{"id":37716,"date":"2015-07-20T00:30:00","date_gmt":"2015-07-20T00:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/?p=37716"},"modified":"2019-03-04T22:06:43","modified_gmt":"2019-03-04T22:06:43","slug":"wallace-stevens-muoi-ba-cach-ngam-con-chim-sao-den","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/37716\/wallace-stevens-muoi-ba-cach-ngam-con-chim-sao-den","title":{"rendered":"WALLACE STEVENS: M\u01af\u1edcI BA CÁCH NG\u1eaeM CON CHIM SÁO \u0110EN"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Trong Lo\u1ea1t B\u00e0i Th\u01a1 C\u1ea7n Thi\u1ebft Cho Ai<\/em>)<\/p>\n

\"13<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

Wallace Stevens t\u1ecf ra \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t y\u00eau th\u00edch s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec7p trong th\u01a1. Ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1ebb quy\u1ebfn luy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ch\u1eef, s\u1ef1 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u, ch\u1ea5t ng\u00e2n vang. M\u01b0\u1eddi ba c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafm l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi ba \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00fac, m\u01b0\u1eddi ba suy nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u0169ng m\u01b0\u1eddi ba h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1eefa<\/i> hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u00fai tuy\u1ebft<\/i> <\/i>
<\/i>Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebft chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng <\/i>
<\/i>M\u1eaft c\u1ee7a chim s\u00e1o \u0111en<\/i><\/p>\n

(1)<\/p>\n

\"wallace-stevens\"<\/a>Ch\u00e2n dung Wallace Stevens <\/font><\/p>\n

Sinh n\u0103m 1879, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1955, Stevens s\u1ed1ng qua hai cu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0m rung chuy\u1ec3n tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Tuy v\u1eady d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1edbn lao n\u00e0o tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1ea7m m\u1eb7c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Sinh th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 hay th\u01b0 t\u1eeb v\u1edbi b\u00e8 b\u1ea1n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a di chuy\u1ec3n, ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, s\u1ed1ng k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd. Th\u01a1 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ng\u1eafn \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef bi\u1ebfn \u1ea3o nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1eadn, xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t qua b\u1eb1ng l\u1ed1i nh\u00ecn b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u1edf New York t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p Stevens l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u trong ti\u1ec7m s\u00e1ch c\u0169 Strand n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. \u0110\u1ecdc \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng l\u1eafm nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u01a1i l\u1ea1, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi. T\u00f4i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u01a1 \u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, n\u0103m n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m l\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i th\u01a1, nhi\u1ec1u khi kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u th\u01a1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng bu\u00f4ng ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. <\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi William Carlos Williams, v\u00e0 Mariane Moore, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 th\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169, ng\u00e0y ra \u0111i t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9i hai c\u00e1i<\/i> m\u0169 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i>, v\u00e0 Ezra Pound c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n suy t\u00e0n, anh mu\u1ed1n tro t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a anh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a em tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn v\u00e0o nhau<\/i>, v\u00e0 T.S. Eliot, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00eam l\u00ean s\u00e1ng xu\u1ed1ng chi\u1ec1u t\u00e0n t\u00f4i \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i b\u1eb1ng mu\u1ed7ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea nh\u1ecf<\/i>, \u00f4ng v\u1ea1ch nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n th\u01a1 ca Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c xung l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, th\u01a1 Stevens v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n rung \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m thanh khi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. <\/p>\n

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C\u0103n Nh\u00e0 V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng V\u00e0 Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi An B\u00ecnh<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

C\u0103n nh\u00e0 v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi an b\u00ecnh.
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u00eam h\u00e8
Gi\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch.<\/i><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

C\u0103n nh\u00e0 v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi an b\u00ecnh
Ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i vang l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft
Ngo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc nghi\u00eang m\u00ecnh b\u00ean trang gi\u1ea5y
Nghi\u00eang m\u00ecnh xu\u1ed1ng m\u00e3i, mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh
K\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n, b\u1edfi cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt v\u1edbi anh:
\u0110\u00eam m\u00f9a h\u00e8 <\/i>th\u00e0nh n\u1ebbo v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u00fd <\/i><\/i><\/i><\/i><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

C\u0103n nh\u00e0 v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng b\u1edfi n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf
S\u1ef1 v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng kia m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u00fd ngh\u0129a, ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n
L\u1ed1i \u0111i to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o d\u1eabn d\u1ea7n v\u00e0o trang s\u00e1ch <\/p>\n

V\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ecnh an. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi r\u1ea5t an b\u00ecnh
Trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh
L\u00e0m n\u00ean an b\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a h\u00e8, \u0111\u00eam, l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc nghi\u00eang m\u00ecnh c\u00e0ng khuya, \u0111\u1ecdc n\u01a1i n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ecdc mu\u1ed9n n\u01a1i kia.<\/i><\/i><\/i><\/i><\/i><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

(2)<\/p>\n

M\u00f9a h\u00e8 b\u00ed \u1ea9n. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong su\u1ed1t. <\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 d\u00e2y t\u01a1
B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1edd s\u1ebd tan<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

(Xu\u00e2n Di\u1ec7u)<\/p>\n

Khi nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng tin, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c hay hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 tinh th\u1ea7n thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd, th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qu\u00ean. B\u00e0i th\u01a1 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 ph\u00fat b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch, v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd. B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Stevens l\u00e0, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat k\u1ef3 \u1ea3o khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t m\u00ecnh trong s\u00e1ch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bao quanh v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi do cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o n\u00ean, n\u0103m t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 hay nh\u1ea5t vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m vui \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a trang s\u00e1ch c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00eam h\u00e8. S\u1ef1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c \u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ecdc \u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u1ea5y, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n.<\/p>\n

Sau nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed7 v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea tan n\u00e1t v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n, ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t tan n\u00e1t, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb l\u1edbn l\u00ean t\u1eeb n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, t\u00f4i t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c \u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 tri t\u00fac \u1ea5y, l\u1eddi ca ng\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3, d\u00f9 ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n danh b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec, v\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tin y\u00eau v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Stevens b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft mu\u1ed9n, t\u1eadp th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u Harmonium<\/i> ra \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1923 l\u00fac \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n tu\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 uy t\u00edn nh\u01b0 Helen Vendler, Randall Jarrell sau n\u00e0y xem l\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m n\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u1edbi. Harmonium<\/i> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1ea1, ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3, kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc, kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/i> trong th\u01a1, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong nh\u1eefng ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh l\u1ea1, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u00e2n k\u1ef3. <\/p>\n

Th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Stevens l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u00e2m tr\u00ed h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, g\u1ee3i m\u1edf h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau c\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Stevens \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3m quan v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m sau \u0111\u00e2y: m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 c\u00f5i tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y \u00f4ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m khoa h\u1ecdc. \u00dd th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong l\u00f2ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i gh\u1ebf trong c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t n\u00f3 t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong t\u1eebng gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat. <\/p>\n

Wallace Stevens sinh \u1edf ti\u1ec3u bang Pennsylvania, theo h\u1ecdc Havard v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u1eadt N\u1eefu \u01af\u1edbc, t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 n\u0103m 1904. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf N\u1eefu \u01af\u1edbc anh tham gia b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m l\u1edbn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1916 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y n\u0103m 1934. Nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp th\u01a1 quan tr\u1ecdng: Harmonium 1923, Ideas Of Order 1935, Owl\u2019s Clover 1936, The Man With The Blue Guitar 1937, Parts of a World 1942, Transport To Summer 1947, The Auroras Of Autumn 1950, The Collected Poems 1954. Sinh th\u1eddi \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi khen ti\u1ebfng ch\u00ea r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 kh\u00e1c, nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. Tuy v\u1eady th\u01a1 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 l\u00e0m rung chuy\u1ec3n n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, th\u01a1 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 mang l\u1ea1i x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. <\/p>\n

Th\u01a1 Stevens l\u00e0 th\u01a1 tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi \u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi si\u00eau h\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc k\u00eau g\u1ecdi h\u1eadn th\u00f9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua. S\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u0103ng hoa, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trang nh\u00e3:<\/p>\n

Chim h\u00f3t vang. L\u00f4ng v\u0169 v\u00e0ng l\u00f3ng l\u00e1nh
C\u00e2y c\u1ecd ch\u00f4n ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9ng g\u00e1nh ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

(3)<\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3y ch\u1eef s<\/i> trong sings, its, shine, stands, space<\/i>. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e2u? C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7u b\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c trong th\u01a1 Stevens, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n, bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1m, m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u01b0 v\u00f4 nh\u01b0ng tha thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi. <\/p>\n

Nh\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7u th\u01a1 Stevens l\u00e0 b\u00ed \u1ea9n th\u00fa v\u1ecb, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 thanh l\u1ecdc, thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 duy m\u1ef9, s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u01a1 ca. Nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 trong th\u01a1 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ri\u00eang t\u01b0, th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec \u00f4ng c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn c\u1eeda m\u00e0 v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7u \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, nh\u01b0ng Stevens s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t<\/i> h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 so v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, t\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eaft l\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/i>. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 c\u00f2n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng b\u01b0\u1edbc qua ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i v\u00e0 vui s\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. <\/p>\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nghi\u00eam trang, Stevens v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i ch\u01a1i ch\u1eef b\u1ee5i \u0111\u1eddi. Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp The Collected Poems:<\/i><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed7i khi \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n k\u00eau l\u1eafc ca l\u1eafc c\u1eafc
L\u0103n qua Oklahoma
M\u1ed9t con m\u00e8o l\u1eeda nh\u00e0o ra nh\u1ea3y nh\u00f3t <\/i><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

(4)<\/p>\n

B\u1ea1n th\u1eed ph\u00e1t \u00e2m:<\/p>\n

O- k- la- ho – ma<\/i><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng dao, Oklahoma c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u00e3o l\u1ed1c, nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ee7a n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng trinh nguy\u00ean. T\u00f4i th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng, b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m tu\u1ed5i, m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ea5t, d\u1ecbp ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp th\u01a1 n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef, quay l\u1ea1i m\u1ec9m c\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e1y m\u1eaft v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u0103m d\u00f2 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh cho r\u1eb1ng Stevens s\u1ed1ng hai cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi: c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt s\u01b0, m\u1ed9t doanh nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ng\u00e0nh b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ec1u so s\u00e1nh \u1ea5y. Sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, th\u01a1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng th\u01a1 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, kham kh\u1ed5, t\u1ed1i t\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd c\u00f4ng phu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

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M\u01b0\u1eddi Ba C\u00e1ch Ng\u1eafm Con Chim S\u00e1o \u0110en<\/b><\/p>\n

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I<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gi\u1eefa<\/i> hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u00fai tuy\u1ebft<\/i> <\/i><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebft chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/i>
<\/i>M\u1eaft c\u1ee7a chim s\u00e1o \u0111en<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

II<\/strong>
<\/strong>
T\u00f4i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ba t\u00e2m tr\u00ed
Nh\u01b0 th\u00e2n c\u00e2y \u0111\u1eadu xu\u1ed1ng
Ba con chim s\u00e1o \u0111en <\/p>\n

<\/em>III <\/p>\n

<\/strong>C\u00e1nh chim bay \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi gi\u00f3 thu t\u00e0n
M\u1ed9t m\u00e0n th\u00f4i trong v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u00e2m <\/p>\n

<\/em>IV
<\/strong>
M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0
L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t
<\/em>M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0<\/i> m\u1ed9t con <\/i>chim \u0111en
<\/i><\/i><\/i>L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t
<\/i><\/p>\n

V <\/p>\n

<\/strong>T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh th\u00edch c\u00e1i n\u00e0o h\u01a1n
V\u1ebb k\u1ef3 \u1ea3o h\u1edbp h\u1ed3n bi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7u
Hay l\u1eddi b\u00f3ng gi\u00f3 xa x\u00f4i
Ti\u1ebfng h\u00f3t tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a chim s\u00e1o
Hay sau khi n\u00f3 l\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3o bay r\u1ed3i <\/p>\n

<\/em>VI <\/p>\n

<\/strong>C\u00e1c nh\u0169 b\u0103ng trong c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 d\u00e0i
V\u1edbi t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1nh nh\u00ecn man d\u1ea1i
B<\/i>\u00f3ng <\/i>lo\u00e0i chim \u0111en
<\/i><\/em>Bay t\u1edbi bay lui
T<\/i>\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng <\/i>bu\u1ed3n vui b<\/i>\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n <\/i>t\u1eeb <\/i>b\u00f3ng <\/i>t\u1ed1i
N<\/i>guy\u00ean <\/i>do<\/i> <\/i>n\u00e0o <\/i>\u0111\u00e2<\/i>y ai g\u1ee1 r\u1ed1i bao gi\u1edd<\/i><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

VII <\/p>\n

<\/strong>\u01a0i k\u1ebb phong t\u00ecnh \u01a1i
V\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n nh\u1edb t\u1edbi chim v\u00e0ng
L\u1ebd n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y s\u00e1o \u0111en
Qu\u1ea5n ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u00ean m\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n? <\/p>\n

<\/em>VIII <\/p>\n

<\/strong>T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i cao sang
Trong su\u1ed1t, nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c
Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c
<\/em>V\u00ec sao ng\u00e0y ng\u00e0y chim \u0111\u1eadu mi\u1ebft
V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111ang hay bi\u1ebft<\/i><\/p>\n

<\/em><\/p>\n

IX <\/p>\n

<\/strong>Khi c\u00e1nh chim bay v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn
N\u00f3 v\u1ea1ch m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean,
H\u00fat m\u1eaft v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n <\/p>\n

<\/em>X <\/p>\n

<\/strong>Khi chim s\u00e1o hi\u1ec7n ra
Bay qua v\u1ec7t s\u00e1ng \u1ea3o di\u1ec7u xanh m\u1edd
<\/i><\/em>N<\/i>h\u1eefng \u1ea3<\/i> \u0111i\u1ebfm th\u00fai tha tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e9p t\u1eafc d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng
C\u0169ng b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng k\u00eau la n\u1ee9c n\u1edf
<\/i><\/i>
XI
<\/strong>
<\/i>Anh \u0111\u00e3<\/i> <\/i>b\u0103ng <\/i>qua <\/i>c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 <\/i>Connecticut
<\/i>B\u1eb1ng<\/i> <\/i>c\u1ed7 xe trong su\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 g\u01b0\u01a1ng
M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n <\/i>s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i <\/i>d\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eaft bu\u1ed1t tim
Khi\u1ebfn anh<\/i> <\/i>nh\u00ecn <\/i>nh\u1ea7m
C\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a xe m\u00ecnh
V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh chim \u0111en<\/i>.
<\/i><\/i><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

XII <\/p>\n

<\/strong>Con s\u00f4ng r\u00ec r\u00e0o tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y
V\u1eady th\u00ec <\/i>con <\/i>s\u00e1o c\u0169ng <\/i>\u0111<\/i>ang<\/i> bay<\/i>
<\/em><\/p>\n

XIII <\/p>\n

<\/strong>\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i hay bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u
L\u00e0 tuy\u1ebft v\u1ed9i r\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u
Hay b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi s\u1eafp tuy\u1ebft
M\u1ed9t con chim \u0111en \u0111\u1eb9p tuy\u1ec7t
\u0110\u1ead<\/i>u xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng l\u1ea3 ng\u1ecdn <\/i>tuy\u1ebft t\u00f9ng<\/i> xanh<\/i> <\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

(5)<\/sub><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Stevens ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u01a1 haiku v\u00e0 th\u01a1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tranh th\u1ee7y m\u1eb7c Trung Hoa v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. B\u00e0i th\u01a1 M\u01b0\u1eddi Ba C\u00e1ch Ng\u1eafm Con Chim S\u00e1o \u0110en <\/i>ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda. <\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1 trong m\u01b0\u1eddi ba kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. <\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ba t\u00e2m tr\u00ed<\/i><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t con chim tr\u00ean n\u00fai, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u00ecn c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, b\u1eb1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1edfi m\u1edf, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, r\u1ea5t thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Ch\u00fang ta nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea1c r\u00f3c r\u00e1ch ch\u1ea3y trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i th\u01a1 t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng v\u1ea7n. Stevens c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn khung c\u1ea3nh, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u00e0i th\u01a1 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp gi\u1eefa \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i, s\u1ef1 cao \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh. L\u00e0m th\u01a1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1ng. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng phong c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1eadt \u1edf nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u bang kh\u00e1c nhau. <\/p>\n

Tho\u1ea1t nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5m \u0111\u1eabm tinh th\u1ea7n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean th\u00f4n d\u00e3, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u01a1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd l\u1eafng nghe h\u00f2a \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1eddi. <\/p>\n

Stevens ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, khung c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a hai cu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u00fac \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1ebf, h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ra kh\u1ecfi th\u01a1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u v\u1ec1 sau. <\/p>\n

Stevens nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa r\u1eddi th\u1ebf s\u1ef1. \u00d4ng ch\u1eb3ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1c l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi h\u00e0o nho\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c. <\/p>\n

B\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac theo ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n n\u1edf v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. Con chim \u0111en l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t trong m\u01b0\u1eddi ba kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111i qua nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt, nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng quan s\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. M\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng \u00e1n. M\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng \u00e1n g\u1ee3i l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau. <\/p>\n

1. \u0110o\u1ea1n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u: ngu\u1ed3n chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c. L\u1ed1i v\u00e0o b\u00e0i th\u01a1 xuy\u00ean qua s\u1ef1 im l\u00ecm tr\u1eafng to\u00e1t. M\u1eaft c\u1ee7a chim s\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3. N\u1ed7i c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n bi tr\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

2. \u0110o\u1ea1n k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp: ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda. Ba con chim \u0111en \u0111\u1eadu tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n c\u00e2y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ba t\u00e2m tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ba ng\u00f4i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o hay \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ba \u201cquan \u0111i\u1ec3m topo\u201d (topographic) c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc: \u00fd th\u1ee9c, ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c, v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tam gi\u00e1c ba \u0111\u1ec9nh: th\u00e2n x\u00e1c (physical), t\u00e2m tr\u00ed (mental), x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (social), v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ba nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

3. S\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t con chim bay v\u1eddn, l\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3o trong th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft, nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eefa phong ba cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. <\/p>\n

4. Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. Bi k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb khi m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

5. T\u00e2m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

6. Ho\u00e0i h\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u00e0m m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

7. S\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang v\u00e0 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

8. V\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng. T\u00ecm ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd hay kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

9. S\u1ef1 v\u1ee5t m\u1ea5t. C\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta tin l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c th\u1eadt ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1ed1n xa g\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

10. Lo \u00e2u. L\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1, b\u1ed3n ch\u1ed3n s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, do chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n.<\/p>\n

11. Con chim \u0111en tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef k\u00fd \u1ee9c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

12. V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eafm hai l\u1ea7n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1 v\u1eabn x\u1ea3y ra khi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

13. B\u00ecnh an. Khi m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n qua r\u1ed3i, kh\u1ed5 \u0111au d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb1ng sau m\u1ed7i c\u00e2u th\u01a1, cu\u1ed1i m\u1ed7i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 an b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3nh n\u00fai tuy\u1ebft, tr\u1eafng, l\u1ea1nh, hoang vu, v\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c trong tr\u1ebbo c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi.<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u00e1m \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Stevens l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a, chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m x\u00e1c t\u00edn r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh chuy\u1ec3n ngh\u0129a ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 th\u01a1 ca (*). Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 thi t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y khi nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u01a1 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. T\u00f4i h\u00ecnh dung th\u1ea5y cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, gian kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Stevens m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra: thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh k\u1ecbch, t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n g\u0169i, nhi\u1ec1u va ch\u1ea1m. V\u00ec th\u01a1 c\u00e0ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e0ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c xa r\u1eddi c\u00e1c rung \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i x\u00fac c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1eddi s\u1ef1, s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1. <\/p>\n

Tuy v\u1eady, m\u1ed7i khi g\u1eb7p tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u01a1 (l\u00e0 g\u00ec), t\u00f4i hay nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1 sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng:<\/p>\n

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Khu v\u01b0\u1eddn v\u1edbi thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng quay
Thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n quay v\u00f2ng c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y
\u0110\u00e1m m\u00e2y bay v\u00f2ng v\u00e0 m\u00e2y bay l\u00f2ng dz\u00f2ng
V\u00e0 m\u00e2y quay l\u00f2ng dz\u00f2ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u00e2y<\/i><\/i><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

(6)<\/p>\n

Ngay trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Stevens, \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 t\u1ea7m suy t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 l\u1edbn, v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t r\u1ea5t c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i, s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1nh l\u1ebdo v\u00e0 h\u01a1i \u1ea5m, hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc l\u00e1 r\u01a1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t v\u1eeba ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eeba m\u00f4ng lung, bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n th\u00ec v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp h\u00e0i h\u00f2a nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n. <\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Stevens, h\u1eb3n nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng th\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn cho r\u1eb1ng th\u01a1 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u201cthanh cao\u201d v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n khi b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng hay s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n gay c\u1ea5n ngay v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi, Stevens tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00e0i hoa ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1edbi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u00f4i ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 trong th\u01a1 Stevens, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u ch\u00fang m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh (indications) c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00f3 hai nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 M\u1ef9 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u01a1 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y l\u00e0 W. Stevens v\u00e0 W. Stafford. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi say m\u00ea c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Stevens, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng quy \u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, do s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, do kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Stevens, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc \u00fd th\u1ee9c:<\/p>\n

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N\u00e9m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1ec1n l\u00e2u
\u0110\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa anh v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a anh \u0111\u00e2u.<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

(7)<\/p>\n

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L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec1n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. <\/p>\n

Th\u01a1 Stevens c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn. V\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00f3 c\u00f3 hai t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t: trong s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p. M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 kh\u00f3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba bu\u1ed3n v\u1eeba ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 t\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba \u00e2u y\u1ebfm v\u1eeba cay \u0111\u1eafng. Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong th\u01a1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. <\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n<\/i> v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00fa l\u1eabn<\/i> v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 hai chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c xa. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n (ambivalence) l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt cao c\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ef1 l\u00fa l\u1eabn (ambiguity) b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5t non y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a tay ngh\u1ec1 thi s\u0129. Suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean:<\/p>\n

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Ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 trong m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc hay trong chi\u1ec1u t\u00e0
Ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 khi gi\u00f3 v\u1eddn qua m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc <\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

(8)<\/p>\n

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Khi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ea5y c\u00e2u th\u01a1 n\u00e0y bao gi\u1edd t\u00f4i c\u0169ng nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c S\u01a1n t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecdc h\u1ed3i m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u tu\u1ed5i, truy\u1ec7n \u201c\u00dd T\u01b0\u1edfng Chi\u1ec1u T\u00e0,\u201d trong t\u1eadp Nh\u1eefng Truy\u1ec7n Ng\u1eafn Hay Nh\u1ea5t Tr\u00ean Qu\u00ea<\/em> H\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00fang Ta<\/em>. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao, nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft ng\u1ea7m. Th\u1eadt ra \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01a1 c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch: t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o t\u1eebng b\u00e0i th\u01a1, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5m s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u1ea5y, hai l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ri\u00eang cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. <\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 vi\u1ebft trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa t\u1eadp Harmonium<\/i> v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp Ideals of Order<\/i> ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng tinh th\u1ea7n, bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3, mang \u0111\u1eadm d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. Sau giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ea5y th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u00e1ng r\u00f5 h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m ao \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00ean t\u0129nh, s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm an nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 nhi\u00ean t\u1ecbch m\u1ecbch, s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t, s\u1ef1 h\u00e0n g\u1eafn nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a im l\u1eb7ng: <\/p>\n

Anh mu\u1ed1n tr\u00e1i tim anh ng\u1eebng \u0111\u1eadp, t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n anh im l\u1eb7ng
Trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa v\u1ecbt tr\u1eddi n\u00e0o
Hay ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai lao xao, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai, th\u1eed coi ch\u00fang ra sao<\/i><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

(9)<\/p>\n

Stevens \u00edt vi\u1ebft th\u01a1 t\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng th\u01a1 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fang, \u00e1i t\u00ecnh, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ed1ng, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Gi\u1ecdng th\u01a1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00f4i khi gay g\u1eaft, v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec7u tr\u1ea7m t\u0129nh th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p. Stevens tin v\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn, nh\u1edd th\u1ebf h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n can \u0111\u1ea3m. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u1eefng tri ki\u1ebfn s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i, l\u00f2ng tin c\u1eady, ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh hoang d\u00e3, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf gi\u1ec5u cay \u0111\u1eafng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c ng\u1ee5y t\u00edn, n\u1ed7i y\u00ean t\u0129nh g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 pha ch\u00fat bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u, c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 vui s\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ed3i sinh.<\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

Trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u1eadp ch\u1eddn c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n c\u00f4i
B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed5i thay c\u00f9ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng
N\u01a1i anh g\u1eb7p em ch\u00fang ta ng\u1ed3i b\u00ean nhau y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng
Trong m\u1ed9t gi\u00e2y th\u00f4i t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi<\/i><\/i><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

(10)<\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

Stevens s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ecdc qua, tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. S\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Stevens xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u01a1 ca, thi t\u00ednh, c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ea1nh gi\u1eefa tr\u00ed ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Stevens t\u1eebng g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c-t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, the reality-imagination complex<\/i>. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn. S\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1edb h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n, th\u01a1 Stevens bao g\u1ed3m ti\u1ebfng th\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bi l\u1ee5y, v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan, ch\u0103m ch\u00fa. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i th\u01a1 n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u01a1n l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi l\u1ea1, m\u1edf c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. S\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb1m \u1edf t\u1ea7m suy t\u01b0\u1edfng, chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u n\u1ed9i dung, ch\u1ea5t tranh lu\u1eadn, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, \u1edf c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i v\u1eeba duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng v\u1eeba t\u01b0\u1eddng minh.<\/p>\n

It can never be satisfied, the mind, never
T\u00e2m tr\u00ed kh\u00e1t khao kia, mi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd y\u00ean \u1ed5n, ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111au kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, l\u1ee5i t\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i \u0111i c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu. Trong th\u01a1 Stevens, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m ao \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c im l\u1eb7ng v\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung quanh kh\u00f4ng y\u00ean t\u0129nh, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0n g\u1eafn b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o. M\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u cao qu\u00fd m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb dung t\u1ee5c hay nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng hay nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc Stevens nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, khi c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa s\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng hi\u1ebfu k\u1ef3 mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng. <\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng? <\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ch\u1ec9 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng, ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, khi s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t, hay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. <\/p>\n

Hay l\u00e0: khi \u0111ang h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, ng\u00e0y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c xong, kh\u00e1ch ra v\u1ec1, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a trong tay m\u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf, r\u1ed3i b\u1ea1n ch\u1ee3t nh\u1edb ra. B\u1ea1n nh\u1edb l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, nh\u1edb c\u00e1i \u00e1o gi\u1eb7t ch\u01b0a xong c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u. <\/i><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec b\u1ea1n n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc Wallace Stevens, \u0111\u1ecdc thong th\u1ea3. V\u00e0 d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gi\u1edd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u0103m \u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. V\u00ec ch\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 bao gi\u1edd ch\u00fang c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. V\u00e0,<\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

Light the first light of evening, as in a room.
Th\u1eafp ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean chi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea1ng v\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0 khi b\u1ea1n t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng.<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c T\u00f9ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

(*) Stevens firmly believes that the true essence or substance of a thing \u2013 its whatness \u2013 does not lie in its material integrity but in the \u201cword\u201d itself, that is, in poetic troping or metaphor. (Theodore Sampson, A Cure Of The Mind, NXB Black Rose Books, pg 19)<\/i><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

(1)<\/p>\n

Among twenty snowy mountains
The only moving thing
Was the eye of the blackbird<\/i><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

(2)<\/p>\n

The House Was Quiet And The World Was Calm<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

The house was quiet and the world was calm.
The reader became the book; and summer night
Was like the conscious being of the book. <\/p>\n

The house was quiet and the world was calm.
The words were spoken as if there was no book,
Except that the reader leaned above the page,
Wanted to lean, wanted much to be
The scholar to whom his book is true, to whom
The summer night is like a perfection of thought. <\/p>\n

The house was quiet because it had to be.
The quiet was part of the meaning, part of the mind:
The access of perfection to the page. <\/p>\n

And the world was calm. The truth in a calm world,
In which there is no other meaning, itself
Is calm, itself is summer and night, itself
Is the reader leaning late and reading there.<\/i><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

(3)<\/p>\n

The bird sings. Its feather shine.<\/i><\/p>\n

The palm stands on the edge of space.<\/i><\/p>\n

(4)<\/p>\n

Every time the bucks went clattering
Over Oklahoma
A firecat bristled in the way<\/i><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eef bucks trong nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0 con v\u1eadt tr\u1ed1ng, con \u0111\u1ef1c. <\/i><\/p>\n

(5)<\/p>\n

Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird<\/b><\/p>\n

I
Among twenty snowy mountains,
The only moving thing
Was the eye of the blackbird. <\/em><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

II
I was of three minds,
Like a tree
In which there are three blackbirds. <\/em><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

III
The blackbird whirled in the autumn winds.
It was a small part of the pantomime. <\/em><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

IV
A man and a woman
Are one.
A man and a woman and a blackbird
Are one. <\/em><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

V
I do not know which to prefer,
The beauty of inflections
Or the beauty of innuendoes,
The blackbird whistling
Or just after. <\/em><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

VI
Icicles filled the long window
With barbaric glass.
The shadow of the blackbird
Crossed it, to and fro.
The mood
Traced in the shadow
An indecipherable cause.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

VII
O thin men of Haddam,
Why do you imagine golden birds?
Do you not see how the blackbird
Walks around the feet
Of the women about you? <\/em><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

VIII
I know noble accents
And lucid, inescapable rhythms;
But I know, too,
That the blackbird is involved
In what I know. <\/em><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

IX
When the blackbird flew out of sight,
It marked the edge
Of one of many circles. <\/em><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

X
At the sight of blackbirds
Flying in a green light,
Even the bawds of euphony
Would cry out sharply. <\/em><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

XI
He rode over Connecticut
In a glass coach.
Once, a fear pierced him,
In that he mistook
The shadow of his equipage
For blackbirds. <\/em><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

XII
The river is moving.
The blackbird must be flying. <\/em><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

XIII
It was evening all afternoon.
It was snowing
And it was going to snow.
The blackbird sat
In the cedar-limbs. <\/em><\/p>\n

1917<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

(6)<\/p>\n

The garden flew round with the angel
The angel flew round with the clouds
And the clouds flew round and the clouds flew round
And the clouds flew round with the clouds<\/i><\/i><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

(7)<\/p>\n

Throw the light away. Nothing must stand
Between you and the shapes you take.<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

(8)<\/p>\n

We think then as sun shines or does not
We think as wind skitters on a pond in a field<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

(9)<\/p>\n

He wanted his heart to stop beating and his mind to rest
In a permanent realization, without any wild ducks
Or mountains that were not mountains, just to know how it would be<\/i><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

(10)<\/p>\n

In the uncertain light of single, certain truth,
Equal in living changingness to the light
In which I meet you, in which we sit at rest,
For a moment in the central of our being<\/i><\/i><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

– Wallace Stevens, Selected Poems<\/em>, NXB Alfred A. Knopf,  2011. <\/p>\n

– David Lehman, The Oxford Book of American Po<\/em>etry, NXB Oxford, 2006.<\/p>\n

– Wallace Stevens, The Collected Poems<\/em>, NXB Vintage, 1990.<\/p>\n

– Helen Vendler, Voices & Visions, NXB Random House, New York, 1987.<\/p>\n

– Harold Bloom, Wallace Stevens: The Poems of Our Cli<\/em>mate,  NXB Cornell University Press, 1980.
– Randall Jarrell, Poetry & The Age<\/em>, NXB The Ecco Press, New York, 1953.<\/p>\n

– Theodore Sampson, A Cure Of The Mind, NXB Black Rose Books, 2000.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[Th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Stevens] n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u01a1n l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi l\u1ea1, m\u1edf c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. S\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb1m \u1edf t\u1ea7m suy t\u01b0\u1edfng, chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u n\u1ed9i dung, ch\u1ea5t tranh lu\u1eadn, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, \u1edf c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i v\u1eeba duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng v\u1eeba t\u01b0\u1eddng minh.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":816,"featured_media":37713,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[136,50,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37716","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gioi-thieu-tac-gia","category-gioi-thieu-tac-pham","category-phe-binh"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37716","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/816"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=37716"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37716\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37718,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37716\/revisions\/37718"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/37713"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=37716"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=37716"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=37716"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}