{"id":37758,"date":"2015-07-23T01:07:00","date_gmt":"2015-07-23T01:07:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/?p=37758"},"modified":"2019-02-27T11:06:35","modified_gmt":"2019-02-27T11:06:35","slug":"thanh-viet-nghi-hoa-chuong-ii-cong-nhan-tay-son","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/37758\/thanh-viet-nghi-hoa-chuong-ii-cong-nhan-tay-son","title":{"rendered":"THANH VI\u1ec6T NGH\u1eca HÒA – CH\u01af\u01a0NG II: CÔNG NH\u1eacN TÂY S\u01a0N"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u1eea \u0110\u1ed0I \u0110\u1ea6U \u0110\u1ebeN \u0110\u1ed2NG THU\u1eacN<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ea0I VI\u1ec6T<\/font><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ngay t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi giao tranh vua Quang Trung \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n. Thay v\u00ec th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh T\u00e2y S\u01a1n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, li\u00ean quan kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng l\u1ee3i n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u, chi b\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang c\u00f3 th\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng phong m\u00e0 c\u1ea7u h\u00f2a th\u00ec s\u1ebd tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u1ed1n ph\u00ed v\u00e0 dai d\u1eb3ng. Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 [nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Quang B\u00ecnh] \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ecf ba c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn:<\/p>\n

– Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n vi\u1ec7c truy s\u00e1t ch\u1ec9 t\u1edbi b\u1edd ph\u00eda nam s\u00f4ng Nh\u1ecb d\u1eabu c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1ef7 qu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ti\u00eau hu\u1ef7 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i tr\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Thanh t\u1eeb Th\u0103ng Long \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch s\u1ebd l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng tuy\u1ebfn m\u1edbi sau khi r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi kinh \u0111\u00f4. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, qu\u00e2n Thanh \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng Nh\u0129 H\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u to\u00e0n m\u1ea1ng n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ghi nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c sau khi h\u1ecd th\u00e1o ch\u1ea1y.<\/sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

– Th\u1ee9 hai, Nguy\u1ec5n Quang B\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb s\u1eb5n nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n ngh\u1ecb ho\u00e0 ngay khi chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1eeba ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. V\u1eeba t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm Th\u0103ng Long, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean vua Quang Trung x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi gi\u1edbi s\u0129 phu ra c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00e2n tri\u1ec1u, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ngay c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1ea5y ng\u1ecdc l\u1ee5a thay g\u01b0\u01a1m gi\u00e1o, chuy\u1ec3n binh m\u00e3 th\u00e0nh g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 \u00e1o xi\u00eam<\/i>\u201d.<\/sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

– \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf ngo\u1ea1i giao, vua Quang Trung c\u0169ng t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan qu\u00e2n nh\u00e0 Thanh b\u1ecb b\u1eaft nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung sinh s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i. Theo l\u1eddi cung khai c\u1ee7a t\u00f9 h\u00e0ng binh khi v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i chu \u0111\u00e1o. N\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec7 l\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u bi\u1ec7n minh cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng can qua trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1edd h\u1ecbch khi\u00eau kh\u00edch c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n S\u0129 Ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n th\u01b0 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7u ho\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00fat tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

Trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n, nh\u00e0 Thanh \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0n ra m\u1ed9t v\u1edf k\u1ecbch l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb t\u1eeb xo\u00e1 \u0111i n\u1ed7i nh\u1ee5c b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh cao c\u1ea5p t\u1eed th\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1edf k\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eed gia Trung Hoa – c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c l\u1eabn \u0110\u00e0i Loan – v\u1eabn nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u1ea7u ho\u00e0 (m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng)<\/u> <\/b>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thanh tri\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u00ean ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i giao, c\u1ea7u h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi khi\u1ebfp nh\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

TRUNG HOA<\/font><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng Hai (n\u0103m K\u1ef7 D\u1eadu), Ph\u00fac Khang An c\u00f3 t\u00e2u l\u00ean nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u81e3\u6b64\u6642\u524d\u5f80\u3002\u81ea\u4ee5\u990a\u8ecd\u5a01\u3002\u5b58\u570b\u9ad4\u7232\u8981\u3002\u81f3\u962e\u60e0\u7b49\u805e\u5185\u5730\u56db\u8def\u6703\u52e6\u3002\u52e2\u5fc5\u7aae\u8e59\u6b3e\u95dc\u3002\u81e3\u5fc5\u4e0d\u80af\u8f15\u53d7\u5176\u8acb\u3002\u4fdf\u5176\u754f\u6975\u611f\u751f\u3002\u7136\u5f8c\u64da\u60c5\u9673\u594f\u3002<\/sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Th\u1ea7n th\u1eed th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n v\u00e3ng. T\u1ef1 d\u0129 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng qu\u00e2n uy, t\u1ed3n qu\u1ed1c th\u1ec3 vi y\u1ebfu. Ch\u00ed Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u0103n n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ee9 l\u1ed9 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ec5u. Th\u1ebf t\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng x\u00fac kho\u1ea3n quan. Th\u1ea7n t\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t kh\u1eb3ng khinh th\u1ee5 k\u1ef3 th\u1ec9nh. S\u0129 k\u1ef3 u\u00fd c\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m sinh, nhi\u00ean h\u1eadu c\u1ee9 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea7n t\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n

[\u2026] Th\u1ea7n l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i n\u1ea5ng qu\u00e2n uy, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn qu\u1ed1c th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng<\/b>. C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 b\u1ecdn Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7<\/i> nghe tin n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ed1n m\u1eb7t c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1nh,<\/i>[4]<\/a> th\u1ebf \u1eaft s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i ph\u1ea3i g\u00f5 c\u1eeda quan <\/i>[c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n]. Th\u1ea7n l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi s\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 ho\u00e1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00fac \u1ea5y c\u1ee9 theo t\u00ecnh m\u00e0 t\u00e2u l\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng\u2026<\/i><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y T\u00e2n T\u1ecb (24 th\u00e1ng Ba) tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Thanh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5u th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00fac Khang An tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn Nam Quan c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n nguy\u00ean v\u0103n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u2026\u81e3\u884c\u81f3\u5ee3\u897f\u8cb4\u7e23\u5730\u65b9\u63a5\u6388\u7763\u7bc6\u4e00\u8def\u5bc6\u5bdf\u5b89\u5357\u52d5\u975c\u3002\u4e26\u4ee5\u60c5\u4e8b\u63a8\u4e4b\u9ece\u7dad\u7941\u68c4\u5370\u6f5b\u9003\u7adf\u4fc2\u4e00\u7ae5\u9a03\u660f\u8c4e\u3002\u4e0d\u8db3\u6190\u60dc\u3002\u5176\u570b\u4e2d\u4ea6\u4e26\u7121\u611b\u6234\u6545\u4e3b\u8005\u3002\u962e\u60e0\u65e3\u6b32\u865f\u53ec\u570b\u4eba\u3002\u81ea\u5fc5\u4ef0\u85c9\u5929\u671d\u8072\u52e2\u3002\u5176\u754f\u61fc\u9707\u61fe\u3002\u4f3c\u975e\u865b\u5047\u3002\u60df\u66fe\u6297\u6211\u984f\u884c\u3002\u6b64\u6642\u672a\u4fbf\u907d\u7567\u8de1\u539f\u5fc3\u3002\u81e3\u5230\u95dc\u5f8c\u3002\u7576\u65bc\u62d2\u7d55\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u4e88\u4ee5\u8f49\u65cb\u4e4b\u8def\u3002\u7e3d\u9808\u5be9\u613c\u9684\u9632\u3002\u4e00\u6709\u628a\u63e1\u3002\u5373\u7576\u99b3\u594f\u8acb\u65e8\u3002<\/sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u2026Th\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ed Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y Qu\u00ed huy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1c tri\u1ec7n, nh\u1ea5t l\u1ed9 m\u1eadt s\u00e1t An Nam \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u0129nh. T\u1ecbnh d\u0129 t\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 suy chi, L\u00ea Duy K\u1ef3 kh\u00ed \u1ea5n ti\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e0o c\u00e1nh h\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u00e3i h\u00f4n th\u1ee5. B\u1ea5t t\u00fac l\u00e2n t\u00edch. K\u1ef3 qu\u1ed1c trung di\u1ec7c t\u1ecbnh v\u00f4 \u00e1i \u0111\u00e1i c\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 gi\u1ea3. Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 k\u00fd d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7u tri\u1ec7u qu\u1ed1c nh\u00e2n. T\u1ef1 t\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ecbch thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u thanh th\u1ebf. K\u1ef3 \u00fay c\u1ee5 ch\u1ea5n nhi\u1ebfp, t\u1ef1 phi h\u01b0 gi\u1ea3. Duy t\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1ng ng\u00e3 nhan h\u00e0nh, th\u1eed th\u1eddi v\u1ecb ti\u1ec7n c\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch nguy\u00ean t\u00e2m. Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1o quan h\u1eadu, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0 c\u01b0 tuy\u1ec7t chi trung, d\u01b0 d\u0129 chuy\u1ec3n to\u00e0n chi l\u1ed9. T\u1ed5ng tu th\u1ea9m th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng, nh\u1ea5t h\u1eefu b\u1ea3 \u00e1c, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ec t\u1ea5u th\u1ec9nh ch\u1ec9.<\/p>\n

\u2026 Th\u1ea7n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn huy\u1ec7n Qu\u00ed thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y nh\u1eadn tri\u1ec7n t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c, tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng An Nam<\/i> \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u0129nh ra sao. C\u1ee9 theo s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn \u0111o\u00e1n, L\u00ea Duy K\u1ef3<\/i> b\u1ecf \u1ea5n ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n, h\u1eb3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb u m\u00ea, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t. Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 c\u0169. <\/i>[C\u00f2n nh\u01b0] Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7<\/i> mu\u1ed1n k\u00eau g\u1ecdi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i tr\u00f4ng v\u00e0o danh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u, <\/i>[cho n\u00ean] vi\u1ec7c s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i kh\u00e9p n\u00e9p h\u1eb3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i ta, l\u00fac n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a ti\u1ec7n b\u1ecf qua b\u1ee5ng d\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean \u1ee7y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn <\/i>[Nam] quan r\u1ed3i, trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng s\u1ebd cho y m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp quay \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i. N\u00f3i chung th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng th\u1eadt c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, m\u1ed9t khi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec m\u1edbi, th\u1ea7n s\u1ebd l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c t\u00e2u l\u00ean ngay \u0111\u1ec3 xin ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb.<\/i><\/p>\n

Ph\u00fac Khang An \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u trong th\u00e2m t\u00e2m vua C\u00e0n Long mong m\u1ecfi nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00f3i ra v\u00ec th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00ec thi\u00ean t\u1eed. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf r\u01a1i L\u00ea Duy K\u1ef3<\/u> \u0111\u1ec3 xoay sang m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n.<\/u> Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y khi h\u01b0ng binh ti\u1ebfn sang n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, nh\u00e0 Thanh n\u00eau cao nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u201ch\u01b0ng di\u1ec7t k\u1ebf tuy\u1ec7t<\/i>\u201d b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u00eau b\u00e0i s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i th\u00ec nay l\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1t ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m qua m\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed v\u1eadn nh\u00e0 L\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft, L\u00ea Duy K\u1ef3 h\u00f4n \u00e1m v\u00f4 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 quay sang c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u, b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n, c\u01b0\u1edbp n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u201cchuy\u1ec3n to\u00e0n chi l\u1ed9<\/i>\u201d [\u8f49\u65cb\u4e4b\u8def] nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi t\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Ph\u00fac Khang An \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tri\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1p l\u1ef1c, m\u1ed7i l\u00fac m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, khi b\u00ean n\u00e0y, l\u00fac b\u00ean kia \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

C\u00c1C BI\u1ec6N PH\u00c1P R\u1eecA M\u1eb6T<\/font><\/p>\n

Khi Ph\u00fac Khang An sang l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Qu\u1ea3ng, \u00f4ng ta l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1ed1n s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u1ec3 xem \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u. V\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng th\u0103m d\u00f2, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ai nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ngo\u1ea1i giao m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. <\/b><\/p>\n

X\u1eed t\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e0 Thanh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho qua vi\u1ec7c Nguy\u1ec5n Quang B\u00ecnh khai r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111em qu\u00e2n ra ch\u1ec9 c\u1ed1t nh\u1edd thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n x\u1eed ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi L\u00ea Duy K\u1ef3 nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00f3 tay ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ebft n\u00ean \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh c\u1ee7a \u201cthi\u00ean binh<\/i>\u201d (qu\u00e2n thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u). Nh\u00e0 Thanh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i x\u1eed t\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1ea5t tr\u00e1i kho\u00e1y v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean c\u00f9ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i n\u00ean Ph\u00fac Khang An ch\u1ec9 ch\u1edd n\u01b0\u1edbc ta th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 x\u1eed ph\u1ea1t r\u1ed3i th\u00ec li\u1ec1n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ebd g\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean kh\u00f4ng truy c\u1ee9u th\u00eam n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

L\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed tr\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 Thanh c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd, xu\u00e2n thu c\u00fang t\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee9 g\u00ec m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh n\u0103m K\u1ef7 D\u1eadu m\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n, vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd nh\u1eefng oan h\u1ed3n v\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00fang t\u1ebf th\u1eadp lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fang sinh v\u1ed1n d\u0129 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam n\u00ean tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh T\u00e2y S\u01a1n th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i. Th\u00e0nh L\u00e2m khi sang Th\u0103ng Long c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quan l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ebf \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd t\u00e2n t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y. Hai vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ef1c ra kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 Ph\u00fac Khang An t\u00e2u l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Thanh tri\u1ec1u. <\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t <\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng Hai n\u0103m K\u1ef7 D\u1eadu, vua C\u00e0n Long g\u1eedi th\u01b0 cho Ph\u00fac Khang An b\u1eaft n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111em c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 m\u1ecf \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi d\u00e2ng cho nh\u00e0 Thanh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1 t\u1ed9i th\u00ec m\u1edbi ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn cho \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng. Ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng Hai, qu\u00e2n c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 Thanh l\u1ea1i tra trong \u0110\u1ea1i Thanh Nh\u1ea5t Th\u1ed1ng Ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 truy t\u00ecm th\u00eam nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y vua Ung Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho n\u01b0\u1edbc ta [m\u00e0 h\u1ecd n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u201cban cho<\/i>\u201d], bao g\u1ed3m 40 d\u1eb7m l\u1ea5y s\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed5 Ch\u00fa [\u8ced\u5492] l\u00e0m ranh gi\u1edbi. V\u0103n th\u01b0 n\u00e0y nh\u00e0 Thanh g\u1eedi cho Ph\u00fac Khang An theo l\u1ed1i ho\u1ea3 t\u1ed1c [600 d\u1eb7m m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y] c\u00f3 \u00fd d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00e1p l\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn t\u1edd bi\u1ec3u \u201cth\u00e2u th\u00e0nh<\/i>\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta.<\/sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/u><\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea Gia T\u00f4ng, V\u0169 C\u00f4ng Tu\u1ea5n l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n \u1edf Tuy\u00ean Quang b\u1ecb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u1ea1y sang T\u00e0u, \u0111em ba ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta (V\u1ecb Xuy\u00ean, B\u1ea3o L\u1ea1c, Thu\u1ef7 V\u0129) xin s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u1ec9nh V\u00e2n Nam \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edd nh\u00e0 Thanh che ch\u1edf, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed3ng T\u1ee5 Long thu\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u V\u1ecb Xuy\u00ean. N\u01b0\u1edbc ta nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f2i l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng Thanh tri\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u1ea3. \u00d0\u1ebfn n\u0103m M\u1eadu Th\u00e2n (1728, Ung Ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9 6, B\u1ea3o Th\u00e1i th\u1ee9 9 \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea D\u1ee5 T\u00f4ng) sau khi qu\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1nh lui \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n V\u00e2n \u2013 Qu\u00ed tr\u00e0n qua, vua Ung Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i 40 d\u1eb7m cho \u00d0\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t.<\/sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

N\u0103m C\u00e0n Long 34 (K\u1ef7 S\u1eedu, 1769), th\u1ed5 m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng C\u00f4ng To\u1ea3n theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng M\u00e3nh T\u00edch (\u731b\u814a) ch\u1ea1y qua V\u00e2n Nam \u0111em d\u00e2ng cho nh\u00e0 Thanh 7 ch\u00e2u Tung L\u0103ng, L\u1ec5 Tuy\u1ec1n, Ho\u00e0ng Nham, Tuy Ph\u1ee5, H\u1ee3p Ph\u00ec, Lai Ch\u00e2u, Khi\u00eam Ch\u00e2u.<\/i>[8]<\/a> Vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y n\u01b0\u1edbc ta nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f2i l\u1ea1i (t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea sang \u0111\u1eddi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, r\u1ed3i c\u1ea3 tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Trong khi \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n, nh\u00e0 Thanh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t 40 d\u1eb7m vua Ung Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ta k\u00e8m th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ecf s\u00e1t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi V\u00e2n Nam nh\u01b0ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh T\u00e2y S\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

C\u1ed1ng voi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0a sang Trung Hoa \u0111\u1eddi Thanh, n\u01b0\u1edbc ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1ng voi. Voi \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1ee1ng [tu\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng – \u99b4\u8c61] ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Ch\u01b0\u1edfng, Xi\u00eam La hay Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng. Khi \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1ng voi, nh\u00e0 Thanh mu\u1ed1n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 Nam Ch\u01b0\u1edfng [t\u1ee9c Ai Lao] nh\u1eb1m h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p coi nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c man m\u1ecdi v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ecb uy c\u1ee7a Ph\u00fac Khang An. <\/p>\n

Sau khi ti\u1ebfp ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu Tr\u00f9, h\u1ecd Ph\u00fac th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc ta mu\u1ed1n \u201c\u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh<\/i>\u201d ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1ng voi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n vua Quang Trung l\u00ean c\u1eeda quan t\u1ea1 t\u1ed9i. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh T\u00e2y S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1ea5t nh\u0169n nh\u1eb7n nh\u01b0ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\n

C\u00e0n Long<\/i> n\u0103m th\u1ee9 54 <\/i>[K\u1ef7 D\u1eadu, 1789], ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng T\u01b0<\/i><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp ki\u1ebfn b\u1ed3i th\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4i l\u00e0 V\u0169 Huy T\u1ea5n<\/i> t\u1eeb c\u1eeda quan tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh <\/i>[kinh \u0111\u00f4 Th\u0103ng Long] thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi d\u1ee5 t\u1eadn m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u00e2n c\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i k\u1ebb h\u00e8n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn Nam Quan \u0111\u1ec3 y\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn Ph\u00fac c\u00f4ng gia, hai l\u00e0 th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c b\u1ed1n con voi, ho\u1eb7c hai con, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i voi \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1eadn m\u00e0 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i voi \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng.<\/i><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e0m l\u00e0 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u th\u1ed1ng ng\u1ef1 \u1edf n\u00fai s\u00f4ng c\u00e1c n\u01a1i, h\u1eb9n n\u01a1i m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ki\u1ebfn \u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u1ec5, l\u1ea5y h\u1ebft s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt \u0111em t\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 v\u1eady. Hai \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u00e0i d\u1ee5 xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 l\u1ebd \u1ea5y, qu\u1ea3 v\u00ec h\u1ea1 qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 \u00e2n c\u00f4ng chu to\u00e0n n\u00ean mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh l\u1eabn v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u \u1ed5n tho\u1ea3, nghi l\u1ec5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u xong \u0111\u1ec3 xin m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i th\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf hi\u1ebfn t\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n, k\u1ebb h\u00e8n n\u00e0y qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m c\u00f3 \u00fd g\u00ec kh\u00e1c.<\/i><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4i v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, binh l\u00ednh d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i, t\u1eeb c\u1eeda quan \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00fai xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m, s\u00e1u ng\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00f4ng Ph\u00fa L\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/i>[t\u1ee9c Nh\u0129 H\u00e0]. Sau khi binh l\u1eeda r\u1ed3i n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i r\u1eadm r\u1ea1p, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111i l\u00ean c\u1eeda quan, \u1eaft ph\u1ea3i \u0111em theo nhi\u1ec1u binh s\u0129 h\u1ed9 v\u1ec7, ph\u00e1 n\u00fai khai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, g\u1eb7p khe b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u s\u1ee9c d\u00e2n r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 hao t\u1ed1n, l\u1ea1i th\u00eam tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i vi\u1ec7c cung \u1ee9ng c\u0169ng th\u1eadt phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c. Do k\u1ebb h\u00e8n n\u00e0y xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2n phong m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u1eb7n l\u1ed9i s\u01a1n kh\u00ea, ph\u00ed ph\u1ea1m t\u00e0i l\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, trong l\u00f2ng qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u00e1y n\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng y\u00ean, \u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u0169ng n\u00ean ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ea1 qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ec7t nh\u1ecdc.<\/i><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n vi\u1ec7c g\u00f5 c\u1eeda quan \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c th\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 sai ch\u00e1u ru\u1ed9t l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Hi\u1ec3n<\/i> thay t\u00f4i m\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 \u0111em bi\u1ec3u nh\u1eadp c\u1eadn r\u1ed3i. \u0110\u1ebfn t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng cung thu\u1eadn, h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c tha thi\u1ebft ch\u00ed th\u00e0nh, tuy k\u1ebb h\u00e8n nay ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec ch\u00e1u t\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thay m\u1eb7t m\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5y th\u00f4i ch\u1ee9 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n l\u1eefa.<\/i><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i phu b\u1ecf qua cho, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng ch\u00ed th\u00e0nh h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf nh\u01b0 tr\u1eddi, tuy c\u00e1ch xa v\u1ea1n d\u1eb7m m\u00e0 uy nhan th\u1ef1c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 gang t\u1ea5c. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00fac c\u00f4ng gia m\u00e0 chi\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ea7y d\u1ef1ng cho b\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e2m ra thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec7n c\u0169, \u1ea5y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u1edf t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng ch\u00ed th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n m\u00e0 th\u00e1c ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/i><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 voi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1eadn th\u00ec ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 voi \u0111\u00e3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n r\u1ed3i, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam, mong \u00e2n c\u00f4ng v\u00ec k\u1ebb h\u00e8n n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ng\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t, sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed9i th\u00ec d\u1eabu c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdc d\u1ea1 quang, v\u1ea3i t\u1ecb ho\u1ea3 t\u00f4i c\u0169ng t\u00ecm cho b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2ng l\u00ean.<\/i><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 voi \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, Nam Ch\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec l\u1ebd n\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hay sao? C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1edf b\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u voi \u1edf v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai t\u00e2y nam, c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng man Lao<\/i>,<\/i> Ph\u00e0m<\/i>,<\/i> Cao<\/i>,<\/i> H\u1ee3p c\u00f3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng thu d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecfi mua \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00e0y.<\/i><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb khi binh l\u1eeda c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u1ea5y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng y\u00ean, nh\u1eefng con voi t\u00f4i d\u00f9ng trong chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 voi trong c\u00e1c chu\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Tr\u1ecbnh, h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, t\u00ednh ra c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u1eefng con voi \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh d\u1eef t\u1ee3n, b\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ec9nh, ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi man, bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng b\u00f9a ch\u00fa v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ed1 voi \u0111\u00f3 nay \u0111\u00e3 xua v\u00e0o tr\u1ea5n gi\u1eef bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf ch\u01b0 man.<\/i><\/p>\n

K\u1ebb h\u00e8n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em b\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ph\u00ean d\u1eadu c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u r\u1ed3i th\u00ec nh\u1eefng con voi d\u00f9ng trong vi\u1ec7c binh tuy \u1edf h\u1ea1 qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c g\u00ec \u1edf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c. C\u00f2n tu\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng voi kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ecfi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi man d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c trong n\u00fai nh\u01b0 H\u1ea1t X\u00e0 Ki\u1ec1u, H\u1ea1t X\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3ng, Chi\u00eau Pha Mang, L\u1ed9c Qu\u1ea7n c\u00e1c t\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eabn nhau.<\/i><\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c nay m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng, vi\u1ec7c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n \u0111ang tr\u00f9 t\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00e1c n\u01a1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o uy linh thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u, s\u1ebd t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c x\u1ee9 man khi \u0111\u00f3 sai s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eaft h\u1ecd v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n ph\u00e9p, khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c voi \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn hi\u1ebfn l\u00ean.<\/i><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh tr\u00e8o non v\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00fai \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed7ng th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng s\u01a1n man m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y, cho n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c voi thu\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/i><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n nh\u1ee5c qu\u1ebf \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u, t\u1eeb khi b\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c, c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 tr\u1ed3ng qu\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u0103m lo n\u00ean d\u00f9 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee9c xu\u1ed1ng cho c\u00e1c tr\u1ea5n m\u1ee5c, h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm trong n\u00fai lo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng th\u00e1ng nhu\u1eadn h\u1ea1 th\u00ec ch\u1eafc c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i c\u00e2n s\u1ebd k\u00ednh c\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean th\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf t\u1ea5c l\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh.<\/i><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1i hi\u1ec1n h\u1ecd M\u1ea1nh <\/i>[t\u1ee9c M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed] c\u00f3 v\u00ed c\u1eafp n\u00fai m\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y qua bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m. M\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ebb h\u00e8n n\u00e0y tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 \u00e2n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ed bao t\u00e2m s\u1ee9c gi\u00fap l\u1ea1i, qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p s\u01a1n si\u00eau h\u1ea3i chi s\u1ef1 v\u1eady khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00f4i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c s\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u0111em h\u1ebft t\u00ecnh ghi kh\u1eafc trong ph\u1ebf ph\u1ee7, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nghi ng\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u00e0i xem x\u00e9t.<\/i><\/p>\n

Tr\u00f4ng l\u00ean sao \u0110\u1ea9u, sao Khu\u00ea, \u0111\u1ed1t h\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1 b\u00fat mong ng\u00e0i tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ec th\u1eadt may m\u1eafn.<\/i><\/sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

C\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0ng
<\/strong>
<\/font>Trong vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n tr\u1ea5n ng\u1ef1 bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng, Ph\u00fac Khang An l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u201cd\u01b0\u1ee1ng qu\u00e2n uy, t\u1ed3n qu\u1ed1c th\u1ec3<\/i>\u201d m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e2u l\u00ean vua C\u00e0n Long nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. <\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, h\u1ecd Ph\u00fac minh \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m An Nam qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nguy\u1ec5n Quang B\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 nghi m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 vua Quang Trung m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u01b0ng \u201cth\u1ea7n<\/i>\u201d c\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 x\u01b0ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ec3u phi\u00ean<\/i>\u201d [ph\u00ean d\u1eadu nh\u1ecf], \u201cti\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c<\/i>\u201d [\u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ee5c nh\u1ecf], \u201cb\u1ed9c<\/i>\u201d [k\u1ebb h\u00e8n] hay \u201cAn Nam qu\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ee5c<\/i>\u201d [\u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a An Nam]. Nh\u00e0 Thanh c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u201cqu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i>\u201d m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cqu\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/i>\u201d.<\/sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a> Khi ch\u01b0a ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn, nh\u00e0 Thanh c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi t\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u201cNguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7\u201d nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ecd chuy\u1ec3n sang g\u1ecdi t\u00ean \u00f4ng trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n th\u01b0 [c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd] l\u00e0 \u201cNguy\u1ec5n Quang B\u00ecnh\u201d. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, vua Quang Trung lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n x\u01b0ng t\u00ean m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Quang B\u00ecnh cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u1ea7u h\u00f2a v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Thanh \u00f4ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean nh\u01b0 s\u1eed tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n ch\u00e9p.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Thanh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng An Nam ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n l\u00ean kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban ph\u00e1t danh hi\u1ec7u. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi Nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi Minh nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 xa x\u00f4i l\u1ea1i e ng\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Trung Hoa kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt l\u00f2ng n\u00ean vua n\u01b0\u1edbc ta th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tho\u00e1i th\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp sang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 thay m\u1eb7t [\u0111\u1ea1i th\u00e2n kim nh\u00e2n]. C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 binh c\u00e1ch, n\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1n m\u1ea1ng cho t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft [tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Li\u1ec5u Th\u0103ng \u0111\u1eddi Minh], v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c th\u1ebf v\u00e0o. Ph\u00fac Khang An c\u0169ng chi\u1ebfu l\u1ec7 c\u0169 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0ng n\u1ebfu qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n sang Y\u00ean Kinh.<\/sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Qui lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau c\u0169ng nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh v\u00f2i v\u0129nh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 n\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5m b\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3. \u0110\u1ebfn khi M\u1ea1c \u0110\u0103ng Dung c\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0ng \u0111\u00fac h\u00ecnh c\u1ed5 bu\u1ed9c d\u00e2y, m\u1eb7t c\u00fai xu\u1ed1ng th\u00ec s\u0129 phu \u0111\u1ec1u coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i nh\u1ee5c kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 g\u1ed9t r\u1eeda. T\u1ec7 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, h\u1ecd M\u1ea1c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong An Nam \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c quan t\u00f2ng nh\u1ecb ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 An Nam qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec Nh\u1eadm thay m\u1eb7t vua Quang Trung \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1ea5t \u0111anh th\u00e9p v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean do vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0ng[13]<\/a> n\u00ean Ph\u00fac Khang An \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ed m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p trung gian l\u00e0 c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay m\u1eb7t sang Trung Hoa. Vua Quang Trung thu\u1eadn theo \u00fd \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng \u201ctuy \u0111\u1ea1i do th\u00e2n<\/i>\u201d [tuy thay m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh] \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n \u0111em t\u1edd bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea7u phong sang kinh \u0111\u00f4.<\/p>\n

Nghe tin \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u00fac Khang An v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a quan l\u1ea1i \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c l\u1edbn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi Trung Hoa cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII. <\/p>\n

\n

[1]<\/a> Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Thanh, s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh \u0111i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00fai c\u00f2n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 binh l\u00ednh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eed tr\u1eadn. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta suy lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Th\u0103ng Long, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea3i ph\u1ec9 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 d\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3ng Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba H\u1ed9i sau khi th\u1ea5t tr\u1eadn \u1edf \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 thu nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 phong t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u01a1i t\u1ed3n tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Thanh. S\u1eed tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n c\u00f3 ch\u00e9p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Tuy\u1ebft c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n thu\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o s\u00f4ng L\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ea7u. C\u0169ng \u00f4ng n\u00e0y, khi nh\u00e0 T\u00e2y S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 huy ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u1eddi Gia Long. Xem Qu\u1ed1c S\u1eed Di Bi\u00ean<\/i> (1973) tr. 206, 211.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> \u4ee5\u5e1b\u7389\u4ee3\u5e72\u6208\uff0c\u8f49\u5175\u99ac\u7232\u8863\u88f3\u4e4b\u6703 (d\u0129 b\u1ea1ch ng\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i can qua, chuy\u1ec3n binh m\u00e3 vi y th\u01b0\u1eddng chi h\u1ed9i) LT<\/i> q. XXX \u201cNgu\u1ef5 T\u00e2y: Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Hu\u1ec7\u201d tr. 36<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> TTL<\/i>, q. 1323, tr. 913.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Nh\u00e0 Thanh phao r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111em hai c\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 V\u00e2n Nam, Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 hai c\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Kh\u00e2m Ch\u00e2u (Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng) \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 t\u1eeb Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfn xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> TTL<\/i>, q. 1325, tr. 942-3. T\u1ee5c Tu T\u1ee9 Kh\u1ed1 To\u00e0n Th\u01b0, \u0110\u00f4ng Hoa T\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c<\/i>, C\u00e0n Long 109 tr. 147<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Trang C\u00e1t Ph\u00e1t, TTVC<\/i> (1982) tr. 387<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Qu\u1ed1c S\u1eed Qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n, \u00d0\u1ea1i Nam Nh\u1ea5t Th\u1ed1ng Ch\u00ed<\/i>, Ph\u1ea1m Tr\u1ecdng \u00d0i\u1ec1m d\u1ecbch (Hu\u1ebf: nxb Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1, 1997) t\u1eadp 4 tr. 334-5<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Trung Qu\u1ed1c X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i Khoa H\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch S\u1eed Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u S\u1edf, C\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ea1i Trung Vi\u1ec7t Quan H\u1ec7 S\u1eed T\u01b0 Li\u1ec7u Tuy\u1ec3n Bi\u00ean<\/i> (1982) tr. 566<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Xem th\u00eam \u201c\u0110\u00f2i \u0110\u1ea5t B\u1ea3y Ch\u00e2u H\u01b0ng Ho\u00e1\u201d bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o NDC.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a>\u4e7e\u9686\u4e94\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff0c\u56db\u6708\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u65e5<\/p>\n

\u63a5\u898b\u672c\u570b\u966a\u81e3\u6b66\u8f1d\u7468\u81ea\u95dc\u4e0a\u56de\u5230\u570b\u57ce\uff0c\u5177\u8ff0\u6069\u516c\u9762\u8aed\u3002\u4e00\u5247\u8981\u50d5\u8d74\u95dc\u3002\u8b01\u898b\u798f\u516c\u723a\u3002\u4e8c\u98ed\u4ee4\u672c\u570b\u8ca2\u7269\uff0c\u9808\u6dfb\u8c61\u56db\u96bb\uff0c\u6216\u5169\u96bb\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u6253\u4ed7\u4e4b\u8c61\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u99b4\u512a\u4e4b\u8c61\u3002\u4ee5\u5099\u9032\u5949\u3002<\/p>\n

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q. VI, s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u A 15.6 VHN-HN (b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch NDC)<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Vi\u1ec7c chi li v\u1edbi danh x\u01b0ng c\u0169ng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Thanh tri\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y vua Ung Ch\u00ednh t\u1eebng khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch c\u00e1c quan ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n x\u01b0ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u201cn\u00f4 t\u00e0i<\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 ch\u1eef ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng cho \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n g\u1ed1c M\u00e3n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> D\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o, vi\u1ec7c \u0111em ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0ng sang c\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh l\u00e0m b\u1ec9 m\u1eb7t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc ta nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f2i M\u1ea1c \u0110\u0103ng Dung ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0ng c\u00fai m\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 d\u00e2y bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u1ed5 m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y nh\u00e0 L\u00ea ph\u1ea3i tranh bi\u1ec7n m\u00e3i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0ng nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Nh\u00e0 Minh c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1ng c\u1ea5p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u01b0\u1edbc ta xu\u1ed1ng An Nam \u0110\u00f4 Th\u1ed1ng S\u1ee9, ng\u1ea1ch t\u00f2ng nh\u1ecb ph\u1ea9m hi\u1ec3u ng\u1ea7m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh vi\u1ec5n th\u00fa. Tuy th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, hai tri\u1ec1u L\u00ea M\u1ea1c v\u1eabn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi Trung Hoa nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd, vi\u1ec7c l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i nh\u1ee5c kh\u00f3 qu\u00ean.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> BGHT, Bi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i N\u1ea1p Kim Nh\u00e2n (\u8fa8\u4ee3\u7d0d\u91d1\u4eba).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec Nh\u1eadm thay m\u1eb7t vua Quang Trung \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1ea5t \u0111anh th\u00e9p v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean do [t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i] vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0ng n\u00ean Ph\u00fac Khang An \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ed m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p trung gian l\u00e0 c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay m\u1eb7t vua sang Trung Hoa. Vua Quang Trung thu\u1eadn theo \u00fd \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tuy thay m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh ….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":669,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,152,153,181,177],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37758","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-hoc-thuat","category-lich-su","category-tu-lieu","category-van-hoa"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37758","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/669"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=37758"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37758\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37797,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37758\/revisions\/37797"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=37758"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=37758"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=37758"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}