{"id":37650,"date":"2015-07-15T00:09:00","date_gmt":"2015-07-15T00:09:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/?p=37650"},"modified":"2019-02-28T02:40:29","modified_gmt":"2019-02-28T02:40:29","slug":"thanh-viet-nghi-hoa-tien-trinh-nha-thanh-cong-nhan-trieu-dai-quang-trung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/37650\/thanh-viet-nghi-hoa-tien-trinh-nha-thanh-cong-nhan-trieu-dai-quang-trung","title":{"rendered":"THANH VI\u1ec6T NGH\u1eca H&Ograve;A TI\u1ebeN TR&Igrave;NH NH&Agrave; THANH C&Ocirc;NG NH\u1eacN TRI\u1ec0U \u0110\u1ea0I QUANG TRUNG &ndash; ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b><\/b><\/p>\n<p><u><\/u><\/p>\n<p><u><\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>     <br \/><\/u><\/p>\n<p><i>More history\u2019s made by secret handshakes <\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>than by battles, bills and proclamations.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>John Barth<\/i><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftn1_3388\" name=\"_ftnref1_3388\"><sup><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><i><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>     <br \/><\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>     <br \/><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>GI\u1ea2NG H\u00d2A THEO S\u1eec C\u0168 \u2026<\/b><\/p>\n<p>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb h\u00f2a v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 Thanh phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng cho vua Quang Trung r\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c. <\/p>\n<p><i>Kh\u00e2m \u0110\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed Th\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1m C\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ee5c<\/i> ch\u00e9p:<\/p>\n<p><i>\u2026 Th\u00e1ng 2, Khang An \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y. V\u0103n Hu\u1ec7 sai b\u1ea7y t\u00f4i l\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 (Th\u00ec) Nh\u1eadm l\u00e9n sang nh\u00e0 Thanh \u0111\u1ec3 xin \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1 t\u1ed9i. L\u1ea1i \u0111em nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0ng l\u00f3t cho Khang An, n\u00e0i xin Khang An d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp cho. Khang An \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a l\u00f3t, l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m may r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu th\u00f4i vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea5y qu\u00e2n th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ung dung v\u00f4 s\u1ef1, b\u00e8n t\u00e2u xin vua Thanh n\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 cho V\u0103n Hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u, \u0111\u1eebng g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n \u1edf ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi n\u1eefa. Vua Thanh y theo..<\/i>.<a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftn2_3388\" name=\"_ftnref2_3388\"><sup><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><i>\u0110\u1ea1i Nam Ch\u00ednh Bi\u00ean Li\u1ec7t Truy\u1ec7n, <\/i>quy\u1ec3n XXX, Ngu\u1ef5 T\u00e2y ch\u00e9p:<\/p>\n<p>\u2026 <i>Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i Ph\u00fac Khang An<\/i><i> \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t T\u00e2y [t\u1ee9c Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y] m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng gi\u1ea3ng ho\u00e0, vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 l\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i h\u1ea1i m\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. Hu\u1ec7 [Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7<\/i><i>] l\u1ea5y v\u00e0ng l\u1ee5a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111em \u0111\u00fat l\u00f3t \u0111\u1ec3 mong cho vi\u1ec7c xong, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 Quang B\u00ecnh r\u1ed3i sai ch\u00e1u l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Hi\u1ec3n<\/i><i> c\u00f9ng b\u1ed3i th\u1ea7n V\u0169 Huy T\u1ea5n<\/i><i> \u0111em c\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea9m g\u00f5 c\u1eeda quan kh\u1ea9n kho\u1ea3n xin nh\u1eadp c\u1eadn<\/i> \u2026<a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftn3_3388\" name=\"_ftnref3_3388\">[3]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><i>Ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea Nh\u1ea5t Th\u1ed1ng Ch\u00ed<\/i> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 Gia V\u0103n Ph\u00e1i, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng trong c\u1ea3 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang l\u1eabn gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00e9p: <\/p>\n<p><i>\u2026 L\u1ea1i n\u00f3i t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1c th\u1ea7n L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Qu\u1ea3ng<\/i><i> l\u00e0 Ph\u00fac Long An <\/i>[\u0111\u00fang ra l\u00e0 Khang An] <i>l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c Nh\u01b0\u01a1ng Ho\u00e0ng K\u1ef3 M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u, t\u1eeb \u1ea5m sinh l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 cao t\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Thanh r\u1ea5t tin d\u00f9ng, cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi \u1ee7y th\u00e1c cho vi\u1ec7c lo li\u1ec7u chuy\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam. <\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>Khi m\u1edbi thay Ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c, theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, t\u1eadn m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y Ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1, l\u1ea1i nghe B\u1eafc B\u00ecnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh, kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi c\u00f3 \u00fd s\u1ee3 s\u1ec7t, l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0 \u1edf bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1ea5y h\u1ebft can \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ee9ng ra lo vi\u1ec7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam, b\u00ed m\u1eadt n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ph\u00e2n ph\u1ee7 h\u1ecd V\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ee7 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng: \u201cNam B\u1eafc b\u00e3i binh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a sinh linh m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ef1c may m\u1eafn cho k\u1ebb bi\u00ean th\u1ea7n! Ta nghe n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea7y t\u00f4i chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 v\u0103n th\u01b0 l\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 Nh\u1eadm<\/i><i>, v\u1ed1n vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb tr\u00e1t r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi, v\u1eady \u00f4ng h\u00e3y tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho y b\u1ea3o y chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa vi\u1ec7c ngh\u1ecb h\u00f2a, vi\u1ebft bi\u1ec3u cho hay m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 l\u00ean, ta \u1edf b\u00ean trong gi\u00fap cho th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng xong\u201d. <\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>V\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ee7 \u0111i ra, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c vi\u1ebft tr\u00e1t g\u1eedi Ng\u00f4 Nh\u1eadm, Nh\u1eadm \u0111em vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea9m v\u1edbi B\u1eafc B\u00ecnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u01b0\u01a1ng tuy \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1eafc H\u00e0 nh\u01b0ng bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00eda nam v\u1eabn c\u00f2n chuy\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i lo n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a binh v\u1ec1, nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edbng: \u201cVi\u1ec7c binh \u1edf B\u1eafc H\u00e0 ta giao cho V\u0103n S\u1edf, V\u0103n L\u00e2n c\u00f2n vi\u1ec7c Trung Qu\u1ed1c ta \u1ee7y cho Ng\u00f4 Nh\u1eadm, Phan \u00cdch, m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee9 th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i th\u00ec l\u00e0m. Khi ta v\u1ec1 r\u1ed3i, n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n qua l\u1ea1i b\u1ea9m b\u00e1o l\u00e0m g\u00ec\u201d<\/i>. <a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftn4_3388\" name=\"_ftnref4_3388\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi Trung Hoa t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 b\u1ee1n c\u1ee3t n\u00ean h\u1eadu nh\u00e2n coi cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3ng h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i cho qua chuy\u1ec7n.<sup> <\/sup>Kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfm t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp bang giao m\u00e0 coi xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n. <\/p>\n<p>Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c qua l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Thanh cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng n\u0103m [c\u00f3 khi nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m], \u0111i \u0111i l\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i, nay tuy thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n<p><b>     <br \/><\/b><\/p>\n<h3>T\u00d3M T\u1eaeT <\/h3>\n<p>Trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc, hai b\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ef3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m g\u00ec th\u00ec l\u00e0m. Trung Hoa d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Thanh C\u00e0n Long l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i n\u00ean nh\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u theo qui \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u1ec7, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 khung h\u00ecnh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c cho \u0111\u1eddi sau tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n<p>Tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, nh\u00e0 Thanh c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201c<i>s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn<\/i>\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, v\u1edbi l\u00e2n bang r\u1eb1ng An Nam \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c trong \u201c<i>m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9ng binh<\/i>\u201d. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u201c<i>ph\u00f9ng xo\u00e8<\/i>\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbp lang, b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n<p>Thanh tri\u1ec1u t\u1eeb quan ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o cai tr\u1ecb trung nguy\u00ean n\u00ean r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady [t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong] v\u00e0 \u0111e d\u1ecda [t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i]. Song song v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p n\u1ed9i lo\u1ea1n, Thanh tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00e2n bang \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc xung quanh ph\u1ee5c t\u00f2ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u201c<i>ph\u00ean d\u1eadu<\/i>\u201d cho h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c k\u1ebf c\u1eadn th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao cho h\u1ecd th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u201c<i>tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng<\/i>\u201d. Khi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y, qu\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Trung Hoa phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng theo \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3, c\u00e1o ai [b\u00e1o tin vua c\u0169 ch\u1ebft] v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u phong [cho vua m\u1edbi]. \u00d0\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf nh\u00e0 Thanh s\u1ebd ban th\u01b0\u1edfng cho qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a \u201c<i>h\u1eadu v\u00e3ng b\u1ea1c lai<\/i>\u201d (\u539a\u5f80\u8584\u4f86) [gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3 th\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3 ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed1ng].<a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftn5_3388\" name=\"_ftnref5_3388\"><sup><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 nghi, c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea3 hai ph\u1ea7n: n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. N\u1ed9i dung l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh nhi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Trung Nguy\u00ean c\u00f2n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i bao g\u1ed3m l\u1ec5 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 nghi th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n cho r\u1eb1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u201c<i>c\u00e2y tr\u00fac c\u00f3 v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0u xanh, t\u00f9ng b\u00e1ch c\u00f3 l\u00f5i h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n<\/i>\u201d<a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftn6_3388\" name=\"_ftnref6_3388\">[6]<\/a> hai b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nhau. Theo quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3, thi\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao nh\u1ecf ch\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn sao B\u1eafc Th\u1ea7n [B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c] (ch\u00fang tinh c\u1ee7ng chi). T\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn, gi\u1eefa thi\u00ean t\u1eed v\u1edbi phi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t thi\u00eang li\u00eang m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 phong t\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 hai b\u00ean c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh danh. Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn vua Quang Trung v\u00ec th\u1ebf v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n gi\u1ea3ng ho\u00e0 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed theo t\u00f4n ti Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Trung Hoa, sau l\u00e0 s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, Xi\u00eam La, Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, Nam Ch\u01b0\u1edfng, L\u01b0u C\u1ea7u&#8230; Trong c\u00e1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u00e0 Thanh tri\u1ec1u d\u00e0nh cho n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t n\u00f3i l\u00ean v\u1ecb th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng sai ch\u1ea1y (qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0, s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n, b\u1ed3i th\u1ea7n, t\u00f2ng [t\u1ee5ng] th\u1ea7n, qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1eadp c\u1eadn, tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng \u2026) ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra uy nghi c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i run s\u1ee3 d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftn7_3388\" name=\"_ftnref7_3388\">[7]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i c\u00e1c tranh bi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 nghi \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng. <\/p>\n<p>Sau khi tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3, n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u201c<i>nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/i>\u201d trong qu\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o \u201c<i>phi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c \u2013 thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u<\/i>\u201d, t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c g\u1eedi th\u01b0 sang tr\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh, t\u1ea1 t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang d\u00e2ng bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea7u phong. N\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 hai b\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c thi trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u2013 ba n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng, s\u00e1u n\u0103m cho s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n mang c\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea9m c\u1ea3 hai l\u1ea7n g\u1ed9p l\u1ea1i. <\/p>\n<p>Khi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn n\u01b0\u1edbc ta l\u00e0 phi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c, Thanh tri\u1ec1u s\u1ebd ban cho m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 \u1ea5n [l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y thay th\u1ebf qu\u1ea3 \u1ea5n ban cho L\u00ea Duy K\u1ef3 (vua Chi\u00eau Th\u1ed1ng) \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c] v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc th\u01b0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Nguy\u1ec5n Quang B\u00ecnh (vua Quang Trung) l\u00e0m An Nam qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5. N\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfu theo c\u1ef1u l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>Khi xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng qui lu\u1eadt l\u1ec5 nghi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 s\u1edf tranh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u00fd l\u1ebd c\u1ee7a hai b\u00ean, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t h\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 quan l\u00e0m l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0110I\u1ec2N T\u1ecaCH<\/h4>\n<p>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi Trung Hoa kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ghi l\u1ea1i khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu cho \u0111\u1eddi sau m\u1ed9t khi g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Th\u01b0 t\u1eeb g\u1eedi \u0111i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u01b0\u1edbc. D\u00f9 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa, l\u1eddi l\u1ebd trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef v\u1ebb khi\u00eam cung coi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u ban cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i trong <i>L\u1ecbch Tri\u1ec1u Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Lo\u1ea1i Ch\u00ed<\/i> [ph\u1ea7n Bang Giao Ch\u00ed] (Phan Huy Ch\u00fa), <i>Bang Giao L\u1ee5c<\/i> (L\u00ea Th\u1ed1ng) , <i>Kh\u00e2m \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1i Nam H\u1ed9i \u0110i\u1ec3n S\u1ef1 L\u1ec7<\/i> (Qu\u1ed1c S\u1eed Qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n), <i>T\u00e2y S\u01a1n<\/i><i> Bang Giao T\u1eadp <\/i>\u2026 cho th\u1ea5y hai n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c gia (kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u2026) m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 minh x\u00e1c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf: <u>n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 phi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c \u2013 thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u.<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i v\u0103n th\u01b0 L\u00ea L\u1ee3i c\u1ea7u phong v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Minh ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1eddi M\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea trung h\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i: d\u00e2ng bi\u1ec3u do c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 l\u00e3o khai l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ai, nay thay m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd m\u1edbi. Th\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f4i khi s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi Trung Hoa th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb y\u1ebfu b\u1ecb \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 tranh bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p>Cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea, khi Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 ra b\u1eafc di\u1ec7t h\u1ecd Tr\u1ecbnh, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc (h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c v\u0103n quan nh\u00e0 L\u00ea ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Trung Hoa, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd L\u00ea l\u00e0m \u201c<i>gi\u00e1m qu\u1ed1c<\/i>\u201d nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u201c<i>b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn<\/i>\u201d, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n (t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n C\u1ea3o sau khi \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eb7c Minh). Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c t\u1edd bi\u1ec3u suy t\u00f4n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u0129 phu \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh danh \u1edf B\u1eafc H\u00e0, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u00e9p L\u00ea Duy C\u1ea9n v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 sang Trung Hoa xin t\u1ef1 \u00fd nh\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc cho m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00fd t\u00ean trong t\u1edd bi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb vua Chi\u00eau Th\u1ed1ng tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t. <\/p>\n<p>Khi qu\u00e2n Thanh s\u1eafp s\u1eeda sang \u0111\u00e1nh, vua Quang Trung c\u0169ng l\u00e0m t\u1edd khai [do c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 m\u1ee5c k\u00fd t\u00ean] \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e3i b\u00e0y t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111em qu\u00e2n ra B\u1eafc. <u>Ch\u1ec9 sau khi T\u00f4n S\u0129 Ngh\u1ecb<\/u><u> b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn, t\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1edbi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb khi \u201c<i>b\u1eaft th\u00f3p<\/i>\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang c\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc ta cho m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u \u201c<i>qu\u1ed1c th\u1ec3<\/i>\u201d, ti\u00eau ch\u00ed m\u00e0 Ph\u00fac Khang An<\/u><u> khi nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Qu\u1ea3ng<\/u><u> \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi vua C\u00e0n Long<\/u><u> r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 chu to\u00e0n<\/u>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 nh\u00e0 Thanh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng (r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t) n\u00ean <u>Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 khai r\u1eb1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng ch\u00edn \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t T\u00e2y S\u01a1n<\/u><u>, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng quan t\u01b0\u1edbc (b\u1ed1 y) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi vua L\u00ea.<\/u> Vin v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 Thanh tri\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft \u00e1n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1n th\u1ea7n c\u01b0\u1edbp n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00e2n danh \u201c<i>h\u01b0ng di\u1ec7t k\u1ebf tuy\u1ec7t<\/i>\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em qu\u00e2n sang n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. L\u00fd l\u1ebd n\u00e0y h\u1eb3n hai b\u00ean c\u00f3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. <\/p>\n<p>Thanh tri\u1ec1u c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ed9i cho L\u00ea Duy K\u1ef3 [t\u1ee9c vua Chi\u00eau Th\u1ed1ng] \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t \u1ea5n t\u00edn, b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m ho\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n d\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra th\u1ea5t tr\u1eadn. Nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb cho th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh T\u00f4n S\u0129 Ngh\u1ecb b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, vua L\u00ea h\u1ed1t ho\u1ea3ng ch\u1ea1y theo. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i dung trong th\u01b0 t\u1eeb trao \u0111\u1ed5i b\u00ed m\u1eadt gi\u1eefa tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Thanh v\u1edbi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 ra ngo\u00e0i, d\u00f9 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 b\u1ecb vu oan c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0i n\u00e0o bi\u1ec7n b\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n Thanh, Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 khai r\u1eb1ng <u>\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n ra Th\u0103ng Long \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi T\u00f4n S\u0129 Ngh\u1ecb<\/u><u> nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec qu\u00e2n thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh n\u00ean \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 cho kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebft ch\u1ee9 th\u1ef1c t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 thi\u00ean binh<\/u>. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m, Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c binh s\u0129 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft coi nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c l\u00f2ng qui thu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n<p>Trong khi \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n, nh\u00e0 Thanh c\u0169ng gia t\u0103ng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Hoa tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 d\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ea5t (\u0111\u1eddi M\u1ea1c), c\u1ed1ng voi (\u0111\u1eddi L\u00fd), qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n sang ch\u1ea7u (\u0111\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n) hay l\u00ean Nam Quan l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 th\u1ee5 phong (\u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea Trung H\u01b0ng) \u2026 Nh\u1eefng y\u00eau s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 x\u00e9t x\u1eed [tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd] nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i quan t\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e0 Thanh. <\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i y\u00eau s\u00e1ch n\u1ebfu qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1edbi Nam Quan xin phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0ng, vua Quang Trung \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u00e1u l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Hi\u1ec3n \u201c<i>tuy \u0111\u1ea1i do th\u00e2n<\/i>\u201d (tuy thay m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh) \u0111em bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea7u phong l\u00ean kinh \u0111\u00f4 khi\u1ebfn vua C\u00e0n Long vui m\u1eebng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Nguy\u1ec5n Quang B\u00ecnh l\u00e0m An Nam qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e1 ngo\u1ea1i giao.<\/p>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 (s\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1ebf c\u1ed1ng). \u0110\u1eddi L\u00ea n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ba n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng s\u00e1u n\u0103m m\u1edbi sai s\u1ee9 \u0111i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, mang theo c\u1ea3 hai l\u1ea7n c\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea9m. L\u1ea7n sau c\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111em c\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt sang nh\u00e0 Thanh l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1783 \u0111\u1eddi vua Hi\u1ec3n T\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m K\u1ef7 D\u1eadu 1789 v\u1eeba \u0111\u00fang 6 n\u0103m. Theo \u0111\u00fang th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c, c\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho quan nh\u00e0 Thanh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c Thanh tri\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng coi nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. <\/p>\n<p>K\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf nh\u00e0 Thanh s\u1ebd ban cho n\u01b0\u1edbc ta m\u1ed9t \u1ea5n b\u1ea1c m\u1ea1 v\u00e0ng, n\u00fam h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0 n\u1eb1m v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc th\u01b0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Nguy\u1ec5n Quang B\u00ecnh (vua Quang Trung) l\u00e0 An Nam qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3i sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang tuy\u00ean th\u1ecb cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c \u1ea5n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng v\u0103n g\u1eedi \u0111i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. C\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 Thanh m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng thay v\u00ec qu\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng (khi g\u1eedi ri\u00eang trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 khi h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ee5c \u2026). Trong c\u00f4ng v\u0103n, vua Quang Trung c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 An Nam qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c, tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ee5c, ti\u1ec3u phi\u00ean \u2026 nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n g\u1ea5p r\u00fat m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec nh\u00e0 Thanh khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi suy di\u1ec5n m\u00e0 \u1ea9n n\u00e1u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 vua Quang Trung ph\u1ea3i minh \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n sang ch\u00fac th\u1ecd vua C\u00e0n Long n\u0103m Canh Tu\u1ea5t. <\/p>\n<p>Tuy \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 kh\u00e1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho n\u01b0\u1edbc ta nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5y l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u quan ng\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng An Nam sang tri\u1ec1u c\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn hoang mang v\u00e0 d\u1ecb ngh\u1ecb trong qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. Ngo\u00e0i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i xa n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y, vua Quang Trung c\u0169ng s\u1ee3 Thanh tri\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng k\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7u h\u1ed5 ly s\u01a1n, nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u00ecnh v\u1eafng nh\u00e0 m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a vua Chi\u00eau Th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftn8_3388\" name=\"_ftnref8_3388\">[8]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Duy K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb, Ph\u00fac Khang An s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp cho ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Hi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p vua Chi\u00eau Th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u00f2ng vong \u2013 nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eaft t\u00f3c thay \u00e1o theo y ph\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 Thanh \u2013 hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang an th\u00e1p \u1edf Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m. Vi\u00ean t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Qu\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng <b><u>b\u00ed m\u1eadt sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e3o th\u00e2n L\u00ea \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/u><\/b> r\u1ed3i gi\u1eef h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang Th\u0103ng Long l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng.<a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftn9_3388\" name=\"_ftnref9_3388\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u00e1i chi\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Khi vua C\u00e0n Long ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn cho ch\u00e1u vua Quang Trung l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Hi\u1ec3n l\u00ean kinh \u0111\u00f4 chi\u00eam c\u1eadn (tri\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c thay m\u1eb7t qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng sang ch\u1ea7u, nh\u00e0 Thanh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd l\u00e0m r\u1ec1nh rang nh\u1eb1m kho\u1ea3 l\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c thua tr\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00eau cao th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 \u201c<i>th\u1eafng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u1ee5ng binh<\/i>\u201d n\u00ean ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3i long tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng cho Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Hi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 y\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 trao s\u1eafc \u1ea5n \u1edf kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n An Nam mang v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. <\/p>\n<p>Vua C\u00e0n Long c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Nguy\u1ec5n Quang B\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 quan cho r\u1eb1ng uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u s\u1ebd tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ho\u00e0i L\u00ea \u1edf B\u1eafc H\u00e0 &#8211; m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c thi \u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 vua Quang Trung c\u00e0ng th\u00eam k\u00ednh s\u1ee3. Ngay khi Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Hi\u1ec3n c\u00f2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean B\u1eafc Kinh, vua Thanh \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi <b>m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c d\u1ee5 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ng\u1ef1 thi xu\u1ed1ng Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y v\u1edbi l\u1eddi d\u1eb7n Ph\u00fac Khang An<\/b><b> ph\u1ea3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n mang sang Th\u0103ng Long giao t\u1eadn tay cho vua Quang Trung h\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 cho to\u00e0n c\u00f5i An Nam<\/b><b> bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ec7nh tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i<\/b> v\u00e0 ng\u1ea7m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng khi Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Hi\u1ec3n mang s\u1eafc \u1ea5n v\u1ec1 th\u00ec Ph\u00fac Khang An s\u1ebd \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n sang phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn vua Quang Trung c\u00f2n huy ho\u00e0ng h\u01a1n T\u00f4n S\u0129 Ngh\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 cho vua Chi\u00eau Th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c hai s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau (th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc, phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng sau) theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a vua C\u00e0n Long n\u1ea3y sinh nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m binh ho\u1ea3, nh\u00e2n ho\u1ea1, thi\u00ean tai kinh \u0111\u00f4 Th\u0103ng Long nay ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec1u, hoang ph\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1n ph\u00ed r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i l\u1ef1c, nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c cho vi\u1ec7c tr\u00f9ng tu. <b>Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o \u201c<i>phong thu\u1ef7<\/i>\u201d v\u00e0 \u00e1m \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nam \u00c1, vua Quang Trung<\/b><b> mu\u1ed1n vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, Xi\u00eam La \u2026<\/b> Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kinh \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi \u1edf Ngh\u1ec7 An, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u01b0u t\u1eadp d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian kh\u00e1 d\u00e0i n\u00ean tuy x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng g\u1ea5p r\u00fat c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f4 b\u1ec1 th\u1ebf. <\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n Ph\u00fac Khang An, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00eam long tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 <b>\u00e9p vua Quang Trung<\/b><b> cam k\u1ebft sang ch\u00fac th\u1ecd v\u00e0o n\u0103m sau<\/b> \u2013 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1n l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta<a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftn10_3388\" name=\"_ftnref10_3388\">[10]<\/a>. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch hai s\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n, hai nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb l\u1edbp lang m\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian l\u1eabn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3. <\/p>\n<p>V\u00ec t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch trong khi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ngay n\u00ean <u>Thanh tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ed9p chung ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n ti\u1ec1n s\u00e1t [\u0111em \u0111\u1eb7c d\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ng\u1ef1 thi] v\u00e0 phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t<\/u> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hoang mang v\u00e0 l\u00fang t\u00fang cho c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean. Thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng cho vua Quang Trung \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n g\u1ed3m ba nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau: <\/p>\n<p>1. H\u1eadu b\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1o<a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftn11_3388\" name=\"_ftnref11_3388\">[11]<\/a> Th\u00e0nh L\u00e2m mang theo t\u1edd \u0111\u1eb7c d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a vua C\u00e0n Long (d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n thay th\u1ebf s\u1eafc th\u01b0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn), <\/p>\n<p>2. Th\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng tri<a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftn12_3388\" name=\"_ftnref12_3388\">[12]<\/a> V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng mang b\u00e0i ng\u1ef1 thi ban t\u1eb7ng (tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c thay th\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u1ea5n), <\/p>\n<p>3. \u0110\u1eb7c m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Ph\u00fac Khang An do vi\u00ean t\u1ed5ng qu\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00edn sang trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec1u c\u1eadn (tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a \u0111em qu\u00e0 sang ch\u00fac m\u1eebng). <\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, trong v\u0103n th\u01b0 hai b\u00ean trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t <b><u>s\u1eafc s\u1ee9<\/u><\/b> (s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n mang s\u1eafc d\u1ee5) v\u00e0 <b><u>\u0111\u1ea1i vi\u00ean<\/u><\/b> (vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c l\u1edbn) mang ng\u1ef1 thi l\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay m\u1eb7t Thanh \u0111\u00ecnh [\u0111\u1ec1u do Ph\u00fac Khang An ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i vua C\u00e0n Long sai \u0111i] nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ai nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3. Ri\u00eang vi\u00ean t\u1ed5ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u00e1n c\u00f4ng khai n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 m\u00e3i v\u1ec1 sau n\u01b0\u1edbc ta m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1eeb giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi Ph\u00fac Khang An.<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec<b><u> l\u1ec5 phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng cho vua Quang Trung<\/u><\/b><b><u> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eafc \u1ea5n<\/u><\/b> [Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Hi\u1ec3n \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng mang t\u1eeb B\u1eafc Kinh v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc] n\u00ean tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh T\u00e2y S\u01a1n nghi ng\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 <u>s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 Thanh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn hai tu\u1ea7n \u1edf Nam Quan v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u1ebfn ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 kinh \u0111\u00f4 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1m tr\u00fa g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng \u1edf Gia Qu\u1ea5t <\/u>v\u1edbi l\u00fd do ch\u1edd vua Quang Trung [b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh] ch\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u0103ng Long. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh T\u00e2y S\u01a1n c\u0169ng m\u1ea5y l\u1ea7n xin \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m, khi th\u00ec \u0111\u00f2i v\u00e0o Ngh\u1ec7 An l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi, khi l\u1ea1i xin v\u00e0o Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n l\u00e0 c\u1ef1u \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n, d\u00e2n c\u01b0 tr\u00f9 m\u1eadt th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1ch huy ho\u00e0ng. <\/p>\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh sang d\u1ef1 l\u1ec5 B\u00e1t Tu\u1ea7n Kh\u00e1nh Th\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t v\u00ec vua Quang Trung ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 tin t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thanh tri\u1ec1u [ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Hi\u1ec3n \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1]. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y T\u00f4n S\u0129 Ngh\u1ecb c\u00f3 g\u1eedi th\u01b0 cho Xi\u00eam v\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111em qu\u00e2n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00fat lui c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n m\u1ed9t khi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. V\u00ec th\u00f4ng tin b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 (do chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i theo thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n) n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng Hai (n\u0103m K\u1ef7 D\u1eadu, khi qu\u00e2n Thanh \u0111\u00e3 thua tr\u1eadn) vua Xi\u00eam m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh (Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh khi \u0111\u00f3 coi nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Xi\u00eam La) \u0111\u1ed9ng binh. Th\u00e1ng N\u0103m, ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ra qu\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t cho ch\u1edf l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c (b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n) y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e2n Thanh (nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb b\u00e3o \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u00ecm) \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nghi ng\u1ea1i m\u00e0 vua Quang Trung cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 Thanh d\u00f9ng k\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7u h\u1ed5 ly s\u01a1n, d\u1ee5 \u00f4ng ra Th\u0103ng Long \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh t\u1eadp h\u1eadu b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ef7 v\u00e0o Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Sau h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng gi\u1eb1ng co, sau c\u00f9ng th\u00ec ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m K\u1ef7 D\u1eadu [v\u1ed1n \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m hay \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn] vi\u1ec7c phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t. N\u01b0\u01a1ng theo th\u1ebf \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3i, vua Quang Trung y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1edf c\u1eeda th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf trong m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m qua. L\u00e1 th\u01b0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c g\u1eedi l\u00ean vua C\u00e0n Long nh\u00e2n danh t\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn sau l\u1ec5 khai \u1ea5n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m [\u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng M\u1ed9t th\u00ec Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Hi\u1ec3n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn Nam Quan].<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e3i \u2013 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong gi\u1edbi c\u1ef1u th\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 L\u00ea \u2013 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1 ng\u1ee5y v\u00e0 tranh ch\u1ea5p khi\u1ebfn Ph\u00fac Khang An ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3 \u0111i thay. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi thuy\u1ebft \u00e2m m\u01b0u (conspiracy theories) th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1eddi Minh Thanh m\u00e0 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c, nghi l\u1ec5 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean v\u0103n th\u01b0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a hai ph\u00eda th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n. <\/p>\n<p>Khi nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda nh\u00e0 Thanh, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh T\u00e2y S\u01a1n d\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u1ec5 nghi [l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1 cao] \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ebb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng y\u00eau s\u00e1ch hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u2013 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u201c<i>g\u1eady \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eadp l\u01b0ng \u00f4ng<\/i>\u201d khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, <b>ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ngo\u1ea1i giao Thanh \u2013 Vi\u1ec7t cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u201c<i>\u0111\u1ea5u tr\u00ed<\/i>\u201d m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Thanh t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng trong c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi nho gia n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ph\u1ee7 b\u00e1c.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b><u>       <br \/><\/u><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b><\/b><\/p>\n<h3>T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U<\/h3>\n<h4>Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/h4>\n<p>V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 Thanh c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn vua Quang Trung, ch\u00ednh s\u1eed tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n [Kh\u00e2m \u0110\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed Th\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1m C\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ee5c, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c hay \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Ch\u00ednh Bi\u00ean Li\u1ec7t Truy\u1ec7n] ghi ch\u00e9p r\u1ea5t s\u01a1 s\u00e0i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f3 l\u1ec7. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i T\u00e2y S\u01a1n l\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1eed ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 t\u00fac v\u00e0o h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi nho gia mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. Khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c m\u1edbi chinh ph\u1ee5c, v\u1ed1n d\u0129 b\u1ecb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00ecn b\u1eb1ng c\u1eb7p m\u1eaft nghi k\u1ef5, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111i c\u00f9ng chi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh, kinh t\u1ebf, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u2026 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 T\u00e2y S\u01a1n h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u2013 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong d\u00e3 s\u1eed do ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ghi nh\u1eadn theo l\u1ed1i m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y tai nghe &#8211; nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi Trung Hoa th\u00ec kh\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1edfi k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1c khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea5y l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 v\u0103n th\u01b0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean, khi tho\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7p, khi tranh bi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 v\u1ed1n d\u0129 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng. Nh\u1eefng nho s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn r\u1ea5t vinh d\u1ef1 cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh, cho d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111i s\u1ee9 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u thi t\u1eadp ghi l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n l\u01b0u cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c hay mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i tham gia m\u1ed9t v\u1edf k\u1ecbch \u0111em t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng ra \u0111\u00e1nh cu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n<p>Theo <i>Th\u01b0 M\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 T\u00e2y S\u01a1n<\/i><i> Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7<\/i> do Th\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7n Khoa H\u1ecdc T\u1ed5ng H\u1ee3p thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf V\u0103n-Ho\u00e1 Th\u00f4ng Tin, U\u1ef7 Ban Khoa H\u1ecdc \u2013 K\u1ef9 Thu\u1eadt t\u1ec9nh Ngh\u0129a B\u00ecnh (Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00ed S\u01a1n bi\u00ean t\u1eadp n\u1ed9i dung) \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1988 t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u00ec t\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 1623 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u\/s\u00e1ch\/b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ghi nh\u1eadn, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft hay s\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <i>T\u00e2y S\u01a1n<\/i><i> Bang Giao T\u1eadp <\/i>(\u897f\u5c71\u90a6\u4ea4\u96c6), c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 <i>Bang Giao L\u1ee5c <\/i>(\u90a6\u4ea4\u9304), hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f2n hai b\u1ea3n sao c\u00e1c v\u0103n th\u01b0 qua l\u1ea1i, t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef trong kho s\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e1n N\u00f4m ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 v\u0103n th\u01b0 ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0111\u1eddi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; A. 1916 nhan \u0111\u1ec1 <i>Bang Giao L\u1ee5c<\/i>, 183 trang<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; A. 2364 nhan \u0111\u1ec1 <i>T\u00e2y S\u01a1n<\/i><i> Bang Giao T\u1eadp<\/i>, 114 trang<\/p>\n<p>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u vi\u1ebft th\u00e1u, kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n th\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a vua Quang Trung sang Y\u00ean Kinh. N\u1ebfu t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i nghi l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 bang giao v\u1edbi Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi C\u1ea3nh Th\u1ecbnh (khi vua C\u00e0n Long c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf).<a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftn13_3388\" name=\"_ftnref13_3388\">[13]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <i>Bang Giao H\u1ea3o Tho\u1ea1i<\/i> (\u90a6\u4ea4\u597d\u8a71), t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec Nh\u1eadm (\u5449\u6642\u4efb)<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec Nh\u1eadm (1746-1803), ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 khoa \u1ea4t M\u00f9i (1746) t\u1ef1 Hi Do\u00e3n, hi\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ea1t Hi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong t\u01b0\u1edbc Tinh Ph\u00e1i H\u1ea7u. Bang Giao H\u1ea3o Tho\u1ea1i hay Bang Giao T\u1eadp l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u0103n th\u01b0 giao thi\u1ec7p ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb ho\u00e0 th\u1eddi Quang Trung v\u00e0 giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Thanh th\u1eddi C\u1ea3nh Th\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <i>D\u1ee5 Am V\u0103n T\u1eadp<\/i> (\u88d5\u5eb5\u6587\u96c6), t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Phan Huy \u00cdch (\u6f58\u8f1d\u76ca) TVKHXH A.604<\/p>\n<p>Phan Huy \u00cdch (1751-1822) t\u1ef1 Khi\u00eam Th\u1ee5 Ph\u1ee7, hi\u1ec7u D\u1ee5 Am gi\u1eef vi\u1ec7c bang giao \u0111\u1eddi Quang Trung c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec Nh\u1eadm, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong t\u01b0\u1edbc Thu\u1ef5 Nham H\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p tay, g\u1ed3m 8 quy\u1ec3n (s\u00e1ch), c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n I, II, III, IV ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u1ea3n tr\u00e1t g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n th\u01b0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c bang giao \u0111\u1eddi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <i>Hoa Nguy\u00ean Tu\u1ef3 B\u1ed9 T\u1eadp<\/i> (\u83ef\u539f\u96a8\u6b65\u96c6), t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 V\u0169 Huy T\u1ea5n (\u6b66\u8f1d\u7468)<\/p>\n<p>V\u0169 Huy T\u1ea5n (1749-?), t\u1ef1 T\u1ef1 Chi\u00eau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ed9 Tr\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1eddi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n l\u00e0m th\u1ecb lang b\u1ed9 C\u00f4ng, phong t\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ea1o Tr\u1ea1ch H\u1ea7u. Hoa Nguy\u00ean Tu\u1ef3 B\u1ed9 T\u1eadp ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a VHT trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i s\u1ee9 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m K\u1ef7 D\u1eadu (1789) t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng th\u00e1ng N\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng Ch\u1ea1p. L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u00f4ng l\u00e0m ph\u00f3 s\u1ee9 tu\u1ebf c\u1ed1ng cho H\u00f4 H\u1ed5 H\u1ea7u Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu Tr\u00f9 sau khi nh\u00e0 Thanh c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Nguy\u1ec5n Quang B\u00ecnh [vua Quang Trung] l\u00e0m An Nam qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00ec c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Hi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u vua Quang Trung thay m\u1eb7t sang tri\u1ec1u c\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua C\u00e0n Long \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho c\u1ea7m s\u1eafc \u1ea5n mang v\u1ec1.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea3n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 trong tay l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u00e9p tay s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u A 375 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e1n N\u00f4m H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in l\u1ea1i theo l\u1ed1i \u1ea3nh \u1ea5n trong <i>Vi\u1ec7t Nam H\u00e1n V\u0103n Y\u00ean H\u00e0nh V\u0103n Hi\u1ebfn T\u1eadp Th\u00e0nh<\/i>, quy\u1ec3n s\u1ed1 VI [\u0111\u1ec7 l\u1ee5c s\u00e1ch] t\u1eeb trang 293 \u0111\u1ebfn 343. B\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng theo l\u1ed1i ch\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed7i trang 9 h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed7i h\u00e0ng 20 ch\u1eef. <\/p>\n<p>Trong ph\u1ea7n \u201cT\u1ef1\u201d \u00f4ng k\u1ec3 kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eddi ra sau khi vua Quang Trung \u0111\u00e1nh tan qu\u00e2n Thanh v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n h\u1ea7u m\u1ec7nh r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111i s\u1ee9 ngay. Tuy kh\u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ghi nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd V\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 ngay khi v\u1eeba v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i trong s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a vua Quang Trung n\u0103m Canh Tu\u1ea5t. <\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <i>L\u1ecbch Tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea1p K\u1ef7<\/i> (\u6b77\u671d\u894d\u7d00), t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ng\u00f4 Cao L\u00e3ng (\u5449\u9ad8\u6717)<\/p>\n<p><i>L\u1ecbch Tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea1p K\u1ef7<\/i> l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch ch\u00e9p tay, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 6 quy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 5 (quy\u1ec3n V ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y).<a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftn14_3388\" name=\"_ftnref14_3388\">[14]<\/a> Trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch l\u1ea1i trong quy\u1ec3n VI, nhan \u0111\u1ec1 Chi\u00eau Th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ebf. Tuy ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 vua Chi\u00eau Th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 T\u00e2y S\u01a1n V\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec7n bang giao v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i trung th\u1ef1c. V\u1ec1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n th\u01b0 g\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao l\u1ee5c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong <i>\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t<\/i><i> Qu\u1ed1c Th\u01b0, Bang Giao H\u1ea3o Tho\u1ea1i<\/i> hay <i>D\u1ee5 Am V\u0103n T\u1eadp<\/i> n\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng tham chi\u1ebfu t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u00e0y. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed9i dung \u0103n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nh\u00e0 Thanh n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00f4 Cao L\u00e3ng s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ngay trong th\u1eddi \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <i>L\u1ecbch Tri\u1ec1u Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Lo\u1ea1i Ch\u00ed<\/i> (\u6b77\u671d\u61b2\u7ae0\u985e\u8a8c) c\u1ee7a Phan Huy Ch\u00fa (\u6f58\u8f1d\u6ce8)<\/p>\n<p>Phan Huy Ch\u00fa (1782-1840), t\u1ef1 L\u00e2m Khanh, hi\u1ec7u Mai Phong tuy ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed7 t\u00fa t\u00e0i nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nho uy\u00ean b\u00e1c. LTHCLC ch\u00e9p theo ch\u00ed truy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n nghi c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh g\u1ed3m 49 quy\u1ec3n chia l\u00e0m 10 lo\u1ea1i. Bang Giao Ch\u00ed ch\u00e9p t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n 46-49.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <i>Kh\u00e2m \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1i Nam H\u1ed9i \u0110i\u1ec3n S\u1ef1 L\u1ec7<\/i> (\u6b3d\u5b9a\u5927\u5357\u6703\u5178\u4e8b\u4f8b) g\u1ed3m 262 quy\u1ec3n do n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi thu\u1ef7 so\u1ea1n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb sang \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 4 th\u00ec xong chia theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Thanh h\u1ed9i \u0111i\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7. Ph\u1ea7n Bang Giao ch\u00e9p trong quy\u1ec3n 129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n xu\u1ed1ng Th\u0103ng Long.<\/p>\n<h4>Trung Hoa<\/h4>\n<p>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i phong ph\u00fa v\u00ec nh\u00e0 Thanh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef r\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. C\u00e1c v\u0103n th\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u1edf c\u1ea3 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tham chi\u1ebfu ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p nguy\u00ean v\u0103n \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u0103n th\u01b0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7. \u0110\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 minh ho\u1ea1 kh\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Thanh tri\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a vua C\u00e0n Long. C\u00e1c quan \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf m\u00e0 v\u1ea1ch ra m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i cho thu\u1eadn l\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Theo c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0110\u00e0i Loan t\u1eebng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1eddi C\u00e0n Long nh\u01b0 Trang C\u00e1t Ph\u00e1t hay Lai Ph\u00fac Thu\u1eadn, ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ed1 v\u0103n th\u01b0 g\u1ed1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong kho \u0111\u00e1ng \u00e1n c\u1ee7a C\u1ed1 Cung B\u00e1c V\u1eadt Vi\u1ec7n. Tuy m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f2n b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qu\u00ean trong kho t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Hoa l\u1ee5c hay \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc ta.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng. C\u00e1c t\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7p, d\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 \u00edt khi ghi ng\u00e0y g\u1eedi m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 ghi ng\u00e0y nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng v\u0103n n\u00ean th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa l\u00fac g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i xa x\u00f4i nh\u01b0 Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, Nam Quan hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed Th\u0103ng Long. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t, th\u1eddi gian qua l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u cho k\u1ef9, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <i>Kh\u00e2m \u0110\u1ecbnh An Nam<\/i><i> K\u1ef7 L\u01b0\u1ee3c <\/i>(\u6b3d\u5b9a\u5b89\u5357\u7d00\u7565)<b><i><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><i>Kh\u00e2m \u0110\u1ecbnh An Nam<\/i><i> K\u1ef7 L\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i> l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng v\u0103n th\u01b0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e1nh An Nam, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 32 quy\u1ec3n g\u1ed3m 2 quy\u1ec3n Thi\u00ean Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u1ea5t\/Nh\u1ecb v\u00e0 30 quy\u1ec3n th\u01b0 t\u1eeb qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n th\u01b0 t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n trong cung do Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u00e1n t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p hi\u1ec7n t\u00e0ng b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i C\u1ed1 Cung B\u00e1c V\u1eadt Vi\u1ec7n (\u6545\u5bae\u535a\u7269\u9662) B\u1eafc Kinh. H\u1ea3i Kh\u1ea9u: H\u1ea3i Nam xbx in theo l\u1ed1i \u1ea3nh \u1ea5n n\u0103m 2000. Ngo\u00e0i ra ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f2n tham kh\u1ea3o b\u1ea3n ch\u00e9p tay nhan \u0111\u1ec1 <i>An Nam K\u1ef7 L\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i> (\u5b89\u5357\u7d00\u7565) 32 quy\u1ec3n trong Trung Qu\u1ed1c V\u0103n Hi\u1ebfn Tr\u00e2n B\u1ea3n T\u00f9ng Th\u01b0 (\u4e2d\u570b\u6587\u732e\u73cd\u672c\u53e2\u66f8), Th\u01b0 M\u1ee5c V\u0103n Hi\u1ebfn xbx, 1986. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch NDC (ch\u01b0a xb). V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb h\u00f2a chi\u1ebfm g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n XIII \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft quy\u1ec3n XXVI.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <i>Thanh Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c <\/i>(\u6e05\u5be6\u9304)<i><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>Thanh Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c<\/i> hay <i>\u0110\u1ea1i Thanh L\u1ecbch Tri\u1ec1u Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c<\/i> (\u5927\u6e05\u6b77\u671d\u5be6\u9304) l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch l\u1edbn ch\u00e9p theo l\u1ed1i bi\u00ean ni\u00ean c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tri\u1ec1u Thanh. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ngh\u1ecb ho\u00e0 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u1eb1m trong <i>C\u00e0n Long<\/i><i> Tri\u1ec1u Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c<\/i> (\u4e7e\u9686\u671d\u5be6\u9304), c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <i>Thanh Cao T\u00f4ng<\/i><i> Thu\u1ea7n Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c<\/i> hay <i>Cao T\u00f4ng Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c<\/i>, n\u0103m K\u1ef7 D\u1eadu (C\u00e0n Long 54) bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n 1231-1345 in theo l\u1ed1i \u1ea3nh \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa Th\u01b0 C\u1ee5c, B\u1eafc Kinh 1985-7.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <i>\u0110\u00f4ng Hoa T\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c <\/i>(\u6771\u83ef\u7e8c\u9304)<b> <\/b><\/p>\n<p><i>\u0110\u00f4ng Hoa T\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c<\/i> do V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ti\u00ean Khi\u00eam [\u738b\u5148\u8b19] (1842-1918) bi\u00ean t\u1eadp, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 5 s\u00e1ch, trong b\u1ed9 C\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c S\u1eed Li\u1ec7u T\u00f9ng San Tam Bi\u00ean do V\u0103n H\u1ea3i \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh theo l\u1ed1i \u1ea3nh \u1ea5n n\u0103m 2006. S\u00e1ch s\u1ed1 5 t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n 39-48 ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1eddi C\u00e0n Long t\u1eeb n\u0103m 50-60 nh\u01b0ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ngh\u1ecb ho\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong quy\u1ec3n 43.<i> <\/i>\u0110\u00f4ng Hoa T\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c in theo l\u1ed1i c\u0169, ch\u1eef r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u chia ra th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng th\u00e1ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 n\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 tra t\u00ecm.<b><\/b><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <i>Thanh Cung Nhi\u1ec7t H\u00e0 \u0110\u00e1ng \u00c1n <\/i>(\u6df8 \u5bae \u70ed\u6cb3 \u6863\u6848) <b><\/b><\/p>\n<p>To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 18 quy\u1ec3n, do Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t L\u1ecbch S\u1eed \u0110\u00e1ng \u00c1n Qu\u00e1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 2003 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u0103n th\u01b0 khi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u1edf Nhi\u1ec7t H\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh n\u00f3ng h\u00e0ng n\u0103m. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u1eddi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n 6 v\u00e0 7. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee5p nguy\u00ean v\u0103n, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u ph\u00ea v\u00e0 con d\u1ea5u nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7. V\u1ec1 giao thi\u1ec7p ngh\u1ecb ho\u00e0, Nhi\u1ec7t H\u00e0 \u0110\u00e1ng \u00c1n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt v\u00ec t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n An Nam K\u1ef7 L\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c. Tuy nhi\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ecf l\u1ea1i soi s\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nguy\u00ean do vi\u1ec7c vua Quang Trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban y ph\u1ee5c th\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn nay s\u1eed gia n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 sai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia Trung Hoa c\u0169ng nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<b><\/b><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <i>C\u00e0n Long<\/i><i> Tri\u1ec1u Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng D\u1ee5 \u0110\u00e1ng <\/i>(\u4e7e\u9686\u671d\u4e0a\u8aed\u6a94)<i><\/i><\/p>\n<p>L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1eafc d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eddi C\u00e0n Long do Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t L\u1ecbch S\u1eed \u0110\u00e1ng \u00c1n Qu\u00e1n bi\u00ean t\u1eadp, \u0110\u00e1ng \u00c1n xbx B\u1eafc Kinh \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh (t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 18 quy\u1ec3n) n\u0103m 1991. Ph\u1ea7n Thanh Vi\u1ec7t ngh\u1ecb ho\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong quy\u1ec3n XIV, XV. C\u00e1c v\u0103n th\u01b0 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u00ec do ch\u00ednh H\u00f2a Th\u00e2n (Kh\u00f4n) trong Qu\u00e2n C\u01a1 X\u1ee9 vi\u1ebft tay (t\u1ef1 k\u00fd) v\u00e0 g\u1eedi \u0111i theo l\u1ed1i h\u1ecfa t\u1ed1c (600 d\u1eb7m m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y).<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <i>Cung Trung \u0110\u00e1ng C\u00e0n Long<\/i><i> Tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea5u Tri\u1ec7p<\/i> (\u5bae\u4e2d\u6a94\u4e7e\u9686\u671d\u594f\u647a)<i><\/i><\/p>\n<p>T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c t\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eddi C\u00e0n Long c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2u l\u00ean ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf do C\u1ed1 Cung B\u00e1c V\u1eadt Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc in l\u1ea1i theo l\u1ed1i \u1ea3nh \u1ea5n n\u0103m D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c 76-7 (1987-8), nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb t\u00e0n khuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng d\u1ea5u \u201c<i>nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng t\u00e0n t\u1ed5n<\/i>\u201d. T\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y qu\u00ed gi\u00e1 v\u00ec l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i c\u00f3 ch\u00e2u ph\u00ea c\u1ee7a vua C\u00e0n Long v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 b\u1ecb b\u00f4i \u0111en c\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 xem t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00ec sao b\u1ecb d\u1ea5u b\u1edbt. V\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 v\u0103n th\u01b0 m\u1eadt do ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi vi\u1ebft n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra t\u1ef1 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n S\u0129 Ngh\u1ecb, Ph\u00fac Khang An, T\u00f4n V\u0129nh Thanh \u2026 \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 v\u00e0 qu\u00ed gi\u00e1, ph\u1ea7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb ho\u00e0 v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c t\u1eadp 67-74. V\u1edbi l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh v\u0103n, c\u00e1ch g\u1eedi th\u01b0 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh qua l\u1ea1i theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u C\u00e0n Long, ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Nguy\u1ec5n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <i>Minh Thanh S\u1eed Li\u1ec7u<\/i> [\u660e\u6e05\u53f2\u6599] Th\u1ea9m V\u00e2n Long [\u6c88\u96f2\u9f8d] ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean <\/p>\n<p>do V\u0103n H\u1ea3i \u1edf \u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1967. Trong b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang Canh Bi\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi L\u00ea trung h\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in l\u1ea1i trong b\u1ed9 Thanh Qu\u00fd N\u1ed9i C\u00e1c \u0110\u00e1ng \u00c1n To\u00e0n T\u1eadp [\u6e05\u5b63\u5185\u9601\u6863\u6848\u5168\u8f91] (B\u1eafc Kinh: H\u1ecdc Uy\u1ec3n xbx, 1999) c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n 11, 12. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u sao l\u1ea1i theo nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n th\u01b0 ri\u00eang m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 cho ta m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi ti\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nghi v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng v\u0103n li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c n\u00eau tr\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u th\u1eddi gian t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 sao l\u1ee5c:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Trung Qu\u1ed1c X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i Khoa H\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch S\u1eed Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u S\u1edf (\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u5386\u53f2\u784f\u7a76\u6240) <i>C\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ea1i Trung Vi\u1ec7t Quan H\u1ec7 S\u1eed T\u01b0 Li\u1ec7u Tuy\u1ec3n Bi\u00ean<\/i> (th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1) (\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e2d\u8d8a\u5173\u7cfb\u53f2\u8d44\u6599\u8fed\u7f16). B\u1eafc Kinh: Trung Qu\u1ed1c X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i Khoa H\u1ecdc xbx, 1982.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u L\u1ecbch S\u1eed V\u00e2n Nam (\u4e91\u5357\u7701\u6b77\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240)<i>. Thanh Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c: Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n, Th\u00e1i Qu\u1ed1c, L\u00e3o Qua s\u1eed li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch sao<\/i> (\u6e05\u5be6\u9304: \u8d8a\u5357\u7dec\u7538\u6cf0\u570b\u8001\u64be\u53f2\u6599\u6458\u6284). C\u00f4n Minh: V\u00e2n Nam nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n xbx, 1985<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u00eau tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0103n th\u01b0 qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Thanh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. B\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u2013 c\u00e1c t\u1ea5u th\u01b0 g\u1eedi sang Thanh tri\u1ec1u &#8211; c\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n trong v\u0103n kh\u1ed1 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 binh l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n<h4>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u2013 Ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn<\/h4>\n<p>Bang giao v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 Trung Hoa \u2013 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i l\u1edbn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Trung Hoa nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; T\u00f4n Ho\u00e0nh Ni\u00ean (\u5b6b\u5b8f\u5e74). <i>Thanh \u00d0\u1ea1i Trung Vi\u1ec7t T\u00f4ng Phi\u00ean Quan H\u1ec7 Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u <\/i>(\u6e05\u4ee3\u4e2d\u8d8a\u5b97\u85e9\u95dc\u7e6b\u7814\u7a76) H\u1eafc Long Giang Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c xbx, 2006.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; L\u00fd Quang \u00d0\u00e0o (\u674e\u5149\u6fe4). <i>K\u00fd C\u00e0n Long<\/i><i> Ni\u00ean B\u00ecnh \u00d0\u1ecbnh An Nam<\/i><i> Chi D\u1ecbch<\/i> (\u8a18\u4e7e\u9686\u5e74\u5e73\u5b9a\u5b89\u5357\u4e4b\u5f79 ). \u00d0\u00e0i B\u1eafc: Trung \u01af\u01a1ng Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u Vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch S\u1eed Ng\u1eef Ng\u00f4n Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u S\u1edf, 1976<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Trang, C\u00e1t Ph\u00e1t (\u838a\u5409\u767c). <i>Thanh Cao T\u00f4ng<\/i><i> Th\u1eadp To\u00e0n V\u00f5 C\u00f4ng Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u<\/i> (\u6e05\u9ad8\u5b97\u5341\u5168\u6b66\u529f\u7814\u7a76). \u00d0\u00e0i Loan: C\u1ed1 Cung T\u00f9ng San, Gi\u00e1p Ch\u1ee7ng s\u1ed1 26, th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1982.<\/p>\n<p>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 giao thi\u1ec7p Thanh \u2013 Vi\u1ec7t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb ho\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Trung Hoa, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u2026 c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1eadp san S\u1eed h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p>Trang C\u00e1t Ph\u00e1t (\u838a\u5409\u767c) vi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong lu\u1eadn v\u0103n nhan \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cH\u01b0ng Di\u1ec7t K\u1ebf Tuy\u1ec7t \u2013 T\u1ef1 Ti\u1ec3u T\u1ed3n Vong: Thanh Cao T\u00f4ng D\u1ee5ng Binh \u01af An Nam \u0110\u00edch Ch\u00ednh Tr\u1ecb L\u00fd Ni\u1ec7m\u201d (\u8208\u6ec5\u7e7c\u7d55\u5b57\u5c0f\u5b58\u4ea1\u6e05\u9ad8\u5b97\u7528\u5175\u65bc\u5b89\u5357\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u5ff5)<a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftn15_3388\" name=\"_ftnref15_3388\">[15]<\/a> \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 l\u00fd do nh\u00e0 Thanh \u0111em qu\u00e2n sang n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Tuy \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi m\u1ebb nh\u01b0ng Trang C\u00e1t Ph\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i m\u00e0 T\u00f4n S\u0129 Ngh\u1ecb che d\u1ea5u. Gia quy\u1ebfn h\u1ecd L\u00ea kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y sang c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u Thanh tri\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ef5 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 T\u00f4n S\u0129 Ngh\u1ecb c\u00f3 c\u1edb d\u1ee5ng binh ng\u00f5 h\u1ea7u th\u0103ng quan ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n<p>Ti\u1ebfp theo, Trang C\u00e1t Ph\u00e1t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i nhan \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cThanh Cao T\u00f4ng S\u00e1ch Phong An Nam Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n Quang B\u00ecnh Thu\u1ef7 M\u1ea1t\u201d (\u6e05\u9ad8\u5b97\u518c\u5c01\u5b89\u5357\u570b\u738b\u962e\u5149\u5e73\u59cb\u672b)<a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftn16_3388\" name=\"_ftnref16_3388\">[16]<\/a> \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i T\u00e2y S\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Minh \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u5f20\u660e\u7576) trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn nhan \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cPh\u00fac Khang An D\u1eef C\u00e0n Long M\u1ea1t Trung An T\u00f4ng Phi\u00ean Quan H\u1ec7 \u0110\u00edch Tu Ph\u1ee5c\u201d (\u798f\u5eb7\u5b89\u4e0e\u4e7e\u9686\u672b\u4e2d\u5b89\u5b97\u85e9\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4fee\u590d)<a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftn17_3388\" name=\"_ftnref17_3388\">[17]<\/a> mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 kh\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00fac Khang An trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb ho\u00e0 v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0110\u1ed3 h\u1ecda<\/h4>\n<p>Tranh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c giao thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb h\u00f2a v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Thanh hi\u1ec7n nay r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm hoi. Ngay c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1eddi L\u00ea c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Hi\u1ec7n nay n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ed9 H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c B\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ed3 (\u6d2a\u5fb7\u7248\u5716) do B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c, Saigon \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1962 (T\u1ee7 S\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7n Kh\u1ea3o C\u1ed5, s\u1ed1 III) l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee5p t\u1eeb \u00e2m b\u1ea3n microfilm n\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u1eafm.<\/p>\n<p>Trong t\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y, b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Trung \u0110\u00f4, t\u1ee9c Th\u0103ng Long (t\u1eeb trang 6-9) c\u00f3 kinh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u01b0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ee7, th\u00e1p B\u1ea3o Thi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cung \u0111i\u1ec7n.<a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftn18_3388\" name=\"_ftnref18_3388\">[18]<\/a> \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u T\u00e2y S\u01a1n sang tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n, c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4 Th\u0103ng Long nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00ean kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng khung c\u1ea3nh khi Nguy\u1ec5n Quang B\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. GS Ho\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n H\u00e3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i nghi v\u1ec7, l\u1ed7 b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc ta trong k\u1ef3 l\u1ec5 phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m Qu\u00ed H\u1ee3i (1683) cho vua L\u00ea Hi T\u00f4ng (\u0111\u1eddi Khang Hi). H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 Thanh c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Th\u00e0nh L\u00e2m n\u00ean hai l\u1ea7n phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Trung Hoa, \u0111\u1eddi C\u00e0n Long l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecbnh th\u1ebf n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1ea1, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3 r\u1ea5t qui m\u00f4 v\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i do ho\u1ea1 c\u00f4ng trong tri\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. B\u1ee9c tranh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn vua Quang Trung l\u00e0 \u201cNguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 khi\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7t Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Hi\u1ec3n nh\u1eadp c\u1eadn t\u1ee9 y\u1ebfn chi \u0111\u1ed3\u201d (\u962e\u60e0\u9063\u59ea\u962e\u5149\u986f\u5165\u89b2\u8cdc\u5bb4\u4e4b\u5716) trong b\u1ed9 tranh An Nam Chi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ed3 v\u1ebd ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Hi\u1ec3n tri\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn vua C\u00e0n Long t\u1ea1i Thanh \u00c2m C\u00e1c \u1edf Nhi\u1ec7t H\u00e0.<\/p>\n<h3>Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/h3>\n<p>Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn bang giao Thanh Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eddi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao l\u1ee5c ri\u00eang th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n ri\u00eang, ho\u1eb7c l\u1eabn trong di v\u0103n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1eabn Trung Hoa. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i cho l\u1edbp lang, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea3 n\u00eau l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec3m cho t\u1eebng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n<p>1. <i>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb s\u1eeda v\u00e0 ch\u00e9p \u0111i ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7.<\/i> T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 gia b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nh\u00e0 Thanh v\u1ed1n d\u0129 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng \u00e1n, nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u00eam b\u1edbt cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 che d\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p>2. <i>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng g\u1eedi hay nh\u1eadn n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i so s\u00e1nh n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o.<\/i> Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m vi\u1ebft ra v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng khi l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh v\u0103n th\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. V\u0103n th\u01b0 \u0111\u1eddi Thanh tu\u1ef3 theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9n v\u00e0 m\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i theo nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00ean c\u1ea7n am t\u01b0\u1eddng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 cho ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p>3. <i>N\u1ed9i dung t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt.<\/i> Ngo\u00e0i ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ngo\u1ea1i giao n\u00f3i cho \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn, nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do n\u00eau l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 minh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. <\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u1eddi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n t\u1eadp trung ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu trong hai h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c:<\/p>\n<p>1. V\u0103n th\u01b0 ngo\u1ea1i giao (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0) ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c, ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Thanh c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o cho tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u d\u00f9ng trong vi\u1ec7c so\u1ea1n s\u1eed.<\/p>\n<p>2. Th\u01a1 v\u0103n x\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1ea1 v\u00e0 ng\u00e2m v\u1ecbnh khi sang Trung Hoa, khi d\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7c hay th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng th\u1eafng c\u1ea3nh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u01b0 t\u1eeb th\u00f9 t\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong khi \u0111i s\u1ee9.<\/p>\n<p>So s\u00e1nh di v\u0103n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta v\u1edbi t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, Anh qu\u1ed1c trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng. Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1ea5t chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 (c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i quan ph\u1ee5c, l\u1ed7 b\u1ed9, y\u1ebfn ti\u1ec7c, h\u00ed kh\u00fac \u2026), ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Anh qu\u1ed1c (n\u00f3i chung T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng) ghi nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 sinh ho\u1ea1t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u2026 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y tai nghe tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i v\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4. <\/p>\n<p>Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ghi l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 th\u01a1 v\u0103n ng\u00e2m v\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c danh th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eebng g\u1eb7p trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf nh\u01b0 X\u00edch B\u00edch, Ho\u00e0ng H\u1ea1c L\u00e2u, l\u1ea7u L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2026 hay c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ho\u1ea1 l\u1ea1i th\u01a1 v\u0103n trao t\u1eb7ng. Nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y t\u00e2m t\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nho n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebft m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u00edt ai c\u00f3 ho\u00e0i b\u00e3o \u0111em c\u00e1i hay c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac cho s\u1edf \u0111o\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<b> <\/b><\/p>\n<p><strong>(c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><b>     <br \/><\/b><\/p>\n<hr align=\"left\" size=\"1\" width=\"33%\" \/>\n<p><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftnref1_3388\" name=\"_ftn1_3388\">[1]<\/a> Robert I. Fitzhenry (ed.), <i>The Harper Book of Quotations<\/i> (NY: HarperCollins, 1993) tr. 205<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftnref2_3388\" name=\"_ftn2_3388\">[2]<\/a>\u4e8c\u6708\u3002\u5eb7\u5b89\u81f3\u5ee3\u897f\u592a\u5e73\u5e55\u5e9c\u3002\u6587\u60e0\u96a8\u4f7f\u5176\u81e3\u5449\u58ec\u3002\u6f5b\u5f80\u6b78\u964d\u8b1d\u7f6a\u3002\u53c8\u591a\u4ee5\u91d1\u8cc2\u3002\u61c7\u5eb7\u5b89\u7232\u4e4b\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002\u5eb7\u5b89\u65e3\u5f97\u539a\u8cc2\u3002\u53c8\u5e78\u5176\u7121\u4e8b\u3002\u594f\u8acb\u56e0\u800c\u8a31\u4e4b\u3002\u6bcb\u958b\u908a\u91c1\u3002\u6e05\u5e1d\u5f9e\u4e4b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><i>Kh\u00e2m \u0110\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed Th\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1m C\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ee5c <\/i>[vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft CM]<i> <\/i>q. XLVII, tr. 43, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7n S\u1eed H\u1ecdc (1998) T\u1eadp Hai tr. 848-9.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftnref3_3388\" name=\"_ftn3_3388\">[3]<\/a> \u2026\u5df2\u800c\u798f\u5eb7\u5b89\u62b5\u7cb5\u897f\u5c02\u610f\u8b1b\u548c\u79fb\u66f8\u4ee5\u5229\u5bb3\u8b6c\u8aed\u4e4b\u3002\u60e0\u4ea6\u4ee5\u91d1\u5e63\u539a\u9063\u6c42\u7232\u7389\u6210\u9042\u6539\u540d\u5149\u5e73\u9063\u5176\u59ea\u962e\u5149\u986f\u7add\u966a\u81e3\u6b66\u8f1d\u7468\u9f4e\u905e\u8ca2\u54c1\u53e9\u95dc\u61c7\u8acb\u5165\u89b2\u2026 <i>\u0110\u1ea1i Nam Ch\u00ednh Bi\u00ean Li\u1ec7t Truy\u1ec7n <\/i>[vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft LT]<i> <\/i>q. XXX, Ngu\u1ef5 T\u00e2y, tr. 37B<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftnref4_3388\" name=\"_ftn4_3388\">[4]<\/a> \u4e14\u8aaa\u5169\u5ee3\u65b0\u7763\u81e3\u798f\u9686\u5b89\u4e43\u6eff\u5dde\u9472\u9ec4\u65d7\u4eba\uff0c\u7531\u852d\u751f\u81f4\u4f4d\u53f0\u9f0e\uff0c\u6e05\u5e1d\u7d20\u4fe1\u7528\uff0c\u6545\u59d4\u4ee5\u6599\u7406\u5357\u4e8b\u3002\u521d\u4ee3\u6bc5\u7232\u7e3d\u7763\uff0c\u4e58\u9a5b\u81f3\u5ee3\u897f\u5e55\u5e9c\uff0c\u89aa\u898b\u6bc5\u96bb\u8eab\u5954\u9084\uff0c\u53c8\u805e\u5317\u5e73\u738b\u52e2\u71c4\uff0c\u672a\u514d\u9021\u5de1\u754f\u7e2e\uff0c\u53ca\u63a5\u908a\u66f8\uff0c\u9042\u4e00\u5fc3\u5927\u81bd\uff0c\u5373\u4ee5\u5357\u4e8b\u81ea\u4efb\uff0c\u5bc6\u8b02\u592a\u5e73\u5e9c\u738b\u5206\u5e9c\u66f0: \u5357\u5317\u5f2d\u5175\uff0c\u751f\u6c11\u4e4b\u798f\uff0c\u800c\u5bd4\u908a\u5f4a\u8af8\u81e3\u4e4b\u5927\u5e78\u4e5f!\u6211\u805e\u5357\u570b\u8a5e\u81e3\uff0c\u6709\u5449\u4efb\u8005\uff0c\u5411\u4e4b\u8a5e\u672d\u7686\u51fa\u5176\u624b\uff0c\u516c\u53ef\u7232\u66f8\u7b54\u5fa9\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u5c08\u4e3b\u548c\u8b70\uff0c\u6025\u7e55\u8b1d\u8868\u6295\u905e\uff0c\u6211\u7232\u5185\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e8b\u7121\u4e0d\u6fdf\u3002\u738b\u5206\u5e9c\u51fa\uff0c\u5373\u79fb\u672d\u4e8e\u5449\u4efb\u3002\u5449\u4efb\u4ee5\u4e8b\u7980\u4e8e\u5317\u5e73\u738b\uff0c\u738b\u96d6\u65e3\u5b9a\u5317\u6cb3\uff0c\u800c\u5357\u9672\u7336\u6709\u5185\u6182\uff0c\u6025\u65bc\u9084\u5e2b\uff0c\u56e0\u6703\u8af8\u5c07\u8b02\u66f0: \u5317\u6cb3\u5175\u4e8b\u5449\u59d4\u6587\u695a\uff0c\u6587\u7498\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u4f7f\u547d\u5449\u59d4\u5449\u4efb\uff0c\u6f58\u76ca\uff0c\u51e1\u4e8b\u4e26\u807d\u4fbf\u5b9c\u8655\u7f6e\u3002\u6211\u4e14\u9084\uff0c\u4e8b\u7121\u95dc\u7dca\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5f80\u5fa9\u7980\u5831\u7232\u4e5f\u3002<i>Vi\u1ec7t Nam H\u00e1n V\u0103n Ti\u1ec3u Thuy\u1ebft T\u00f9ng San<\/i>, q. V: \u201cHo\u00e0ng L\u00ea Nh\u1ea5t Th\u1ed1ng Ch\u00ed\u201d (1987) tr. 239, NDC d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftnref5_3388\" name=\"_ftn5_3388\">[5]<\/a> Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 ban th\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng, r\u1ea5t \u00edt gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 \u00fd, h\u00e0 bao, v\u1ea3i v\u00f3c, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o&#8230; trong khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tuy ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, s\u1eebng t\u00ea, ng\u00e0 voi, tr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u1ecdc trai&#8230; nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i cao g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftnref6_3388\" name=\"_ftn6_3388\">[6]<\/a> \u2026\u5176\u5728\u4eba\u4e5f\uff0c\u5982\u7af9\u7bad\u4e4b\u6709\u7b60\u4e5f\uff0c\u5982\u677e\u67cf\u4e4b\u6709\u5fc3\u4e5f\u3002V\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u00e2n Ng\u0169 (ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean) V\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ed9ng \u00c2u (ch\u00fa d\u1ecbch). <i>L\u1ec5 K\u00fd Kim Ch\u00fa Kim D\u1ecbch<\/i>, q. th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (1977) tr. 389-90.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftnref7_3388\" name=\"_ftn7_3388\">[7]<\/a> Xem th\u00eam John K. Fairbank \u201cThe Early Treaty System in the Chinese Order\u201d <i>The Chinese World Order: Traditional China\u2019s Foreign Relations<\/i>. Cambridge, Mass: Havard University Press, (2<sup>nd<\/sup> Ed.) (1970) tr. 257-70<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftnref8_3388\" name=\"_ftn8_3388\">[8]<\/a> Theo s\u1ef1 tra v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00fac Khang An, c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u th\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 L\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 loan truy\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tin \u0111\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh T\u00e2y S\u01a1n trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 2 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng:<\/p>\n<p>1\/ Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Hi\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u ru\u1ed9t vua Quang Trung (\u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Thanh tri\u1ec1u)<\/p>\n<p>2\/ Nh\u00e0 Thanh s\u1ebd \u0111em qu\u00e2n sang \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd khi vua Quang Trung ra kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc (\u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y hoang mang cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh T\u00e2y S\u01a1n). <\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng tin \u0111\u1ed3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf, tuy c\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eafc m\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. T\u1ea5u th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00fac Khang An ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng M\u1ed9t n\u0103m C\u00e0n Long 54 (<i>Thanh Qu\u00ed N\u1ed9i C\u00e1c \u0110\u00e1ng \u00c1n to\u00e0n t\u1eadp<\/i>, q. 11, tr. 4262 \u2013 tr\u00edch t\u1eeb <i>Minh Thanh s\u1eed li\u1ec7u<\/i>, Canh bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7 Nh\u1ecb b\u1ea3n, tr. 143)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftnref9_3388\" name=\"_ftn9_3388\">[9]<\/a> Xem th\u00eam \u201cL\u00ea Duy K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng hay \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u00e1ch?\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cL\u00ea Qu\u00fdnh, 1750-1805\u201d (bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a NDC)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftnref10_3388\" name=\"_ftn10_3388\">[10]<\/a> Ngay trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, Ph\u00fac Khang An \u0111ang m\u1eafc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u00e1n m\u00e0 vua C\u00e0n Long r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch m\u1eafng, nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n th\u1ebf (ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Hi\u1ebfu Hi\u1ec1n, con c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u0129 Ph\u00f3 H\u1eb1ng \u2026) v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng lao, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t hay t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1 Ph\u00fac Khang An ph\u1ea3i m\u1eddi cho b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Quang Trung sang d\u1ef1 l\u1ec5 B\u00e1t Tu\u1ea7n Kh\u00e1nh Th\u1ecd. Xem <i>\u0110\u00f4ng Hoa T\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c<\/i> (q. V), tr. 1572.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftnref11_3388\" name=\"_ftn11_3388\">[11]<\/a> H\u1eadu b\u1ed5 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n \u0111ang ch\u1edd b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftnref12_3388\" name=\"_ftn12_3388\">[12]<\/a> Th\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1m n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m, ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5. C\u1ea3 Th\u00e0nh L\u00e2m l\u1eabn V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a ai c\u00f3 quan ch\u1ee9c, ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng theo nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00ean c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ng\u1ea1ch tr\u1eadt, ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u0169 l\u1ee5c ph\u1ea9m, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m kh\u00e2m s\u1ee9 thay m\u1eb7t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh sang phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 tam hay nh\u1ecb ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea9m cho trang tr\u1ecdng).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftnref13_3388\" name=\"_ftn13_3388\">[13]<\/a> Ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f3 380 c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1i treo n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n khi \u0111\u00f3n s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n (\u0111\u1eddi C\u1ea3nh Th\u1ecbnh khi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh C\u00e0n Long cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang d\u1ee5 t\u1ebf v\u00e0 phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng cho Nguy\u1ec5n Quang To\u1ea3n).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftnref14_3388\" name=\"_ftn14_3388\">[14]<\/a> Ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 hai b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee5p, m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb VHN H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u00e1c C\u1ed5 Paris. B\u1ea3n t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef \u1edf Paris c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftnref15_3388\" name=\"_ftn15_3388\">[15]<\/a> <i>Thanh S\u1eed Lu\u1eadn T\u1eadp<\/i>, q. VI (2000) tr. 169-188<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftnref16_3388\" name=\"_ftn16_3388\">[16]<\/a> <i>Thanh S\u1eed Lu\u1eadn T\u1eadp<\/i>, q. XVI (2008) tr. 206-256<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftnref17_3388\" name=\"_ftn17_3388\">[17]<\/a> \u201cFu Kangan and the Restoration of Suzerain Vassal Relationship Between the Qing Dynasty and Vietnam in the Later Period of Qianlong Emperor\u201d T\u1ea1p Ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Nam (Journal of Southwest University), Vol. 36, No. 4 th\u00e1ng July, 2010.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Tho\/Desktop\/#_ftnref18_3388\" name=\"_ftn18_3388\">[18]<\/a> G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 nhan \u0111\u1ec1 <i>Ti\u1ec1n L\u00ea Nam Vi\u1ec7t B\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ed3 M\u00f4 B\u1ea3n<\/i> (\u524d\u9ece\u5357\u8d8a\u7248\u5716\u6479\u672c) r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n t\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c. R\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 t\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y thi\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Kinh B\u1eafc. Xin ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3m t\u1ea1 GS L\u00ea V\u0103n \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u00e3 \u00fd g\u1eedi t\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Trung Hoa d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Thanh C\u00e0n Long l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i n\u00ean nh\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u theo qui \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u1ec7, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 khung h\u00ecnh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c cho \u0111\u1eddi sau tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n<p>Tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, nh\u00e0 Thanh c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cs\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, v\u1edbi l\u00e2n bang r\u1eb1ng An Nam \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c trong \u201cm\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9ng binh\u201d. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u201cph\u00f9ng xo\u00e8\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbp lang, b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":669,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,152,153,9,181],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37650","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-hoc-thuat","category-lich-su","category-nghien-cuu","category-tu-lieu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37650","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/669"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=37650"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37650\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37667,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37650\/revisions\/37667"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=37650"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=37650"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=37650"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}