{"id":40262,"date":"2015-12-11T06:36:00","date_gmt":"2015-12-11T06:36:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/?p=40262"},"modified":"2019-02-27T04:29:10","modified_gmt":"2019-02-27T04:29:10","slug":"nhung-cau-hoi-ve-my-thuat-ky-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/40262\/nhung-cau-hoi-ve-my-thuat-ky-5","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng Câu H\u1ecfi V\u1ec1 M\u1ef9 Thu\u1eadt (K\u1ef3 5)"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

V\u00ec sao h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 H\u1eadu \u1ea4n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Post-Impressonism) tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau?<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ecbnh Cung<\/b>: N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, ch\u01b0a c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eeda sao c\u00f3 kh\u00f3i, \u00fd t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng, hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i (\u00e9cole) v\u00e0 th\u00eam n\u1eefa l\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch (style) \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t ri\u00eang, kh\u00f4ng l\u1eabn v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m h\u1ecda s\u0129 kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 l\u1edbp tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, th\u00ec h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ed9i ho\u1ea1 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea3 mai sau.<\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n ho\u00e1, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng n\u1ed9i dung, v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1edbp v\u1ecf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. "T\u1ed1t g\u1ed7 h\u01a1n t\u1ed1t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u01a1n" ho\u1eb7c "chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m n\u00ean th\u1ea7y tu," l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u ng\u1ea1n ng\u1eef r\u1ea5t quen thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eb1m ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i \u201cnh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc c\u00e0 v\u1ea1t tr\u00ean \u00e1o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ai," l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111ang l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c (Formalism) kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u1edf l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00ec t\u00ednh ti\u1ec1n phong c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n chi ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u00ecn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ebft n\u1ed9i dung, n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ebb c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00fd th\u00fa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh l\u00e0, theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb vi\u1ebft v\u0103n, k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

\"Suprematism<\/a><\/p>\n

Kazimir Malevitch, Suprematism  (Ch\u1ee7 Ngh\u0129a Si\u00eau Ph\u1eb3ng) (1915)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, m\u1ecdi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hay l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 b\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u1ed1n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u0103n h\u1ecdc trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 "ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c." Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb phong tr\u00e0o Dada tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Nga v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 20 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0a ra "Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c Nga" nh\u1eb1m canh t\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 cho thi ca. Ri\u00eang ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 h\u1eb3n m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f2n \u1edf d\u1ea1ng "\u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1": l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n lu\u00f4n quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 Tuy\u00ean Ng\u00f4n Si\u00eau Th\u1ef1c<\/em> (Surrealism Magnifesto<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Andr\u00e9 Breton (1924), Ti\u1ebfng N\u00f3i c\u1ee7a S\u1ef1 Im L\u1eb7ng<\/em> (La Voix du Silence<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Andr\u00e9 Malraux (1951) hay Nh\u1eefng H\u1ecda S\u0129 L\u1eadp Th\u1ec3<\/em> (Les Peintres Cubistes<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Apollinaire (1913). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ecdn h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t C. Bell, t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Arthur Clive Heward Bell, nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n Ngh\u1ec7 Thu\u1eadt<\/em>, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf London n\u0103m 1914, c\u1ed1t n\u00eau ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa l\u1ed1i v\u1ebd c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi hay n\u00f3i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn lao gi\u1eefa h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 C Bell \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 "H\u00ecnh Th\u1ee9c C\u00f3 \u00dd Ngh\u0129a" (xem C. Bell, Significant Form, Theory of Art<\/i>).<\/p>\n

V\u1eady "h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a" l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Theo C. Bell, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u2026 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 rung \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem. S\u1ef1 rung \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi m\u00e0 C. Bell \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1ch xem tranh c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi, gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9.  Th\u1ef1c ra, C. Bell ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i lu\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 "h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a" c\u1ee7a tranh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i m\u1edf cho m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft \u00f4ng: ti\u1ebfp theo phong tr\u00e0o \u1ea4n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/i> v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1884-1889, v\u1edbi Monet, Manet, Renoir …. l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Bi\u1ec3u Hi\u1ec7n <\/i>kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi Paul Cezanne, Paul Gauguin, Van Gogh, Edward Munch, v.v., r\u1ed3i D\u00e3 Th\u00fa<\/i> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong tranh c\u1ee7a Vlaminck, Van Dongen … v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1906, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a L\u1eadp Th\u1ec3<\/i> ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1eeb khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a George Braque v\u00e0 Picasso. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac, nh\u1eefng Kandinsky, Malevitch, Soulages, Paul Klee, l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Figurative) b\u1eb1ng h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Tr\u1eebu T\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em> v\u00e0 V\u00f4 H\u00ecnh Dung<\/em> (non-figurative<\/em>). B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem tranh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda s\u0129 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi: "Tranh n\u00e0y h\u1ecda s\u0129 v\u1ebd c\u00e1i g\u00ec?" m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 xem c\u00e1ch h\u1ecda s\u0129 v\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0u \u0111en \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Soulages hay m\u00e0u xanh Ph\u1ed5 k\u1ef3 \u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Chagall. Ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 Francis Bacon, nh\u00e0 h\u1ecda s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00e3y kh\u00fac, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng m\u00e0u x\u00e1m x\u1ecbt, b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n. V\u00e2n v\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00e2n v\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem tranh nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o kh\u1eafc ghi v\u1ec1 t\u1eebng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh, quen thu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

\"Piet<\/a><\/p>\n

Piet Mondrian, Composition No. 10 (1913)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i th\u1eddi gian cho ph\u00e9p, \u0111\u00e3 thay nhau x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed5 nhau th\u1eadt h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng, th\u1eadt s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i, th\u1eadt nhanh ch\u00f3ng khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, c\u00e1i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1i m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn. H\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 b\u00ean ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn sau th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u1eabn d\u1eaft cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hay cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft? Con g\u00e0 hay qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean? Ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft lu\u00f4n \u0111i sau s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m mang gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt xa l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00f4n vinh, L\u1eadp Th\u1ec3<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\"Marcel<\/a><\/p>\n

Marcel Duchamp,  Nu Descendant un Escalier (Kh\u1ecfa Th\u00e2n Xu\u1ed1ng L\u1ea7u) (1913)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi nhau, n\u1ec1n h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 message<\/i> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 b\u00ean v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n theo (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd). V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1916, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Dada b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n vai tr\u00f2 t\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i dung trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng (v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi thu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i?) V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ee5c \u0111ich c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u1ebb Nga mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, mu\u1ed1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt (xem Ch\u1ee7 Ngh\u0129a H\u00ecnh Th\u1ee9c Nga) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u1ed9i dung tan bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

\"Antoni<\/a><\/p>\n

Antoni T\u00e0pies, Ocre Graphique (\u0110\u1ed3 ho\u1ea1 Th\u1ed5 Ho\u00e0ng) (1960)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

D\u1eabu sao, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 trong c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i b\u00ean. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t ly c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ra kh\u1ecfi n\u1ed9i dung th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5, ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t s\u00e1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 1789 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 duy ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129.  S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00ean gi\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 ti\u1ec1n phong m\u1edbi l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1i ao t\u00f9 n\u1ed9i dung \u201ch\u1ec9 n\u1ed9 \u00e1i \u1ed1\u201d mu\u00f4n th\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch. Ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng – tr\u1eeb thi ca (\u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nh\u1eefng con ch\u1eef truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd \u2026 ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt) – \u1edf kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft hay truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn, kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mang th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f9 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc — t\u1ef1u trung c\u0169ng v\u00ec s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u201cv\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a\u201d ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Bolsa, th\u00e1ng 11-2015<\/em><\/p>\n

Tr\u1ecbnh Cung<\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft lu\u00f4n \u0111i sau s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m mang gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt xa l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00f4n vinh. L\u1eadp Th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":507,"featured_media":40255,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,291,140],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-40262","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-cau-chuyen-nghe-thuat","category-nghe-thuat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40262","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/507"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40262"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40262\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":40272,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40262\/revisions\/40272"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40255"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40262"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40262"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40262"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}