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Wallace v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Darwin \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi hai nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Charles Lyell v\u00e0 Joseph Hooker v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p hy h\u1eefu n\u00e0y. Qua s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0n x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc Joseph Hooker, Darwin \u0111\u00e3 g\u1edfi b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Wallace v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Linnean Society of London (hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai b\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc trong bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp v\u00e0 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n \u1edf h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00e0 Darwin v\u00e0 Wallace. Nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin ra \u0111\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng vang lan r\u1ed9ng trong gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngay sau khi s\u00e1ch \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ch\u00fa \u00fd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng trong gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kh\u01a1i m\u00e0o ra nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tranh c\u00e3i kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i.<\/p>\n

N\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Anh gi\u00e1o (\u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Oxford) Samuel Wilberforce, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc Thomas Huxley \u1edf B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 6 1860, b\u1ea3y th\u00e1ng sau khi s\u00e1ch ra \u0111\u1eddi. Darwin l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111au b\u1ee5ng \u0111ang d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ec7nh n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng tham d\u1ef1. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Darwin l\u00e0 Thomas Huxley, Sir Joseph Hooker v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Wiberforce l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc Richard Owen. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u00f3c l\u1edbn trong khoa h\u1ecdc, gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a Anh l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 sinh vi\u00ean, c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 ch\u1eadt b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (8)(11).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\"clip_image002\"<\/a><\/td>\n<\/td>\n\"clip_image002[7]\"<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc Thomas Huxley (h\u00ed h\u1ecda trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Vanity Fair)<\/span><\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\nGi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Wiberforce (h\u00ed h\u1ecda trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Vanity Fair)<\/span><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

M\u1ee5c s\u01b0 (Reverend) Robert Henslow (ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 Darwin h\u1ecdc \u1edf Cambridge) l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda bu\u1ed5i tranh lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m cho bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Dr. John Draper, New York University, t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cOn the Intellectual Development of Europe, considered with reference to the views of Mr. Darwin and others, that the progression of organisms is determined by law<\/em>.\u201d (Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri th\u1ee9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u1edbi d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Darwin v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, cho r\u1eb1ng sinh v\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a theo quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh). B\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Draper hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00ec nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1p tranh lu\u1eadn n\u1ea3y l\u1eeda x\u1ea3y ra sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e0i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Draper cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean trong thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Darwin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (11). Sau Draper, Henslow m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c \u00f4ng Rev. Richard Cresswell, Sir Benjamin Brodie (Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch h\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc Royal Society).<\/p>\n

Chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 sau khi gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Wilberforce \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Henslow g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n (\u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 Fellow c\u1ee7a Royal Society), \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201cThe Origin\u201d s\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng 7 trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cThe Quarterly Review\u201d v\u1eeba ra, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi phong c\u00e1ch hoa m\u1ef9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u1eed t\u1ecda \u2013 th\u1eadt ra \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebfn nghe c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Darwin, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 v\u1eaby kh\u0103n tay tr\u1eafng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean ng\u1ed3i ph\u00eda sau v\u1ed7 tay v\u00e0 la l\u1ed1i c\u1ed5 v\u00f5, c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 trong h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m Anh gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c trong gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u v\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1eadm r\u00e3i v\u1ed7 tay nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn. Wiberforce ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Owen, nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t Adam Sedgwick. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 v\u1edbi gi\u1ecdng m\u1ec9a mai, ch\u1ebf di\u1ec5u, Wilberforce \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi Huxley, nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin trong cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn, l\u00e0 Huxley n\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 cho l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb con kh\u1ec9, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 qua d\u00f2ng \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i hay b\u00e0 n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh? Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u00ec theo c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a John Green d\u1ef1 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn vi\u1ebft g\u1edfi Sir William Dawkins, th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Balfour Stewart g\u1edfi David Forbes v\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed v\u0103n h\u1ecdc The Athenaeum<\/em> th\u00ec gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Wilberforce \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u00f4ng (Wilberforce) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe l\u00e0 Professor Huxley tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u00f4ng (Huxley) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n b\u1eadn t\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i lo ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 con kh\u1ec9 hay kh\u00f4ng (11), v\u1eady th\u00ec h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 Professor th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng ch\u00ed h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng cho ai kh\u00e1c c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Sau khi Wilberforce ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa tr\u00e0ng ph\u00e1o tay c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3, Huxley sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Wilberforce l\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 con kh\u1ec9 nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng s\u1ebd x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1edd \u0111i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Theo l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Huxley g\u1edfi Frederick Dyster th\u00ec, \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafng nghe r\u1ea5t k\u1ef9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Ng\u00e0i Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c (Lord Bishop) n\u00f3i nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1ed9t d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n m\u1edbi hay l\u00fd lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c\u2014ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb, th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean\u2014Th\u1eadt ra t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 mang v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ra trong cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3\u2026\u201d..<\/p>\n

L\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Green c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u201cHuxley\u2014tr\u1ebb, \u0111i\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ea1m, \u00edt n\u00f3i, ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm, r\u1ea5t khoa h\u1ecdc trong d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi Ng\u00e0i g\u00e2y m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t\u2026. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Huxley \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 c\u00f3 con kh\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean n\u00e0o m\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 khi nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i, th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c hi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9ng, nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u1ea1i \u0111i lao v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng quen thu\u1ed9c, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1i m\u1edd ch\u00fang \u0111i b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng tu t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u00e3ng \u0111i s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe kh\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi r\u1ea5t kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\u201d (Huxley sau n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \u2018kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn\u2019)<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Huxley t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1n th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn nghe, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i C\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng Lady Brewster l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng b\u1ea5t t\u1ec9nh khi nghe xong Huxley tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi Wilberforce.<\/p>\n

Huxley kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nghe r\u00f5 ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Huxley. Theo nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc Joseph Hooker, b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Darwin, th\u00ec ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1ee9t \u0111i\u1ec3m. Sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda Henslow m\u1eddi \u0110\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1c Robert Fitzroy, thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0u HMS Beagle \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Darwin 25 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u. Fitzroy t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Darwin v\u00e0 h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Huxley l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t log\u00edc. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Beale sau \u0111\u00f3 \u201cch\u1ec9 ra v\u00e0i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Darwin ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n\u201d (the t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed The Athenaeum 14\/7\/1860). Nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 (sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i) John Lubbock \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau c\u00f9ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 Hooker. \u00d4ng h\u0103ng h\u00e1i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Wilberforce gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfng tr\u00e0ng v\u1ed7 tay sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 Wilberforce ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Darwin v\u00e0 Wilberforce ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc. Theo th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Hooker g\u1edfi Darwin th\u00ec \u201cSam (t\u1ee9c Samuel Wilberforce) im l\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u1eddi n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n\u201d. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t th\u00edch th\u00fa ra v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng \u0111i \u0103n t\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

Hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u cho l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn – Wilberforce (th\u01a1 g\u1edfi Sir Charles Anderson July 3, 1860): \u201cH\u00f4m th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Henslow\u2026 g\u1ecdi t\u00ean t\u00f4i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Darwin. V\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecd s\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1edbi Huxley. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u00f4ng \u1ea5y.\u201d. Theo Huxley th\u00ec: \u201cT\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Oxford trong \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1ed1n v\u00e0 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 sau \u0111\u00f3\u201d. Hooker: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fac m\u1eebng v\u00e0 c\u00e1m \u01a1n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb mang \u00e1o kho\u00e1c \u0111en nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1edb tr\u1eafng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Oxford\u201d (11). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3 \u1edf Oxford, c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng sau n\u00e0y trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec Huxley v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Darwin th\u1eafng l\u1edbn<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc va t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u1eefa hai tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u Anh gi\u00e1o b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 Anh gi\u00e1o ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. Trong cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean phe c\u1ee7a Wilberforce c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 ph\u00eda Huxley (Darwin) c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 (ngay c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 Henslow, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u Darwin \u0111i t\u00e0u HMS Beagle). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u theo Ki t\u00f4 Anh gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 l\u1ebd cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u1edf Oxford l\u00e0 h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u1edf Oxford, Cambridge m\u00e0 kh\u1eafp Anh v\u00e0 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u khi s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Darwin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan truy\u1ec1n kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i.<\/p>\n

\"clip_image004\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Monkeyana 1861. H\u00ed h\u1ecda trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Punch v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin (British Library Board)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c cao v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t qua nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n, quan s\u00e1t chi li v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Darwin. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ai c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 ra v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5ch \u0111\u00edch g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m trong m\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1 g\u00ec khi thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb khi Darwin ra cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cThe origin of species\u201d c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi gi\u1edbi trong t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng mua \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i qu\u00e1 s\u1ef1 mong \u01b0\u1edbc ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch v\u1edf b\u00e1o ch\u00ed th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a qua c\u00e1c tranh \u1ea3nh, c\u00e1c suy t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch truy\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Kh\u1eafp \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Darwin lan r\u1ed9ng. \u1ede \u0110\u1ee9c, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1ecda s\u0129 Ernst Haekel ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin qua s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tranh v\u1ebd sinh v\u1eadt trong s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i tr\u00ean \u201cc\u00e2y \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng\u201d (Tree of Life)<\/p>\n

Trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Turner, Degas, Monet, Ceanne \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec3n khai t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Darwin trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ctransformisme\u201d \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c c\u1ea1nh r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c l\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Degas trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh tranh lu\u1eadn \u1edf Ph\u00e1p trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1870 v\u00e0 1880 v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Darwin \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c, tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u1ea9m sinh \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd tranh \u201cPhysionomie de criminal\u201d v\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a hai b\u1ecb can ra t\u00f2a v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u1eafc di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a hai b\u1ecb can cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem \u2018\u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 t\u1eeb b\u1ea9m sinh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m. Nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u01b0a ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a cao v\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ebft t\u00edch th\u00fa v\u1eadt c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

Tri\u1ec5n l\u00e3m \u1edf Yale (New Haven, Connecticut) v\u00e0 \u1edf Cambridge v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cEndless forms: Charles Darwin, Natural Science and the Visual Arts\u201d trong n\u0103m 2009 s\u1ebd cho th\u1ea5y vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Darwin v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 nh\u01b0 Turner, Degas, Monet, C\u00e9zanne, Church, Heade, Landseer. \u1ede Franfurt, tri\u1ec5n l\u00e3m \u201cDarwin: Art and the search for origin\u201d cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u1ebd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng qua t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3n n\u01a1i c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Martin Johnson Heade, Franti\u0161ek Kupka, Odilon Redon, George Frederic Watts, Arnold B\u00f6cklin, Gustav Klimt, Gabriel von Max, Alfred Kubin, v\u00e0 Max Ernst trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb 1859 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 (12).<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra trong n\u0103m 2009, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 200 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y sinh v\u00e0 150 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch \u201cThe origin of species\u201d \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t con t\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng con t\u00e0u mang t\u00ean HMS Beagle m\u00e0 Darwin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t trong 5 n\u0103m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111i \u0111\u00fang l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y Darwin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn. Tr\u00ean t\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o, sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc sinh (xem www.thebeagleproject.com<\/a>); c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, quan s\u00e1t s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n tin \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m v\u1ec1 Darwin v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf Cambridge, London, Lisbon, Berlin, Canberra, Moscow. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Darwin v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11\/2009 \u1edf Alexandria, Ai C\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

Charles Darwin v\u00e0 \u00dac<\/h6>\n

Darwin \u0111\u1ebfn Sydney tr\u00ean t\u00e0u HMS Beagle ng\u00e0y 12\/1\/1836 (5). Sau khi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t Sydney l\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng, s\u1ea1ch, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda ph\u1ed1 x\u00e1 khang trang, \u00f4ng l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t. \u00d4ng m\u01b0\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u00f4ng \u0111i Bathurst, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Sydney b\u0103ng qua n\u00fai Blue Mountains thu\u1ed9c d\u00e3y n\u00fai Darling Range ch\u1ea1y d\u00e0i \u1edf g\u1ea7n b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u00dac.<\/p>\n

\"clip_image005\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Tranh v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Augustus Earle, \u201cTable Land Blue Mountains\u201d, 1826, (National Library of Australia). Augustus Earle l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Darwin m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac khi \u0111\u1ebfn \u00dac. Earle l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda s\u0129 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng. B\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi m\u1edf \u1edf Blue Mountains m\u00e0 Darwin \u0111i qua t\u1eeb Sydney \u0111\u1ebfn Bathurst.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00e0y \u00f4ng d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n l\u1ea1i \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 Wentworh Falls, Lithgow. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y kangaroo nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con platypus, m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i th\u00fa m\u1ecf v\u1ecbt \u0111u\u00f4i ch\u1ed3n, \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu \u1edf \u00dac. Tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1edd s\u00f4ng g\u1ea7n Wallerang, \u00f4ng n\u1eb1m suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft trong nh\u1eadt k\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00fa v\u1eadt \u1edf l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u00dac so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c (5) v\u00e0 \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \u201cM\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u2018ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ea5ng t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt\u2019\u201d. Tuy v\u1eady khi Darwin th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c con ki\u1ebfn \u201clion-ant\u201d, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra ngay ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn m\u00e0 \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i (species) kh\u00e1c. Trong nh\u1eadt k\u00fd, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft \u201cGi\u1edd th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0i nghi kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 tin s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hai Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o th\u1eadt qu\u00e1 ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9, gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103ng?\u201d Suy ngh\u0129 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gieo v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a qua s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean .<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ee5 gi\u00fap Darwin trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i tr\u00ean t\u00e0u Beagle l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean 15 tu\u1ed5i, Syms Covington. Covington gi\u00fap Darwin thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1eabu sinh v\u1eadt, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch, ph\u1ee5 gi\u00fap c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 5 n\u0103m n\u00e0y. Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u1edf Sydney, Covington c\u00f3 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u1edf \u00dac. Sau khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Anh, \u00f4ng di d\u00e2n qua \u00dac l\u1eadp nghi\u1ec7p n\u0103m 1840. \u1ede Sydney m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, \u00f4ng v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf Pambula v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda nam Sydney n\u0103m 1854 l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edfng ty b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Pambula, n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm v\u00e0ng. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u1edf \u00dac, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n gi\u1eef li\u00ean l\u1ea1c qua th\u01b0 t\u1eeb v\u1edbi Darwin. Darwin c\u00f3 nh\u1edd Covington th\u00e2u l\u01b0\u1ee3m v\u00e0 g\u1edfi cho \u00f4ng c\u00e1c m\u1eabu sinh v\u1eadt ch\u00e2n t\u01a1 (barnacle), lo\u1ea1i s\u00f2 b\u00e1m \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf Twofold Bay \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u . Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1849, Darwin \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cho Covington nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111ang vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch l\u1edbn, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i ch\u00e2n t\u01a1 (barnacle) t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft anh c\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu anh s\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n th\u00ec t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t vui l\u00f2ng n\u1ebfu anh th\u00e2u l\u01b0\u1ee3m cho t\u00f4i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 sinh v\u1eadt b\u00e1m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf bi\u1ec3n hay v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ecf s\u00f2 hay v\u00e0o c\u00e1c san h\u00f4 b\u1ecb d\u1ea1t v\u00e0o b\u1edd t\u1eeb c\u00e1c gi\u00f3 b\u00e3o bi\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 g\u1edfi cho t\u00f4i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00f9i r\u1eeda ch\u00fang, hay l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e1y\u2026\u201d (10). Darwin c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3, Darwin xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u201cOn the origin of species<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1857, Covington x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 g\u1ea1ch. T\u00f2a nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Pambula nh\u01b0ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda ti\u1ec7m bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1n bia r\u01b0\u1ee3u (Forest Oak Inn). To\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Hi\u1ec7n nay t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng Th\u00e1i c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Covingtons Thai do hai anh em ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u00e1i di d\u00e2n qua \u00dac l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

\"clip_image006\"<\/a><\/p>\n

M\u1eabu sinh v\u1eadt cua \u1edf Vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford do Darwin th\u00e2u th\u1eadp trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u00e0u Beagle v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft tay c\u1ee7a Covington.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u1ede vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Darwin, trong nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eabu sinh v\u1eadt th\u00e2u th\u1eadp l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef ghi ch\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Syms Covingtons trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a con t\u00e0u HMS Beagle.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 200 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y sinh c\u1ee7a Darwin, Vi\u1ec7n M\u1ef9 Thu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia \u00dac (National Art Gallery) \u1edf Canberra c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m v\u1ec1 Darwin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi \u00dac. V\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean sau c\u00f9ng, Darwin c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dac, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t v\u0129 nh\u00e2n trong khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Darwin, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h6>\n

Ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng t\u01b0 n\u0103m 1882, Darwin t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n. Theo th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o th\u00ec ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau \u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n \u1edf s\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd St Mary, Down g\u1ea7n n\u01a1i \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n 40 n\u0103m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n uy t\u00edn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00fd kh\u00e1c. William Spottiswoode, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc Ho\u00e0ng gia Royal Society \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh Darwin v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ch\u00f4n Darwin trong nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Westminster Abbey, n\u01a1i ch\u00f4n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0129 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Canon Farrar th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho tu vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng (Dean) c\u1ee7a Westminster Abbey, George Bradley, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, Bradley tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t th\u1ec9nh nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1edfi truy\u1ec1n tay trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef k\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng (7).<\/p>\n

\u1ede trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 Isaac Newton – c\u0169ng ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 Darwin, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Newton l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh phong t\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea7u. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c trong l\u00fac s\u1ed1ng, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 Anh qu\u1ed1c mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p l\u00fac \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y, m\u1eb7c cho d\u00f9 Darwin hay gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n kh\u00e1c \u0111i n\u1eefa, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd l\u00e0 \u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an t\u00e1ng \u1edf Westminster Abbey. L\u1ec5 an t\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n sau khi Darwin m\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e1m tang c\u1ee7a Darwin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo nghi th\u1ee9c Ki t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta\u201d (7). Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u00eang quan t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Darwin l\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 hai nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, Joseph Hooker v\u00e0 Alfred Wallace (Wallace c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a qua ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean), \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 M\u1ef9 James Lowell v\u00e0 William Spottiswoode, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i Ho\u00e0ng Gia. Darwin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea1nh nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Isaac Newton<\/p>\n

Darwin x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp 200 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y sinh v\u00e0 150 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt<\/em>\u201d trong n\u0103m 2009, \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21.<\/p>\n

Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span><\/p>\n

(1) M. Kohn, The needs of the many<\/em>, Nature, Vol. 456, 20 November 2008, pp. 296-299.<\/p>\n

(2) J. Baker, Darwin: Heading to a town near you<\/em>, Nature, Vol. 456, 20 November 2008, pp. 322-323<\/p>\n

(3) T. Chouard, Beneath the surface, Vol. 456, 20 November 2008, pp. 300-303.<\/p>\n

(4) J. Van Wyhe, Charles Darwin: Gentleman naturalist<\/em>, http:\/\/darwin-onlin\u1eb9org.uk\/darwin.html<\/a><\/p>\n

(5) S. Meacham, Darwin\u2019s idea survives the fitness test of time<\/em>, Sydney Morning Herald, Jan. 12 2009.<\/p>\n

(6) S. Meacham, Origin of species, how a missing link ties Charles Darwin to an idyllic South Coast hamlet and its Thai restaurant<\/em>, The Sun Herald, Januray 11 2009.<\/p>\n

(7) Westminster Abbey web site, http:\/\/www.westminster-abbey.org\/events\/forthcoming-events\/36261<\/a><\/p>\n

(8) Wikipedia, 1860 Oxford evolution debate, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1860_Oxford_evolution_debate<\/a><\/p>\n

(9) University of Oxford, Celebrating Darwin 200, http:\/\/www.ox.ac.uk\/media\/news_stories\/2009\/090210_2.html<\/a><\/p>\n

(10)Pete Wilton, Darwin\u2019s crabs, University of Oxford, http:\/\/www.ox.ac.uk\/media\/science_blog\/080212.html<\/a><\/p>\n

(11)K. Thomson, Huxley, Wilberforce and the Oxford Museum, American Scientist, Volume 88, Number 5, Sept. – Oct. 200, pp. 210-212.<\/p>\n

(12)Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt, http:\/\/www.schirn-kunsthalle.de\/index.php?do=exhibitions_detail&id=88&lang=en<\/a>v\u00e0 http:\/\/www.schirn-kunsthalle.de\/data\/news\/1229356102_presse_darwin_engl_logo.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Darwin kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n quan s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt qua s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (natural selection).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1114,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[152,177],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4477","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoc-thuat","category-van-hoa"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4477","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1114"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4477"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4477\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":58025,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4477\/revisions\/58025"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4477"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4477"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4477"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}