{"id":3937,"date":"2009-02-10T01:04:00","date_gmt":"2009-02-10T01:04:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/archives\/3937"},"modified":"2022-02-23T11:06:26","modified_gmt":"2022-02-23T11:06:26","slug":"so-thao-bai-su-khac-cho-viet-nam-chuong-8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/3937\/so-thao-bai-su-khac-cho-viet-nam-chuong-8","title":{"rendered":"S\u01a1 Th\u1ea3o: B\u00e0i S\u1eed Kh\u00e1c Cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam* \u2013 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8"},"content":{"rendered":"

CH\u01af\u01a0NG VIII:<\/i><\/p>\n

NH\u1eeeNG NG\u01af\u1edcI V\u00d9NG \u201cTR\u1ea0I\u201d<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd H\u1ed3 v\u00f9ng Tr\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n khi chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a Nam Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 hai ph\u1ea7n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t hai t\u00ean l\u00e0 Giao Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n. T\u00ean Giao Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch quanh co trong v\u00f2ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 h\u00e1n ch\u1ee9 t\u00ean C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u theo \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Hinh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean phi\u00ean \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng t\u1ecf r\u00f5 th\u00eam t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng m\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 sau v\u1eabn \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb khi\u1ebfn cho L\u00ed khi d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 ra Th\u0103ng Long \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Tr\u1ea1i, th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng Kinh h\u1ecd \u0111ang ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb. D\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eaft L\u00ed Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5, d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u Di\u1ec5n ngu d\u1ea1i l\u00e0m c\u00e0n khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111em qu\u00e2n d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7. Tr\u1ea7n g\u1ed1c bi\u1ec3n n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp L\u00ed, khi m\u1edf khoa thi, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (1247), sau c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u1ec3 chia l\u00e0m Kinh tr\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean (1258). Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng chung m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 H\u00e1n, m\u1ed9t l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i cai tr\u1ecb chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00e1n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0o m\u00f2n s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i khi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u00f2n suy y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tranh nhau l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Hoa L\u01b0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u01b0ng ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u1ecd L\u00ea v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu t\u1eeb Thanh Ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n, vang v\u1ecdng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n Ch\u00e0m t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t xa ph\u00eda nam. Ph\u00eda xa \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp hung h\u0103ng m\u00e0 y\u1ebfu \u1edbt khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Th\u0103ng Long coi th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111em qu\u00e2n l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm sau khi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c cai tr\u1ecb y\u00ean t\u00e2m tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng Tr\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng v\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n, L\u00ed v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 ru\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecdng t\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda nam m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u1ed9c h\u1ecd L\u00ea. Kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c h\u1ecd mang m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef L\u00ea c\u1ee9 \u1ea9n hi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf v\u00f9ng Tr\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u2013 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n th\u1eddi c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 L\u00ea L\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0110inh, d\u00e2y d\u01b0a ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ea5t t\u1eeb l\u00e2u m\u00e0 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 sau c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f2i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ed. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn L\u00ea V\u0103n Th\u1ecbnh, L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u, L\u00ea T\u1ea7n (Ph\u1ee5 Tr\u1ea7n)… C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Quan s\u00e1t s\u1ee9 h\u1ecd L\u00ea nu\u00f4i L\u00ea Ho\u00e0n, \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0o n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0110inh. Nguy\u1ec5n Phu, th\u1ee9 s\u1eed ch\u00e2u \u00c1i th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n (th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IV) truy\u1ec1n d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIII m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n, l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i L\u00ea B\u1ed5ng \u2013 h\u1eb3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ec3 mang t\u00ean L\u00ea T\u1eafc l\u01b0u danh v\u1edbi t\u1eadp An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/i> C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd H\u1ed3, t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ri\u00eang chen v\u00e0o l\u00e0m ph\u00f2 m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u L\u00ed m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i h\u1ecd L\u00ea, \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p danh v\u1ecdng hai d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7y ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o, sinh ra v\u00e0i \u00f4ng vua (Hi\u1ebfn T\u00f4ng, D\u1ee5 T\u00f4ng, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng…) d\u1ea7n d\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

S\u1eed ch\u1ec9 ghi Qu\u00fd Li xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb sau cu\u1ed9c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec5, t\u1eeb l\u00fac Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i (1370) nh\u01b0ng Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1nh Hu\u1ea5n, \u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i Qu\u00fd Li, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong \u0111\u1eddi Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng (1274), r\u1ed3i v\u1edbi hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4 l\u1ea5y Minh T\u00f4ng, h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea1i L\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 mang danh ngh\u0129a ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n. Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m vua l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129 nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh nh\u00fat nh\u00e1t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb thu h\u1ed3i c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1eddi D\u1ee5 T\u00f4ng, s\u1eed quan ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh li\u1ec7t d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f9ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Tr\u00e2u Canh, kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u1ecb (1358-1369), khi D\u1ee5 T\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t s\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m k\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u201cb\u1ecdn h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng… \u0111em ph\u00e9p c\u0169 t\u1ed5 t\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo t\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc… nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 y ph\u1ee5c, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.. kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 xi\u1ebft\u201d qua l\u1eddi Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1edf mang h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khoa c\u1eed c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c cai tr\u1ecb, l\u1edbp nho s\u0129 c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh tuy c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y c\u00f4 th\u1ebf trong d\u00e2n gian v\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u00e9p m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Nguy\u00ean thu nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e2n l\u1ef1c Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadt Du\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp nho s\u0129 T\u1ed1ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nho s\u0129 n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd c\u00e0ng th\u00eam ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh. T\u00f9 binh Nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 c\u1ef1u d\u00e2n T\u1ed1ng mang nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, sinh ho\u1ea1t m\u1edbi. Khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a g\u1ed1m Chu \u0110\u1eadu \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi g\u1ed1m G\u00f2 S\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 T\u1ed1ng. Tr\u00e2u T\u00f4n c\u00f3 con l\u00e0 Tr\u00e2u Canh \u2013 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t sexologue th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eddi nay, l\u00e0m ng\u1ef1 y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 uy t\u00edn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c tho\u00e1t qua tai n\u1ea1n qu\u1eady ph\u00e1 trong cung, \u0110inh B\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1edbi tr\u00f2 leo d\u00e2y l\u00e0m xi\u1ebfc, L\u00ed Nguy\u00ean C\u00e1t \u0111em h\u00e1t b\u1ed9i v\u00e0o cung (1362) \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean c\u1edb g\u00e2y cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n 1370. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi th\u1ebf thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 vu\u1ed1t ve nho s\u0129: M\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c thi th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc sinh, thi \u0110\u00ecnh b\u1ecf l\u1eedng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, khen Chu An, \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng nh\u00f3m v\u00e0o th\u1edd chung trong V\u0103n mi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u1ec7 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00ed c\u1ee7a phe Nho k\u1ebd v\u1ea1ch…<\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi \u201cph\u00e9p c\u0169 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 t\u00f4ng,\u201d Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ed9i h\u00f4n b\u00ean trong, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c. V\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec1n trang th\u00e0nh gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u00eam. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ean cao, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00f4ng coi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c n\u00f4 t\u00ec qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Nguy\u1ec5n Ch\u1ebf, n\u00f4 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00f9a Qu\u1ef3nh L\u00e2m l\u1ea5y con g\u00e1i Nguy\u1ec5n Trung Ng\u1ea1n ch\u1ee7 ch\u00f9a theo l\u1ec7nh vua, n\u00f4 v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p xa v\u1ec1 sau (1420) L\u00ea Ng\u00e3, n\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Thi\u00ean L\u1ea1i, x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1c v\u1edbi vua (1362), nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3i (1358, 1362) theo c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. Ch\u00f9a, \u0111i\u1ec1n trang thu nh\u1eadn th\u00eam nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c nh\u1eefng khi \u0111\u00f3i k\u00e9m (1343, 1344) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u1ed5i thi\u00ean tai b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u00fac n\u00e0y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00ea \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y kh\u00f4ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f9ng khai th\u00e1c m\u1ed9t khi g\u1eb7p h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c c\u1ee7a \u201cgia n\u00f4 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u,\u201d nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng h\u1ecd, khi\u1ebfn d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 B\u1ec7 (1344-1360), nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean T\u1ec1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o V\u01b0\u01a1ng (1354), khai th\u00e1c m\u1ed1i m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn c\u0169 c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n t\u1eeb l\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb Th\u0103ng Long ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i nguy h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1n trang r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 n\u00ean D\u1ee5 T\u00f4ng cho ki\u1ec3m k\u00ea gia s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e9n b\u1edbt quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 b\u00e0 Th\u00e1i h\u1eadu h\u1ecd L\u00ea th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng cho v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00eam \u0111\u1ea5t b\u00e3i b\u1ed3i. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec nh\u00ecn c\u00e1i th\u1ebf lung lay c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c. V\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra l\u00e0 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n d\u00e2n ch\u00fang cai tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi tay n\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t ho\u00e1, c\u1ea5m qu\u00e2n d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c \u00e1o, ch\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc v\u00e0 n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Chi\u00eam, L\u00e0o (1374). H\u1eb3n l\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc \u1ea5y m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf \u00f4ng, Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 t\u00edn \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh Vijaya d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft th\u1ea3m th\u01b0\u01a1ng (1377). Th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi toan t\u00ednh v\u1ef1c d\u1eady tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0nh bu\u00f4ng tay, trao quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi: L\u00ea\/H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Li.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u \u201cCon gi\u1ebft cha, t\u00f4i gi\u1ebft vua kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f3…\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ngay ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i. H\u1ed3 Nguy\u00ean Tr\u1eebng, con Qu\u00fd Li, m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169 v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y gi\u1ecdng th\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng. Qu\u00fd Li ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00f2 t\u00e1 vua nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 \u00fd \u00f4ng l\u00fac d\u00f9ng thi\u00ean V\u00f4 d\u1eadt, t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Chu C\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e1n d\u1ea1y Th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00fac x\u01b0a. Ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 t\u00edn n\u00ean khi nghe Ph\u1ebf \u0110\u1ebf b\u00e0n m\u01b0u gi\u1ebft (1388), \u00f4ng t\u00ednh chuy\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n, t\u1ef1 t\u1eed ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi tay ch\u00e2n b\u00e0y m\u01b0u l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed1i c\u0103m gh\u00e9t n\u00edn l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng gi\u1ea1n \u00f4ng vua gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u01b0ng (Tr\u1ea7n H\u00fac), l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u00f4ng m\u1edbi b\u1ea1o gan l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u1edd c\u1eady c\u1ea7u may \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ebf vua. Cho n\u00ean nh\u1eefng r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn d\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a phe Qu\u00fd Li tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 l\u00f9i d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a phe Tr\u1ea7n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 khi Qu\u00fd L\u00ed c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb b\u1ecf v\u00e2y c\u00e1nh dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh phe m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00fac gi\u1ebft Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110a Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (1389). Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng (1395) l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 uy th\u1ebf t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng, Tr\u1ea7n Kh\u00e1t Ch\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i (1399) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng v\u1eaby cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c Tr\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t theo \u0111\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n sang tri\u1ec1u m\u1edbi (1400).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea5t Tr\u1ea1i tuy b\u1ecb coi th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u00f3 tr\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. Trong khi h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0m vua m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 5 \u0111\u1eddi tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1i m\u00f9 m\u1edd ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n, th\u00ec h\u1ecd H\u1ed3 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 n\u1eeda ng\u00e0n n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e0u xa, t\u1eebng l\u00e0m th\u00e1i th\u00fa ch\u00e2u Di\u1ec5n, khi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u00ec xu\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7, g\u1ea3 con cho d\u00f2ng vua m\u1edbi, di chuy\u1ec3n l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a h\u1ecd L\u00ea, ngoi l\u00ean len \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o cung Tr\u1ea7n… c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m t\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3 theo v\u0103n ho\u00e1 H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb d\u00f2ng t\u1ed9c. Trong s\u1eed, ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 do quan ni\u1ec7m thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia nho th\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra c\u0169ng n\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1eb9m \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng vua ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 tuy tho\u00e1ng qua ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y s\u1eed c\u0169ng ghi c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3ng ch\u00e2u Di\u1ec5n th\u1eddi L\u00ed hay c\u00f3 thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n gh\u00e9 b\u1ebfn, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ecb c\u00e1t b\u1ed3i l\u1ea5p, th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3ng V\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed3n m\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n (1349) khi\u1ebfn Tr\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t quan gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, thu thu\u1ebf. C\u00f3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u00ean ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng tho\u00e1ng h\u01a1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Li.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n H\u1ed3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t v\u00f2ng Nho h\u1ecdc chung nh\u01b0ng \u1edf c\u00e1i th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n tr\u1ea7n cho v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 cao Chu C\u00f4ng, b\u00e0i b\u00e1c Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed khi\u1ebfn Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean ph\u1ea3i t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn. D\u00f9 sao th\u00ec c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o cung c\u1ea5m qua s\u00e1ch v\u1edf d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt, d\u1eb1n b\u1edbt s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o cao v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kia. Tuy tr\u00f4ng ch\u1eebng nho s\u0129 nh\u01b0ng H\u1ed3 v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng vi\u1ec7c thi c\u1eed chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 c\u1ea5p b\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00ec (1396) r\u1ed3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u1edf kinh \u0111\u00f4 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee7, l\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ecdc quan, c\u1eaft ri\u00eang ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cung \u1ee9ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7, \u0111\u00e8n s\u00e1ch (1397). M\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nho s\u0129 kh\u00e1c th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh thay th\u1ebf l\u1edbp nho s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u Tr\u1ea7n t\u00e0n t\u1ea1, th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng xi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea1o Th\u00e1nh, m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi b\u00e1m v\u00e0o qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Tr\u1ea7n Nguy\u00ean \u0110\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng th\u1eddi th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

H\u1ed3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i ra nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi con r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Nguy\u00ean \u0110\u00e1n, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u201cv\u00f3i cao\u201d g\u1eb7p may trong ri\u00eang t\u01b0 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea7ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi n\u00ean Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o may m\u1eafn ngoi l\u00ean ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 sau th\u1eddi Minh thu\u1ed9c. Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u01a1 \u201cqu\u1ed1c \u00e2m\u201d h\u1eb3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi lao \u0111ao \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p. Nho s\u0129 m\u1edbi h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u n\u00ean d\u00e0i l\u1eddi h\u01a1n. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u danh s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0m b\u00e0i Ph\u00fa con ng\u1ef1a l\u00e1 (c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t Nguy\u1ec5n Phi Khanh) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng con b\u1ecd ng\u1ef1a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u00fac H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Li x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh T\u00e2y \u0110\u00f4. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0o s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 qua, nho s\u0129 tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb gia th\u1ea7n s\u1eafp b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u201cqu\u1ed1c th\u1ea7n\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 m\u1edbi. V\u0103n xu\u00f4i chuy\u1ec3n qua truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch, s\u1eed k\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c <\/i>v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng Nguy\u00ean g\u00e2y n\u00ean t\u00ednh t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c r\u00e0nh r\u1ebd h\u01a1n qua vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0i x\u00edch sinh ho\u1ea1t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, k\u00ec th\u1ecb ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c (Chi\u00eam, L\u00e0o) c\u00f3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u b\u00ean trong t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nho s\u0129 t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00eam nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng kinh s\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, tom g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p l\u00ed b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng. Cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng c\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a s\u1eaft c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc (T\u1ea1 Thi\u00ean Hu\u00e2n: \u201cQu\u00e1 Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed9\u201d), n\u00fai T\u1ea3n Vi\u00ean c\u00f3 M\u1ecb N\u01b0\u01a1ng (Nguy\u1ec5n S\u0129 C\u1ed1: \u201c… Y\u1ebft T\u1ea3n Vi\u00ean t\u1eeb\u201d 1294?) li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1n H\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 t\u00f9 Th\u00e1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Ng\u00e3 Ba khi\u1ebfn cho danh t\u00e0i H\u1ed3 T\u00f4ng Th\u1ed1c, d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u Di\u1ec5n \u2013 v\u00f9ng Tr\u1ea1i! ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u201ctr\u0103m b\u00e0i th\u01a1 trong m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c\u201d g\u00e2y \u201cti\u1ebfng d\u1ea1y kinh s\u01b0,\u201d \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u0111u\u00f4i cho m\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi thu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t xa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 hai v\u00f9ng Kinh Tr\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n ch\u1edd s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh tr\u00ean cao. Vi\u1ec7t nam th\u1ebf ch\u00ed, Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c <\/i>c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tuy c\u00f2n r\u1ee5t r\u00e8 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi sau l\u1eadp n\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t. R\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc quen thu\u1ed9c, l\u1edbp nho s\u0129 m\u1edbi c\u00f2n l\u1ea5n qua c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u1eef Chu trong c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay thu\u1ebf kho\u00e1, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

\u00dd th\u1ee9c mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m m\u1edbi, s\u1ef1 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd H\u1ed3 thi h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y thay th\u1ebf ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y lo\u1ea1n Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga, c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc c\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng trong n\u00fai gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed3ng, trong th\u00e1p ch\u00f9a t\u1eadn x\u1ee9 L\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng? Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn ri\u00eang m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u1edbi Minh ngang th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y h\u1eb3n h\u00f2i r\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u00edn ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ec7nh gi\u00e1 (Phi ti\u1ec1n) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng hay v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y (Giao t\u1eed, Ti\u1ec1n d\u1eabn) c\u1ee7a T\u1ed1ng. Th\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9i sao \/ \u201cTi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebd h\u00ecnh\u201d c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 (1396) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c To\u00e0n th\u01b0 <\/i>ghi s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c: \u201cGi\u1ea5y 10 \u0111\u1ed3ng [\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb] v\u1ebd rong, gi\u1ea5y 30 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ebd s\u00f3ng, gi\u1ea5y 1 ti\u1ec1n [1\/10 quan] v\u1ebd m\u00e2y, gi\u1ea5y 2 ti\u1ec1n v\u1ebd r\u00f9a, gi\u1ea5y 3 ti\u1ec1n v\u1ebd l\u00e2n, gi\u1ea5y 5 ti\u1ec1n v\u1ebd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u1ea5y 1 quan v\u1ebd r\u1ed3ng.\u201d C\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i 30 \u0111\u1ed3ng, 3 ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfm c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u1eadp ph\u00e2n m\u00e0 theo l\u1ed1i 60 \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n, 600 \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t quan c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y cho \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. (V\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb x\u01b0a c\u0169 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 di v\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5, t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecdng trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh t\u1edd b\u1ea1c 30 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1-L\u01b0\u01a1ng-Ti\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 80 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX v\u1eeba qua.) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho \u0111\u1ed5i 1 quan ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5y 1 quan 2 ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng, thu v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u00e1c kho, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec. N\u0103m 1401 h\u1ecd tung ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y mua l\u00faa l\u1eadp kho th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u1eddi gi\u00e1. Thu\u1ebf m\u00e1 c\u0169ng thu b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y theo lu\u1ef9 ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu. N\u0103m 1403 khi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00e2n \u0111ong, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y trong trao \u0111\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1396 kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Li th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngay \u1edf n\u01a1i ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t: Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u1ede x\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ngang gi\u00e1 v\u1edbi qu\u00fd kim \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y n\u00f3i trong c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3. Ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 10 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb m\u00e0 c\u1ea5m l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00ec nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n s\u1ebd ra sao? C\u00f2n l\u1ea5y t\u1edd 10 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. Cho n\u00ean n\u0103m 1403, th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y, t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng. Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i qua l\u00f2 \u0111\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n th\u1ee3 kh\u1eafc kh\u00e9o tay n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 ba n\u0103m sau khi ra l\u1ec7nh thi h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1eef C\u00e1i in ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng cho qu\u00e2n n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (1399). Ti\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00fd kim b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kim lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3) cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng hay kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 sao th\u00ec m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng g\u00e2y va ch\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c Tr\u1ea7n. \u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i trang \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c Tr\u1ea7n m\u1edf ra tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ed3i n\u00ean l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam nh\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u00f9 sa m\u1edf ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra tay ch\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00f4 t\u1ea1n \u1ea5y l\u00e0 b\u00e0 Phi h\u1ecd L\u00ea c\u1ee7a Minh T\u00f4ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea5y b\u1ecb Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c (1371) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf l\u1ec7nh ki\u1ec3m k\u00ea t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a D\u1ee5 T\u00f4ng. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i tuy Qu\u00fd Li ch\u01b0a d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa, nh\u01b0ng l\u1eb9nh h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf danh \u0111i\u1ec1n n\u0103m 1397 ch\u1ec9 cho ph\u00e9p s\u1edf h\u1eefu 10 m\u1eabu ru\u1ed9ng, c\u00f2n bao nhi\u00eau n\u1ea1p cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ecbch thu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n th\u1ea5t Tr\u1ea7n v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb l\u00e2u d\u00f9ng n\u00f4 t\u00ec \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u00ea ng\u0103n m\u1eb7n khai kh\u1ea9n ru\u1ed9ng, m\u1edf t\u01b0 trang. C\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m k\u00ea ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n trong n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1eafm b\u1ea3ng t\u00ean x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n ngay n\u01a1i s\u1edf ru\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ea1 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng s\u1edf. \u0110i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh, m\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c Tr\u1ea7n lo l\u1eafng n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 gi\u1ebft ch\u00f3c l\u00e2y lan c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Qu\u00fd Li. T\u00f4n th\u1ea5t l\u1edbn ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n Nguy\u00ean \u0110\u00e1n l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm cho n\u00ean l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i l\u00ean h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u01b0a c\u0169: D\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 (1397).<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t nay l\u00e0 l\u00e0ng T\u00e2y Giai, huy\u1ec7n V\u0129nh L\u1ed9c, Thanh Ho\u00e1, n\u01a1i x\u01b0a g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng An T\u00f4n, ba b\u1ec1 n\u00fai, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng M\u00e3, mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean quan nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \u201c\u0110\u1ea5t An T\u00f4n ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p. h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh, \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7u non cu\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u1ecb…\u201d Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Li khi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh \u201cc\u1ed1t \u1edf hi\u1ec3m..,\u201d kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc vi\u1ec3n v\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u201c\u0111\u1ee9c\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1edfi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Minh do t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c Tr\u1ea7n tr\u00f4ng ng\u00f3ng, c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed g\u1ea7n g\u0169i h\u01a1n Th\u0103ng Long trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 sau t\u1ecf r\u00f5. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1 b\u00ean trong, th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda ngo\u00e0i v\u1edbi h\u00e0o th\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e1 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 3 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 xong ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh g\u1ea5p g\u00e1p, v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean s\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang cho n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi T\u1ea7n x\u00e2y V\u1ea1n l\u00ed Tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1401 c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp, s\u1eeda sang. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u00f4 ph\u00e1c, ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u00f2n th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, tinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd th\u1eddi gian. Cho n\u00ean cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh d\u1ee1 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Th\u0103ng Long \u0111em v\u00e0o cho kinh \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi. Thuy\u1ec1n \u0111i b\u1ecb g\u1eb7p b\u00e3o ch\u00ecm nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh H\u1ed3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi, T\u00e2y \u0110\u00f4, v\u00e0 Th\u0103ng Long b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4 khi\u1ebfn b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n khu v\u1ef1c l\u1edbn, sau v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 c\u0169.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 H\u1ed3 (1400), \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu sau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 \u00e2m m\u01b0u c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Kh\u00e1t Ch\u00e2n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft v\u00f9ng Tr\u1ea1i c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch v\u00e0 chu \u0111\u00e1o h\u01a1n. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb T\u00e2y \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u Ho\u00e1. Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n v\u00f9ng Qu\u1ea3ng Nam ng\u00e0y nay, H\u1ed3 H\u00e1n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean thay Qu\u00fd Li, d\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn, bi\u00ean ch\u1ebf th\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n ng\u0169, c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5t cho h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0103n (1403). S\u1eed cho bi\u1ebft \u1edf n\u01a1i qu\u00ea g\u1ed1c h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 h\u01a1i m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u n\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1 h\u1ee3p l\u00ed: b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ee3 con sau, ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p tr\u00e2u c\u00e0y, tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4… C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o c\u0169ng g\u00e2y o\u00e1n than nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00f9ng tr\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u mang chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng cho L\u00ea L\u1ee3i khi c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm ph\u00eda nam Ngh\u1ec7 An.<\/i><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh T\u00e2y \u0110\u00f4, h\u1ecd H\u1ed3 c\u00f2n x\u00e2y th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh lu\u1ef9 n\u1eefa m\u00e0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh \u0110a Bang (1405), n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n Minh. T\u00ednh c\u00e1ch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ho\u00e1 th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t trong \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n th\u1ed1t th\u00e0nh l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Li: \u201cL\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 tr\u0103m v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1eb7c B\u1eafc?\u201d B\u1edfi v\u1eady t\u1eeb 1397 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng trung ch\u00e2u mang t\u00ean \u201ctr\u1ea5n\u201d. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t s\u00edt sao h\u01a1n, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u0169: ti\u1ec3u, \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0 x\u00e3, \u0111\u1ea1i to\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n qu\u1ea3n gi\u00e1p. D\u00e2n \u0111inh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec1m tra ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n, gia n\u00f4 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ed1 d\u01b0 v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u201cCho n\u00ean n\u0103m Thi\u1ec7u Th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 2 (1402) \u0111i\u1ec3m binh c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u.\u201d V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u1ed3 l\u00e0, nh\u01b0 Nguy\u00ean Tr\u1eebng n\u00f3i: \u201cCh\u1ec9 s\u1ee3 d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng theo.\u201d Ch\u1eef \u201cd\u00e2n\u201d h\u01a1i c\u00f3 ch\u00fat c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111o\u1ea1t, theo \u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. D\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 l\u1edbp li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111i c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Minh, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, n\u1ea3y sinh tham v\u1ecdng tranh \u0111o\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh b\u00ean trong nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m S\u01b0 \u00d4n chi\u1ebfm kinh th\u00e0nh ba ng\u00e0y (1389), Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1eef C\u00e1i l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng t\u00e2y b\u1eafc \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4 (1399), k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 tay ph\u00f9 thu\u1ef7 Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c Huy. Trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh v\u00ec c\u01a1 s\u1edf x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3, H\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Minh khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ed5i thay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

B\u00ean kia v\u00f9ng Tr\u1ea1i: Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t quan h\u1ec7 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh qua c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ebf M\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u0169 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean d\u00f9 Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e2n \u1edf Chi\u00eam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u1ecdng ghi v\u00e0o bia \u0111\u00e1 Po Sah (Phan Rang) \u201cl\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa \u00e1i n\u1eef c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5ng qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh, l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Paramesvari, tuy c\u00f2n c\u00f3 b\u00e0 \u201cHo\u00e0ng h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u201d sinh ra m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n Ch\u1ebf \u0110a Da \u1edf l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vua Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1eadu b\u00e9 v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea ngo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u00e0 ho\u00e3n c\u1ee7a hai n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i trong khi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00ean trong gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Xung \u0111\u1ed9t tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n chinh c\u1ee7a Anh T\u00f4ng n\u0103m 1312 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u00e0 do ch\u00faa Chi\u00eam Ch\u1ebf Ch\u00ed \u201cph\u1ea3n tr\u1eafc,\u201d chuy\u1ec7n c\u0169ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u1eafng. Nh\u01b0ng ta c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n. L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng v\u00ec s\u1eed Chi\u00eam kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00ean ta l\u1ea5y s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t suy ra. Trong tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh 1312, ph\u00eda Chi\u00eam c\u00f3 \u201ctr\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 C\u00e2u Chi\u00eam\u201d ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0m n\u1ed9i \u1ee9ng cho Tr\u1ea7n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Vijaya nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u00fd h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng khi th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n \u201cgi\u1eb7c c\u1ecf\u201d c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ecba L\u00ed (1361), c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ch\u01a1i xu\u00e2n (1365) b\u00e1n l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n ti\u00eau. R\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n cung \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7u c\u1ea1nh, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. Ph\u00eda Tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 m\u1eb9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec5 d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga v\u1ec1 (1371). Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o ph\u00eda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd c\u1eady c\u0169ng h\u0103ng h\u00e1i tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap v\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i vong nh\u01b0 v\u1ee5 Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Ch\u1ebf M\u1ed7 gi\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i v\u1edbi T\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng (1352). T\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ghi theo c\u00e1ch chung chung: \u201cm\u1ed7\u201d \u2013 \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u1ebf X <\/i>theo c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y. Tr\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 ra qu\u00e2n b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129 khi \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng Ch\u00e0m t\u1ec9 t\u00ea v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb Minh T\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi x\u01b0a mang t\u00ednh \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a s\u1eed k\u00ed l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb cho nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ph\u00eda Nam mang ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xa h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Ramayana chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o \u201ctruy\u1ec7n D\u1ea1 Xoa V\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed3 T\u00f4n Tinh \/ Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh trong L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i<\/i>. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e3 thua l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n b\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e1n Si\u00eau tr\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng nghe l\u1eddi can, khi\u1ebfn Minh T\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0o tr\u1ea5n ch\u00e2u Ho\u00e1, \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng than th\u1edf th\u00e2n gi\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 kinh. Tr\u1ea7n c\u0169ng thua \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Nam (1367) khi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi l\u1eddi \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u1ea5t Ho\u00e1 Ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ki\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ch\u00e0m: Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda s\u1eed Ch\u00e0m. Trong khi s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t ghi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng vua n\u00e0y: Qu\u00e2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn kinh \u0111\u00f4 vua Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 lo \u0111em ti\u1ec1n c\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5u th\u1eadt xa, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn, t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n kh\u00f3c l\u00f3c chia tay vua tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y, th\u00ec \u201cNi\u00ean gi\u00e1m ho\u00e0ng gia\u201d Ch\u00e0m ch\u1ec9 cho m\u1ed9t t\u00ean: Po Binosuor v\u1edbi ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 1328-1373, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Ninh Thu\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay (x\u00e3 Nh\u01a1n H\u1ea3i, huy\u1ec7n Ninh H\u1ea3i) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i mi\u1ebfu nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5t \u0111\u1ea7u (\u201cl\u0103ng P\u00f4 Bil Thu\u00f4r\u201d) thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0ng B\u00ecnh Ng\u00e3i (t\u00ean Ch\u00e0m Boh P\u0103lriya), n\u01a1i theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ebft n\u00ean c\u00f2n b\u1ed9 \u00e1o gi\u00e1p vi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng Th\u1ea7y C\u1ea3 c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf Vijaya \/ B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 l\u00e0 Panduranga. H\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, ho\u1eb7c coi Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tia n\u1eafng qu\u00e1i chi\u1ec1u h\u00f4m c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ch\u00e0m nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ai gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec sao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Ch\u00e0m trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIV n\u00e0y. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh m\u1edbi, kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee5c v\u1edbt nh\u1eefng thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eafm, v\u00e0 x\u00e9t ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1: \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m s\u00e0nh s\u1ee9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ebb t\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb l\u00e2u trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft b\u1ed7ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga m\u1ecbt m\u00f9 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ch\u00e0m trong khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean khi khai th\u00e1c nh\u1eefng con t\u00e0u \u0111\u1eafm \u1edf Pandanan (Philippin), Koshichang (Th\u00e1i Lan) ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 1403-1442 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t di ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 Junfa (Ai C\u1eadp) ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XV, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t g\u1ed1m d\u1ec5 gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o v\u1edbi g\u1ed1m Trung Hoa. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau 1975, \u1edf An Nh\u01a1n (B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh) ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m lo\u1ea1i men ng\u1ecdc xanh, x\u00e1m nh\u1ea1t \u0111em ra b\u00e1n \u1edf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o m\u1eaft m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi g\u1ed1m tr\u00ean c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eafm, v\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Ch\u00e0m c\u1ed1 c\u1ef1u n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 g\u1ed1m Ch\u00e0m. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng mang t\u00ean g\u1ed1m G\u00f2 S\u00e0nh, n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t k\u0129 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng qua 4 l\u1ea7n khai qu\u1eadt 1993-1995, v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft 20 l\u00f2 g\u1ed1m c\u1ed5, thu g\u1ea7n 6000 v\u1eadt g\u1ed1m l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng b\u00e0n xoay, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o d\u00e1ng cao c\u1ea5p… C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u khu l\u00f2 g\u1ed1m kh\u00e1c \u1edf B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng \u0110\u1ea1i L\u00e0o, \u0110\u1ea1i L\u00e0ng (L\u00e2m \u0110\u1ed3ng) l\u00e0m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed1m Ch\u00e0m \u1edf v\u00f9ng Vijaya x\u01b0a t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIII-XIV, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga. Ch\u00ednh s\u1eed quan Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn ra c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u201cChi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea, L\u00ed t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh h\u00e8n nh\u00e1t, h\u1ec5 qu\u00e2n ta \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111em c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecdp nhau kh\u00f3c l\u00f3c xin h\u00e0ng. \u0110\u1ebfn B\u1ed3ng Nga, La Ngai m\u1edbi t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp d\u00e2n h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea3o ban d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7, thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n th\u00f3i c\u0169, tr\u1edf n\u00ean can \u0111\u1ea3m h\u0103ng h\u00e1i, ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gian kh\u1ed5, n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng hay sang c\u01b0\u1edbp, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tai ho\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean g\u1ed1m (c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi) Ch\u00e0m d\u1ec5 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129 g\u00e1n cho th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XV, tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm th\u00e0nh Ch\u00e0 B\u00e0n (1471), th\u01b0\u1eddng cho l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u1eddi v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ch\u00e0m. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (Aoyagi Yogi) th\u00ec th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng g\u1ed1m G\u00f2 S\u00e0nh c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI- XVII, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed XVIII, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1eadn Ch\u00e0 B\u00e0n. L\u00e0m sao gi\u1ea3i m\u1ed1i m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta r\u1ee5t r\u00e8 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa l\u00e0m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Ch\u00e0m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u00ed n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t g\u1ed1m cao c\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 G\u00f2 S\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, k\u0129 thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m ng\u00e0y nay v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0n xoay, ch\u1ec9 nung g\u1ed1m ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi, lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed1m gia d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: n\u1ed3i, tr\u1ea3, v\u00f2, lu… L\u1ed1i nung g\u1ed1m ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh trong t\u00edch x\u01b0a v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tranh \u0111ua x\u00e2y th\u00e1p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, thua v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t (c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u1edf Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean l\u00e0 \u00f4ng L\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Ch\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n) l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea5y b\u1ed3i, thua ti\u1ebfp v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1t th\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1ng g\u1ea1ch ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y ch\u00edn \u0111\u1ecf trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1t gi\u1ea5y tan t\u00e0nh trong gi\u00e2y l\u00e1t! H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i xa h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 ra \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb Nguy\u00ean xua \u0111u\u1ed5i xu\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam, l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1o g\u1ed1m celadon n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 qu\u00e2n T\u1ed1ng n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadt Du\u1eadt, s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 ghi chuy\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1274, l\u00fac M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u01b0\u1ee3t Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang uy hi\u1ebfp Nam T\u1ed1ng, 30 thuy\u1ec1n bi\u1ec3n T\u1ed1ng ch\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, v\u1ee3 con \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u0103ng Long t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed c\u0169 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1ed3i H\u1ed9t v\u00ec l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Islam \u0111\u1ebfn bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n trong v\u00f9ng. V\u0103n nh\u00e2n T\u1ed1ng n\u1eb1m trong s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a L\u00ea T\u1eafc v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng u\u1ea9n kh\u00fac c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb l\u01b0u vong, quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t t\u1eeb b\u1ecf hay h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 mang ti\u1ebfng b\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1m dung. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, trong tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Toa \u0110\u00f4 ta c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p h\u1ecd \u1edf th\u1ebf tr\u00ean \u0111e d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00faa n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ea1. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd c\u00e1 voi Vi\u1ec7t Ch\u00e0m, thay b\u1eb1ng b\u00e0 phu nh\u00e2n T\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh th\u1ea7n linh thi\u00eang \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1o m\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi Anh T\u00f4ng trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh Chi\u00eam (1312) qua c\u1eeda C\u1eddn. T\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1ea5n \u00e1t ch\u1ea5t kinh t\u1ebf khi\u1ebfn ta kh\u00f3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0u vong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em k\u0129 thu\u1eadt g\u1ed1m cao c\u1ea5p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t dung th\u00e2n, v\u00e0 v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi n\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i n\u01a1i c\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c. \u1ede \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng g\u1ed1m cao c\u1ea5p nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 n\u1edf r\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a g\u1ed1m Chu \u0110\u00e2u (H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng) t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIV, th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XV-XVII v\u00e0 t\u00e0n t\u1ea1 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVII, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng g\u1ed1m G\u00f2 S\u00e0nh, c\u0169ng cho ta m\u1ed9t suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t giao n\u1ea1p nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n H\u1ed3i H\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c v\u00f9ng Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111ang \u0111i l\u1ea1i bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Ch\u00e0m v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0110o\u00e0n Nh\u1eef H\u00e0i trong hai chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i s\u1ee9 (1300, 1303) v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3ng T\u00ec Ni (Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh C\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u00ean s\u1eed<\/i>), l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ebfn t\u00e0u xung y\u1ebfu,\u201d n\u01a1i t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n, \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.\u201d M\u1ed9t tay c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga h\u1eb3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng x\u1ee9 s\u1edf. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, \u0111i theo v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p: C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 theo H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed mu\u1ed9n m\u00e0ng m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ta nh\u1eadn ra th\u00ec s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i to\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i ba m\u00e0 khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y. Ng\u00e0y nay, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang Ch\u00e0m ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd \u00f4ng trong v\u00f9ng, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng theo H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0103n th\u1ecbt heo v\u00ec theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft: Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga kh\u00f4ng \u0103n th\u1ecbt heo. Trong l\u1ec5 ch\u00e9m tr\u00e2u \u1edf n\u00fai \u0110\u00e1 Tr\u1eafng th\u00f4n H\u1eefu Ph\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00e0nh cho \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t m\u00e2m c\u00fang ri\u00eang \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c c\u00e1c n\u1eef th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng v\u00ec truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng sinh th\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u01b0a th\u00edch ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef! Suy \u0111o\u00e1n g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p h\u01a1i m\u1ecfng manh nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ch\u1ea5t H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u00f4ng, c\u00e1i quy\u1ec1n uy \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5n \u00e1t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u1eabu h\u1ec7 b\u00ean ph\u00e1i B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga theo H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o \u2013 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 sultan hay kh\u00f4ng, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c lo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ch\u00e0m. Trong th\u1eddi gian uy danh l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 30 n\u0103m c\u00f3 h\u01a1n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2y th\u00e1p, l\u00e0m bia cho m\u00ecnh b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3. R\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i l\u00fac ch\u1ebft \u0111i, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do La Ngai d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean, r\u1ed3i tr\u1ea3i qua thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n quanh v\u00f9ng nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn, s\u0103n s\u00f3c m\u1ed3 m\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0i, n\u0103m n\u0103m l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i t\u1ee5c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao kinh \u0111\u00f4 Vijaya c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u00ec n\u1eb1m \u1edf B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u1edf Ninh Thu\u1eadn: Ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec n\u01a1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong khi B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp th\u00e1p B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n. L\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o, Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed1i l\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 xa h\u01a1n, ri\u00eang trong x\u1ee9, l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m g\u1ed1m G\u00f2 S\u00e0nh cao c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. M\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf trong vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n m\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Minh \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y uy th\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i kh\u00e1c \u0111em th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn cho x\u1ee9 Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y. Th\u1ea7y d\u00f2ng \u00dd Odoric de Pordenone nghe ng\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea5t Ch\u00e0m trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIV, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng \u201ct\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y g\u00ec tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1 c\u1ea3.\u201d Nh\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh \u1ea2 R\u1eadp Ibn Batutah \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng Panran kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p v\u1ecb th\u00e1i t\u1eed cai qu\u1ea3n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Urdurgia, c\u0169ng n\u00f3i \u201cd\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.\u201d V\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp B\u00ecnh nam \u0111\u1ed3 cho B\u00f9i Th\u1ebf \u0110\u1ea1t n\u0103m 1774, v\u1ebd th\u00e1p Ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0i (Phan Thi\u1ebft) nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i th\u00e1p ch\u00f9a 9 t\u1eebng, c\u00f3 3 con c\u00e1 ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n quay \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ghi ch\u00fa: \u201cM\u1ed7i n\u0103m v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng 5, b\u1ecdn c\u00e1 quay \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 th\u00e1p.\u201d Tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 sau v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u01b0\u1edfng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang, ch\u1ec9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n m\u1ecdi l\u00fac \u0111\u1ec1u dong bu\u1ed3m ra \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft, tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5t t\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u00fac m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u00e2n Ch\u00e0m \u0111i theo H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o. B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, theo t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed \u0103n th\u1ecbt b\u00f2, \u0111\u1ebfn khi theo H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u1eed \u0103n th\u1ecbt heo. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ecbt n\u1eb1m trong th\u00e2n c\u00e1c con gi\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u00e3i c\u00e1t d\u1ecdc bi\u1ec3n m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Ngo\u1ea1 Tri\u1ec1u x\u01b0a, ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ecbt \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o ch\u00ea khinh, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec sao. D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y trong l\u1eddi t\u1ee5c b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. C\u00e1c b\u00e0 b\u00f3ng ng\u00e0y nay c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0103n th\u1ecbt heo v\u00e0 th\u1ecbt gi\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u1edbi H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Ch\u00e0m b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf th\u00eam v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda bi\u1ec3n, ra kh\u01a1i \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft. Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 t\u1ee5c th\u1edd c\u00e1 \u00d4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb khi n\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 l\u00e0 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb s\u00f4ng Gianh \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00f3ng ng\u1ecdn gi\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c qu\u1eady ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda nam \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi \u00fd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f2i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean Tr\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu n\u00ean c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n chinh c\u1ee7a Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng. L\u00f2ng h\u0103ng h\u00e1i th\u00ec c\u00f2n nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 sa s\u00fat n\u00ean d\u00f9 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean 3 n\u0103m (1373-1376) Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng v\u1eabn th\u1ea5t tr\u1ea1n, k\u00e9o theo c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng, h\u00e0nh khi\u1ec3n, c\u00f2n th\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. Theo \u0111\u00e0 th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn, qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam tr\u00e0n ra \u0111e d\u1ecda, c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 Th\u0103ng Long (1377, 1378, 1383, 1390) sau nh\u1eefng l\u00fac b\u1ecb ch\u1eadn \u1edf Thanh Ho\u00e1 (1380, 1382, 1389). R\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga v\u00ec b\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd, tuy gi\u1ea3i to\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i lo tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a vua t\u00f4i nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf suy nh\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ebf \u0111ang l\u00ean m\u1ecfng manh c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 khi\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i l\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt b\u00ean-l\u1ec1 m\u00e0 gi\u00e1 v\u00e0o l\u00fac kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ecm khu\u1ea5t v\u00e0o trong th\u1eddi gian. H\u1ed3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edbng Chi\u00eam B\u1ed1 \u0110\u00f4ng (1396), cho mang t\u00ean m\u1edbi Kim Trung Li\u1ec7t bao h\u00e0m \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 gi\u1eef ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c (\u201ckim\u201d l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a b\u00e1t qu\u00e1i,) cho gi\u1eef th\u00e0nh \u0110a Bang tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu v\u1edbi s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201c\u0111\u00e1nh ch\u1eadn t\u1eeb xa\u201d, xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 r\u1ee5t r\u00e8 trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf b\u1ea5t an c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n m\u1edbi. N\u0103m 1398 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbng Chi\u00eam \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho h\u1ecd \u0110inh, tr\u00f4ng gi\u1eef bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda nam. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u201cph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i\u201d xoay chi\u1ec1u theo t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n. Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng th\u1ea5t tr\u1eadn, s\u1eed ch\u1ec9 ghi m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0 Ng\u1ef1 C\u00e2u V\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea7n H\u00fac nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 sau m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi: th\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u00ean Di\u1ec7u theo s\u00e1t Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga; Tr\u1ea7n Nguy\u00ean \u0110\u0129nh, Tr\u1ea7n T\u00f4n b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, t\u1ef1 t\u1eed; Tr\u1ea7n\/Nguy\u1ec5n Khang ch\u1ea1y qua Trung Hoa c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u. Tr\u1ea7n H\u00fac l\u00e0 con c\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng, d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u trong t\u01b0\u1edbc phong \u201cCon-ng\u1ef1a-non-c\u1ee7a-vua,\u201d l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cha \u0111i r\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2u khi\u1ebfn s\u1eed quan ch\u00ea \u201ctr\u00e1i l\u1ec5,\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Chi\u00eam g\u1ea3 con g\u00e1i (chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u1eafng), d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n ra Ngh\u1ec7 An, \u201cti\u1ebfm x\u01b0ng v\u1ecb hi\u1ec7u\u201d (\u0110\u1ebf… g\u00ec?), c\u0169ng l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i vai tr\u00f2 tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb h\u00e0ng th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n, nghe chi\u00eau d\u1ee5 t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Tr\u1ea7n, b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft (1382) ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng may m\u1eafn. Tr\u1ea7n Nguy\u00ean Di\u1ec7u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n g\u00ec: Ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng c\u00f4ng chu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i, r\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft. Ph\u00eda Ch\u00e0m th\u00ec con Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga, Ch\u1ebf S\u01a1n N\u00f4, n\u0103m 1390 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ebfn 1404 l\u1ea1i m\u00f3c n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 Nam, b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft theo t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ed7 T\u00f9ng th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh xoay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea5y l\u00ean t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1ea9n khu\u1ea5t. Ng\u1ef1 C\u00e2u V\u01b0\u01a1ng ra Ngh\u1ec7 An \u201cchi\u00eau d\u1ee5 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo l\u1ec7nh.\u201d D\u00e2n T\u00e2n B\u00ecnh, Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1 theo \u0111\u00e0 l\u1ea5n ra c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Chi\u00eam, t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u1ee7a, b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ngh\u1ec7 An, ch\u00e2u Di\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 lo l\u1ea5y th\u00e2n, nh\u00ecn gi\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u n\u00e0o h\u01b0\u1edbng theo chi\u1ec1u \u1ea5y khi\u1ebfn s\u1eed quan mi\u1ec7t th\u1ecb \u201cd\u00e2n Ngh\u1ec7 An \u0103n \u1edf hai l\u00f2ng,\u201d c\u00f2n T\u00e2n B\u00ecnh, Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1 th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u \u201cl\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n\u201d theo Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1nh nhau, quan l\u1ea1i trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng xa m\u00e0 ng\u00f3, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u0111i v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1eed quan c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u00ean ta ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 kia qua c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 danh chung chung \u201cth\u1ed5 t\u00f9,\u201d \u201cth\u1ed5 h\u00e0o\u201d v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ean h\u1ecd Vi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n: \u0110\u1eb7ng T\u1ea5t, Chu B\u1ec9nh Khu\u00ea, Nguy\u1ec5n R\u1ed7…hay mang d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft lai hi\u1ebfm hoi c\u00f2n s\u00f3t: Phan\/\u201dphi\u00ean\u201d M\u00e3nh, Ph\u1ea1m\/Kham\/C\u1ea7m (Th\u1ebf) C\u0103ng (r\u00f5 l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c Th\u00e1i.) Phan M\u00e3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho tr\u00f4ng coi qu\u00e2n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111eo v\u00e2n ph\u00f9 v\u00e0ng, t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eeba th\u1eafng x\u00f4ng t\u1edbi b\u00e0n chuy\u1ec7n tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00ean b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft th\u1ea3m th\u01b0\u01a1ng (1391). Th\u1ebf C\u0103ng c\u00f2n b\u00e1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng tranh ch\u1ea5p \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2n B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1 l\u00fac qu\u00e2n Minh sang, h\u00e0ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ee5 l\u00e0m tri ph\u1ee7 T\u00e2n B\u00ecnh r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb \u0110\u1eb7ng T\u1ea5t gi\u1ebft (1408). \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y th\u00ec n\u00ean k\u1ec3 th\u00eam L\u1ed9 V\u0103n Lu\u1eadt, cha con Phan Li\u00eau, c\u00f9ng th\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Phan Ki\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf th\u1ebf y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m M\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i Lam S\u01a1n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 sau. C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Tr\u1ea1i ph\u00eda nam do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng tham gia m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi qu\u00e2n Minh sang.<\/p>\n

Minh thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c \u1edf v\u00f9ng Tr\u1ea1i: nh\u00f3m M\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i Lam S\u01a1n<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd H\u1ed3 ch\u1ec9 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y n\u0103m (1400-1407) tuy r\u1eb1ng H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Li \u0111\u00e3 chen v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb 30 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia mang \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u1edbp quy\u1ec1n Tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0 l\u00ed do khi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t sinh n\u1ed9i lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. C\u00f2n v\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u1eddi ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t tr\u1eadn nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u00f2n do b\u1edfi sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh: Thay v\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng du k\u00edch chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf l\u1ea1i m\u1edf nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c mu\u1ed1n suy ngh\u0129 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n Thi\u00eam B\u00ecnh \/ Nguy\u1ec5n Khang, gia n\u00f4 c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Tr\u1ea7n Nguy\u00ean Huy, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u quan ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00e1o gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n Minh v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf (Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5) t\u1eebng t\u1eeb xa t\u1eadn B\u1eafc Kinh tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp Nam Kinh, c\u01b0\u1edbp quy\u1ec1n \u00f4ng ch\u00e1u (Hu\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ebf) cho n\u00ean t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 mang s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng Minh m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u00edt g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi Th\u0103ng Long nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ecd M\u1ea1c (l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1ee5 B\u00e0ng H\u00e0 b\u1ecb xo\u00e1 s\u1ed5,) c\u0169ng k\u00e9o nhau ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 m\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u0169ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng ta n\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd th\u00eam l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n th\u1ea5t Tr\u1ea7n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean n\u00f4, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u1ee9ng x\u1eed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb t\u00ecm t\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, tuy th\u1ea5y v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ch\u00fat d\u1ef1a d\u1eabm. Thi\u00eam B\u00ecnh t\u1eebng theo Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi quay sang Minh. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ed1ng H\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n toan t\u00ednh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p L\u00ea Ng\u00e3, n\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Thi\u00ean L\u1ea1i, \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng Minh, x\u01b0ng ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u, \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n (1420), \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1ebft ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u0169 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c t\u00f2ng m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean tu\u1ef3 v\u00e0o t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau khi x\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng phe ph\u00eda th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u1ecd M\u1ea1c v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 quan tri\u1ec1u c\u0169 th\u00ec l\u00e0m quan tri\u1ec1u m\u1edbi, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1eadn t\u00ecnh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1eeb ph\u00ed b\u1ecb h\u00e0 hi\u1ebfp th\u00e1i qu\u00e1, hay b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Phan Li\u00eau \u1edf Ngh\u1ec7 An, L\u1ed9 V\u0103n Lu\u1eadt v\u00f9ng Th\u00e1i ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4. C\u00f2n con ch\u00e1u nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m vua th\u00ec t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh k\u1ebft b\u00e8 \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng Minh th\u00ec nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n \u01b0u th\u1ebf du k\u00edch chi\u1ebfn v\u1eeba qua. Kh\u00f4ng ai ch\u00ea Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1eadn \u0110\u1ed1ng \u0110a theo c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n h\u1ebft v\u00ec l\u00ed do gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Li \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1eadt k\u0129 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh. Trong tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, qu\u00e2n Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng ho\u1ea3 ph\u00e1o b\u1eafn ch\u1ebft vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng ki\u00eau d\u0169ng n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 may m\u1eafn. V\u1ec1 sau, H\u1ed3 Nguy\u00ean Tr\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong tri\u1ec1u Minh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ho\u1ea3 ph\u00e1o h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nam, ph\u00eda bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi \u2013 n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp \u201cH\u1ed3i H\u1ed9t\u201d m\u00e0 H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t t\u1eebng \u0111\u00f2i ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, tuy ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00e0nh r\u1ebd l\u1eafm v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ec7nh ki\u1ec3m tra d\u00e2n \u0111inh g\u1eaft gao, thu l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef, \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u01b0\u1edbc mong c\u00f3 \u201ctr\u0103m v\u1ea1n binh\u201d ch\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0ng h\u1eb3n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em ra th\u1eed s\u1ee9c v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, tuy l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0ng toan t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 H\u00e1n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng mu\u1ed1n nu\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Xi\u00eam La (1403) r\u00f5 l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 mong mu\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Minh n\u00ean cha con h\u1ecd H\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ee5 b\u1eaft \u0111i (\u0111\u1ea7u 1407), r\u00fat ng\u1eafn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y s\u1eed s\u00e1ch n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n \u00e1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Minh m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00e0n tr\u1ec1 trong l\u1eddi C\u00e1o b\u00ecnh Ng\u00f4. T\u00ednh v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n th\u00ec Minh c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady nh\u1ecf t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 mang t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ecbnh, Tr\u00f9ng Quang v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u1edf Lam S\u01a1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb 1418. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u00ec s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba m\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Minh tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169 \u2013 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n quanh \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4 y\u00ean \u1ed5n h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cai tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00ean Tham ngh\u1ecb Gi\u1ea3i T\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Minh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i c\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c ch\u1ee9c hay qua ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n l\u1ef1a. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p L\u00ea C\u1ea3nh Tu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u201cth\u01b0 v\u1ea1n ch\u1eef\u201d cho Tham ngh\u1ecb B\u00f9i B\u00e1 K\u00ec (t\u1eebng theo Tr\u1ea7n Thi\u00eam B\u00ecnh) \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Minh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t trong l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u khi\u1ebfn vua Minh kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng n\u00ean c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch chia \u0111\u0103t qu\u1ea1n huy\u1ec7n cai tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t Trong Qu\u1ed1c. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c thanh tr\u1eebng ngay t\u1eeb ti \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft B\u00f9i B\u00e1 K\u00ec (10\u00e2l. 1407), ra l\u1ec7nh truy n\u00e3 L\u00ea C\u1ea3nh Tu\u00e2n, c\u00f2n \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 th\u00e2n c\u1eadn l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ee5 gi\u1ebft v\u00ec \u201cki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o… ng\u1ea7m c\u00f3 ch\u00ed l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n\u201d nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft cha con h\u1ecd H\u1ed3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong t\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c Giao Ch\u1ec9 \u0110\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 huy s\u1ee9 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c ch\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb1m \u1edf trung t\u00e2m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Con ch\u00e1u h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n c\u00f3 Tr\u1ea7n Ng\u1ed7i x\u01b0ng Gi\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ebf, n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n Thi\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng (th\u00e1ng 10\u00e2l. 1407) nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1n ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Minh, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0o Ngh\u1ec7 An xa. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n d\u1ed3n v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ef1u th\u1ea7n Tr\u1ea7n bao g\u1ed3m th\u1ed5 h\u00e0o c\u0169\/m\u1edbi quy thu\u1eadn, ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ph\u00f9 tr\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, may m\u1eafn ch\u1ebft l\u00fac ch\u1ed1ng Minh th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed quan khen t\u1ee5ng, r\u1ee7i ro t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 m\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u00ec tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cb\u1ea1n th\u1ea7n.\u201d Nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0110\u1eb7ng T\u1ea5t theo Gi\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edbc Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng, b\u1ecb Gi\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ecbnh gi\u1ebft (1409) sau khi gi\u00fap vua tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ebf C\u0103ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u Minh r\u1ed3i x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng (1408, \u1edf nam Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh.) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi con, \u0110\u1eb7ng Dung, b\u1ecf \u0111i ph\u00f2 t\u00e1 Tr\u00f9ng Quang, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ed5i Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ee5, r\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i vua t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1ebft (1413). Tho\u00e1i tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111em l\u1ea1i thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho qu\u00e2n Minh trong m\u1ed9t l\u00fac: Phan Li\u00eau b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n Tr\u1ea7n cho Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ee5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, L\u00ea C\u1ea3nh Tu\u00e2n tr\u1ed1n chui nh\u1ee7i t\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta qu\u00ean, m\u00f2 ra l\u00e0m quan b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111u\u1ed5i qu\u00e2n Minh ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1edd c\u00f5i c\u00f9ng t\u1eebng ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ee9c Tu\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea5t Nga L\u1ea1c nh\u1ecf nhoi… V\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1eeb r\u1eebng n\u00fai Lam S\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1nh b\u1eaft h\u1ecd H\u1ed3 xong, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m tra x\u1ee9 s\u1edf v\u1eeba chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: 48 ph\u1ee7, ch\u00e2u, 168 huy\u1ec7n, 3 129 500 h\u1ed9. Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u201chuy\u1ec7n\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi H\u1ed3. S\u1ed1 d\u00e2n \u0111inh 10 tri\u1ec7u tr\u1edf l\u00ean (t\u00ednh trung b\u00ecnh cho m\u1ed7i h\u1ed9 3, 4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) th\u1eadt qu\u00e1 cao nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ta c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e2n \u0111inh to\u00e0n v\u00f9ng t\u1eeb Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 tr\u1edf ra, n\u1eb1m tr\u1ecdn d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u con s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 1\/3 trong D\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ed <\/i>c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i l\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e2n c\u1eadn th\u00f4i. T\u1eeb 1414 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m tra, l\u1eadp s\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 v\u00f9ng T\u00e2n B\u00ecnh, Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1 (ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e0m l\u1ea1i.) C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean, Tuy\u00ean Quang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201cch\u00e2u\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Th\u0103ng Long, nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean l\u00e0m \u201cph\u1ee7\u201d theo c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 Y\u00ean\/B\u1eafc Kinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn 1417 th\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee7. Vi\u1ec7c cai tr\u1ecb d\u00f9 sao c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u201cth\u1ed5 quan,\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cho sinh ho\u1ea1t, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb hao h\u1ee5t, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u201cbon chen… h\u0103ng h\u00e1i\u201d theo th\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 s\u1eed quan ghi nh\u1eadn. Tr\u00ean h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u01b0u quan c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p l\u00ednh c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00fac, \u0111\u1ee1 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng chi tr\u1ea3 cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i g\u00e2y tham nh\u0169ng, h\u1ea1ch x\u00e1ch d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m vang \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn tai ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh. Sau m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u Trung Hoa c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi n\u00ean t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng khai th\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i qua trung gian mua b\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e1c: B\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f2 ng\u1ecdc trai, t\u00ecm v\u1eadt l\u1ea1, h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u, m\u1edf th\u00eam ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt h\u1ed3 ti\u00eau, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u1edf ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n mu\u1ed1i, thu thu\u1ebf ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u1eb1m t\u01a1… Trung ch\u00e2u s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00faa g\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c khi\u1ebfn Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ee5 cho thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n ch\u1edf v\u1ec1 B\u1eafc b\u00e1n, ngay l\u00fac v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n v\u00ec con ch\u00e1u h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n (1413).<\/p>\n

\u01afu th\u1ebf h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n Hoa ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Minh bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00fac h\u1ea1ch x\u00e1ch H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Li, \u0111\u1ebfn nay h\u1ecd cho m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, l\u1eadp h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7u, x\u00e2y V\u0103n mi\u1ebfu (1414), ban c\u1ea5p s\u00e1ch cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc (1419), b\u1eaft c\u1ed1ng sinh vi\u00ean nho h\u1ecdc (1417), \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1i t\u1eadn thu \u201cc\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 t\u00edch x\u01b0a nay c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta\u201d v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng theo nh\u1eefng l\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng che gi\u1ea5u nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 l\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u1ea7m \u00fd t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c theo th\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c may m\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c <\/i>ho\u0103c r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Minh nh\u01b0 An Nam ch\u00ed,<\/i> th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 sau kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u do c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng giao n\u1ea1p n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Minh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n l\u1edbn lao tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cai tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. B\u1eafc Kinh tuy \u1edf xa t\u00edt m\u00f9 nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn nh\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e0 H\u00e1n ho\u00e1 qua kinh s\u00e1ch, h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft, l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u00ean t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n. Quan l\u1ea1i h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u01a1 v\u00e9t m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1nh tay h\u01a1n. Lo\u1ea1n t\u1ee9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed5i l\u00ean t\u1eeb ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng L\u00ea L\u1ee3i, tu\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m Nga L\u1ea1c m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi, th\u00fa nh\u1ea1n: \u201cTa x\u01b0a kia g\u1eb7p bu\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c… v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 mong gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1ng m\u00ecnh th\u00f4i. (Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 tuy) Ta \u0111em h\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5ng th\u1edd ch\u00fang mong kh\u1ecfi tai ho\u1ea1, nh\u01b0ng tim \u0111en ch\u00fang mu\u1ed1n h\u1ea1i Ta v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng b\u1edbt ch\u00fat n\u00e0o…\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00fang v\u1eady, chuy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb \u201ctrong l\u00e0ng trong x\u00f3m\u201d l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y nh\u1ecf n\u01a1i r\u1eebng n\u00fai Lam S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y l\u1edbn thi\u00eau r\u1ee5i m\u1ed9ng \u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Giao Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5. Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n v\u0103n th\u1ec1 L\u0169ng Nhai v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 (th\u00e1ng 2\u00e2l. 1416), ta th\u1ea5y b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp Lam S\u01a1n. H\u1ecd g\u1ed3m ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd L\u00ea, kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 l\u00e2n bang, v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n l\u01b0u vong. H\u1ecd L\u00ea th\u00ec nh\u01b0 ta th\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd \u201csang\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Thanh Ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc theo. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Lam S\u01a1n th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c <\/i>nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t di chuy\u1ec3n theo n\u01a1i khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 h\u1ecd L\u00ea. Ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01b0 d\u00e2n trong v\u00f9ng cho t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ee9ng minh h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u1ea3 Lam \/ Lam S\u01a1n l\u00e0 M\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1eadn, ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o M\u1ee5c S\u01a1n (\u201c\u0111\u1ea1o M\u1ee5c\u201d) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 M\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 L\u00ea Lai, ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o D\u1ef1ng T\u00fa, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u00f2i mang d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t. Trong h\u1ed9i th\u1ec1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Th\u00e1i (Ph\u1ea1m V\u00f5) \u2013 h\u1ecd Ph\u1ea1m v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u00e2m c\u1ee7a Kh\u1eb1m\/C\u1ea7m nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u1edf bia c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n Kh\u1eb1m Ban ch\u1ee7 M\u01b0\u1eddng Ca Da (H\u1ed3i Xu\u00e2n, Quan Ho\u00e1) c\u00f3 t\u00ean con \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u1ecdc Ch\u00fac. H\u1ecd Tr\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb t\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp Th\u00e1i \u201cchi\u1ec1ng\u201d, ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u trong To\u00e0n th\u01b0.<\/i> Ngay trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai h\u1ecd n\u00e0y ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd Tr\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u201cc\u0169\/Vi\u1ec7t\u201d h\u01a1n, h\u1ecd Ph\u1ea1m c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u201cm\u1edbi\/L\u00e0o\u201d h\u01a1n. T\u00e2p h\u1ecdp Lam S\u01a1n mang t\u00ednh h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p M\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf trong li\u00ean h\u1ec7 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n: m\u1eb9 L\u00ea L\u1ee3i h\u1ecd Tr\u1ecbnh, v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng h\u1ecd Tr\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd Ph\u1ea1m. Ng\u00e0y sau, xa c\u1ea3 sau khi L\u00ea \u0111\u1ed5, Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u00ecnh H\u1ed5 c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft trong l\u1ec5 t\u1ebf \u1edf Lam Kinh c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Th\u00e1i ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean t\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u00f3m h\u1ed9i th\u1ec1 L\u0169ng Nhai kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u1eadp nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc nh\u01b0 L\u01b0u Nh\u00e2n Ch\u00fa, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 B\u00f9i Qu\u1ed1c H\u01b0ng, Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u201ckinh th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 trong t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eedng l\u01a1: H\u00e0 Nam \/ A Nam th\u1ea5y ngay l\u00e0 An Nam! Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ng Minh c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf lan r\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ee1 ng\u1ee1. H\u1ecd \u0111em l\u1ea1i ch\u1eef H\u00e1n cho nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i h\u1ed9i th\u1ec1 r\u1eebng n\u00fai th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n trang tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. H\u1ecd ghi ch\u1eef n\u00f4m, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t cho m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111a ch\u1ee7ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t (M\u01b0\u1eddng), m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c c\u00f2n l\u01a1 l\u1eedng, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Tr\u1ecbnh Kh\u1ea3 \u201cbi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng L\u00e0o.\u201d Chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00f4i k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Th\u00e1i c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ti\u1ebfn qua \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh, r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p L\u00ea L\u1ee3i l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi Tr\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed3, li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi \u201cnh\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u00e1o tr\u1eafng,\u201d li\u00ean h\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 qu\u00e2n Minh.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 gh\u00ea g\u1edbm l\u1eafm. C\u1ee9 tin nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi th\u00fa nh\u1eadn th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a L\u00ea L\u1ee3i th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 theo t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf c\u1ea5p th\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean: C\u00f3 qu\u00e2n Tr\u00f9ng Quang trong v\u00f9ng th\u00ec \u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec7 Kim Ng\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng vua n\u00e0y, Minh t\u1edbi th\u00ec nh\u00e2n ti\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng, chuy\u1ec3n l\u00e0m tu\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m v\u00f9ng Nga L\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00ean th\u00e2n, c\u1ea7n th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1ec1 h\u00e0 g\u00ec chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fat l\u00f3t. S\u1ef1 nh\u1eabn nh\u1ecbn l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m. S\u1eed ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cho th\u1ea5y nh\u00f3m L\u00ea L\u1ee3i ph\u1ea3i xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi \u201cth\u1eb1ng \u00c1i,\u201d ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o s\u00e1ch Nguy\u1ec7t \u1ea4n \u2013 g\u1ecdi th\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd g\u00ec khinh mi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia kh\u00f4ng\/ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 h\u1ecd m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. B\u1eb1ng c\u1edb kh\u00e1c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i th\u1ec1 19 ng\u01b0\u1eddi: \u201cN\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u00e8 \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2m ti\u1ebfm, t\u1ecf v\u1ebb xem ch\u1eebng s\u1eafp v\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1eeda v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i… th\u00ec hi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng,\u201d \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tri huy\u1eb9n L\u01b0\u01a1ng Giang \u0110\u1ed7 Ph\u1ee7, tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u1edbi L\u00ea L\u1ee3i m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, th\u00eam quan l\u1ea1i b\u00ean tr\u00ean n\u1eefa ph\u1ee5 ho\u1ea1. Vi\u1ec7c tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y sau n\u00e0y, khi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng (1428), trong tranh ch\u1ea5p m\u1edbi, hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y ra khi nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00f9 h\u1eb1n th\u1eddi c\u00f2n lao \u0111ao c\u0169.<\/p>\n

R\u1eebng n\u00fai c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n truy b\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Minh tuy l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u00fd th\u1ee9c co r\u00fat trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen thu\u1ed9c. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p t\u00ednh d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n r\u1eebng n\u00fai v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n Lam S\u01a1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n: ki\u1ec3u \u201c\u0111\u1ed5i \u00e1o c\u1ee9u ch\u00faa\u201d c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Lai, m\u01b0\u1ee3n th\u1ebf vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (Tr\u1ecbnh Kh\u1ea3 \u201cbi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng L\u00e0o\u201d v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap t\u1eeb ph\u00eda t\u00e2y), \u1ea9n nh\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng ch\u1edd c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i… \u0110i\u1ec3m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 khi Nguy\u1ec5n Ch\u00edch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cngo\u00e0i nh\u00f3m\u201d \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 ra vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng m\u00ecnh quen bi\u1ebft, xa khu v\u1ef1c Thanh Ho\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb v\u00e2y kh\u1ed5n (Ch\u00ed Linh 1418, Quan Da 1422), sau khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc nh\u1edd c\u1eady qu\u00e2n L\u00e0o m\u00e0 b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i (1421), ch\u1ecbu ho\u00e0 ho\u00e3n m\u00e0 v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i t\u00fai Lam S\u01a1n trong tay qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch. T\u1eeb suy t\u00ednh b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam (Ngh\u1ec7 An 1424), c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng xa, \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n H\u00e0 T\u0129nh (1424) ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u d\u01b0\u01a1ng danh ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Th\u00e1i L\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf (C\u1ea7m B\u00e0nh, ch\u00e2u Tr\u00e0 L\u00e2n), bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft (C\u1ea7m Qu\u00fd, ch\u00e2u Ng\u1ecdc Ma, mang tham v\u1ecdng chia quy\u1ec1n qua Tr\u1ea7n C\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong tay). Th\u1ebf qu\u00e2n c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o Th\u00e1i L\u00e0o \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, c\u00e0ng quy ph\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u an th\u00e2n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 sau: ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o Qu\u1ef3 Ch\u00e2u C\u1ea7m L\u1ea1n, ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o M\u01b0\u1eddng M\u1ed9c (M\u1ecdc Ch\u00e2u) Xa Kh\u1ea3 Tham, ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o Lai Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00e8o C\u00e1t H\u00e3n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng th\u00ec g\u1eb7p tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn m\u1edbi: h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbch. M\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y th\u00eam nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2n B\u00ecnh, Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd H\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u0169 ho\u00e1 l\u00e0m qu\u00e2n bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ed1ng Chi\u00eam nay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ed1ng Minh. Th\u1ebf qu\u00e2n Lam S\u01a1n c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh th\u00ec c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i qu\u00e2n Minh th\u00eam. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, ch\u1eadn qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n. V\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00f4ng d\u1eabn qu\u00e2n ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n (1426) l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb v\u00e2y trong th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4ng Quan, cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 trong th\u01b0 g\u1eedi vua Minh: \u201cQu\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1u, b\u1ea3y vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ee5 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d \u0110\u1ee3t ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng do Li\u1ec5u Th\u0103ng \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n, M\u1ed9c Th\u1ea1nh theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng V\u00e2n Nam, b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Li\u1ec5u Th\u0103ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft (th\u00e1ng 9\u00e2l. 1427), qu\u00e2n M\u1ed9c Th\u1ea1nh t\u1ef1 tan. V\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00f4ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng chi\u1ee5 c\u1ea7u ho\u00e0, tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 ng\u00e0y 22-11 \u00e2l.\u0110inh m\u00f9i (1427) r\u00fat qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y 12-12.<\/p>\n

Sau n\u0103m th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u1ef1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba An Nam \/ Giao Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ecf tranh gi\u00e0nh nhau \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh M\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecd \u0110inh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng,\u201d l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef, \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o tay c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u01b0u vong tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ebfn nay quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp nh\u00f3m b\u1ea3n th\u1ed5, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd cai tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n minh h\u01a1n, l\u1edbn r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng b\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 m\u1edbi, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng l\u1edbn r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Nguy\u00ean thu nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e2n l\u1ef1c Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadt Du\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp nho s\u0129 T\u1ed1ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nho s\u0129 n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd c\u00e0ng th\u00eam ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1207,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[152,153],"tags":[396],"class_list":["post-3937","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoc-thuat","category-lich-su","tag-ta-chi-dai-truong"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3937","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1207"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3937"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3937\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":71667,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3937\/revisions\/71667"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3937"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3937"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3937"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}