{"id":43178,"date":"2016-07-15T00:07:00","date_gmt":"2016-07-15T00:07:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/?p=43178"},"modified":"2019-02-27T02:33:40","modified_gmt":"2019-02-27T02:33:40","slug":"tac-gia-va-tac-pham-trong-thoi-doi-moi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/43178\/tac-gia-va-tac-pham-trong-thoi-doi-moi","title":{"rendered":"Tác Gi\u1ea3 và Tác Ph\u1ea9m trong Th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed5i M\u1edbi"},"content":{"rendered":"

. <\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o t\u00edch t\u1ee5 v\u00e0 xoay cu\u1ed1n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n ph\u00e1i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. H\u1ecd s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi, \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u00eca d\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t cao v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u1eabn v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. S\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u00eca n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. <\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng t\u00f4n s\u01b0 n\u00e0y k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i, hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 t\u1eeb d\u00e2n gian truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1eafc d\u00e2n trong Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latin. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t cho \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hy l\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong thi ca c\u1ee7a CML, nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean anh h\u00f9ng ca tuy r\u1ea5t th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u mang g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 t\u1eeb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n gian. <\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0ng, si\u00eau th\u1ef1c, t\u00e2m l\u00fd, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1 t\u00ednh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra phong c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c g\u1ecdi phong c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Magic Realism ho\u1eb7c Magical Realism. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng l\u1eafm, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 False Realism. <\/p>\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Magic Realism.<\/b> <\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00fang nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, thay v\u00ec c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7n Th\u1ef1c Huy\u1ec1n \u1ea2o,<\/b> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb Magic Realism. <\/p>\n

Magic Realism kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u0103n t\u00e0i danh \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c, c\u00f9ng vi\u1ebft qua cung c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u, t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c si\u00eau t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 Cortazar. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qui t\u1eafc, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed7i ki\u1ec3u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i. Nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t. Khi v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 cai qu\u1ea3n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u0103n t\u00e0i b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 Hemingway, Faulkner…v..v… m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thao th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa, c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c, h\u00f3a \u1ea3o, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea3o. H\u00f3a \u1ea3o l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t trong quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. Ch\u1eef Magic \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ma thu\u1eadt, ph\u00e9p thu\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1. \u1ea2o thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 th\u1eadt do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1eefa ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u00e2m l\u00fd , t\u00e2m linh. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 nh\u00e0 \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt gi\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt. V\u00ec v\u1eady, l\u1ebd ra n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7n Th\u1ef1c H\u00f3a \u1ea2o. <\/p>\n

Ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi False Realism, mang m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t, "Hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3", m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n. N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c trong ngh\u0129a m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, t\u00f9y v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c \u00edt. N\u1ebfu "gi\u1ea3" c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n gi\u1ea3, n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa gi\u1ea3, thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3….th\u00ec ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Magic Realism kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. Ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. <\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00f4i d\u00f9ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb "H\u00f3a \u1ea2o Hi\u1ec7n Th\u1ef1c" nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb ri\u00eang cho phong tr\u00e0o. T\u1eeb "H\u00f3a \u1ea2o" d\u00f9ng trong ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb "H\u00f3a \u1ea2o Hi\u1ec7n Th\u1ef1c" sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u1ea3o. <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m trong th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed5i M\u1edbi.<\/b> <\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Borges c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng khai ph\u00e1, sau \u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, nh\u01b0: <\/p>\n

\u00b7 Julio Cortazar (1914-1984).<\/b> <\/p>\n

Sinh ra t\u1ea1i Brussels, B\u1ec9, sau d\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 Argentina. L\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 \u0111i d\u1ea1y ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc  cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1940s. N\u0103m 1952, d\u1eddi sang Paris, h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch vi\u00ean cho UNESCO v\u00e0 sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: Bestiario<\/i>, 1951; Final del juego,<\/i> 1956; las armas secretas<\/i>, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng Rayuela (Nh\u1ea3y l\u00f2 c\u00f2)<\/i> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1963. Truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u1ed1t truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Si\u00eau Th\u1ef1c. Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Borges, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng, bi \u1ea9n. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00e0ng nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e2m l\u00fd. <\/p>\n

Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Rayuela (Nh\u1ea3y l\u00f2 c\u00f2) <\/i><\/b>v\u1eeba xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. Do Gregory Rabassa d\u1ecbch, cu\u1ed1n n\u00e0y \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nationak Book n\u0103m 1966. M\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 600 trang. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, Cho \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc 155 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 "ngh\u1ecbch ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft" antinovel, ch\u1eef d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Cortazar, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5 t\u00fac, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1t truy\u1ec7n. Cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft chia l\u00e0m ba ph\u1ea7n; 1- Del lado de alla (M\u1eb7t b\u00ean kia) l\u00e0 Paris; Del lado de aca (M\u1eb7t b\u00ean n\u00e0y) l\u00e0 Buenos Aires; De otros lados (M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c) ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng1 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 56; \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 t\u00e2n th\u1eddi n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 73 \u0111\u1ebfn 153. <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra: <\/p>\n

… \u1edf Paris, v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Horacio \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau La Maga, b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t t\u00edch v\u00f4 duy\u00ean c\u1edb. Horacio s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi La Maga nh\u01b0ng g\u1eb7p tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i v\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9a con ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng. <\/i><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e0ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Buenos Aires, g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u0169, Manolo Traveller, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong m\u1ed9t g\u00e1nh xi\u1ec7c. Traveller k\u1ebft h\u00f4n c\u00f9ng Talita. Horacio l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c chung trong g\u00e1nh xi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Traveller. S\u1ef1 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed1i t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m hoang mang gi\u1eefa Horacio v\u00e0 Talita.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Khi g\u00e1nh xi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c chung trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, Horacio b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn Talita v\u1edbi La Maga. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam, ch\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y n\u00e0ng ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea3y l\u00f2 c\u00f2 ngo\u00e0i s\u00e2n, ch\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh La Maga v\u1edbi Talita. Trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, ch\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f4n n\u00e0ng. Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i l\u00f2 c\u00f2 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, m\u00e0 Horacio \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. <\/i><\/p>\n

S\u00e1ng h\u00f4m sau, Traveller \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p Horacio v\u00e0 h\u0103m d\u1ecda s\u1ebd gi\u1ebft ch\u00e0ng, g\u00e2y ra ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n. Traveller v\u00e0 Horacio tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Horacio.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Sau c\u00f9ng ch\u00e0ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 v\u1eabn, nh\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u b\u1eaft gi\u1eefa hai t\u1ea7ng l\u1ea7u. Cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Horacio ra sao. <\/i><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u truy\u1ec7n. <\/p>\n

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\u00b7 Garcia Marquez (1927-2014)<\/b> <\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950, Marquez l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Paris cho m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a b\u00e1o Colombia. Sinh ra trong ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf \u1edf Aracataca, Clombia. \u00d4ng b\u1ecf ngang vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00e3ng t\u1eed, s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ec1 vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o. Hai cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng La hojarasca (B\u00e3o l\u00e1), 1955 v\u00e0 La mala hora (Trong gi\u1edd tai h\u1ecda), 1962<\/i> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c Cien anos de solrdad (Tr\u0103m n\u0103m c\u00f4 qu\u1ea1nh)<\/i> ra \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1967, \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao Nobel v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1982. Sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 El otono del patriarca (M\u00f9a thu c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng), 1975; Cr\u00f3nica de una muerte anunciada (Bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc) 1981; El amor en los tiempos del c\u00f3lera (T\u00ecnh y\u00eau trong th\u1eddi d\u1ecbch t\u1ea3) 1985; El general en su laberinto (\u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng trong th\u1eddi h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n) 1989; Del amor y otros demonios (T\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1i qu\u1ef7 kh\u00e1c) 1994….<\/i> <\/p>\n

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Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Cien anos de soledad, Tr\u0103m n\u0103m c\u00f4 qu\u1ea1nh.<\/b> <\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft d\u00e0i, b\u0103ng qua nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 theo d\u00f5i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh: <\/p>\n

1- Jos\u00e9 Arcadio Buendia: T\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a gia t\u1ed9c Buendia. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra l\u00e0ng tr\u1ea5n Macondo. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f2 m\u00f2, hi\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh kh\u00ed k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1. \u00d4ng \u0111am m\u00ea \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi b\u00f3ng ma, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft khi c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111i\u00ean lo\u1ea1n, b\u1ecb gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ed9t v\u00e0o th\u00e2n c\u00e2y sau nh\u00e0, n\u00f3i to\u00e0n ti\u1ebfng Latin, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u. <\/p>\n

Jos\u00e9 Arcadio Buendia k\u1ebft h\u00f4n c\u00f9ng Ursula Iguaran v\u00e0 l\u00e0 cha c\u1ee7a Jos\u00e9 Arcadio, \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 Aureliano v\u00e0 trinh n\u1eef Amaranta. <\/p>\n

2- Ursula Iguaran: V\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh Buendia. S\u1ed1ng th\u1ecd h\u01a1n 100 tu\u1ed5i. L\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. <\/p>\n

B\u00e0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng b\u00e0 l\u00e0 hai anh em h\u1ecd. Khi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea, \u0111i n\u01a1i xa, v\u00ec h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn. N\u01a1i h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00e0ng ph\u1ed1 Macondo. B\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n s\u1ebd sinh ra nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1i thai l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u00f3 \u0111u\u00f4i heo. <\/p>\n

Tuy con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 sinh ra b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng sau nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi, con c\u1ee7a Aureliano II, \u0111\u1ee9a ch\u00e1u trai n\u00e0y, qu\u1ea3 nhi\u00ean m\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111u\u00f4i heo. Ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ecb b\u1ea7y ki\u1ebfn \u0103n th\u1ecbt. <\/p>\n

3- Amaranta: Con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh Buendia. Ch\u1ebft cay \u0111\u1eafng v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3ng trinh. Amaranta \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i khi y\u00eau. <\/p>\n

4- \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 Aureliano Buendia: Con trai th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Jos\u00e9 Arcado Buendia, \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 b\u00ec \u1ea9n. Tham gia c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, l\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a Remedios Moscote v\u00e0 c\u00f3 17 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean Aureliano v\u00e0 k\u00e8m theo t\u00ean 17 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau. <\/p>\n

5- Jos\u00e9 Arcadio: Con trai tr\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f3c d\u00e1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha. B\u1ecf nh\u00e0 \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef gypsy, l\u00e3ng t\u1eed du ca. Sau \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n c\u00f9ng Rebeca. \u0110\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Buendia nu\u00f4i n\u1ea5ng. <\/p>\n

T\u00f3m t\u1eaft: C\u00e2u truy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng tr\u1ea5n Macondo b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh Buendias, c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng chung s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn. T\u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, l\u00e0ng tr\u1ea5n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u00e3ng t\u1eed du ca th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng gh\u00e9 qua, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1 ng\u1ecdc, th\u1ea3m d\u1ec7t, k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi, nam ch\u00e2m, la b\u00e0n…. <\/p>\n

V\u1ecb t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, Jos\u00e9 Arcadio Buendia, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c. Khi \u0111\u1ee9a con \u0111\u1ea7u Jos\u00e9 Arcado b\u1ecf nh\u00e0 \u0111i theo ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi \u00e1i t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00f4 g\u00e1i Gypsy, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 Ursula \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. V\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi l\u00e0ng ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn Macondo. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n m\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00f4 qu\u1ea1nh khi c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 lui t\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn cai qu\u1ea3n. <\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o l\u00e0ng ph\u1ed1, gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ai s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t. Th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh c\u1ee7a Gypsy l\u00e0 Melquiades bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y cho Aureliano v\u1ec1 c\u1ed5 th\u01b0. <\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, chi\u1ebfn tranh mang \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c, l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh y\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Macondo. M\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3. Aureliano tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng t\u1ef1 do. L\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1. D\u1ecdc theo th\u1eddi gian, l\u00e0ng tr\u1ea5n Macondo thay \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i th\u00f4n d\u00e3, huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed, an to\u00e0n, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3n \u0111\u01b0a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, qua danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 Buendia. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n cai qu\u1ea3n n\u01a1i n\u00e0y thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, Arcado, \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ee9 ba, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0n \u00e1c nh\u1ea5t trong gia t\u1ed9c Buendia, cai tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, sau c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb x\u1eed b\u1eafn. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh an h\u01a1n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft. Cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. M\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft. <\/p>\n

H\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u00f4i qua, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i chung quanh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e3n quan huy\u1ec1n \u1ea3o. Nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 sinh s\u1ea3n, ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c, h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh….M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u1edf Buendia hung h\u0103ng v\u00e0 tham lam t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean lui t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e1i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n, th\u00edch \u1ea9n th\u00e2n trong ph\u00f2ng v\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1 v\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf x\u00edu ho\u1eb7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kinh th\u01b0 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ee7 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 k\u1ebb tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n nh\u01b0 Meme, mang v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u1edf n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Fernanda del Carpio, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn, th\u00edch m\u1eb7c \u00e1o ng\u1ee7 c\u00f3 kho\u00e9t s\u1eb5n m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 \u1edf \u0111\u00e1y, thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n khi c\u00f4 giao h\u00f4n v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng. <\/p>\n

Mang c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a gia t\u1ed9c, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u00e0 Ursula Iguaran, v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y l\u00e0m h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 san b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean trong. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gia t\u1ed9c Buendia v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea3 th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c v\u0103n minh, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1, chia l\u00eca kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Macondo qua c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty Hoa K\u1ef3, khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, khai kh\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n tr\u1ed3ng chu\u1ed1i, m\u1edf h\u00e3ng x\u01b0\u1edfng, thu\u00ea m\u01b0\u1edbn c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. H\u1ecd c\u01b0 tr\u00fa tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n bao che, ngay trong th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n. T\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00ec s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c l\u1ed9t v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n h\u00e3ng l\u00e0m chu\u1ed1i \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i theo phe c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em th\u1ea3 xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n. <\/p>\n

T\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m n\u0103m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5 m\u01b0a, g\u00e2y ra l\u1ee5t l\u1ed9i,. \u0111\u01b0a th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh suy tho\u00e1i t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng. Sau bao n\u0103m b\u1ecb b\u1ea1o quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb, ph\u1ed3n vinh gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Macondo d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n suy s\u1ee5p, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 gia t\u1ed9c Buendia. <\/p>\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t. Cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft k\u1ebft th\u00fac g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 qu\u1ea1nh hiu. Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a gia t\u1ed9c Buendia, Aurelinado II, t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed9n s\u00e1ch x\u01b0a, do c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh Gypsy \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. L\u1eddi s\u1ea5m truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ea3 c\u00e2u truy\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gia t\u1ed9c Buendia, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9a con s\u01a1 sinh c\u00f3 \u0111u\u00f4i heo. <\/p>\n

Khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc xong c\u00e2u truy\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn b\u00e3o l\u1edbn th\u1ed5i qua, qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 l\u00e0ng ph\u1ed1. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i tr\u00ed nh\u1edb v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00b7 Carlos Fuentes (1928-2012).<\/b> <\/p>\n

Trong nh\u00f3m Magic Realism, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t. Con c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, sinh ra \u1edf Panama. L\u1edbn l\u00ean \u1edf Washington D.C. Hoa K\u1ef3. D\u1eddi \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i. H\u1ecdc lu\u1eadt \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Mexico v\u00e0 Geneva. Tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c di d\u00e2n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ec5, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i cho b\u00e1o. Nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9. Ti\u00eau thuy\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, La muerte de Artemio Cruz, <\/i>1962, (C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Artemio Cruz)<\/i>. Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Cuba, v\u1ec1 sau b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Castro, \u00f4ng ly khai v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m 1962, \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Aura (Aura, [t\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 g\u00e1i] )<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft hay nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0, Cambio de piel,<\/i> 1967<\/i>, (L\u00e0n da thay \u0111\u1ed5i); Zonna sagrada, 1967, (Khu v\u1ef1c thi\u00eang li\u00eang); Cumpleanos, 1969, (Sinh nh\u1eadt); Terra Nostra, 1975, (\u0110\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.
<\/i><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Aura <\/em>c\u1ee7a Carlos Fuentes.<\/b> <\/p>\n

Aura<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft ng\u1eafn, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u truy\u1ec7n k\u1ef3 ho\u1eb7c, mang t\u00ednh h\u00f3a \u1ea3o hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latin. <\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Felipe Montero, t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sorbonne, t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, c\u1ea7n Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef. H\u00f4m sau anh t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9, g\u00f5 c\u1eeda v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 qu\u00ed t\u1ed9c Senora Consuelo ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t \u00e2m u, kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n anh ta ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t cu\u1ed1n h\u1ed3i k\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi. Ch\u1ed3ng b\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh quen bi\u1ebft Napoleon III. Tuy kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 l\u00fd do, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi anh ta ph\u1ea3i \u1edf trong nh\u00e0, su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Sau khi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, anh ta g\u1eb7p c\u00f4 Aura, ch\u00e1u g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, nhan s\u1eafc m\u1ef9 mi\u1ec1u, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft xanh quy\u1ebfn r\u0169. C\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0a anh ta l\u00ean ph\u00f2ng tr\u00fa, tr\u00ean t\u1ea7ng cao. R\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn anh \u0111i th\u0103m to\u00e0n ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0. B\u00e0n \u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf cho ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft. Ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam nghe ti\u1ebfng m\u00e8o k\u00eau r\u00e9o. C\u00f4 Aura gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec khu nh\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u chu\u1ed9t. <\/i><\/p>\n

Felipe v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng b\u00e0 Consuelo \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc h\u1ebft t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. Anh tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y b\u00e0 qu\u1ef3 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea7y ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1m. Anh ta ph\u00e1t gi\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t qu\u1ef7 l\u00e0 h\u00e2n hoan. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a cho anh ta ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a m\u1edf m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc r\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng b\u00e0. <\/i><\/p>\n

Anh v\u1eeba l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1eeba nghe m\u00e8o k\u00eau th\u1ea3m thi\u1ebft. m\u1ed9t h\u00f4m, anh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra, ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e8o b\u1ecb c\u1ed9t l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t s\u1ed1ng, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n c\u00e2y b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, g\u1ea7n c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 ph\u00f2ng anh. Anh c\u1ed1 qu\u00ean \u0111i, cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. <\/i><\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a Aura v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00ec trong l\u00fac \u0103n s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Felipe nghi ng\u1edd, n\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 Consuelo. <\/i><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e0y \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng, anh th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea5c v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y Aura tr\u1ea7n tru\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u00e8 l\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh, h\u00f4n h\u00edt. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi n\u00e0o, h\u1ecd l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u00ecnh. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Aura n\u00f3i anh ta l\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4, anh ta nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u1eb9n g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i l\u00fac tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00eam. <\/i><\/p>\n

Anh ta l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Consuelo \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y th\u00eam t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Anh th\u1ea5y b\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ea7m v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng. Anh v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecdc r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft nh\u1eefng di c\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 b\u00e0 g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5. B\u00e0 l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng n\u0103m m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m tu\u1ed5i, trong khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y. B\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Aura, m\u1eaft xanh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eb7c \u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7m xanh. \u00d4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m, anh \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u1eebng b\u00e0 g\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m l\u1ebb ch\u00edn tu\u1ed5i.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Khi th\u1ee9c d\u1eady, anh ta \u0111i t\u00ecm Aura, th\u1ea5y c\u00f4 \u0111ang ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u con d\u00ea trong nh\u00e0 b\u1ebfp, v\u1edbi g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t v\u00f4 c\u1ea3m. Anh tr\u1edf l\u00ean l\u1ea7u v\u00e0 b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p b\u00e0 g\u00f3a c\u0169ng \u0111ang c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1nh tay v\u00e0 n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Aura.<\/i> <\/p>\n

\u0110\u00eam \u0111\u1ebfn anh ta v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng Aura, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e2y th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111en treo tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u1ecd \u00f4m nhau nh\u1ea3y lu\u00e2n v\u0169 nh\u01b0 b\u00e0 g\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng nh\u1ea3y v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 qu\u1eadn ph\u1ee5c. Sau khi h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 tr\u1ee5y l\u1ea1c, h\u1ecd truy hoan su\u1ed1t \u0111\u00eam. Khi th\u1ee9c d\u1eady, anh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra b\u00e0 Consuelo \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ed3i trong ph\u00f2ng, theo d\u00f5i h\u1ecd l\u00e0m t\u00ecnh.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Khi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh anh c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n trong c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 hai d\u00ec ch\u00e1u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf \u0111i. C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho Felipe quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ph\u00f2ng b\u00e0 g\u00f3a. M\u1edf r\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh c\u0169. Anh kinh ho\u1ea3ng v\u00ec ph\u00e1t gi\u00e1c h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 Consuelo l\u00fac tr\u1ebb, gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 Aura; c\u00f2n ch\u1ed3ng b\u00e0 th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 anh. <\/i><\/p>\n

Anh ta ng\u1ee7 thi\u1ebfp \u0111i v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c d\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ng\u1ee7 bao l\u00e2u, t\u00ecnh c\u1edd v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 Consuela v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Aura v\u00e0 Aura t\u1eeb t\u1eeb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 gi\u00e0 l\u1ee5 kh\u1ee5.<\/i> <\/p>\n

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