{"id":4214,"date":"2009-02-26T01:04:00","date_gmt":"2009-02-26T01:04:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/archives\/4214"},"modified":"2022-02-23T11:06:18","modified_gmt":"2022-02-23T11:06:18","slug":"so-thao-bai-su-khac-cho-viet-nam-chuong-12","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/4214\/so-thao-bai-su-khac-cho-viet-nam-chuong-12","title":{"rendered":"S\u01a1 Th\u1ea3o: B\u00e0i S\u1eed Kh\u00e1c Cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam* \u2013 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 12"},"content":{"rendered":"

CH\u01af\u01a0NG XII:<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00c0NG NGO\u00c0I v\u00e0 \u0110\u00c0NG TRONG<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 danh x\u01b0ng v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e2n li<\/p>\n

Sau tr\u1eadn 1672, qu\u00e2n Tr\u1ecbnh \u201cchia binh \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed3n \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu ch\u00e2u B\u1eafc B\u1ed1 Ch\u00ednh, ph\u00f2ng gi\u1eef nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t, l\u1ea5y s\u00f4ng Gianh l\u00e0m gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn (ph\u00eda nam s\u00f4ng l\u00e0 Nam H\u00e0, ph\u00eda b\u1eafc s\u00f4ng l\u00e0 B\u1eafc H\u00e0.) T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y Nam B\u1eafc ngh\u1ec9 binh.\u201d \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean,<\/i> quy\u1ec3n s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, phe ph\u00eda Nam. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong quy\u1ec3n s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m L\u00ea Tr\u1ecbnh ph\u00eda B\u1eafc tuy c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi cam nh\u1eadn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \u201c(Tr\u1ecbnh x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t quan t\u01b0\u1edbng) kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf bi\u00ean thu\u1ef3, gi\u1eef y\u00ean d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.\u201d H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201ch\u00e0\u201d: B\u1eafc H\u00e0, Nam H\u00e0 khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u00f4ng Lam trong tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn 1655-60 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian qu\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n l\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t xa x\u00f4i c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd th\u00ec t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 trong h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a: \u201cNh\u00e2n d\u00e2n hai x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh t\u1ed5 Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng tri\u1ec1u, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n khai th\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3.\u201d (Hi\u1ec3u d\u1ee5 hai x\u1ee9 Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng 1672.)<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tham v\u1ecdng ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd Tr\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u201cdo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00fa v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc li khai \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda nam\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5y trong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n Batavia n\u0103m 1637. Ch\u00faa xin gi\u00fap t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n, s\u00fang \u1ed1ng, binh l\u00ednh, h\u1ee9a khi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng s\u1ebd ban t\u1eb7ng v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ebd trao x\u1ee9 Qu\u1ea3ng Nam\u201d cho h\u1ecd cai tr\u1ecb, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee7 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec H\u00e0 Lan \u201cc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu ho\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trong v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d L\u00ea Tr\u1ecbnh \u2013 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n khi c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu n\u1ea1p t\u00f4 thu\u1ebf Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng. Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng c\u00f2n b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0110\u00f4ng Vi\u1ec7t T\u00e2y Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u00e0y t\u1ecf trong th\u01b0 m\u1ed1i \u201clo ng\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf ph\u00eda bi\u1ec3n (M\u1ea1c)\u201d n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng thanh to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cb\u1ecdn th\u00fa v\u1eadt\u201d kia nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi con ch\u00e1u th\u00ec m\u1ed1i lo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1eddi ng\u01b0ng chi\u1ebfn 1672 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00fa nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m li khai tr\u01b0ng ra b\u1ea3ng hi\u1ec7u m\u1edbi: Nam tri\u1ec1u<\/i> (1719) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c x\u01b0ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

V\u00f9ng n\u00e0y tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 danh x\u01b0ng Chamba xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean theo h\u1ed3i k\u00ed c\u1ee7a Marco Polo c\u00f2n th\u00ec \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 x\u1ee9 Caugigu (Giao Ch\u1ec9 Qu\u1ed1c.) V\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1eeb tin t\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n, gi\u00e1o s\u0129 m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u00ean K\u1ebb Ch\u1ee3 (\u201cCachu\u201d 1561) sau c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb Cauchechina (1529). C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 do th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u201cCochi [Giao Ch\u1ec9] c\u1ee7a China\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi l\u1eabn v\u1edbi \u201cCochin c\u1ee7a India\u201d cho n\u00ean l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, l\u1ea5n xa l\u00ean v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc (b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 1599,) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e3i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u00ean v\u00f9ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\/Haut Cochinchine ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n so v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng Basse Cochinchine \u1edf ph\u00eda nam. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Alex. de Rhodes (1650) v\u1edbi Tunkin \/ \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh v\u00e0 Cochinchina, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m HOA (Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1\/Hu\u1ebf) ghi th\u1eadt l\u1edbn. Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3: Tonchino, Tonqueen, Tunkin, Tonquim\/n… \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb kinh \u0111\u00f4 Tr\u1ecbnh L\u00ea c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi L\u00ea s\u01a1: \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh. V\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t Ciampa ph\u00eda t\u00e2y nam Ran Ran (\u0110\u00e0 R\u1eb1ng, Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean.) T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n hai r\u00e0nh r\u1ebd tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 1751 c\u00f3 hai ch\u1eef Tonquim v\u00e0 Cochinchine \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a hai ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Tr\u1ecbnh Nguy\u1ec5n. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh \u1edf: \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong. Cho m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ea1i Nam ho\u1ea1 qu\u1ed1c to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Calcutta 1838, h\u01a1i mu\u1ed9n, c\u1ee7a Taberd.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean th\u1eadt l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 l\u00e0 trong t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a A. de Rhodes (1651) l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ghi: \u0110\u00e0ng Trong v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i trong khi \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1636, 1644 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn hai v\u00f9ng, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1eef Tungkin, Cochinchina. Ch\u1ee9ng t\u00edch s\u1edbm h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Linh m\u1ee5c Gaspar d\u2019Amaral trong th\u01b0 31-12-1632 \u1edf K\u1ebb Ch\u1ee3: \u201c\u0111\u00e0ng tla\u00f5\u201d (\u0111\u00e0ng trong,) \u201c\u0111\u00e0ng ngo\u00e0y\u201d (\u201c\u0111\u00e0ng ngo\u00e0i\u201d 1637.) Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p ch\u1ee9ng t\u00edch tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 do ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u201cn\u00f4m\u201d ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang x\u01b0a h\u01a1n n\u0103m 1632. Li Tana cho r\u1eb1ng danh x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 1620. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y t\u00ean n\u00e0y trong s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ch. Borri 1621. Ta \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e0 B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m A. de Rhodes ra B\u1eafc 1626 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00eau gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee9ng t\u00edch v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng Nguy\u1ec5n mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u201cri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean v\u0103n t\u1eeb s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Nam tri\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p di\u1ec5n ch\u00ed<\/i> 1719 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Khoa Chi\u00eam: H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u201cNam tri\u1ec1u\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi \u201cB\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u\u201d c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ef1c nam\/Nam, b\u1eafc\/B\u1eafc r\u00e0nh r\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, \u1edf \u201cb\u00ean trong,\u201d nh\u01b0 g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u1ee7a Li Tana, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1eef \u201c\u0111\u00e0ng\u201d \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t. C\u0169ng v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Tr\u1ecbnh L\u00ea kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u00ed do thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb chung \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho hai danh t\u1eeb ri\u00eang kia ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ea9y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Thi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y khi ta tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i nh\u00ecn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, khi ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1ea7m m\u1eaft ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5. V\u00e0 l\u1ebd t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee9ng t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed9n cho th\u1ea5y tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u1edf Th\u0103ng Long \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda nam ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 (theo c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn ng\u00e0y nay) l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n qua trong l\u1ed1i n\u00f3i h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, n\u01a1i sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi. Ph\u00eda t\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 r\u1eebng n\u00fai \u00e2m u, n\u01a1i sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp c\u01b0 d\u00e2n man, l\u00e3o th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m nh\u01b0 l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chi\u00eam m\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Th\u0103ng Long \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng chinh ph\u1ea1t. T\u1eeb h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean trong<\/i> r\u1eebng n\u00fai ph\u00eda t\u00e2y t\u1ed1i t\u0103m, \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ph\u00eda ngo\u00e0i<\/i> \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i th\u00eanh thang n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh hai c\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng trong-t\u00e2y, ngo\u00e0i-\u0111\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng di chuy\u1ec3n nam b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung h\u01b0ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Thanh Ngh\u1ec7, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p, khi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u1edf gi\u1eefa<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn m\u00e0 tu\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, l\u00e0m qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc, ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n. Cho n\u00ean hai danh x\u01b0ng \u201c\u0111\u00e0ng trong\u201d, \u201c\u0111\u00e0ng ngo\u00e0i\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI t\u1eeb trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch n\u1eb7ng nh\u1eb9, ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1i r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh danh x\u01b0ng khu v\u1ef1c sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n nh\u1eadn ra c\u00f3 hai v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c hai ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t khi\u1ebfn cho c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i g\u1ecdi ri\u00eang l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Qu\u1ea3ng Nam! Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Tr\u1ecbnh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVII c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd M\u1ea1c n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 G. d\u2019Amaral c\u00f3 ghi: \u201c\u0111\u00e0ng tl\u00ean\u201d \/ \u0110\u00e0ng Tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t, ngh\u1ec9 binh gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u00ednh d\u1ea5p v\u1edbi nhau n\u1eefa khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u201cg\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i,\u201d T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u0111\u00e3 x\u01b0ng h\u00f4 v\u1edbi L\u00ea, \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 danh ngh\u0129a c\u0169 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n v\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u201cqu\u00fd qu\u1ed1c,\u201d hai \u0111i\u1ec1u \u201cqu\u00fd qu\u1ed1c\u201d mang t\u00ednh xa l\u1ea1, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u00e1ch s\u00e1o, b\u00e0y t\u1ecf m\u00f4t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n tho\u00e1ng v\u1ebd ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc: n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa. Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n Nho Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 trong m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u00dd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u00ea Chi\u00eau Th\u1ed1ng, sau khi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n r\u00fat qu\u00e2n, nh\u1eadn ra n\u01a1i c\u00e1i \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng,\u201d kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i th\u00e2n x\u00e1c b\u1eadc Con Tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a chinh \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Vua v\u00e0 ch\u00faa trong m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sinh t\u1ed3n \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i<\/h4>\n

\u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i, trong hai ph\u1ea7n ba th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u Trung h\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ee9ng ch\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 M\u1ea1c, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n L\u00ea Tr\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh m\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung quan ni\u1ec7m c\u0169, c\u00f3 x\u00ea x\u00edch s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i theo t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi. H\u1ecd b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u00ean trong nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00f9ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

V\u1eabn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 tay ch\u00faa v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1eabn nh\u1ecbn c\u1ee7a vua, tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng gh\u00ecm n\u00e9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y n\u00ean khi c\u00f3 mang h\u00e0ng \u0111i bi\u1ebfu th\u00ec vua h\u01b0\u1edfng \u00edt h\u01a1n, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2\/3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa. Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vua th\u00ec t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111em con g\u00e1i nh\u00e0 h\u1ecd Tr\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o cung, c\u00f3 khi gh\u00e9p c\u1ea3 g\u00e1i l\u1ee1 th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng. V\u00ec vua c\u00f3 khi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u ch\u00faa n\u00ean t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p v\u00e0o ch\u1ea7u vua kh\u1ecfi l\u1ea1y, ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft gh\u1ebf ng\u1ed3i b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh.\u201d Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Tr\u1ecbnh Giang c\u00f2n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u00faa kh\u00e1c: ph\u1ebf vua, l\u1eadp vua r\u1ed3i ph\u1ebf vua, gi\u1ebft vua.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt ra \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ee9c x\u00fac khi ch\u00faa mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m vua m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nguy\u00ean do c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft, l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen \u1ee9ng x\u1eed, th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f3 g\u1ee1 b\u1ecf khi\u1ebfn ngay c\u1ea3 ch\u00faa c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t. \u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i, Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c quan sau khi ch\u1ea7u vua, m\u1eb7c ngay c\u1ea3 tri\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0o ch\u1ea7u ch\u00faa li\u1ec1n b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4ng ch\u00e1u ch\u1eaft (Tr\u1ecbnh C\u01b0\u01a1ng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tham t\u1ee5ng Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng H\u00e3ng xin m\u1eb7c \u00e1o v\u00e0ng li\u1ec1n t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, tuy v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u00f4ng c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tru\u1ea5t ph\u1ebf vua. L\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, v\u1ee3 Tr\u1ecbnh Doanh d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n th\u00f3i t\u1ee5c \/ l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c con (Tr\u1ecbnh S\u00e2m) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ed3i c\u00f9ng m\u00e2m v\u1edbi Th\u00e1i t\u1eed Duy V\u0129 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn tai n\u1ea1n cho \u00f4ng n\u00e0y. Ch\u00faa nh\u01b0\u1eddng cho vua m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 h\u01b0 v\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00f3 \u00edt ph\u1ea3i tranh gi\u00e0nh gay g\u1eaft th\u00ec danh v\u1ecb l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1. Cho n\u00ean vua d\u1ef1 coi thi, ban ph\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p cho c\u1ed1ng s\u0129, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u1edd s\u1eafc \u201cn\u1ed9i ho\u00e0ng… \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 1000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d (L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n) \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1ed3n l\u1ecdt th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch danh v\u1ecb quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c ph\u00ea: \u201cTham t\u1ee5ng, b\u1ed3i t\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 gia th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ee7 Ch\u00faa, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0, Th\u1ecb lang l\u00e0 v\u1ecb h\u00e3o c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh.\u201d \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00f2ng ch\u00e9o \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho quan ch\u1ee9c th\u1eeba danh v\u1ecb nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng d\u00e0nh ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hai t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf trong vi\u1ec7c thu l\u1ea1m, \u1ea9n l\u1eadu thu\u1ebf n\u0103m 1725. Nguy\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi sai ph\u1ea1m b\u1ecb C\u00f4ng phi\u00ean x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i, l\u1ea1i k\u00eau c\u1ea7u quan ch\u1ee9c C\u00f4ng b\u1ed9 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf. Tuy c\u01a1 quan ph\u00fac th\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n \u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, quan ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0m sai ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1eb1ng dai \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 quan c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1edbi danh v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Vua, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u00fat vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ph\u00fac th\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. Trong v\u1ee5 binh bi\u1ebfn 1674, \u01afu binh gi\u1ebft B\u1ed3i t\u1ee5ng, quan ch\u1ee9c \u201cx\u00fai gi\u1ee5c\u201d c\u00f3 hai \u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 \u201cl\u00e0m tr\u00e1i s\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb b\u00e3i tru\u1ea5t,\u201d th\u1ebf m\u00e0 khi d\u1eb9p lo\u1ea1n xong, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ckh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c,\u201d \u201cl\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng\u201d b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ee5t h\u1ea1ng, xu\u1ed1ng Th\u1ecb lang, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb! Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc mang danh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a vua c\u00f2n l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e0 cho quan g\u00e2y m\u1ed9t \u00edt ngang b\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1edbi ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n mang ch\u00fat uy th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t h\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Cho n\u00ean b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi xa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 d\u01b0 ru\u1ed9ng, c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t, l\u1ea1i \u0111em cung ti\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 vua ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp kho th\u00f3c ri\u00eang mang danh hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 danh v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vua L\u00ea \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u2013 d\u00f9 l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf nhoi, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u00faa ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ecbnh S\u00e2m b\u1eaft giam c\u1ea3 th\u00e1i t\u1eed Duy V\u0129, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac k\u1ebb-\u1edf-b\u1eadc-tr\u00ean l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua. V\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng, n\u0103m 1738, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t ngo\u00e0i kinh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 L\u00ea Duy M\u1eadt tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Kim, ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 Tr\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ec9.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt ra so v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 s\u1eed s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9 h\u1ecd v\u1ebd ra. Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebb th\u1eafng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c, mang danh hi\u1ec7u \u201cph\u00f9 L\u00ea,\u201d c\u0169ng nh\u00ecn h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. C\u00f4ng t\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tuy c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i theo c\u00e1i Ph\u1ee7 Ch\u00faa b\u1ecb Chi\u00eau Th\u1ed1ng ra l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed1t tan t\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1787. C\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, ta th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00f4ng ch\u00faa n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ea3. H\u1ecd gi\u1ebft nhau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i hay gi\u1eef ng\u00f4i nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 th\u1eadt t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c trong \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tr\u1ecbnh C\u0103n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb h\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1n theo l\u1eddi gia ph\u1ea3 h\u1ecd \u0110\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 len l\u00e1ch l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh qu\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng theo ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi (W. Dampier) \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201cth\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t \u1ed1m y\u1ebfu\u201d v\u00e0 mang b\u1ec7nh h\u1ee7i (?). Tr\u1ecbnh C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch thu\u1ebf kho\u00e1 1723, h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u00f4ng c\u0169ng b\u1edbt ph\u1ea7n t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c (kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eb7t tay 1721, kh\u00f4ng x\u1eed t\u1eed x\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea9n l\u1eadu d\u00e2n \u0111inh.) Tr\u1ecbnh Giang b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1edbi c\u1edb l\u00e0m h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc ch\u00ed v\u00e0 mang b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n, c\u00f2n khi m\u1edbi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i \u00f4ng v\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng H\u00e3ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn lao d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u00f4ng n\u00e0y ch\u00ea n\u1eb7ng l\u1eddi khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 Th\u1ebf t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i \u00f4ng ch\u00faa l\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, vun \u0111\u1eafp ti\u1ebfp cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec sa s\u00fat c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u00faa tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y n\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e3i \u0111\u00e3i, m\u1ecfi m\u1ec7t, bu\u00f4ng lung… C\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u00faa tuy ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng t\u1eebng tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 k\u1ebb l\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n d\u00f9 l\u00e0 th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c, tay ch\u00e2n tin c\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p chung. Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea7n ch\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n v\u00ec c\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 B\u1eafc: Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c. C\u00e1c ch\u00faa tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb xong l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ed7 v\u1ec1: Ch\u00ednh Tr\u1ecbnh C\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m th\u01a1 ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0a s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n (1715 r\u1ed3i 1718) m\u00e0 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i k\u00e8m theo nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Nguy\u1ec5n Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n H\u00e3n \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XV. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi c\u00e1c ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 ban ph\u00e1t nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i \u201cgi\u00e1o ho\u00e1\u201d m\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1663, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1676, 1710, 1751, 1760 nh\u01b0 d\u1ee5ng \u00fd gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecf vai tr\u00f2 th\u00e2n c\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi g\u1ed1c v\u00f9ng Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 \u2013 T\u00e2y Vi\u1ec7t xa l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u1eefa. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0m ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd m\u1eafc v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0ng kh\u1edfi v\u1edbi v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1c nh\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i, \u0111am m\u00ea h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

Di ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng T\u00e2y – \u0110\u00f4ng Vi\u1ec7t: \u01afu binh v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n<\/b><\/p>\n

Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn 1672 d\u1eef d\u1ed9i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng r\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng khi\u1ebfn cho Tr\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u01a1 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam n\u1eefa. Ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111i v\u00e0o t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong. V\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i tuy l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh thanh to\u00e1n k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n sau khi \u0111\u00e3 an t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng ph\u00eda B\u1eafc (M\u1ea1c v\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u ch\u00faa B\u1ea7u,) Tr\u1ecbnh C\u0103n huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n qu\u00e2n cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u01b0u t\u00fa c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh L\u00ea, \u0111\u0103c bi\u1ec7t d\u00f9ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 ch\u00faa, n\u00ean quen g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u01afu binh, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t T\u00e2y Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian l\u00e2u d\u00e0i tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00f9ng trung ch\u00e2u d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u1ecbnh C\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn ra (1721): \u201cT\u1eeb l\u00fac trung h\u01b0ng, d\u00f9ng binh l\u00ednh Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 di\u1ec7t gi\u1eb7c M\u1ea1c, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i gi\u1eef lu\u00f4n binh l\u00ednh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 l\u00ednh ch\u1ea7u ch\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh…\u201d Chi li ra th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fat ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t: \u201cThanh Ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u1ea5p thang m\u1ed9c…\u201d cho n\u00ean W. Dampier nghe n\u00f3i ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u1edbn \u1edf Tenehoa,<\/i> trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7y n\u01b0\u1edbc (?), b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh canh gi\u1eef d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n \u201cm\u1ed9t vi\u00ean th\u00e1i gi\u00e1m t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh.\u201d Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec \u201cNgh\u1ec7 An l\u00e0 d\u00e2n \u1ee9ng ngh\u0129a…\u201d (Tr\u1ecbnh C\u01b0\u01a1ng 1724,) l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Dampier x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi ch\u00faa: \u201cT\u1ec9nh Ngean<\/i> l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ham \u0103n v\u00e0 \u0103n kho\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9 l\u00ednh…\u201d Cho n\u00ean tuy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Tam ph\u1ee7 (c\u1ee7a Thanh Ho\u00e1) nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i chung th\u00ec l\u00ednh Thanh, Ngh\u1ec7 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng binh d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i. V\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, lo\u1ea1i \u01afu binh \u201cx\u1ea5c x\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d n\u00e0y tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng sai.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng khu v\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u00ec th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 cho s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i tuy\u1ec3n th\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung ch\u00e2u theo nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p th\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00ednh T\u1ee9 tr\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n tr\u1ea5n chung quanh kinh \u0111\u00f4. L\u00fac c\u1ea7n th\u00ec nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9, h\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c th\u00ec cho v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng (tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e1nh Cao B\u1eb1ng 1664, sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu C\u1ea7u, Nguy\u1ec5n Danh Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng 1753.) H\u1ecd nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u00ednh tr\u1eeb b\u1ecb so v\u1edbi \u01afu binh l\u00e0 l\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n d\u1ecbch. Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n cho n\u00ean sau chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch 1672, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n l\u00ednh T\u1ee9 tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 g\u00ec. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u00ec th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00ednh Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 kia l\u00e0 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba th\u1ea5y r\u00f5. S\u1eed quan Tr\u1ecbnh L\u00ea c\u1ed1 l\u1ea5p li\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u01afu binh n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n n\u0103m 1674, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u1eed quan Nguy\u1ec5n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i \u201c\u01afu binh Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 c\u1eady c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng lao, sinh ra ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang, (B\u1ed3i t\u1ee5ng Nguy\u1ec5n) Qu\u1ed1c Trinh, (Tham t\u1ee5ng Ph\u1ea1m) C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 b\u00e0n c\u00e1ch k\u00ecm h\u00e3m \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf b\u1edbt \u0111i, v\u00ec th\u1ebf binh l\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng.\u201d Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ebft Qu\u1ed1c Trinh, k\u00e9o nhau ph\u00e1 nh\u00e0 C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c cho ta th\u1ea5y ph\u00eda Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee7 d\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u1edbi l\u00ednh, nh\u1eb9 tay v\u1edbi quan tri\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0 e s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a hai t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0y. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda binh l\u00ednh th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 mang d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft \u00f4 h\u1ee3p, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i lo s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, m\u1ecdt m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 chia b\u1edbt tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u01afu binh m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1edbt \u00e1p l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb ph\u00eda n\u00e0y trong l\u00fac v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecd. Tr\u1ecbnh C\u01b0\u01a1ng ra quy \u0111\u1ecbnh (1721) l\u00ednh T\u1ee9 tr\u1ea5n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 \u01afu binh. S\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda h\u01a1n: D\u00e2n \u1edf b\u1ed1n tr\u1ea5n v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecbu 1 l\u00ednh cho 5 \u0111inh, nh\u1edd th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e2n su\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 thay v\u00ec l\u1ea5y 1 l\u00ednh t\u1eeb 3 \u0111inh nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u01afu binh v\u1eabn l\u00e3nh l\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00ednh T\u1ee9 tr\u1ea5n. Nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfp theo c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00ean t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng m\u1edbi, v\u00ec ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ban c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 tr\u00f4ng ch\u1eebng thi h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p ru\u1ed9ng cho l\u00ednh T\u1ee9 tr\u1ea5n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp 6 qu\u00e2n doanh nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i (1722) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 duy\u1ec7t binh tr\u1ecdng th\u1ec3 cho l\u1edbp l\u00ednh m\u1edbi n\u00e0y (1724). V\u00f4 t\u00ecnh m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi \u01afu binh \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i su\u00f4n s\u1ebb v\u00ec gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n Tr\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nhu c\u1ea7u cai tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh khi\u1ebfn Tr\u1ecbnh d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 M\u1ea1c c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea5p ru\u1ed9ng cho l\u00ednh nh\u01b0 M\u1ea1c. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111em ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ea5p cho l\u00ednh th\u00ec \u201cd\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 sinh nhai\u201d nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi t\u00e2u c\u1ee7a quan \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi (1733). V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1727, l\u00ednh T\u1ee9 tr\u1ea5n c\u00f3 t\u00ean ri\u00eang l\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t binh do l\u1ebd h\u1ea1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a: c\u1ee9 10 \u0111inh m\u1edbi tuy\u1ec3n 1 l\u00ednh. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc do \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea5y \u00edt l\u00ednh, b\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 ru\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i chia c\u1ea5p. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee5t th\u00f2, b\u1ecf tuy\u1ec3n l\u00ednh, l\u1ea5y th\u00eam l\u00ednh ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhu c\u1ea7u tr\u1ecb an c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp ph\u00e9p \u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u01b0\u01a1ng binh, b\u1eaft l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 t\u1ef1 lo vi\u1ec7c an ninh \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed5n ph\u00ed v\u1ec1 sinh ho\u1ea1t, v\u0169 kh\u00ed. Nh\u01b0ng lo\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec r\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u01afu binh cho n\u00ean Tr\u1ecbnh Doanh thay Tr\u1ecbnh Giang li\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec3n th\u00eam \u01afu binh (1740). V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ra tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 c\u0169 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda ch\u1ef1c ch\u1edd qua n\u0103m th\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef y\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f9ng trung ch\u00e2u v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ed do, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u00ed do ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch mu\u1ed1n \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf r\u00e0nh r\u1ebd, g\u00e2y ra. \u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i, ph\u00e9p B\u00ecnh l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1 ra n\u0103m 1664, trong bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u00fap Tr\u1ecbnh thu thu\u1ebf, b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng theo v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u201cg\u1ecdn nh\u1eb9,\u201d bi\u1ebfng nh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1edbn lao.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda b\u1eafc gi\u00fap cho Tr\u1ecbnh C\u0103n ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp s\u1ed5 Tu tri (1694) ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 v\u1edbi chi ti\u1ebft b\u00ean trong, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 vi\u1ebft, t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. N\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n qua ki\u1ec3m tra, Ph\u1ee7 Li\u00eau li\u1ec1n thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1n, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eddi H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c, t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ee9c d\u00e2n. Tuy nhi\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 x\u01b0a. Phan Huy Ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 sau nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 l\u1ec7nh phong c\u1ea5p 1711 n\u00e0y: \u201cS\u01a1n Nam H\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec1u ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 n\u1eefa th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 cho cung c\u1ea5p binh l\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u1ee5 l\u1ed9c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o chia cho c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d \u1ea4y th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Tr\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u00ecnh, v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p ru\u1ed9ng cho h\u1ecd, c\u1ea5p d\u00e2n nu\u00f4i h\u1ecd, c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e0nh d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf t\u1edd l\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n: \u201cH\u1ed9 phi\u00ean ph\u00e1t ch\u1ebf l\u1ed9c, ng\u1ee5 l\u1ed9c cho c\u00e1c quan, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t hai \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 10 x\u00e3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban c\u1ea5p t\u1ef1 thu l\u1ea5y.\u201d \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 so s\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y v\u1edbi ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, theo t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c \u1ea5p gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 th\u1eadt phong ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5, nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u00f2n h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n h\u01a1n. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1n 1711 kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u00ec c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1712, 1713 ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m h\u1ea1n, l\u1ee5t, \u201cch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.\u201d Cho n\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra t\u1ea1i sao c\u1ee9 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1edd t\u00e2u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0o, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n qu\u00fd l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt d\u00e2n l\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m bia ca t\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c \u00f4ng th\u00e1i gi\u00e1m, b\u00e0 cung t\u1ea7n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i khoan th\u1ee9 cho d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c chia l\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cho l\u00e0ng, \u0111em c\u00fang h\u1eadu n\u01a1i ch\u00f9a \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u201cr\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i\u201d \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 do th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 ban c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd kia. Ai v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1, k\u00e9m th\u1ebf h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u201ct\u1ef1 thu l\u1ea5y\u201d th\u00ec nh\u01b0 Tham t\u1ee5ng Nguy\u1ec5n Vi\u1ebft Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII, khi ch\u1ebft \u0111i \u201cnh\u00e0 thanh b\u1ea1ch,\u201d ch\u00faa ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 n\u1ee3 gi\u00f9m trong l\u00fac nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea5t l\u00ean gi\u00e0u to v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u1ea5y, c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean huy\u1ec7n th\u1eeba th\u1ea5p th\u1ecfi m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n hi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00f9a.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u01a1 h\u1edf ngay t\u1eeb trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh ban h\u00e0nh cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m. L\u00ednh, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c cao h\u01a1n d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111i l\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i n\u1ea1p ti\u1ec1n cho c\u00f4ng qu\u1ef9, l\u00ednh (h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 \u01afu binh) v\u00e0o h\u1ea7u g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ch\u00faa th\u00ec n\u1ea1p ti\u1ec1n c\u00e0ng cao (Phan Huy Ch\u00fa.) \u0110\u1eb7t thu\u1ebf m\u1edbi, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 thu\u1ebf mu\u1ed1i th\u00ec mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p kinh doanh, ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt tr\u1ecdng h\u1ea1u cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \/ \u201cgi\u00e1m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng,\u201d c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng l\u00ean ch\u00faa. Cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 l\u00e0 L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong k\u00ec thanh tra \u1edf Thanh Ho\u00e1 (1771), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eebng l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n n\u1ea1p ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111em cung \u0111\u1ed1n cho Tr\u1ecbnh S\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn th\u00e2n (\u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m quan kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, b\u1ed5ng l\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tr\u00f4ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec7n t\u1ee5ng,\u201d C\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c<\/i> 1746) \u2013 \u00f4ng L\u00ea ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4n ngoan h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb v\u00ec gi\u1eef ri\u00eang cho m\u00ecnh n\u00ean g\u1eb7p tai v\u1ea1 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u1edf nh\u1eefng l\u1ec7nh tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh 1723 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh \u201cb\u00ecnh l\u1ec7\u201d m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ea1p \u201c(thu\u1ebf\/ti\u1ec1n) ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1ea1ch, khoa \u0111i\u1ec1u, sai ph\u00e1i n\u1eb7ng g\u1ea5p hai thu\u1ebf ch\u00ednh ng\u1ea1ch.\u201d X\u00e1c nh\u1eadn (1729) \u201cd\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o phi\u00eau l\u01b0u ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u1ed1n kh\u00f3\u201d th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ed9 tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 th\u00ec nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng… b\u1ecdn t\u1ea1p l\u01b0u th\u00ec c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7…\u201d Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u00ec l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y ra x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n m\u1edbi khi\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf (l\u1ec7nh 3 n\u0103m l\u00e0m s\u1ed5 \u0111inh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n 1722 l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh 12 n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n 1730,) hay ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p xoa d\u1ecbu. \u0110\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i (1720), thu\u1ebf bu\u00f4n, l\u1ea5y 1\/40 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u00e0ng ch\u1edf tr\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n qua l\u1ea1i s\u1edf tu\u1ea7n ti (1723). Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i thu\u1ebf th\u1ed5 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i b\u00e3i b\u1ecf (1732) v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf s\u01a1n ch\u1eb7t c\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea1p v\u1ea3i l\u1ee5a ng\u1eebng d\u1ec7t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai th\u00e1c g\u1ed7, tre b\u1ecf ngh\u1ec1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb thu thu\u1ebf m\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u1ed3ng m\u00eda; v\u00ec thu\u1ebf b\u00f4ng thu\u1ebf ch\u00e8 m\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1eddn t\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf hoang… Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed quan cho l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf kho\u00e1, thi c\u1eed, ch\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9nh quan tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n quan cai tr\u1ecb… t\u1eeb khi Tr\u1ecbnh C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng H\u00e3ng \u2013 L\u00ea Anh Tu\u1ea5n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 sau nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, s\u1eed quan l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cNguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng H\u00e3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u00e9p t\u1eafc, ch\u1ec9 ch\u0103m l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c, d\u00e2n phi\u00eau t\u00e1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 527 l\u00e0ng… nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi o\u00e1n gh\u00e9t.\u201d Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 quan ch\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u0129 t\u1eed, h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 (1728). Cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft (1732) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec t\u1ed9i n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u, ng\u0103n tr\u1edf Tr\u1ecbnh Giang l\u00ean ng\u00f4i ch\u00faa l\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi x\u00fac xi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9 l\u00fac c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u g\u00e2y ra kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi. Hai n\u0103m sau, L\u00ea Anh Tu\u1ea5n b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp h\u1eb3n c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng l\u00ed do ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng li\u00eau nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh kia. C\u00e1c \u00f4ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ecbu r\u1ee7i ro h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng li\u00eau kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 sau: L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo c\u00e0ng n\u1ed5i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u suy nh\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1edb\u00ed b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i do c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u00f9ng l\u00fac t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n th\u00eam v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh qua t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m ban, Tr\u1ecbnh Giang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5. Nh\u01b0ng do \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c h\u01a1n v\u00e0o k\u1ebb th\u00e2n c\u1eadn khi\u1ebfn uy t\u00edn s\u00fat gi\u1ea3m \u0111i theo v\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh. R\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u01b0ng v\u00f9ng xa. C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ngo\u00e0i trung ch\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n khi\u1ebfn cho quan cai tr\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb xa, ph\u00f3 m\u1eb7c cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 khi n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ho\u1eb7c ch\u00e9m gi\u1ebft l\u1eabn nhau. Con ch\u00e1u h\u1ecd M\u1ea1c l\u1ebbn v\u1ec1 c\u0169ng t\u1eebng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Cao B\u1eb1ng, n\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng H\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u201cb\u00e9o b\u1edf\u201d \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng, l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u201cch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n \u1edf b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ch\u00faa\u201d m\u00e0 th\u00f4i! C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u1edf trung ch\u00e2u chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Di\u00ean c\u1ee7a phe Ninh X\u00e1, c\u00f3 k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi con nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Ho\u00e0ng C\u00f4ng Ch\u1ea5t \u2013 ch\u1eef l\u00f3t \u201cv\u0103n\u201d d\u00f9ng cho t\u00ean \u201cgi\u1eb7c c\u1ecf\u201d \u1edf S\u01a1n Nam n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh \u201cc\u00f4ng\u201d\/\u00d4ng khi h\u00f9ng c\u1ee9 c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng t\u00e2y b\u1eafc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 L\u00ea Duy M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ee9ng ch\u00e2n tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng Tr\u1ea5n Ninh xa h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee9 c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng to r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n theo v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0 suy nh\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. Mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 gi\u00fap v\u1edbi \u01afu binh th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1eadp Nh\u1ea5t binh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i. Ph\u00e9p \u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u01a1ng binh tuy c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd l\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecd Tr\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh cung \u0111\u00ecnh, thay th\u1ebf Tr\u1ecbnh Giang, c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ea5t an ninh kh\u00e1c v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 trao v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0o c\u00e1c to\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 l\u00fac th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp mang danh ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Lo\u1ea1n t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf ra l\u1edbn, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecd m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ean tr\u1ed1ng tr\u01a1n. T\u1ebf, B\u1ed3ng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00ean h\u1ecd: Nguy\u1ec5n Danh Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng n\u00fai Tam \u0110\u1ea3o c\u1ea3 m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m tr\u1eddi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cn\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u201d thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd, nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m Ninh X\u00e1 (1739) c\u00f3 b\u1eadc t\u00f4n tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed7 ti\u1ebfn s\u0129, chuy\u1ec3n qua l\u00e0m quan v\u00f5, tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 Cao B\u1eb1ng, S\u01a1n T\u00e2y (1715) m\u00e0 danh ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7p Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 t\u1eadn Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1. S\u1eed quan Nguy\u1ec5n g\u1ecdi nh\u00f3m Ninh X\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u201cngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n,\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c khen \u201c\u0111\u00fang\u201d h\u1eb3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1ecd Tr\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 m\u1ecdt ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh v\u00ec d\u00ednh d\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4ng quan tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd khen l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, tr\u00ed l\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 t\u00e0i v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u201d n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t. Tuy nh\u00f3m Ninh X\u00e1 \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n ri\u00eang \u201cNinh D\u00e2n th\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o\u201d v\u1edbi th\u00e2m \u00fd l\u1eadp tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd d\u1ef1ng c\u1edd Ph\u00f9 L\u00ea, c\u00f2n Nguy\u1ec5n Tuy\u1ec3n l\u1ea1i t\u1eebng l\u00e0 gia kh\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5 \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Ph\u1ee5 xu\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ee7 d\u1ee5 gi\u1eb7c, b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee7 Ch\u00faa cho Tr\u1ecbnh Doanh l\u00ean ng\u00f4i. K\u1ebb n\u1ed5i d\u1eady khi y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 v\u1ee3 ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Nguy\u1ec5n Danh Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung t\u00fang, \u201cnghi\u1ec5m nhi\u00ean l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch\u201d trong 10 n\u0103m tr\u1eddi. C\u00f3 k\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc cao nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu C\u1ea7u l\u00e0m H\u01b0\u01a1ng Ngh\u0129a h\u1ea7u (1746), k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u201cgi\u1eb7c c\u1ecf\u201d Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n\/C\u00f4ng Ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u00eau d\u1ee5 theo l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a \u201ctrao quan t\u01b0\u1edbc, chi\u1ebfu theo t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 cho cai tr\u1ecb.\u201d Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u00e0ng th\u1ea7n l\u01a1 l\u00e1o nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p th\u00ec d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ch\u1ecbu khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m con ch\u00e1u \u0110inh V\u0103n T\u1ea3 (t\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh Cao B\u1eb1ng,) Ho\u00e0ng Ph\u00f9ng C\u01a1. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft khi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c l\u1ea9n tr\u00e1nh, nh\u01b0 l\u00fac T\u00e2y S\u01a1n ra B\u1eafc. R\u1ed3i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 tay ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng Ng\u0169 Ph\u00fac l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1edbp, h\u1eb3n c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u201cch\u00ed nguy\u1ec7n binh\u201d tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c m\u00e0 Tr\u1ecbnh Doanh cho gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n khi ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i (1740).<\/p>\n

Quan, c\u01b0\u1edbp l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd Tr\u1ecbnh g\u1eb7p th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra ngay \u1edf v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n vong c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh. Tr\u1ecbnh Doanh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u201cv\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebb ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, thu\u1ebf kho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia\u201d n\u00ean t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng, linh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng n\u1ec1 h\u00e0 g\u1ed1c g\u00e1c quan v\u0103n (Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u00ecnh Tr\u1ecdng,) l\u00ednh tr\u01a1n (Nguy\u1ec5n Phan,) k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng, c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i (ho\u1ea1n quan Ho\u00e0ng Ng\u0169 Ph\u00fac)… \u00d4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft t\u1ed9i Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u00ecnh Tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng nghe l\u1ec7nh chi\u00eau d\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu C\u1ea7u, b\u1ecf qua vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u00ecnh Tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n ng\u0169 ri\u00eang, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n vay li\u1ec1u r\u1ed3i hi v\u1ecdng qu\u1ef5t n\u1ee3 n\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Ho\u00e0ng Ng\u0169 Ph\u00fac nghe l\u1eddi anh qu\u00e2n s\u01b0 kh\u00e1ch bu\u00f4n hay kh\u00f4ng. Qu\u00e2n n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n d\u00f9 sao c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u00f4 h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m Ng\u00e2n Gi\u00e0 tuy hung d\u1eef, x\u00f4ng tr\u1eadn v\u00e1c dao ch\u00e9m b\u1eeba b\u00e3i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3n lu\u1ef9, ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o n\u01a1i b\u00f9n l\u1ea7y hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf. Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh v\u1eabn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh quy, trang b\u1ecb s\u00fang \u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5y qua b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ngo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n, trong c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh thu mua di\u00eam ti\u00eau tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du, thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u1edf Kinh th\u00e0nh, \u1edf \u201cph\u1ed1 Lai tri\u1ec1u\u201d \/ Ph\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn. R\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i Tr\u1ecbnh Doanh c\u0169ng qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi k\u00ec nguy kh\u1ed1n nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1740-1741, ch\u1eadn L\u00ea Duy M\u1eadt, Nguy\u1ec5n Danh Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb xa, ph\u00e1 qu\u00e2n Ninh X\u00e1, Ng\u00e2n Gi\u00e0, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng khu v\u1ef1c an ninh, gi\u1ea3i to\u1ea3 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady s\u00e1t kinh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chinh ph\u1ea1t Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu C\u1ea7u tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n xa, r\u1ed3i di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb C\u1ea7u v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Danh Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac (1751), d\u00e0nh cho Tr\u1ecbnh S\u00e2m thanh to\u00e1n Ho\u00e0ng C\u00f4ng Ch\u1ea5t (1769), L\u00ea Duy M\u1eadt (1770) v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng Tr\u1ecbnh Doanh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. L\u1eddi ph\u00ea c\u1ee7a T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 oan u\u1ed5ng: \u201c(Doanh) c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi.\u201d Tuy \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n gi\u00e1m ban \u0111\u1ec3 xoa d\u1ecbu c\u00e1c quan v\u0103n v\u00f5 ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 khi th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb gh\u00e9p ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng Doanh v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng th\u00e1i gi\u00e1m c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c, v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00ean c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng t\u1ecf ra xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 Ho\u00e0ng Ng\u0169 Ph\u00fac, tuy c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p r\u1ee7i ro nh\u01b0 Ho\u00e0ng C\u00f4ng K\u00ec. Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh, Doanh \u0111\u1ec3 cho quan tri\u1ec1u lo vi\u1ec7c thu\u1ebf m\u00e1 nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i giao v\u00e0o tay n\u1ed9i gi\u00e1m (1755). Thi\u1ebfu ti\u1ec1n cho nhu c\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n b\u1ecb, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thu thu\u1ebf Gia t\u00f4 ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean thu\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c (1742), v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i cho b\u00e1n quan mua t\u01b0\u1edbc ngay l\u00fac m\u1edbi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n (1740), r\u1ed3i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa trong t\u00e1m n\u0103m sau, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh Giang (1736), ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch thi c\u1eed c\u0169ng l\u00e0 d\u1ecbp cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n chi ph\u00ed qu\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng: Ai n\u1ed9p ba quan th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n kh\u1ea3o h\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi ngay, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y thi, h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 x\u00e9o l\u00ean nhau, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft (1750). Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i sau khi b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ba n\u0103m sau l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u0103m 1765.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ebfu ti\u1ec1n nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n ph\u00f9 tr\u1ee3, h\u01b0\u01a1ng binh, ch\u00ed nguy\u1ec7n binh, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u0103t v\u1ec7 binh \u1edf T\u1ee9 tr\u1ea5n nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u01a1 l\u00e0 v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u01afu binh c\u1ed1t c\u00e1n. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi th\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn \u1edf v\u00f9ng s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp qu\u00e2n thu\u1ef7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eb7t \u01afu binh chen v\u00e0o l\u00e0m n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t. Cho n\u00ean d\u00f9 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c c\u00f2n gi\u1eb7c, ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi d\u1eb9p xong Ng\u00e2n Gi\u00e0, Ninh X\u00e1, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u01afu binh nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i, \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh th\u00eam quan t\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ph\u1ea7n. L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc xa, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n n\u00ean k\u00e9o nhau \u0111i \u0111\u1ed1t nh\u00e0 Tham t\u1ee5ng Nguy\u1ec5n Qu\u00fd C\u1ea3nh, l\u00f9ng t\u00ecm ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft (1741).<\/p>\n

S\u1eed quan Nguy\u1ec5n cho r\u1eb3ng: \u201c\u01afu binh ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o, hung h\u00e3n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o k\u1ec1m h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o h\u1ed3i tranh ch\u1ea5p cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi (1783-84) v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hung b\u1ea1o h\u01a1n: ph\u1ebf ch\u00faa, l\u1eadp vua. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tay sai, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c v\u00ec c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng \u1edf m\u1ef1c \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i, l\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 l\u00ednh Nh\u1ea5t binh, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1ea1p \u201cti\u1ec1n v\u1ecdng\u201d cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\/b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9, ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 x\u00e9n v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. L\u1ea1i th\u00eam nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i n\u1ea1p ti\u1ec1n v\u1ecdng \u201cv\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c (?)\u201d khi mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u1ea7u c\u1eadn cao h\u01a1n. Cho n\u00ean d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u01afu binh, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 l\u00ednh tr\u1ed1n. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc ch\u1ec9 huy C\u01a1, \u0110\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd theo l\u1ed1i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5p chung c\u1ea3 (m\u1ed9t\/nhi\u1ec1u) x\u00e3 cho \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t \u2013 ph\u1ea7n th\u1eeba ra h\u1eb3n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy. Cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n n\u0103m 1741 \u0111\u00f2i th\u01b0\u1edfng quan t\u01b0\u1edbc theo s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ebd v\u1ec1 tay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy. L\u00ednh tr\u01a1n v\u1eabn b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh tuy g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1eabn tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01afu binh, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c \u00f4ng quan tri\u1ec1u, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0o ph\u1ee7 ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft th\u00ec l\u1ea1i n\u00fap sau l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb b\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3i h\u01a1n: l\u00ednh T\u1ee9 tr\u1ea5n, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1ea3n \/ Nguy\u1ec5n L\u1ec7 (1784). Nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbp bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4i qua.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i thay \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n<\/b><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, m\u1ea5t an ninh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee9 g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay v\u1edbi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt tinh vi nhanh nh\u1ea1y, v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201cch\u1ed1ng phong ki\u1ebfn \u00e1p b\u1ee9c.\u201d V\u00ec c\u1ee9 theo \u0111\u00e0 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn m\u00e0 khi s\u1eed quan Nguy\u1ec5n ch\u00e9p hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u201ckh\u00f4ng m\u01b0a,\u201d \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9a\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1728 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau li\u1ec1n b\u1ecb T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1eb1n gi\u1ecdng. Th\u1eadt ra th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 than v\u00e3n ho\u1eb7c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n vong c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, Tr\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee9u ch\u1eefa: ch\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p cho d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3i, tha thu\u1ebf, l\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch, ph\u1ee7 d\u1ee5 cho d\u00e2n y\u00ean \u1ed5n l\u00e0m \u0103n. Cho n\u00ean ngay d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi Tr\u1ecbnh Giang, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng s\u1eed k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tru\u1ef5 l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Giang, v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 n\u1ea1n d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch, ta v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y s\u1eed quan chen v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i \u201cL\u00fac \u1ea5y nh\u00e2n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh…\u201d \u0110\u00f3i r\u00e9t tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ho\u1ea1 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 do thi\u00ean tai m\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1ed1n quen s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng, nh\u1eabn nh\u1ecbn l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n thi\u1ebfu\/\u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a, m\u1ed9t n\u0103m ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i n\u00ean \u201c\u0111\u00f3i\u201d \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u201cno\u201d \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed5i thay th\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0ng s\u1eed quan \u1edf t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang, ho\u1eb7c ch\u00ecm l\u1ea5p \u0111i ho\u0103c l\u1ea1c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i \u201cchuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3\u201d l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y m\u1edbi: b\u00ed \u0111\u1ecf, b\u00ed r\u1ee3 \/ b\u00ed ng\u00f4, m\u00e8\/v\u1eebng, \u0111\u1eadu ph\u00f4ng \/ l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 c\u00e2y b\u1eafp\/ng\u00f4 v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hai t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c nhau d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u M\u0129, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u xa qua nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, (\u0111\u1eadu ph\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft v\u00e0o Trung Hoa n\u0103m 1682, c\u00e2y m\u00e8 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ri\u00eang r\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn hai v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 hai ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00ean m\u1edbi mang hai t\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau. \u1ede \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e2y\/tr\u00e1i \u201cb\u1eafp\u201d ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 theo h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 b\u1eafp c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f2n \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec ch\u1eef \u201cng\u00f4\u201d l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y g\u1ed1c g\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eabn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 Ng\u00f4 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu Nguy\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 Minh, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u201cb\u00ecnh Ng\u00f4\u201d c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c trong ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u00f4 (Vi\u1ec7t) xa x\u01b0a m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t in tr\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 T\u00e2y Thi, Ph\u1ea1m L\u00e3i, hay n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng Ng\u00f4 th\u1eddi Tam Qu\u1ed1c tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft d\u1ec5 g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb… Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp gi\u1ed1ng ng\u00f4 v\u00e0o \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i qua chuy\u1ec7n \u00f4ng s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n gi\u1ea5u h\u1ea1t trong l\u1ed7 \u0111\u00edt (n\u00ean ng\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho c\u00fang t\u1ebf) ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c su\u00f4n s\u1ebb \u2013 kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n v\u00ec l\u00ed do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a quan l\u1ea1i Trung Hoa m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 sao th\u00ec d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y th\u00eam m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n, quan tr\u1ecdng ngang t\u1ea7m l\u00faa \u2013 lo\u1ea1i \u201cl\u00faa ng\u00f4,\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea7m ch\u00e2n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 v\u1eabn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qua nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng m\u01b0a, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cao, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau. S\u1ef1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng trung du, r\u1eebng n\u00fai ph\u00eda B\u1eafc, h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng mong g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3i th\u1ea7n k\u00ec trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 sau m\u00e0 s\u1eed quan l\u1ea1i b\u1ecf qua, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y s\u1ef1 quen thu\u1ed9c s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u2013 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ai g\u1ee3i l\u00ean, nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi. C\u00f2n hai lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y h\u1ea1t d\u1ea7u kia h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng th\u00eam qua nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng gi\u00e1 bu\u1ed1t, \u0111\u00f3i l\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f2 M\u00e8 \/ \u201cth\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Domea\u201d tr\u1ed3ng rau c\u1ea3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t g\u00ec cho v\u00f9ng trung ch\u00e2u hay kh\u00f4ng. Ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00e2y thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, m\u00e0 L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n bi\u1ebft g\u1ed1c g\u00e1c t\u1eeb Philippin: \u201ct\u1ea1m-ba-c\u00f4,\u201d th\u1ea5y \u1edf nam Trung Hoa, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i qua ng\u1ea3 L\u00e0o (1660) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cquan, d\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 con g\u00e1i \u0111ua nhau h\u00fat,\u201d khi\u1ebfn cho hai l\u1ea7n l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m 1665 kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. S\u1ef1 m\u00ea \u0111\u1eafm \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y m\u00ea th\u1ea3o n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u00ean ri\u00eang: \u201cthu\u1ed1c l\u00e0o,\u201d th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed ngo\u00e0i r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u00e8, c\u1edd b\u1ea1c b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5. V\u00e0 cho c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp quan quy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u1ea3o v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng danh g\u1eadp gh\u1ec1nh, c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u1ea7y cay \u0111\u1eafng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t tr\u00ean cao, c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00e8n c\u1ef1a t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng li\u00eau c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn… C\u00e1c ch\u00faa \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1c th\u00fa n\u00e0y v\u00ec cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 sau, ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh, sau h\u1ed3i vong gia th\u1ea5t th\u1ed5 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t to\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u00e1ch \u201ch\u1ea7u \u0111i\u1ebfu.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3i r\u00e9t v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5y nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng h\u1ea7u, qu\u1eadn ch\u00faa, quan ch\u1ee9c. H\u1ecd gi\u00e0u \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 mua quan ch\u1ee9c, nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c b\u1ecf ra n\u1ea1p ti\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng kinh (ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 d\u00e0nh s\u1eb5n cho nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1p nhau trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 cho quan ch\u1ee9c vay t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n binh d\u1eb9p lo\u1ea1n \u2013 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y thu h\u1ed3i v\u1ed1n trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh binh lo\u1ea1n d\u00e2ng l\u00ean t\u1ee9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn l\u00e0m! S\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 phi n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecdng ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c m\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng thu h\u00fat h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng to l\u1edbn m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed1 b\u00e1m gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 ban ph\u00e1t, duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh tuy r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n c\u1ed1 len l\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 ra bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf ru\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00ea Tr\u1ecbnh trong th\u1ebf k\u00ed XVIII.<\/p>\n

Ru\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong s\u1eed s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00ec l\u00ed do gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb l\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c theo v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1ecb. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf ru\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 v\u00ec \u201cmu\u1ed1n b\u1edbt g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng cho d\u00e2n\u201d nh\u01b0 L\u00ea T\u1eafc n\u00f3i, tuy \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201ct\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1n\u201d r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t m\u00e0 v\u1eabn cho ta hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Th\u1eadt ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u s\u00e1t sao h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra, l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t thu ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00ed Tr\u1ea7n v\u1ed1n d\u1ef1a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111i s\u00e2u s\u00e1t t\u1eebng m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t ri\u00eang r\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, Tr\u1ea7n H\u1ed3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 mon men v\u00e0o ru\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 khi cho l\u1eadp thu\u1ebf \u0111inh \u0111\u00e1nh lu\u1ef9 ti\u1ebfn theo s\u1ed1 ru\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc. Ph\u00e9p qu\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea s\u01a1 thay th\u1ebf s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fac b\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n t\u1ea1, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ban c\u1ea5p, chia c\u1eaft cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan ch\u1ee9c, x\u00e3 d\u00e2n, \u0111\u01b0a quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ea5p trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh chung l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gom g\u00f3p l\u1ea1i theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u201c\u0111\u1ea5t trong thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vua,\u201d kh\u00f4ng tranh c\u00e3i. Nh\u01b0ng khi qu\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n suy y\u1ebfu, th\u1ebf ph\u00e2n tranh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1eddi Trung h\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, Tr\u1ecbnh c\u1ee9 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i, l\u1eadp c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh \u201ctheo th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh,\u201d nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia n\u00ean ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 vu\u1ed9t kh\u1ecfi tay ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e9p B\u00ecnh l\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch chung v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u1ebb t\u1ebb ch\u1ec9 g\u00e2y th\u00eam phi\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5u m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a v\u1ec1 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u1eddi gian 12 n\u0103m gi\u1eefa hai k\u00ec ki\u1ec3m k\u00ea \/ duy\u1ec7t tuy\u1ec3n l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u201cv\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh kh\u00f3 c\u1ee9u ch\u1eefa. N\u0103m 1711 c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u201cquy\u1ec1n qu\u00fd, h\u00e0o ph\u00fa\u201d thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng mang m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trung \u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t ru\u1ed9ng, tr\u00ean d\u00e2n \u0111inh ch\u1ecbu s\u01b0u d\u1ecbch n\u1eefa. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ph\u00e9p B\u00ecnh l\u1ec7 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1716, 1719 chia \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ebf kho\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111inh su\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec1n th\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ecdt ra ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u01b0 c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn r\u1ed9ng theo v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i mang th\u00eam gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho h\u00e0ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o tay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t theo v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c chung c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t n\u0103m 1723 v\u1ec1 \u201cnh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n b\u1edd… \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p,\u201d \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf ru\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 n\u0103m 1728 tuy r\u1eb1ng c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ee5t th\u00f2 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian sau l\u00fac thi h\u00e0nh ph\u00e9p B\u00ecnh l\u1ec7. L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n d\u1eabn s\u00e1ch Trung Hoa, k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3nh ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1ed1i \u0111u\u00f4i nhau v\u1edbi c\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1edbn bay su\u1ed1t hai th\u00e1ng t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u Qu\u1ef3nh (H\u1ea3i Nam) \u0111\u1ebfn \u201c\u0111\u1ea5t Giao Ch\u1ec9\u201d r\u1ed3i suy ra s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, \u201cv\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c ti\u1ec1n th\u00f3c k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n, v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1eb9p ru\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.\u201d V\u00e0 n\u0103m x\u1ea3y ra chuy\u1ec7n \u201cti\u1ec1n bay\u201d th\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a: 1699. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u201ctay tr\u1eafng b\u1ed7ng n\u00ean gi\u00e0u to.\u201d S\u1eed ghi c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1702, 1703 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3i phi\u00eau t\u00e1n, d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3m thu\u1ebf m\u00e1, lao d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1708 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Thuy\u1ebft, \u201cB\u00e0 B\u1ed5i\u201d c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp n\u0103m 1703 \u0111\u00f3i k\u00e9m, d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3i m\u00e0 cho vay l\u1ea5y l\u00e3i c\u00f9ng b\u00e1n th\u00f3c \u201cmua\u201d ru\u1ed9ng!<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n k\u1ec3 ra, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ea5p: huy\u1ec7n, (h\u01b0\u01a1ng) c\u1ed1ng, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng d\u00e2ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ru\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn khi\u1ebfn vua ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp kho ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a th\u00f3c thu ho\u1ea1ch. \u00d4ng hu\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ee7 Thi\u00ean Quan (Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u danh ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd t\u1ea5m bia (1738) t\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u201cb\u00e0 v\u1ee3 ch\u00ednh\u201d m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u201cB\u00e0\u201d n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eadp nghi\u1ec7p hay kh\u00f4ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u1ea7n t\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca t\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0 B\u00e0 B\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong bia 1720 l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o, ch\u00ed th\u00fa l\u00e0m \u0103n\u201d th\u00ec tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c B\u00e0, ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 d\u00e2n H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, S\u01a1n Nam H\u1ea1, thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f4ng nam t\u00edch ch\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ea5t ru\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a S\u01a1n Nam H\u1ea1 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Phan Huy Ch\u00fa n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Tr\u1ecdng Th\u1ee9 1742, L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n 1774 cho th\u1ea5y ru\u1ed9ng \u1ea9n l\u1eadu v\u00e0o tay c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Khi qu\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n chi\u1ebfm b\u1ea3y huy\u1ec7n \u1edf Ngh\u1ec7 An \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng th\u00ec m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n n\u1ed9i \u1ee9ng \u0111oan quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf th\u00ec ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Tr\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed5 ngay. Ch\u00ednh Tr\u1ecbnh Doanh trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n kh\u1ed1n kh\u00f3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00f9ng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf \u0111\u00f4ng nam, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng \u201cnh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac, s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt phong ph\u00fa… l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t Quan Trung, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 ra v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ec1n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c theo m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 La Rivi\u00e8re de Tonquin t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1n c\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f2 M\u00e8 \/ Domea l\u00ean Ph\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ebfn K\u1ebb Ch\u1ee3 \/ \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh. Theo ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh L\u00ea Tr\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan l\u1eadp th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i\u1ebfm \u1edf Kinh th\u00e0nh (1637, \u0111\u00f3ng n\u0103m 1663 r\u1ed3i m\u1edf 1665,) \u1edf ti Hi\u1ebfn s\u00e1t S\u01a1n Nam H\u1ea1 th\u00e0nh t\u00ean Ph\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i danh \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0 H\u1ed9i An so v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh c\u0169ng v\u00e0o K\u1ebb Ch\u1ee3 m\u1edf th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i\u1ebfm n\u0103m 1683. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng su\u00f4n s\u1ebb nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mong t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f9ng mang t\u00ean \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u0111u\u00f4i theo qu\u1ed1c gia xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t: H\u00e0 Lan, Anh, Ph\u00e1p. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i than phi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1ch s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0 phi, c\u1ee7a quan quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 tuy th\u1eadt ra c\u0169ng nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m l\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean H\u00e0 Lan tr\u01b0\u1edfng chi \u0111i\u1ebfm K\u1ebb Ch\u1ee3 (1663) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1ee3 Vi\u1ec7t sinh ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi con lai Samuel Baron l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho Anh n\u0103m 1672, tr\u00f4ng coi th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i\u1ebfm \u1edf Ph\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1678. B\u00e0 \u201cme T\u00e2y\u201d \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kia kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m v\u00ec t\u1eebng \u0111i ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi \u00e1o t\u00eda, th\u1ee9 m\u00e0u ri\u00eang d\u00e0nh cho c\u00f4ng h\u1ea7u, v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u1edbc trong l\u1ec7nh 1661 \u2013 s\u1eafc \u00e1o th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh Tr\u1ecbnh C\u01b0\u01a1ng khi nh\u00fan nh\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng nghe l\u1eddi n\u1ecbnh th\u1ea7n xin ch\u00faa m\u1eb7c \u00e1o v\u00e0ng! V\u00e0 b\u00e0 ta c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, thay c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, tr\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, l\u1ebb t\u1ebb tung ti\u1ec1n gom mua h\u00e0ng r\u1ebb ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, ph\u1ea3i vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n, ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft ch\u1eb9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c me-T\u00e2y n\u00e0y, l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho h\u1ecd theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch. L\u00e0m \u201cv\u1ee3\u201d ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc, th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng \u201cn\u1ea5m\u201d h\u1ee3p r\u1ed3i tan, b\u00e1m theo ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1eadu c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0 ng\u00f4i \u201cl\u00e0ng\u201d ph\u00eda th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u \u0110\u00f2 M\u00e8, \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea5p th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 xin x\u1ecf, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n l\u1eb7t v\u1eb7t, cho thu\u00ea ph\u00f2ng, thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi…<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn khi\u1ebfn Anh b\u1ecf \u0111i n\u0103m 1697, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan n\u0103m 1700, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p b\u00e1m tr\u1ee5 v\u00ec ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n h\u1ecd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh gi\u1eadt quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m Con c\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i n\u1eefa. S\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y n\u00f3i chung kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh: l\u1ec7nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u 1663, r\u1ed3i gay g\u1eaft, b\u1eaft th\u00edch ch\u1eef v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t (1712), x\u1eed t\u1eed gi\u00e1o s\u0129… V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u2013 v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t theo th\u1eddi gian, trong ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o, cho th\u1ea5y th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u00e2n t\u00f2ng t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eadc quy\u1ec1n qu\u00fd nh\u01b0 B\u00e0 Maria, v\u1ee3 Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat theo \u0110\u1ee9c Tin m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh b\u00ean l\u1ec1, xa l\u1ea1, c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean c\u1edb r\u1ea5t t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta theo \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 theo m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 uy l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, sang tr\u1ecdng kia. Theo \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e1c th\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi khi R\u1eeda t\u1ed9i: \u201cCongno muon bau tlom laom Hoalaom chiam?\u201d (Con nh\u1ecf mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o trong l\u00f2ng Ho\u00e0 Lan ch\u0103ng?) W. Dampier (1688) \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang qua c\u00e1c linh v\u1eadt, \u1ea3nh th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i La M\u00e3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i gi\u00e1o. T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3, Dampier m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 theo ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng leng keng ph\u00e1t g\u1ea1o v\u00e0o l\u00fac gi\u00e1p h\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 theo \u00f4ng, c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft l\u1ea7n tr\u00e0ng h\u1ea1t hay mang \u1ea3nh th\u00e1nh, s\u1ebd h\u1edd h\u1eefng ngay khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed1t t\u01b0\u01a1i, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 con chi\u00ean nh\u01b0 khi c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c ban ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng cho h\u1ecd trong c\u01a1n \u0111\u00f3i r\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u1ecbnh L\u00ea c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u0169ng v\u00ec chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u1eeb 1672, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c mua s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n, hay l\u1ea5y th\u1ebf h\u00f9 d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eefa: N\u0103m 1680 Tr\u1ecbnh c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01a1 cho Anh l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m 1689 khi Anh \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00e0o h\u00e0ng 20 kh\u1ea9u, Tr\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y c\u00f3 7 kh\u1ea9u! V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n th\u00ec th\u1ea5y h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 trong x\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 cho vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong n\u0103m n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c trong x\u1ee9. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u201cbu\u00f4n h\u00e0ng chuy\u1ebfn,\u201d nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, tuy kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi h\u1eb3n nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i b\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5n ph\u00ed qua trung gian quan quy\u1ec1n. Do \u0111\u00f3 tuy r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, ta v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn bu\u00f4n v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kia.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd Tr\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf c\u00e1c m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng ngo\u00e0i danh m\u1ee5c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n: thu\u1ebf th\u1ed5 s\u1ea3n, mu\u1ed1i, kim lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba v\u1eeba v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c sinh ho\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n t\u1eeb H\u1ea3i Nam bay sang \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVII, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Trung Hoa mang ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t \u0111em v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd, hay l\u00e0m trung gian chuy\u1ec3n cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u. C\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 tr\u00fa cho kh\u00e1ch bu\u00f4n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1edbt kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y. L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng trung ch\u00e2u nh\u01b0ng trong bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n 1786 l\u00fac T\u00e2y S\u01a1n ra B\u1eafc, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p tan t\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m C\u00e1c l\u00e1i x\u1ee9 Thanh. C\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n ra B\u1eafc l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n c\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 ch\u00faa l\u00e0 con nh\u00e0 l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n x\u1ee9 Ngh\u1ec7, gia t\u01b0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 x\u1ee9 Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u1eady \u01afu binh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng bu\u00f4n t\u1eeb th\u1ea7n, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1edbn r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng so v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong th\u1eddi L\u00ea Tr\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf n\u01a1i c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7. Thi\u1ebfu ti\u1ec1n cho l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5m k\u00e9n ch\u1ecdn ti\u1ec1n, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fac th\u00eam ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7u Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh n\u00ean \u201cnh\u00e1i\u201d gi\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1eefng t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u qu\u00e1i g\u1edf l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng ph\u00f3ng tay b\u1eeba b\u00e3i h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 sau. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n m\u1edf th\u00eam l\u00f2 \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, quanh c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1740 (ti\u1ec1n ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u C\u1ea3nh H\u01b0ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng) cho nhu c\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed3i c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh b\u00e3i b\u1ecf n\u0103m 1753, l\u1ea5y c\u1edb ti\u1ec1n c\u00e1c tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u00fac qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1m, m\u1ecfng x\u1ea5u, ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i hai l\u00f2 \u0111\u00fac \u1edf kinh th\u00e0nh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fac l\u1eadu trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang cho k\u1ecbp v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1edfi l\u00ed do ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n quen v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u00edt oi c\u0169ng v\u1eabn nh\u1ea3y x\u00f4 v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng t\u1edbi l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 n\u00ean tuy thi\u1ebfu ti\u1ec1n trong l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng m\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh chuy\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c qua trung gian ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng, ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng ra ngo\u00e0i. Th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, Macao v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa 1707-1721, v\u1edbi B\u1ed3, H\u00e0 Lan qua c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1734, 1744, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh 1718, 1726 ch\u1eadn b\u1eaft c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n ch\u1edf ti\u1ec1n l\u1eadu. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u1ea3y sinh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a hai c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfm, hai lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n trong l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng: ti\u1ec1n c\u1ed5\/qu\u00fd, ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed\/gi\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0m kh\u1ed5 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 cho nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch thu\u1ebf kho\u00e1, l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng, th\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1edfng… th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh r\u1ed1i m\u00f9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVII, XVIII.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00ec t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00ean ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u kia mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng mua ru\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng l\u00e0ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 s\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, c\u00f3 khi chuy\u00ean tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 h\u00e0ng, m\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 mang d\u00e1ng l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ed do khi\u1ebfn cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh. Ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t manh m\u00fan kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n v\u00ec c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2u x\u00e9 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb tr\u00ean cao c\u1ee7a vua ch\u00faa, quan quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ngay b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh, \u1edf c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean trong l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 sau khi thu t\u00f3m ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i chia ra: cung ti\u1ebfn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean, chia cho l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an to\u00e0n cho ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng d\u00e0nh cho con ch\u00e1u, cho s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y. L\u1eadp h\u1eadu c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 mua s\u1ef1 an th\u00e2n c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi sau. C\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n, t\u1eeb t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf: \u201cKh\u00f4ng ai gi\u00e0u ba h\u1ecd, kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1eddi\u201d \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra trong m\u1ed9t l\u00fac m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng lo\u1ea1n li m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai th\u1ea5y ra. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u v\u1ec1 d\u00e0i t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng loanh quanh x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng, b\u1ee5i l\u00faa, con tr\u00e2u cho c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00ean kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 n\u00e0y. Nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n mua quan ch\u1ee9c, nu\u00f4i binh l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n L\u00ea Tr\u1ecbnh. C\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00f3p ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba quan \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1p nhau \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c cho n\u00f3. C\u00f3 ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u201ch\u1ecdc t\u1ee7\u201d nh\u01b0 ghi nh\u1ea1n n\u0103m 1693 th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong lo\u1ea1n li k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n ba hoa, s\u00e1o r\u1ed7ng nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o thi c\u1eed m\u00e0 L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n cho l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c g\u00e1c t\u1eeb th\u1eddi H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i phong kh\u00ed \u0111ua \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sung t\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c cho th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh V\u0169 Th\u1ea1nh b\u1ecb b\u00e3i ch\u1ee9c (1699) v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, \u201cm\u1ed7i khi \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y gi\u1ea3ng t\u1eadp, nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ee9a, h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u01b0\u1ee3n thuy\u1ec1n nan c\u1eb7p v\u00e0o b\u00ean h\u1ed3 (B\u1ea3y M\u1eabu) nghe l\u1edfi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y.\u201d Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh Tr\u1ee5 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1ng c\u00e1ch, \u2018d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o… h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi.. th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t h\u01a1n 70 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u201d S\u1eed quan cho l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e2n r\u1ed7i vi\u1ec7c\u201d nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y ra s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t nho s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ed3 cao c\u1ea5p \u1edf x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng. L\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh \u00fd th\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 cho ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 rao gi\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ea1o m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1ec9a mai l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng \u0103n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00fat, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng thanh b\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 nho \u201cth\u1ef1c b\u1ea5t c\u1ea7u b\u00e3o\u201d th\u00ec khi ch\u1ebft \u0111i may ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea3 n\u1ee3 gi\u00f9m ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1n mua s\u00e1ch do giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i \u201ctr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n,\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111em \u1ee9ng x\u1eed trong khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ca t\u1ee5ng ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 sao th\u00ec sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVII, XVIII. L\u00ea Hi l\u00e0m Tham t\u1ee5ng \u201cthi\u00ean h\u1ea1 s\u1ea7u bi\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfng x\u1ea5u nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp s\u1eed k\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi, c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn nay m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c in ra l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u (1697). \u00dd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a s\u00e1ch v\u1edf c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII qua c\u00e1c v\u1ecdng t\u1ed9c Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec, Phan Huy, Nguy\u1ec5n Ti\u00ean \u0110i\u1ec1n, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng L\u01b0u… kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, bi\u00ean t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh b\u1ed9 L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed<\/i> \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 sau n\u1eefa. V\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u1edd t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n s\u00e1ch v\u1edf m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eef n\u00f4m c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng l\u00e0m th\u01a1 n\u00f4m. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m th\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ecu theo th\u1eddi th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng Tham t\u1ee5ng Nh\u1eef \u0110\u00ecnh To\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec5n \u00e2m qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef (1760) cho b\u1ea3n g\u00ed\u00e1o ho\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n n\u0103m 1663 kia. Th\u01a1 qu\u1ed1c \u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n, ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu v\u00ec c\u00e1i khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u0103n v\u1ebb nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao c\u0169ng l\u00e0 xa l\u1ea1, ki\u00eau k\u00ec… \u1ede th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 ra l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m truy\u1ec7n n\u00f4m \u201cnh\u1ea3m nh\u00ed\u201d n\u01a1i l\u1eddi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e1 (1663) nh\u01b0ng qua th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 sau th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh t\u1ecbch thu s\u00e1ch \u201cin ra \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n,\u201d l\u1ec7nh tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb (1718) nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1eb7ng Tr\u1ea7n C\u00f4n vi\u1ebft kh\u00fac ng\u00e2m Chinh ph\u1ee5 h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1740 nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfng vang c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n c\u1ed5 r\u00e1p n\u1ed1i \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng nho s\u0129, r\u1ed9n r\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00fac di\u1ec5n n\u00f4m ti\u1ebfp theo. V\u00ec th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u201ct\u1ee5c t\u0129u\u201d \u1edf B\u00edch C\u00e2u k\u00ec ng\u1ed9 k\u00ed<\/i> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f2ng kh\u00e9p k\u00edn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o ch\u1eef H\u00e1n. Nguy\u1ec5n Gia Thi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng \u201cb\u1ea1o\u201d h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u00fat d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00f9ng trong h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n v\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung n\u1eef trong \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f2ng. Th\u1eed ngh\u0129 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n di\u1ec5n \u00e2m B\u00edch c\u00e2u<\/i> d\u1ecbch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi kia? \u2013 V\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nho \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m l\u00e0m th\u1eb3ng chuy\u1ec7n \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u1eabn \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9ng cho l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o m\u00e0 h\u1ecd qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi nay, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n n\u00f4m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec may m\u1eafn h\u01a1n v\u00ec nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

CH\u01af\u01a0NG XII:
\n\u0110\u00c0NG NGO\u00c0I v\u00e0 \u0110\u00c0NG TRONG
\nV\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 danh x\u01b0ng v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e2n li
\nSau tr\u1eadn 1672, qu\u00e2n Tr\u1ecbnh \u201cchia binh \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed3n \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu ch\u00e2u B\u1eafc B\u1ed1 Ch\u00ednh, ph\u00f2ng gi\u1eef nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t, l\u1ea5y …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1207,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[152,153],"tags":[396],"class_list":["post-4214","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoc-thuat","category-lich-su","tag-ta-chi-dai-truong"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4214","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1207"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4214"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4214\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":71663,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4214\/revisions\/71663"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4214"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4214"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4214"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}