Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi c\u1ea5t gi\u1ecdng, gi\u00f3ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, khi chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t anh h\u00f9ng ca, ho\u1eb7c khi t\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m vui hay n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u1ec7p r\u1ed3i. L\u00fac n\u00e0y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe ch\u00ednh gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf ra cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng. Trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef n\u00e0y kh\u00e9p v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u00e2m thanh m\u1ed7i l\u00fac m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee9c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi tr\u00ed nh\u1edb v\u00e0 l\u1eddi ca, \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i\u201d nghe ch\u00ednh nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1eadp c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i tim m\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1ecbp h\u00edt th\u1edf. Nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i khi\u1ebfn ta nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n linh, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u01a1i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb anh h\u00f9ng, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t mi\u1ec1n qu\u00ea v\u00e0o l\u00fac b\u00ecnh minh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u00f3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh b\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n qu\u00ea \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 <\/i>n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n
Khi c\u1ea5t l\u1eddi ca, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u201cnh\u1eadp \u0111i\u1ec7u\u201d v\u00e0o l\u1eddi ca, c\u0169ng c\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f3c, c\u0169ng m\u1ec9m m\u00f4i hay g\u00e0o th\u00e9t. Anh ta \u1ee7y th\u00e1c cho ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1ed1n m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u, ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng h\u1eefu \u00edch, ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 qu\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 giao ti\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n
Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f3 v\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7u g\u1ee3i l\u00ean ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i. Trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tho\u00e1t ra t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh; t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ni\u1ec1m vui c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh,<\/i> n\u1ed5i bu\u1ed3n b\u1ecfng da c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, <\/i>m\u1ed1i t\u00ecnh th\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi hay <\/i>d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng \u00eam \u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/i> v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3\u2026Th\u1ef1c ra \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb x\u1ee9 Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XX tr\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00e0i \u0110o\u1ea3n Thi C\u1ee7a K\u1ebb Th\u1ea5t V\u1ecdng, <\/i>nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea5t l\u1eddi ca cho s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh :<\/i><\/p>\n
<\/i><\/p>\n
S\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft ng\u00e0y nay s\u1eebng s\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4i
<\/i>Nh\u01b0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe s\u1eebng s\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebb t\u00e0n ph\u1ebf
<\/i>Nh\u01b0 d\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng sau tr\u1eadn \u1ed1m n\u1eb7ng<\/i><\/p>\n
S\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft ng\u00e0y nay s\u1eebng s\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4i
<\/i>Nh\u01b0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m c\u1ee7a nh\u1ef1a c\u00e2y m\u1ed9c-d\u01b0\u1ee3c
<\/i>Nh\u01b0 ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y gi\u00f3 l\u1ed9ng<\/i><\/p>\n
S\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft ng\u00e0y nay s\u1eebng s\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4i
<\/i>Nh\u01b0 tr\u1eadn m\u01b0a v\u1eeba d\u1ee9t
<\/i>Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 x\u01b0a
<\/i>Sau m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn h\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh ng\u00e0n kh\u01a1i<\/i><\/p>\n
S\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft ng\u00e0y nay s\u1eebng s\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4i Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u00e2m vang l\u1edbn v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00e2m s\u1eafc duy nh\u1ea5t. V\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Th\u01a1 Ca ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng t\u1ef1 thu\u1edf ban \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t men c\u1ee9 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 \u01b0\u1edbp, t\u1ef1 \u1ee7 l\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u ch\u1ea5t men \u1ea5y h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c gi\u00fap cho ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Th\u01a1 Ca c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u201cduy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 qua\u201d( Max du Puids). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c Th\u01a1 Ca b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa c\u0169ng can thi\u1ec7p t\u1edbi, thi\u1ebfu y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta minh h\u1ecda s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t to\u00e0n. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c Th\u01a1 Ca c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Th\u01a1 Ca \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t trong hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i : \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Tr\u00f2 Ch\u01a1i.<\/i><\/p>\n <\/em><\/p>\n <\/i><\/p>\n 2. TR\u00d2 CH\u01a0I CH\u1eee<\/strong><\/p>\n Johan Huizinga, trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Homo Ludens <\/i>\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i ch\u1eef, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n \u201cH\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 trong Th\u01a1 Ca, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n duy nh\u1ea5t cho nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec quan tr\u1ecdng, thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p qu\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u01a1i ch\u1eef. <\/i>K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u00e2m thanh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 hay g\u1ea7n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u2013 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 cho tr\u00ed nh\u1edb r\u1ed3i \u2013 nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho xu\u00f4i tai n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i. V\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.\u201d[2]<\/a><\/p>\n Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p khi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00e0m l\u1ea9n \u0111i m\u1ea5t \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1ee9c th\u00ec, v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh <\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean, g\u1ecdi t\u00ean.<\/p>\n Theo Johan Huizinga, tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a N\u1ebfu tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u201c\u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t\u201d, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu Th\u01a1 Ca l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i, th\u00ec ngay n\u01a1i Th\u01a1 Ca t\u1ef1 thu\u1edf xa x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00f4 b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb<\/i>, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Th\u01a1 Ca c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c nghi\u00eam t\u00fac <\/i>v\u1eabn chi ph\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi <\/i>trong m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. <\/i>\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a Th\u01a1 Ca l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qu\u00ean<\/i> th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. Ch\u00ednh Th\u01a1 Ca \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. Eluard \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec1 cao c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o Th\u01a1 Ca \u201cnh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u phi l\u00fd kh\u00f3 tin, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng,\u201d v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh \u00c9luard, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i Th\u01a1 Ca l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng t\u00ean l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed – nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ch\u01b0ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecfm d\u00e1ng, \u01b0a th\u00edch kho\u00e1c l\u00e1c, b\u1edbi l\u00f4ng t\u00ecm v\u1ebft, th\u00edch di\u1ec5u nh\u1ea1i, ba hoa ch\u00edch ch\u00f2e d\u1ed1i g\u1ea1t xanh r\u1eddn <\/i>mi\u1ec7ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i gan th\u00e9p, m\u1eb7t m\u0169i l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng tr\u01a1 tr\u00e1u, b\u00e9p x\u00e9p h\u00e3o huy\u1ec1n, hay b\u01b0\u01a1i m\u00f3c tr\u00eau ng\u01b0\u01a1i cho b\u1edbt m\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng h\u00e3o huy\u1ec1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng hay t\u00f4 v\u1ebd th\u00eam chuy\u1ec7n, c\u1ee9u kh\u1ed1n ph\u00f2 nguy, ngoa ng\u00f4n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t. <\/i>To\u00e0n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb g\u00e0i b\u1eaby, lang b\u0103m kho\u00e1c l\u00e1c d\u1ed1i l\u1eeba ho\u1eb7c b\u00f4ng ph\u00e8n ng\u1ee5y t\u1ea1o l\u1ebfu l\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng mi\u1ec7ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i ngon ng\u1ecdt, \u00f4i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u01b0\u1ee1i m\u00e2y c\u01b0\u1ee1i n\u00fai, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0103n n\u1eb1m trong m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 t\u1eeb tr\u00ean ch\u00edn t\u1ea7ng m\u00e2y bay b\u1ed5ng v\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 l\u1ea1ng qu\u1ea1ng ch\u1ea1y l\u01a1 l\u00e1o ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng cho c\u00e1c thi nh\u00e2n. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang ta coi nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e3 khi\u00eau kh\u00edch tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1eebng kinh qua bi\u1ebft bao kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc m\u1edbi tho\u00e1t l\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1y gi\u1ebfng .<\/em>[3]<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n <\/i><\/p>\n <\/p>\n 3. TR\u00d2 CH\u01a0I V\u1eeaA NH\u1ea2Y V\u1eeaA N\u00d3I THEO NH\u1ecaP<\/strong><\/p>\n Ch\u00ednh \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u1ed1 b\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a v\u00e0i c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i cho ta bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau t\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 ra sao, \u00c9luard trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta tr\u00edch d\u1eabn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft :<\/p>\n V\u1edbi tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb nh\u1ea3y hai ch\u00e2n d\u00ednh v\u00e0o nhau theo nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ebfm v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ea1y n\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb3ng. N\u00f3 tung h\u1ee9ng tinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00f3 bi\u1ebft cho ni\u1ec1m vui b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u1ea5m l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng[4]<\/b><\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, b\u1eb1ng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i theo nh\u1ecbp, \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f2ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ecfa chung c\u1ee7a quy t\u1eafc ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Quan s\u00e1t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i theo nh\u1ecbp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n nh\u1eadn ph\u1ee5 th\u00eam cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Huizinga.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i theo nh\u1ecbp l\u00e0 \u201c c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 \u201c\u0111\u1ebfm,\u201dng\u00f5 h\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh em n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t hay vai tr\u00f2 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i.\u201d( Jean Chateau ).<\/p>\n Jean Bacaumont, trong b\u00e0i t\u1ef1a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Seghers \u2013 Les Comptines de la langue Francaise \u2013 Nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i theo nh\u1ecbp c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u2013 <\/i>nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u201cph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d c\u1ee7a tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 sau :<\/p>\n \u201cTr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e0u, g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, b\u1ea1c b\u1ebdo v\u1edbi tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u201chi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n con m\u00e8o\u201d, \u201c d\u00ednh ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f9y theo may r\u1ee7i, do m\u1ed9t m\u00e3nh l\u1ef1c huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o, m\u00e3nh l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh.\u201d[5]<\/b><\/a><\/i><\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i theo nh\u1ecbp thu\u1eadn theo \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Th\u01a1 Ca d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: Nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u.<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n \u201c<\/b>V\u1edbi tr\u1ebb con, t\u00ednh th\u00edch nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c em \u01b0a ch\u01a1i tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ebfm s\u1ed1\u201d, <\/i>Jean Ch\u00e2teau vi\u1ebft. V\u00e0 khi nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t n\u00e0y, Jean Bacaumont \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc Canada l\u00e0 Luc Lacourci\u00e8re, khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i theo nh\u1ecbp :\u201d Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfm, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a, m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt, trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta theo nh\u1ecbp ba con s\u1ed1 n\u1ed1i nhau m\u00e0 \u0111i.<\/p>\n Nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u s\u1ebd do tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 n\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u01a1 n\u0103ng<\/i> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, <\/i>c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u thu\u1ea7n \u00e2m n\u1eefa do v\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7u hay do \u00e9p v\u1eadn can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa con s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i d\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 hai: H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i ng\u1eef-\u00e2m-h\u1ecdc<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n Tr\u1ebb con ch\u01a1i v\u1edbi t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i m\u1edbi. Michel Leiris, trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <\/u><\/i><\/b>Fourbis<\/i> v\u00e0 Biffures, <\/i>\u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa b\u00e9, sau khi nghe cha m\u1eb9 ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh th\u00ec hi\u1ec3u sai, \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u00e2m thanh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u0103n c\u1ed9i s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a x\u01b0a c\u0169 n\u1eefa. Trong tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i theo nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady\u2026<\/p>\n C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, tho\u1ea1t k\u1ef3 th\u1ee7y nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 do t\u00ednh \u01b0a th\u00edch \u00e2m thanh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho bi\u1ebft bao t\u1ec9 d\u1ee5.<\/p>\n C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ebb con n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo m\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh tr\u00f2 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. N\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng, th\u1ee7a nh\u1ecf l\u0169 tr\u1ebb th\u00edch ch\u01a1i tr\u00f2 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng thanh \u00e2m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 : ngh\u0129-thanh-t\u1eeb, nh\u1ea1i l\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh gi\u1ed1ng hay g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nhau. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng em, d\u00f9 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u201cc\u01a1 b\u1eafp\u201d, nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi A. Spire \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc li\u00ean h\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp tr\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh gi\u1ed1ng nhau hay kh\u00e1c nhau ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ec9nh. Trong vai tr\u00f2 v\u1eeba ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y v\u1eeba b\u1eadp b\u1eb9 theo nh\u1ecbp, h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c em c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kho\u00e1i ch\u00ed gh\u00ea l\u1eafm :<\/p>\n Du bibi \u2013 du lolo \u2013 carafe \u2013 carafo \u2013 du triage \u2013du coco\u2026<\/i><\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i cho ta th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i tr\u1ebb em nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng r\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u00f3; v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a cho nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 sau c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nhu\u1ea7n nh\u1ecb h\u00f3a l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng ni\u1ec1m vui s\u1eafc n\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y khi g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng chu\u1ed7i t\u1eeb ng\u1eef v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 t\u1ee5ng kinh th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u, ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui mang \u0111\u1eadm ch\u1ea5t v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Khi Fague hay Michaux s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i theo nh\u1ecbp, hai \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m : h\u1ecd \u00fd th\u1ee9c n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i theo nh\u1ecbp, trong thu\u1edf nh\u1ecf, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 bao tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n V\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u0169ng tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i theo nh\u1ecbp, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ma thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng sao hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a quanh nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u v\u1edbi nh\u0169ng th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed, nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i A bra ca da bra,<\/i> sau:<\/p>\n A bra ca da bra Ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 trong b\u00e0i Am stram gram <\/i>ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n C\u0169ng v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i theo nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m n\u00e9t h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u00e0o l\u1ed9ng. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00e9t tr\u00e0o l\u1ed9ng \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t k\u1ec1 s\u00e1t hai th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n Con b\u1ecd ch\u00e9t trong c\u00e1i b\u1ea7u s\u00e0nh N\u00e9t h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 d\u1ee5ng \u00fd r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t n\u00e0o. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Th\u01a1 Ca tr\u00e0o ph\u00fang n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 do n\u00e9t x\u1ea5c x\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00f3a ( xem Pr\u00e9vert, Tardieu,\u2026).<\/p>\n Trong \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh trong tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i theo nh\u1ecbp l\u00e0 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh cho ra, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh quen thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. R\u1ea5t nhanh, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u h\u00f3a th\u00e2n : n\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n, v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng, phi l\u00fd v\u00e0\u2026b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd.<\/p>\n L\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, c\u00e1i m\u1edbi r\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean c\u00e1i c\u0169 m\u00e8m quen thu\u1ed9c, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh ch\u1ebft c\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Lewis Carroll t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i si\u00eau th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 cho c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Th\u01a1 Ca. Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa, tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm trong m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m th\u00edch th\u00fa x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00f4 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i hay nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c nghi\u00eam trang c\u1eed nghi\u1ec7p lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111u\u00f4i, m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c\u2026 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9.<\/p>\n Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba: S\u1ef1 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i hay nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n.<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n Sau c\u00f9ng, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i theo nh\u1ecbp k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 – ng\u00e0y nay th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i \u201c- kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n bi\u1ebfn kh\u1ecfi Th\u01a1 Ca.<\/p>\n Ch\u00ednh t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba n\u00f3i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y theo nh\u1ecbp lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n bao h\u00e0m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, v\u00ec tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u1ed1t ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201c ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i d\u00ednh v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u201c. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd hi\u1ec7n nay, s\u1ef1 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng ngay trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh( y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba ), \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 cchu1ng ta nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc Th\u01a1 Ca : Khi nghe c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf trong tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i theo nh\u1ecbp, c\u00e1c em \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, c\u00e1c em kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft hay th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd hay kh\u00f4ng, mi\u1ec5n sao n\u00f3 li\u00ean l\u0129 ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc theo th\u1eddi gian, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c th\u00ec, t\u00ednh sau. Th\u01a1 Ca, \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u00e1 ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1eddi gian ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7y th\u1eddi gian hay sao ? Trong tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i theo nh\u1ecbp sau \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfp nhau \u0111\u1ec1u do t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi nh\u1eafn nh\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 n\u00e0y tho\u00e1ng g\u1ee3n m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t lo l\u1eafng nh\u1ecf, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c em m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch th\u00fa :<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t th\u1ecfi s\u00f4-c\u00f4 la Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea3y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i theo nh\u1ecbp th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hay hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c em \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m th\u1ee7 di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 lu\u00f4n\u2026<\/p>\n Th\u00eam m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i nay l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, c\u00e2u th\u01a1, c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1, \u1ea9n ng\u1eef, v\u1edf k\u1ecbch nh\u1ecf k\u00e8m theo v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7u b\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n. B\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nghi l\u1ec5, t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c h\u1eb3n hoi.<\/p>\n N\u01a1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi d\u00f9ng t\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Th\u01a1 Ca \u0111\u1ec1u \u1ea9n ti\u1ec1m m\u1ed9t em b\u00e9 \u0111ang ch\u01a1i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u00f4 \u00edch v\u00f4 c\u1edb v\u00f4 \u00fd c\u00e1c th\u1ee9\u2026nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Cu\u1ed1i b\u1ea3n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Huizinga. V\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y, \u1edf m\u1ecdi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o Th\u01a1 Ca, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n-tinh-ngh\u1ecbch d\u1eabn d\u1eaft k\u1ebb n\u00f3i(h\u01a1n l\u00e0 k\u1ebb vi\u1ebft) \u0111\u1eebng c\u1ea3 tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t ti\u1ebft, ph\u00e1t minh. Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 nh\u00ecn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u01b0\u1edbng kho\u00e1i nh\u01b0 tr\u1ebb th\u01a1 trong nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111\u00fang k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh bu\u1ed3n th\u1ea3m nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh c\u00f4 qu\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t. \u1ede \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y, Th\u01a1 Ca s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ebfm hoi n\u00f3i l\u00ean kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u0129 cu\u1ed3ng ng\u00f4ng ch\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi :<\/p>\n \u201cKhi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 n\u00e9t ng\u00f4ng ch\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed9 li\u1ec3u m\u1ea5y c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u1ebfu tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p bung m\u1edf th\u1ea3 d\u00e0n. Nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u00eam t\u00fac h\u01a1n. Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i. K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang x\u01b0a l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 n\u00e9t ng\u00f4ng ch\u01b0\u1edbng trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang, h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 c\u0169ng theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Th\u01a1 Ca v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh\u201d.[10]<\/b><\/a><\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea1t t\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3 th\u1ee7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 Huizinga gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch kh\u00e9p k\u00edn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng Th\u01a1 Ca hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn <\/i>ch\u00ednh tinh t\u00fay c\u1ee7a Th\u01a1 Ca trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a Th\u01a1 Ca : \u201cNh\u1eefng tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, gi\u1ea5u gi\u1ebfm \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf ra trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 tinh t\u00fay c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u1eady\u201d.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n 4. B\u00c0I TH\u01a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc H\u00f2a Lan c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Th\u01a1 Ca qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a : huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m,\u2026<\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y Th\u01a1 Ca, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, do nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0y v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ni\u00ean-\u0111\u1ea1i-h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh cho r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 Th\u01a1 Ca trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n 1\/ Th\u01a1 Ca, khi t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi v\u0103n xu\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh trong nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3, v\u0103n xu\u00f4i t\u1ecf ra h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed,\u2026<\/p>\n 2\/ Th\u01a1 Ca, t\u1eeb truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u chuy\u1ec3n sang ghi ch\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i bu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng ch\u1eaft chiu nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c g\u1ecdt gi\u0169a h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1eb7c d\u1ecb h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c ra m\u00e1y in, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u l\u1eafm r\u1ed3i s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc qu\u00e1 \u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00edt \u1ecfi, cho t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t trong vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft. L\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi n\u00f3i (truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u) b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n thanh, truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u0129a thu thanh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Th\u01a1 Ca d\u1ea7n chinh ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n 3\/ Cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t g\u1ea5p g\u00e1p v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p : \u201c Th\u01a1 Ca c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch trong t\u00fai c\u1ee7a v\u0103n xu\u00f4i, s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt), kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c hay nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t(\u2026)\u201d.<\/p>\n \u201c K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ( k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Rimbaud ), c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1-nhi\u00ean-t\u00ednh kh\u00e9p k\u00edn, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u1eabn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Th\u01a1 Ca t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ecfn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 v\u0103n xu\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed hay b\u1ecb ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf t\u1ef1 do \u201c[12]<\/a><\/p>\n Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n, kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m, \u00e2m thanh, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, t\u1eeb t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00e1m v\u00e0o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 n\u00edu k\u00e9o li\u00ean h\u1ed3i (<\/i>Athur Rimbaud, Lettre \u00e0 Izambard).<\/i><\/p>\n T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay ng\u1ea7m \u00fd ti\u1ebft gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1ch \u0103n n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, nh\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn cho t\u1eeb ng\u1eef b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m nh\u1eefng ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng; ch\u00fang t\u1ef1 th\u1eafp nh\u1eefng tia s\u00e1ng giao thoa nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1ng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd, thay cho nh\u1eefng h\u01a1i th\u1edf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1i th\u1edf c\u0169 hay chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u201c<\/i> (St\u00e9phane Mallarme) [13]<\/a><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e2y ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n g\u00e2y l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eefng-Ng\u01b0\u1eddi-C\u0169 v\u00e0 Nh\u1eefng-Ng\u01b0\u1eddi-M\u1edbi. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Roland Barthes g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u01a1 M\u1edbi.<\/p>\n Theo chung c\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, qu\u1ea3 Th\u01a1 Ca \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean , v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd c\u1edb c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. Cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1 n\u00e0o, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 chung s\u1ed1 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 uy l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Th\u01a1 Ca c\u00f3 v\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7u ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef\u2026<\/p>\n Th\u01a1 Ca kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m. N\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n \u2026 \u201cTh\u01a1 Ca, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu cho ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kinh l\u1ec5, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n b\u00e1ch khoa \u2026. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, Th\u01a1 Ca l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ti\u1ebft m\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y nay (c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i x\u00e3 lu\u1eadn, m\u1ee5c c\u00e1o t\u1ed1 <\/i>t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 m\u1ee5c l\u01b0\u1ee3m l\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y; <\/i>Anh h\u00f9ng ca t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y,\u2026). R\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u1ea5t b\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u00e1t trong Th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft g\u1eedi ch\u00fat l\u00f2ng \u01b0u \u00e1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u01a1 Ca\u201d.<\/p>\n V\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Th\u01a1 Ca \u2013 t\u1eeb Racine t\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o si\u00eau th\u1ef1c \u2013 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u1ea5t c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t cao h\u01a1n trong y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i Th\u01a1 Ca (y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 lo\u00e3ng nh\u1ea1t trong c\u00e1c th\u01a1 x\u01b0a c\u0169). B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u1eb1m gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n, nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau k\u1ec3 l\u1ec3 d\u00f4ng d\u00e0i, m\u1ecdi c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh r\u0103n d\u1ea1y lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 Tu-t\u1eeb-h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt k\u00fd \u1ee9c, Th\u01a1 Ca d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi Th\u01a1 Ca\u201d.<\/em>[14]<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n V\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft Th\u01a1 Ca cho ch\u00fang ta,<\/i> nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, XXI\u2026ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. V\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o khung x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf, ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Li\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Hom\u00e8re th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng kh\u00fac ca c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ra sao, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng Villon ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u01a1 \u00f4ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u01a1 Ronsard \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o,\u2026? Li\u1ec7u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec cho ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1n v\u1edbi Th\u01a1 Ca ? D\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c thu\u1edfng th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb9p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn r\u1ea5t s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y t\u1ecf t\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u1eafm khi, v\u00ec qu\u00e1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7t thi ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, khi\u1ebfn ta b\u1ecf s\u00f3t kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n chu\u1ed7i rung \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 b\u00e0i th\u01a1 t\u1ecfa ra.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Th\u01a1 Ca t\u1eeb th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n t\u1edbi nay, qua bao d\u00e2u b\u1ec3, bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n, h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb9p quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec trong s\u1eed l\u1ecbch. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ecdc Odyss\u00e9e<\/i> s\u1ebd nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e9t nh\u1ea1c c\u1ea3m h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Hom\u00e8re. M\u1ed7i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn ri\u00eang kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 Hom\u00e8re. V\u00e0 m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. Ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Nerval, c\u1ee7a Hugo. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta x\u00e2y quanh A.Rimbaud c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u201chuy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i\u201d. Mallarm\u00e9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebft bao l\u1eddi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i, bi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00ea say Th\u01a1 Ca th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u00ec, Hom\u00e8re, Nerval, Hugo, Rimbaud, Mallarm\u00e9,\u2026s\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, v\u00ec ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd tho\u1ea1t c\u00e1i, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0\u2026Th\u01a1 Ca.<\/p>\n \u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Roger Caillois t\u1eebng n\u00f3i : \u201cT\u00edn c\u1eady v\u00e0o Th\u01a1 Ca, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u00edn c\u1eady v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, chung nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa Hom\u00e8re v\u00e0 Mallarm\u00e9.\u201d<\/p>\n \u201cC\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n [1]<\/a> .Tr\u00e9sor de la Po\u00e9sie Universelle<\/i>, tr 517<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> .Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens<\/i>, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a C\u00e9cile Seresia, Paris Gallimard, tr 210<\/p>\n [3]<\/a> .Paul \u00c9luard, Les Sentiers et les Routes de la Po\u00e9sie<\/i>, Paris Gallimard, tr 70<\/p>\n [4]<\/a> .Les Sentiers et les Routes de la Poesie<\/i>, tr.62<\/p>\n [5]<\/a> .Jean Bacaumont, Les Comptines de la Langue Francaise,<\/i> Paris, Seghers, tr 8<\/p>\n [6]<\/a> .Tr\u00edch trong Bourbonnais, Jean Bacaumont, Les Comptines de langue Francaise, tr 100<\/p>\n [7]<\/a> .Brindilles, tr 4<\/p>\n [8]<\/a> .Brindilles, tr 4<\/p>\n [9]<\/a> .Brindilles, tr. 10<\/p>\n [10]<\/a> .Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens, tr 220<\/p>\n [11]<\/a> .S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n [12]<\/a> .Roland Barthes, Le Degr\u00e9 Z\u00e9ro de L\u2019\u00e9crtiure<\/i>, Paris Seuil, tr 63<\/p>\n [13]<\/a> .St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9, OEvres Compl\u00e8tes, Paris,Seuil, tr 366<\/p>\n
<\/i>Nh\u01b0 khi v\u00f2m tr\u1eddi m\u1edf toang
<\/i>Nh\u01b0 \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n quay nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 x\u01b0a
<\/i>Sau nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng n\u0103m b\u1ecb giam h\u00e3m. [1]<\/b><\/a><\/i><\/p>\n![\"JohanHuizinga\"](\"http:\/\/damau.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/JohanHuizinga_thumb1.jpg\" "\\"JohanHuizinga\\"")
<\/a><\/p>\n
<\/font><\/em><\/p>\n
Catedra nostra
Capitum nostrum
Carillonne<\/em>[6]<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n
N\u00f3 c\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafc n\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u1ed9p th\u1edf
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng
V\u1edbi ba m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u c\u00e2y n\u1ea1ng
L\u00e3o b\u00e1c s\u0129 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c n\u00f3
V\u00e0 l\u00e3o ta c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean ng\u1ed1 ngh\u1ec7ch
Nh\u01b0 m\u00e0y v\u1eady.<\/em>[7]<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 anh \u0111\u00e0o nh\u1ecf
B\u00ean b\u1edd m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i
V\u00e0 t\u00e8 xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/em>[8]<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n
L\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ra tr\u1eadn,
N\u00f3i v\u1edbi l\u0169 con r\u1eb1ng:
C\u00e1c con h\u00e3y coi s\u00f3c nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda
N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ai t\u1edbi,
H\u00e3y cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec
N\u1ebfu k\u1ebb tr\u1ed9m l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o
H\u00e3y c\u1eafm l\u01b0\u1ee1i dao v\u00e0o tim n\u00f3.
– \u1ed2 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u, M\u1eb9 \u01a1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf M\u1eb9 \u1ea1
V\u00ec Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb s\u1ebd tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t ch\u00fang ta <\/em>[9]<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n
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