{"id":3322,"date":"2009-01-19T01:05:00","date_gmt":"2009-01-19T01:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/archives\/3322"},"modified":"2022-02-23T11:06:37","modified_gmt":"2022-02-23T11:06:37","slug":"so-thao-bai-su-khac-cho-viet-nam-chuong-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/3322\/so-thao-bai-su-khac-cho-viet-nam-chuong-3","title":{"rendered":"S\u01a1 Th\u1ea3o: B\u00e0i S\u1eed Kh\u00e1c Cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam* \u2013 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3"},"content":{"rendered":"

CH\u01af\u01a0NG III:<\/i><\/p>\n

C\u00c1C QUY\u1ec0N L\u1ef0C B\u1ea2N X\u1ee8 TR\u01af\u1edaC S\u1ef0 TR\u00c0N L\u1ea4N HOA \u1ea4N<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 \u2013 Nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u mu\u1ed9n nh\u01b0 Nam Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00ed<\/i> k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n Th\u1ee5c c\u01b0\u1edbp n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t Th\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0ng S\u1eed k\u00ed<\/i> h\u01a1n n\u0103m th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn L\u1ea1c, \u00c2u L\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau (Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u k\u00ed)<\/i> ghi chuy\u1ec7n \u201cTh\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eed\u201d \u0111\u00e1nh L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u, x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf Phong Kh\u00ea, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 di\u1ec7t, \u201csai hai s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 coi vi\u1ec7c cai tr\u1ecb hai qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u1ec9, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00c2u L\u1ea1c v\u1eady.\u201d Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft, ta c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 l\u00e0m vua tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea7u trung ch\u00e2u s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, theo To\u00e0n th\u01b0 <\/i>l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 257 \u0111\u1ebfn 208 tCn. C\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y c\u1ee9 ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ea1n cho t\u00e2m tr\u00ed v\u00e0o th\u1eddi m\u00f9 m\u1edd n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 tu\u1ed5i qu\u00e1 cao c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0: 256-136tCn. S\u1eed gia \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng \u00c2u L\u1ea1c b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm sau l\u00fac Cao H\u1eadu m\u1ea5t, sau n\u0103m 180 tCn. c\u00f2n th\u1eddi Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n l\u00ean ng\u00f4i th\u00ec kho\u1ea3ng 214 tCn. theo l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f4ng c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh T\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u00c2u L\u1ea1c \u0111\u1eb7t hai qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, c\u0169ng theo s\u1eed ta, \u0111\u1eb7t hai vi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec3n s\u1ee9 tr\u00f4ng coi (v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh?), c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c T\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edbng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea3o h\u1ed9\u201d \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, n\u00f3i theo l\u1ed1i b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. T\u00ean Giao Ch\u1ec9 tuy g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm g\u1ed1c g\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee9 t\u00ean C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 phi\u00ean \u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 sau kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft. Nh\u1edd chuy\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n v\u1ec1 sau, ta c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 suy \u0111o\u00e1n th\u00eam l\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 con ch\u00e1u nh\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c gi\u1eef v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y Vu, x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 T\u00e2y Vu V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng sao, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn tr\u00f4ng coi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t, d\u00e2n l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c, ch\u1eafp n\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng cho ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong v\u00f9ng \u2013 ch\u1eafc c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c H\u00e1n t\u1ed9c, d\u00f9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1eb3n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fat \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o. Khi qu\u00e2n H\u00e1n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd c\u00f5i \u00c2u L\u1ea1c c\u0169 th\u00ec hai vi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec3n s\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em c\u1ed1ng b\u00f2, r\u01b0\u1ee3u m\u1eebng v\u00e0 d\u00e2ng s\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 hai qu\u1eadn. Cung c\u00e1ch giao ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch nghi l\u1ec5 m\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m k\u00ea d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 trong v\u00f9ng, h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi l\u00fac \u201ct\u1ef1 do\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia.<\/p>\n

Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t ng\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i v\u00e0 tuy c\u00f3 l\u00fac b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ta t\u01b0\u1edfng. Quy\u1ec3n s\u1eed ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, quy\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00ed<\/i>, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i> ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. Cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp s\u1eed ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp theo, vi\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVII c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ghi chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 l\u00e0 con Tr\u1ecdng Thu\u1ef7, h\u00e0m \u00fd con c\u1ee7a M\u1ecb Ch\u00e2u v\u1edbi m\u1edb l\u00f4ng ng\u1ed7ng bay \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng suy suy\u1ec3n qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean d\u1ea7n d\u00e0 th\u00ec t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc c\u0169ng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm h\u01a1n n\u00ean l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p H\u1ed3 S\u0129 D\u01b0\u01a1ng trong l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh khi so\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i Lam S\u01a1n th\u1ef1c<\/i> l\u1ee5c<\/i> (1679), v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ea5n g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb th\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng Minh: \u201cV\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u… ch\u1eb3ng qua c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n sang cai tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng.\u201d H\u01a1n hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau, Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec S\u0129 tuy c\u0169ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng l\u00fang t\u00fang trong tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u01a1n: \u00d4ng cho th\u1eddi k\u00ec Tri\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \u201cngo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c\u201d nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u H\u00e1n… \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec ghi l\u00e0 \u201cn\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c.\u201d M\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u00e0nh r\u1ebd trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p cai tr\u1ecb qua \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u00ec kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp khi\u1ebfn cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u mang t\u00ednh d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t h\u01a1n (\u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh). <\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u qua n\u0103m th\u00e1ng d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay.<\/i> \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t trong \u201cv\u00f4 s\u1ed1 Vi\u1ec7t\u201d (b\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t) v\u1eady m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam Vi\u1ec7t d\u00e1m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi H\u00e1n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e1n t\u1ed9c nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf lu\u00f4n trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n th\u01b0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 sau, cho n\u00ean Nam Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1m v\u00edu h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i trong th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c tr\u1ecb (L\u00ed B\u00ed) x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Nam Vi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ebf (541). Ch\u00ednh s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua th\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo, \u0111\u00e3 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i mang th\u00eam t\u00ednh danh Tri\u1ec7u, nh\u1eadp nho\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u00f4ng Tri\u1ec7u V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edd chung tr\u00ean ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u0110inh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 Nam Vi\u1ec7t V\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e0nh cho \u0110inh Li\u1ec5n, v\u1edbi b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i C\u1ed3 Vi\u1ec7t r\u1ed3i v\u0103n hoa h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t su\u1ed1t g\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u01a1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u1edf th\u1ebf phi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u00e1m v\u00e0o Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u in tr\u00ed hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c s\u1eed quan, cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh danh xa t\u1eadn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, khi x\u01b0ng t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00fac kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 Nam Vi\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam theo s\u1ef1 \u00e9p u\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Thanh. N\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn mu\u1ed1n r\u1eaby ra kh\u1ecfi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf v\u1eabn l\u0103n b\u00e1m v\u00e0o, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u trong quy\u1ec3n s\u1eed th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh!<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n L\u1ea1c v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c H\u00e1n: V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nam Vi\u1ec7t m\u1ea5t, qu\u00e2n H\u00e1n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00e0n xu\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u00c2u L\u1ea1c c\u0169, ngo\u00e0i hai qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u1ec9, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00eam qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam (111 tCn.) c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam. Th\u1eadt ra th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u1ec9 B\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 trong ng\u00e0y H\u1ea1 ch\u00ed (21-3) nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00e0nh c\u00e1i t\u00ean Nh\u1eadt Nam (ph\u00eda nam m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi) cho qu\u1eadn \u1edf \u0111u\u00f4i sau r\u1ed1t. Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 co d\u00e3n theo t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e8o H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea9y xa \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e8o C\u1ea3. Tr\u00f4ng coi m\u1ed7i qu\u1eadn l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i th\u00fa c\u00f3 \u0110\u00f4 u\u00fd c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed (l\u1eadp n\u0103m 107 tCn.), th\u00e1ng 8 \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ec3m tra, th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111\u00f4 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o. Su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi k\u00ec cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y H\u00e1n (111 tCn.- 6 sau Cn.) qua th\u1eddi gian so\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1t ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00e3ng (9-25), ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 ba Th\u00e1i th\u00fa, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 th\u1edd \u01a1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam n\u00e0y. \u00dd \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f9ng Giao Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung gian \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ea7n \/ \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi manh nha. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i lo c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, c\u00e1c quan Th\u00e1i th\u00fa \u0111\u1ed1c th\u00fac c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n qua t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u0169, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ed1t gi\u1eef sao cho y\u00ean \u1ed5n. Trong bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c l\u00faa g\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn c\u0169 cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn m\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p d\u00e2ng l\u00ean Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 thu t\u1eeb c\u00e1c L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0 voi, s\u1eebng t\u00ea gi\u00e1c, ng\u1ecdc trai, l\u00f4ng chim tr\u1ea3… T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u hi\u1ebfm hoi nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ch\u00eanh m\u1ef1c t\u1eebng v\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 Giao Ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p g\u1ea1o cho C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m h\u01a1n, d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft l\u1ea5y s\u0103n b\u1eafn l\u00e0m nghi\u1ec7p, \u0110\u00f4 \u00fay Tri\u1ec7u Qu\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea1y c\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng b\u00f2, Th\u00e1i th\u00fa Nh\u00e2m Di\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1n kh\u00ed, khai kh\u1ea9n ru\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1 th\u00fa… Ngay c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n Giao Ch\u1ec9 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m s\u1eed gia H\u00e1n v\u1ed1n quen v\u1edbi t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean ch\u00ea bai: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7m th\u00fa, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5u, b\u1edbi t\u00f3c \u1edf g\u00e1y, \u0111i ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u1ea5y v\u1ea3i lu\u1ed3n qua \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m \u00e1o\u201d \u2013 ki\u1ec3u poncho c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y \u1edf Nam M\u0129 ng\u00e0y nay. Ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n Ti\u1ebft T\u1ed5ng l\u00e0m th\u00e1i th\u00fa H\u1ee3p Ph\u1ed1 \u1edf g\u1ea7n b\u00ean th\u00ec th\u1ea5y chi li h\u01a1n: \u201cChu Nhai tr\u1eeb ch\u1ed1n ch\u00e2u huy\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1 th\u00fa ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh… (c\u00f3) mai m\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0, c\u00f2n nam n\u1eef d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i l\u1ec5 th\u00edch nhau th\u00ec t\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, cha m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Hai huy\u1ec7n M\u00ea Linh c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4 Lung c\u1ee7a C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, h\u1ec5 anh ch\u1ebft th\u00ec em l\u1ea5y ch\u1ecb d\u00e2u l\u00e0m t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi (levirat), quan l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebft c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nam n\u1eef qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam \u1edf tr\u1ea7n tru\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n…\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef y\u00ean m\u00e3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng, quan l\u1ea1i H\u00e1n t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 m\u00ecnh mang s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e1, ph\u1ea3i lo \u201cgi\u00e1o ho\u00e1\u201d d\u00e2n man di cho bi\u1ebft l\u1ec5 ngh\u0129a, theo lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi, l\u00e0m con d\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u00ean cao. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i khai th\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, thu thu\u1ebf m\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cai tr\u1ecb c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh h\u01a1n. Trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u00eam s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng di d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c \u0111i t\u00ecm sinh k\u1ebf, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n V\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00e3ng chi\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u1ec3 trong lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hai vi\u00ean Th\u00e1i th\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba: T\u00edch Quang coi Giao Ch\u1ec9 th\u1eddi V\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00e3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn vi\u1ec7c n\u0103m 29 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, Nh\u00e2m Di\u00ean quan ch\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5i thay \u1edf qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n. Tuy nhi\u00ean khi quan l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ef1 coi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 cho d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb l\u1ea1i o\u00e1n h\u1eadn khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t \u0111i. C\u00e1c L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ea5y d\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u0169a m\u00ecnh c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng vu\u1ed9t kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m tay trong l\u00fac quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c H\u00e1n c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng chen v\u00e0o m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eadm n\u1ebft v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00e1n th\u1ee9 hai: \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 25, ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd c\u0169, \u0111em l\u1ea1i uy th\u1ebf l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e1i th\u00fa \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf m\u00e0 n\u0103m 30, ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u00f4 u\u00fd c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 Th\u00e1i th\u00fa ki\u00eam nhi\u1ec7m, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u1eabn qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. C\u0169ng th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 kinh b\u00e1o c\u00e1o nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ngay t\u1ea1i tr\u1ecb s\u1edf gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t. Ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n Th\u00e1i th\u00fa nh\u01b0ng h\u1eb3n v\u00ec s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh h\u01a1n. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cai tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00e0ng ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n. S\u1eed quan H\u00e1n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed5 h\u1ebft t\u1ed9i g\u00e2y n\u00ean b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n n\u01a1i T\u00f4 \u0110\u1ecbnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay th\u1ebf T\u00edch Quang n\u0103m 34, tuy nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean c\u1edb quan tr\u1ecdng. Th\u00e1i th\u00fa \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn quy\u1ec1n, nhi\u1ec7m s\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch xa tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u01a1 v\u00e9t, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 T\u00f4 \u0110\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eadm h\u01a1n trong th\u1eddi gian m\u1edbi t\u1edbi, hay l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o l\u00fac s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn cao \u0111\u1ed9. V\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng (40-43) theo l\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a hai trung t\u00e2m L\u1ea1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft: M\u00ea Linh v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u Di\u00ean (c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Thi, ch\u1ed3ng b\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng Tr\u1eafc). S\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111e d\u1ecda r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t cho nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. Sau n\u00e0y v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh c\u1ee7a M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y th\u00eam c\u00e1c \u201cc\u1eeb so\u00e1i\u201d ph\u00eda nam: \u0110\u00f4 D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Chu B\u00e1 \u1edf C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb g\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a Hai B\u00e0 c\u1ea3. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u201cuy danh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng,\u201d ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ghi t\u00ean. C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 65 th\u00e0nh b\u1ecb tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 (nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 huy\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c to\u00e0n c\u00f5i), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n b\u1ecb tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau. Sau n\u00e0y c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Hai B\u00e0 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda b\u1eafc ngo\u00e0i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c Giao Ch\u00e2u n\u00ean ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady n\u0103m 40. Cho n\u00ean, lo s\u1ee3 cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c, H\u00e1n Quang V\u0169 m\u1edbi c\u1eed vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0i M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n ra qu\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n h\u01b0ng kh\u1edfi l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 42, M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng hai v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n c\u00f9ng thuy\u1ec1n xe ngh\u00ecn c\u1ed7 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u0169 b\u00e3o: th\u1eafng \u1edf L\u00e3ng B\u1ea1c (4-43), \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m sau ch\u00e9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u01b0ng Tr\u1eafc, Tr\u01b0ng Nh\u1ecb, r\u1ed3i \u0111i su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 44 \u0111\u00e3 thu qu\u00e2n kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n. Ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1edd t\u1edd t\u1ea5u tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng t\u00edch l\u00ean vua H\u00e1n c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i. Chi\u1ebfn t\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n l\u1edbn cho thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf l\u00e0 sau c\u1ea3 hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m m\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f2n th\u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n \u0110\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng \/ Ph\u1ee5c Ba trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 g\u1ee3i n\u00ean cho c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a H. Masp\u00e9ro trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd theo m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn quanh co kh\u00e1c. M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 xo\u00e1 s\u1ea1ch t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng (hay con ch\u00e1u) c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 c\u0169 qua chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn, ho\u1eb7c ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, ho\u1eb7c b\u1eaft \u0111i \u0111\u00e0y \u1edf Linh L\u0103ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc cho b\u1eadt g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ecbch thu tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00fac ng\u1ef1a, c\u1ea5p th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i sinh ho\u1ea1t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u0169 g\u00e2y c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf cho c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7c cai tr\u1ecb \u1edf qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n. Ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 chia hai v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a con ch\u00e1u An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu \u0111i s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n k\u1ec1m gi\u1eef n\u1eefa. Ng\u00f4i th\u00e0nh \u1ea5y, Ki\u1ec3n Th\u00e0nh \/ th\u00e0nh K\u00e9n, v\u1edbi hai l\u1edbp v\u00f2ng l\u0169y bao quanh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng s\u1eebng s\u1eefng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e3i th\u1eddi c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u00f4i th\u00e0nh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed quan Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u1ed5 Loa v\u00e0 g\u00e1n cho An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5y, gh\u00e9p v\u1edbi k\u00ec t\u00edch th\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3n th\u1ed5i ra \u0111\u1ebfn 9 v\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh, r\u1ea5t cao, chu vi 9 d\u1eb7m l\u00e0m ni\u1ec1m h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n cho s\u1eed gia Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. <\/p>\n

T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh s\u00e2u xa \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c khi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i l\u00e2u. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ed5i thay l\u1edbn t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c cho t\u1edbi nay c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi: Qua ng\u00e0n n\u0103m B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 hay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 th\u00f4i?<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt ra th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay \u1edf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Giao Ch\u1ec9 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 do c\u00f4ng t\u00edch c\u1ee7a M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n. T\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i, tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau, do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng khi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. V\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p. C\u1ee9 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ghi ch\u00e9p trong s\u1eed c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0o th\u1eddi n\u00e0y m\u00e0 s\u1eed ta ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u01b0a th\u01b0a. S\u1ed1 m\u1ed9 H\u00e1n khai qu\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu ch\u00f4n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea3n qu\u00e1n, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng giao ti\u1ebfp xa x\u00f4i c\u00e1ch tr\u1edf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c. Tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba, theo l\u1eddi M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n than th\u1edf v\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c t\u01b0\u1edbng: \u201cTr\u1eddi th\u00ec d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee5t, tr\u00ean m\u00e2y m\u00f9, kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c b\u1ed1c l\u00ean ng\u00f9n ng\u1ee5t, tr\u00f4ng l\u00ean th\u00ec th\u1ea5y di\u1ec1u h\u00e2u bay b\u1ed5ng r\u1edbt xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ebft…\u201d V\u1edbi vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed5i danh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1eddi nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng \u201cda ng\u1ef1a b\u1ecdc th\u00e2y\u201d m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bi quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, tr\u00f4ng con chim b\u00f3i c\u00e1 th\u00e0nh chim di\u1ec1u h\u00e2u ch\u1ebft ng\u1ed9p (B\u00ecnh Nguy\u00ean L\u1ed9c 1971), th\u00ec t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi\u00ean quan kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 bi \u0111\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u! V\u00e0 ch\u00ednh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed5i thay \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c H\u00e1n: L\u00e2m \u1ea4p<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c s\u1eed quan H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u1ea4p. Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda B\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u00e3i trong v\u00f2ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 H\u00e1n c\u1ea3 sau th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i mang m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c h\u1eb3n, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 qua k\u1ebb n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft qu\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt Nam c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m, \u0111i xa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam m\u00e0 s\u1eed gia ng\u00e0y nay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e8o C\u00f9 M\u00f4ng, ho\u1eb7c m\u00e3i t\u1eadn \u0111\u00e8o C\u1ea3. Trong kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ef1c \u1ea5y, s\u1eed quan H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t\/nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi di d\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1ea1i d\u00e2n.\u201d T\u1eadp h\u1ecdp d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o h\u1ecd (chuy\u1ec7n n\u0103m 157), v\u00e0 l\u00e0m e d\u00e8 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n chinh ph\u1ea1t (138). Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ea3i su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 I, II (c\u00e1c n\u0103m 100, 137, 144, 157, 190), cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u1ea4p m\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c danh ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y ghi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 347 trong L\u00e2m \u1ea4p k\u00ed<\/i>, s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed quan H\u00e1n ghi r\u00f5: Khu Li\u00ean, Ph\u1ea1m H\u00f9ng (l\u00e0m vua 270-280), Ph\u1ea1m D\u1eadt (+336), Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n (l\u00e0m vua 336-349), Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1eadt (349-380), Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t (380-413) n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 II \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V. T\u00ean vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi b\u1eb1ng \u00e2m H\u00e1n v\u00ec l\u00ed do qua ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean l\u1ea1i \u00e2m b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Khu Li\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi qua hai l\u1ea7n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady (137, 190) l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ean ri\u00eang c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e0n. S\u1eed gia \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady n\u0103m 137 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang th\u00f4i, c\u00f2n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 do l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 sau. N\u1ebfu nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e2m R, ph\u1ea3i thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng \u00e2m L th\u00ec Khu Li\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Khu Ri\u00ean v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00e2m g\u1ea7n c\u1eadn v\u1edbi ku rung,<\/i> danh x\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh<\/i> trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef austro-asiatic nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ta v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc Champa c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng malayo-polynesian, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a austronesian. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00ednh v\u00ec d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft H\u00e1n tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp tr\u00ean thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba khi\u1ebfn ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0110inh, L\u00ea sau n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng d\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng kurung \/ khu li\u00ean c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m \u1ea4p. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp nho\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi ng\u1edd s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda nam n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ean \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d ti\u1ebfp theo: Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m \u1ea4p nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba H\u00e1n t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ra, ph\u1ea7n huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1ee3ng-L\u00e2m-\u1ea5p r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1nh r\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 L\u00e2m-\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef th\u00e0nh t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc, theo c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i cho m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh H\u00e1n. T\u1ea5n th\u01b0<\/i> cho bi\u1ebft \u201cKhu Li\u00ean\u201d l\u00e0 con vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng t\u00e0o huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u00e0o l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c quan d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Th\u00e1i th\u00fa coi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t c\u00f4ng lao, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng H\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng \u00edt. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Sa Hu\u1ef3nh \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba H\u00e1n \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng xa x\u00f4i m\u00e0 binh l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. C\u00e1c l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i n\u00fai \u0111\u00e2m ngang \u1edf Mi\u1ec1n Trung ng\u00e0y nay, trong khi dung ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Sa Hu\u1ef3nh, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c nhau theo th\u1eddi gian, do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb hai kh\u1ed1i Hoa \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 cao, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e0m sau n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00ed do ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 suy y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi L\u00e2m \u1ea4p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng manh m\u00fan ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng: Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt b\u00ean trong Nh\u1eadt Nam, v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111i bu\u00f4n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 b\u00e0y v\u1ebd cho Ph\u1ea1m D\u1eadt x\u00e2y cung th\u1ea5t, th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. N\u00e9t v\u1ea1ch v\u0103n ho\u00e1 x\u00ea x\u00edch quanh v\u00f9ng Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y v\u1ec1 sau khi\u1ebfn ta ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 kinh th\u00e0nh Khu T\u00fac quanh v\u00f9ng Hu\u1ebf mang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng H\u00e1n h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u (Qu\u1ea3ng Nam) th\u00ec \u0111\u1eadm \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea4n h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c Amaravati \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y, c\u1ea3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0m n\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u1ea4p trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ta nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 m\u1eadp m\u1edd nguy\u00ean ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Ph\u1ea1m l\u00e0m vua n\u01a1i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd Ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua L\u00e2m \u1ea4p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf h\u1ecd theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa. B\u1edfi v\u00ec Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh d\u1ea5p th\u00e2n t\u1ed9c g\u00ec v\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m D\u1eadt m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i, c\u00f2n ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a V\u0103n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd Ph\u1ea1m, Ph\u1ea1m Chu\u1ef3\/Tr\u0129. C\u00e1c vua Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed quan Trung Hoa ch\u00e9p ra c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t h\u1ecd Ph\u1ea1m. Vua L\u00e2m \u1ea4p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bia \u0111\u00e1 mang t\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c vua v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111em ra \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e1n cho ch\u1eef \u201cph\u1ea1m\u201d l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1i \u0111u\u00f4i \u201c…varman\u201d c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef, n\u00ean n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn c\u1ed1 ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 khi G. Maspero cho B\u00ea-mi-thu\u1ebf b\u1ecb L\u00ea Ho\u00e0n gi\u1ebft (982) l\u00e0 Paramesvaravarman. D\u00f9 sao th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn trong v\u00f9ng m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho v\u00f9ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c H\u00e1n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t \u2013 v\u00ec xa x\u00f4i c\u00e1ch tr\u1edf n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c H\u00e1n. R\u1ed3i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, khi Trung Hoa g\u1eb7p n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t Nam B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c thu h\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp thu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea4n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u1ea5n ra ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, l\u00e0m k\u1ebb k\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbch trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp theo. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 L\u00e2m \u1ea4p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i Giao Ch\u1ec9 th\u01b0\u1eddng cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng… v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 Th\u00e1p B\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u201cc\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n\u201d M\u00e3 Lai tr\u00ean bia k\u00ed, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf L\u00e2m \u1ea4p (v\u00e0 Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 sau) \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadm s\u00e2u v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch thu mua v\u00e0ng \u1edf b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00f9 Nam, Java. H\u1ebft th\u1eddi k\u00ec Ph\u00f9 Nam, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 b\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eadu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ghe thuy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111i qua eo bi\u1ec1n Sunda v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 x\u00ea d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f4ng t\u00e2y t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V.<\/p>\n

Kinh \u0111\u00f4 L\u00e2m \u1ea4p tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i v\u00f9ng Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean Qu\u1ea3ng Nam ng\u00e0y nay v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ed3m ra bi\u1ec3n kh\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, n\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c giao ti\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1m trung chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u01a1ng bu\u00f4n Hoa qua \u1ea4n, ra v\u00f9ng h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o hay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch B\u00e0 Ch\u00faa X\u1ee9 ghi nh\u1eadn \u1edf Th\u00e1p B\u00e0 Nha Trang ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 k\u1ebft t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt qu\u00fd trong v\u00f9ng: tr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng, lan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn Trung Hoa ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u1ea9n hi\u1ec7n trong kh\u00fac g\u1ed7 tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i \u1edf truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch L\u1ee3i t\u1ebf Linh th\u00f4ng Hu\u1ec7 t\u00edn V\u01b0\u01a1ng (Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n u linh t\u1eadp).<\/i> Trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m \u1ea4p t\u1ea3 \u1edf Thu\u1ef7 Kinh ch\u00fa<\/i> mang d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb th\u00f4 s\u01a1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m d\u00f9ng cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: \u201c\u0110\u00f4 th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n quay v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f4ng, cao h\u01a1n th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u01b0\u1ee1i… d\u00f9ng ph\u00e2n b\u00f2 tr\u00e1t t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e1ch m\u00e0u xanh (?)… Phi t\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cung qu\u00e1n \u1edf ri\u00eang… \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n th\u00e1p qu\u1ef7 l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf 8 mi\u1ebfu, \u0111\u00e0i t\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e1p Ph\u1eadt, ngo\u00e0i th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ed1 x\u00e1, \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf; b\u1edd b\u1ec3 ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec1u, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c…\u201d <\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba L\u00e2m \u1ea4p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. L\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u1eeb vai tr\u00f2 trung gian bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu \u1edbt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 nu\u00f4i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn, qu\u00e2n l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh. X\u1ee9 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m b\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn c\u0169ng t\u1eebng mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i dung ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u01b0u d\u00e2n tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u1ea4p \/ Ch\u00e0m th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n c\u1eadn (m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5) ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec c\u1ea1nh tranh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i. Cho n\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng suy s\u1ee5p ti\u1ebfp theo ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kia ch\u1ebft \u0111i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tranh gi\u00e0nh, r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

S\u1eed Trung Hoa tuy l\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu gi\u00fap ta hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t trung Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi x\u01b0a n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn mang t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p n\u00ean kh\u00f3 t\u00e1ch ra \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n L\u00e2m \u1ea4p s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0m sao… Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 T\u1ea5n th\u01b0<\/i> (n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VII) th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe t\u1ea3: \u201cT\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1edf c\u1eeda ph\u00eda b\u1eafc h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 \u1edf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f4ng hay t\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ednh hung h\u00e3n, gi\u1ecfi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, t\u00e0i \u0111i n\u00fai, quen \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng quen \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng. B\u1ed1n m\u00f9a \u1ea5m \u00e1p… kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf tr\u1ea7n, \u0111i ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t, cho m\u00e0u \u0111en l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p, qu\u00fd n\u1eef khinh nam, c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi nhau, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111i h\u1ecfi r\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Con g\u00e1i l\u00fac c\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7c \u00e1o gi\u00e0 b\u00e0n (?), qu\u1ea5n ngang t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i may k\u00edn nh\u01b0 b\u1edd r\u00e0o gi\u1ebfng, \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9i hoa b\u00e1u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tang c\u1eaft m\u00e1i t\u00f3c, coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ebfu. \u0110\u1ed1t th\u00e2y ngo\u00e0i n\u1ed9i coi l\u00e0 tang l\u1ec5. Vua \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 thi\u00ean quan, \u0111eo chu\u1ed7i ng\u1ecdc m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n ra tri\u1ec1u, t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec7 th\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n… (Th\u01b0 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfu Trung Qu\u1ed1c) \u0111\u1ec1u vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef H\u1ed3…\u201d G\u1ed9p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 suy \u0111o\u00e1n th\u00ec th\u1ea5y d\u00e2n L\u00e2m \u00c1p thi\u00ean v\u1ec3 ngh\u1ec1 \u0111i bi\u1ec3n, th\u00e2n t\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n theo d\u00f2ng m\u1eb9, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1t th\u00e2y c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed9 chum \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0y nay. M\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00ec c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n ghi tho\u00e1ng ch\u00fat li\u00ean h\u1ec7: Vua ch\u00faa, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang h\u1ecd m\u1eb7c \u00e1o v\u1ea3i c\u00e1t b\u00e1 \/ c\u1ed5 b\u00e1 \/ c\u1ed5 b\u1ed1i, t\u00ean c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n qua \u00e2m H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c M\u00e3 Lai qua ti\u1ebfng Anh Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 kapok<\/i> ng\u00e0y nay.<\/i> \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea3i d\u1ec7t t\u1eeb b\u00f4ng (c\u00e2y) g\u00f2n m\u00e0 L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n c\u00f3 ghi nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi t\u00ean \u201cm\u1ed9c mi\u00ean\u201d, v\u1edbi d\u01b0 \u00e2m trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f2n ch\u1eef \u201cb\u00f4ng g\u00f2n\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 lo\u1ea1i b\u00f4ng v\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng trong ng\u00e0nh y t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 hay ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y. Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00e0o Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eebng t\u00e2u v\u1edbi T\u1ea5n \u0110\u1ebf (353): \u201c(L\u00e2m \u1ea4p) r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i, b\u00e8 \u0111\u1ea3ng d\u1ef1a nhau…\u201d Ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn n\u00f3\u00ed ti\u1ebfng chamic, Ch\u00e0m H\u2019roi, \u1edf ngay ph\u00eda t\u00e2y kinh \u0111\u00f4 Vijaya c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 X – XV, v\u1eady m\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat g\u1eafn b\u00f3 n\u00e0o v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7ng ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n trong t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh thu\u1ed9c tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m Ch\u0103m h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ta theo Trung Qu\u1ed1c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u1ea4p, trong khi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb ng\u00e0y nay v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5. H\u1ecd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m bia ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 v\u00e0o n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IV tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng Qu\u1ea3ng Nam \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua t\u00ean Ph\u1ea1n l\u00e0 Bhadravarman, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1ng \u1edf M\u0129 S\u01a1n ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Civa t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng linga, c\u00e1i linga x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Thung l\u0169ng M\u0129 S\u01a1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi h\u00f2n Ch\u1ee5p Mahaparvata l\u00f9 l\u00f9 to l\u1edbn trong v\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho n\u00fai Meru, trung t\u00e2m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 theo tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea4n Gi\u00e1o. V\u00e0 tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u, ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng M\u0129 S\u01a1n l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea5m bia x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Ch\u00e0m, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ch\u00e0m trong v\u00f9ng Qu\u1ea3ng Nam n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 \u00f4ng vua n\u00e0y v\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t hay Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1eadt trong s\u00e1ch s\u1eed Trung Hoa nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00edt sao, kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 thi\u1ebfp. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m Ch\u00e0m kh\u00e1c mang d\u1ea5u \u1ea4n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1eadm h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Amaravati v\u1edbi kinh \u0111\u00f4 Sinhapura, n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp mang t\u00ean Champa sau n\u00e0y, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi L\u00e2m \u1ea4p trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ef1 v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc. <\/p>\n

V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III, L\u00e2m \u1ea4p \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5n ra \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng Gianh ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u1ea9y ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Khu T\u00fac. Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c H\u00e1n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n n\u0103m v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n (T\u1ea5n th\u01b0)<\/i> t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng mang t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng H\u00e1n t\u00ed n\u00e0o, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt Nam, b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m \u1ea4p: \u0110\u1ea1i K\u00ec Gi\u1edbi, Ti\u1ec3u K\u00ec Gi\u1edbi, Th\u00fac B\u1ed9c, T\u1eeb Lang, Khu\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4 C\u00e0n, L\u1ed7 Ph\u00f9 \u0110an. V\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m 347, V\u0103n c\u00f4ng h\u00e3m Nh\u1eadt Nam, gi\u1ebft th\u00e1i th\u00fa, san b\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb l\u1ea5y Ho\u00e0nh S\u01a1n l\u00e0m bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c n\u0103m sau cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ebft. S\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Giao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi L\u00e2m \u1ea4p n\u1ed5i r\u00f5 khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb trung \u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 T\u1ea5n v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Nguy\u1ec5n Phu (353), v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba cai tr\u1ecb n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0110\u1ed7 c\u00e1c n\u0103m 381, 399, 413 c\u00f2n th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 nghe nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi than phi\u1ec1n b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c: \u201c(L\u00e2m \u1ea4p h\u00e0ng n\u0103m) c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c d\u00e2n l\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1 qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n, gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i.\u201d (L\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0o Ho\u00e0ng, chuy\u1ec7n TT<\/i> nh\u1eafc n\u0103m 353.) V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 sau, Ph\u1ea1m D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ef1 t\u00edn n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi vua L\u01b0u T\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh cai tr\u1ecb ch\u00e2u Giao (432) khi\u1ebfn T\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1i Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed \u0110\u00e0n Ho\u00e0 Chi \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 kinh th\u00e0nh, x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecbch (446). C\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau quan ch\u1ee9c Trung Hoa c\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac s\u00e1t sao h\u01a1n v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u00e2m \u1ea4p, cho n\u00ean ta th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c t\u00ean vua ho\u1eb7c r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i \/ Yan Mah (Vua V\u00e0ng) ho\u1eb7c mang d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n phi\u00ean \u00e2m kh\u00fac m\u1eafc nh\u01b0 B\u1eadt Xu\u1ebf B\u1ea1t Ma, Cao Th\u00fa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u00e0 La B\u1ea1t Ma… ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 Ph\u1ea1m… Ph\u1ea1m… nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Do t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 L\u00e2m \u1ea4p s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i trung t\u00e2m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ef1 ho\u1eb7c c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c s\u1eed quan n\u01a1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng t\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau: Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfp theo, kh\u00f4ng n\u1ec7 r\u1eb1ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean Champa ghi tr\u00ean bia \u0111\u00e1 M\u0129 S\u01a1n III (657). Di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc mang d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t ngay t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c H\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 sau, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh chi\u1ebfn c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 xem ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh H\u00e1n ho\u00e1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t hay kh\u00f4ng? Nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng tranh chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp \u2013 Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t \u2013 s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

B\u00ean kia \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c H\u00e1n: Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao ti\u1ebfp \u1ea4n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda nam Nh\u1eadt Nam m\u00f9 m\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam c\u0169ng m\u00f9 m\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1ea5y. C\u00f3 c\u00e1i bia \u1edf l\u00e0ng V\u00f5 C\u1ea1nh g\u1ea7n Nha Trang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh c\u00e3i l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y xem n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a b\u00ean n\u00e0o trong hai n\u01b0\u1edbc mang t\u00ednh \u1ea4n \u1edf ph\u00eda nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00e0y. R\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t cho bi\u1ebft nh\u00e2n danh Sri Mara \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng d\u1eabn tr\u00ean bia l\u00e0 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc theo l\u1ed1i t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng vua thu\u1ed9c Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u00e0 bia c\u00f3 v\u1ebb thu\u1ed9c cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IV, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 d\u00ednh d\u1ea5p g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kia. Bia V\u00f5 C\u1ea1nh ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft Trung Hoa trong th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u1edf xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 l\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c: Ph\u00f9 Nam.<\/p>\n

T\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n tin Trung Hoa. D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u00fat k\u00ed c\u1ee7a Khang Th\u00e1i, Chu \u1ee8ng, hai s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 T\u00f4n Quy\u1ec1n trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam (245-250) t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng mua v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng qu\u00fd v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nh\u00e0 Ngu\u1ef5 ch\u1eadn t\u1eafc. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c: Ph\u00f9 Nam k\u00ed<\/i> c\u1ee7a Chu \u1ee8ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea5y r\u1ea3i ra trong th\u01b0 s\u1eed Trung Hoa, x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf Tam Qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ed<\/i> (gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III), v\u1edbi chi ti\u1ebft th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf T\u1ea5n<\/i> th\u01b0<\/i> (th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VII). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Nam c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 H\u1ed7n H\u1ed9i\u201d \/ H\u1ed7n \u0110i\u1ec1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eaft l\u00e0m v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc c\u0169ng c\u00f2n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00eda t\u00e2y L\u00e2m \u1ea4p h\u01a1n ba ng\u00e0n l\u00ed, trong v\u00f9ng v\u1ecbnh bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng 3000 l\u00ed, c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec cung \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u00e0 \u1edf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111en \u0111iu x\u1ea5u x\u00ed, b\u00fai t\u00f3c th\u00e2n tr\u1ea7n, \u0111i ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u1eb7c \u00e1o chui \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1c, th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp, theo ngh\u1ec1 c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y, tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt. Ham th\u00edch \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc, ch\u1ea1m tr\u1ed5. B\u00e1t \u0111\u0129a ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1c. D\u00f9ng v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, ch\u00e2u ng\u1ecdc, h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 n\u1ea1p thu\u1ebf. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef. V\u0103n t\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3. Ma chay h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 L\u00e2m \u1ea4p… Ngu\u1ed3n tin \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa n\u00ean c\u00e1c vua Ph\u00f9 Nam, l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p L\u00e2m \u1ea4p, ph\u1ea3i mang \u00e2m gi\u1ecdng H\u00e1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u00e0i \u00f4ng h\u1ecd Ph\u1ea1m. <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 h\u01a1n nh\u1edd c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, trong \u0111\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a P. Pelliot (1903) chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u quan tr\u1ecdng. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a L. Malleret t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 2 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 4-1944. T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00ec trung t\u00e2m Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y s\u00f4ng H\u1eadu c\u00f3 c\u1ea3ng v\u00f9ng \u00d3c Eo (ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1942), c\u00f3 kinh \u0111\u00f4 tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng n\u00fai t\u00e2y nam Campuchia ng\u00e0y nay, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u201cv\u1ecbnh bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn\u201d (Th\u00e1i Lan) nh\u01b0 T\u1ea5n th\u01b0<\/i> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea3. T\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng c\u1ed5 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Khmer phnom, bnam c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00fai, ri\u00eang \u00f4ng L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh cho bnam l\u00e0 t\u00ean t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi N\u00fai.<\/i> D\u00f9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa th\u00ec h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u201cn\u00fai\u201d c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho c\u00e1c vua Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n qua tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Java v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Angkor r\u1ed3i r\u01a1i r\u1edbt n\u01a1i bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u01b0\u1edbp Nam B\u1ed9 th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c, c\u00f2n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3i k\u00ed th\u1eddi VNCH: S\u01a1n V\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i l\u1eddi t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 n\u1eef ch\u00faa c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 sinh ho\u1ea1t tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc, hay \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c \u201cl\u00faa tr\u1eddi\u201d (Oryza rufipogon v\u00e0 Oryza nivara), l\u00faa hoang c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn \u201cm\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u1ed3ng, thu ho\u1ea1ch ba n\u0103m.\u201d Bia \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c vua… kh\u01a1i c\u1ea1n n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n s\u1eefa b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7m h\u1ed3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o [khai kh\u1ea9n, kh\u01a1i \u00fang, \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1n, l\u00e0m h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc]..,\u201d m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai qu\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng l\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh (tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t khai kh\u1ea9n) t\u1eeb b\u00f9n l\u1ea7y…\u201d Nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 t\u00ean trapeang,<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 sau trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Angkor c\u1ee7a Kampuchia v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f2n trong danh x\u01b0ng t\u1ec9nh Tr\u00e0 Vang\/Vinh c\u0169, chuy\u1ec3n qua t\u00ean ao B\u00e0 Om g\u1ea7n t\u1ec9nh l\u1ecb. D\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u1ea4n Hoa trong s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb \u1ea4n theo thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 qua eo Kra, l\u1ea1i l\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n qua v\u1ecbnh Th\u00e1i Lan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y Nam B\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y nay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh H\u1ed7n \u0110i\u1ec1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i n\u00e0y. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ph\u00f9 Nam c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi tr\u00ean bia M\u0129 S\u01a1n III v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt mang t\u00ean \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng: Kaundinya, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Soma, con g\u00e1i vua t\u1ed9c Naga. Do \u0111\u00f3 H\u1ed7n \u0110i\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00ean H\u00e1n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Kaundinya, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh x\u01b0ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9c t\u0103m ti\u1ebfng \u1edf t\u00e2y b\u1eafc \u1ea4n. <\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m S\u01b0 Man (c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n kho\u1ea3ng 225-230) khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u201cti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh h\u01a1n 10 n\u01b0\u1edbc… m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai n\u0103m s\u00e1u ng\u00e0n l\u00ed\u201d c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ea3 v\u1ecbnh Th\u00e1i Lan, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn danh hi\u1ec7u \u201cPh\u00f9 Nam \u0110\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p, c\u00f3 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. V\u0103n t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng di v\u1eadt \u00d3c Eo l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n c\u1ed5. Giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 xa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Chi\u00ean (kho\u1ea3ng 230-250) sai s\u1ee9 c\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 Ng\u00f4, Ph\u1ea1m T\u1ea7m (250-290) ti\u1ebfp ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 Khang Th\u00e1i Chu \u1ee8ng, n\u0103m 289 c\u00f2n sai s\u1ee9 c\u1ed1ng T\u1ea5n V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf. Sau c\u00e1c n\u0103m 268, 285 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ghi s\u1ee9 Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u1ebfn. Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng C\u1eedu Long t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Antonius Pius (138-161), Marcus Aurelius (161-180), c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau vua Ba T\u01b0 tr\u00ean h\u1ed9t thu\u1ef7 tinh… D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c,\u201d h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd l\u1eafm v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng trong v\u00f9ng. <\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 to\u1ea3 r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u1edf trung t\u00e2m cho n\u00ean ta th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n tranh \u0111o\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh gay g\u1eaft (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 sau th\u1eddi k\u00ec Ph\u1ea1m S\u01b0 Man) g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 n\u0103m 1944. Do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u Ph\u00f9 Nam ti\u1ebfp theo l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng t\u1eeb n\u01a1i xa \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng Kaundinya m\u1edbi, theo l\u1eddi ph\u00e2n tr\u1ea7n v\u1edbi vua Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 \u201cdo th\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn cai tr\u1ecb\u201d (Ph\u00f9 Nam) nh\u01b0ng h\u1eb3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi m\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a binh \u0111ao gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ea5n th\u01b0<\/i> ghi t\u00ean Chi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0n (Chandra), g\u1ed1c Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac, c\u1ed1ng voi n\u0103m 357. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u1ea4n ho\u00e1 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm h\u01a1n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam. Ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 \u201cvua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam h\u1ecd Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u01b0 t\u00ean \u0110\u1ed3 Gia B\u1ea1t Ma [l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng Kaundinya] ph\u00e1i thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, n\u0103m 484 d\u00e2ng bi\u1ec3u x\u01b0ng th\u1ea7n\u201d v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 L\u01b0u T\u1ed1ng, x\u00fai T\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh L\u00e2m \u1ea4p, hay \u00edt ra l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 Ph\u00f9 Nam t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh thanh to\u00e1n k\u1ebb th\u00f9. S\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c cho bi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Ph\u00f9 Nam l\u00e0m vua L\u00e2m \u1ea4p (hay m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m \u1ea4p). <\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ed1i lo kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda L\u00e2m \u1ea4p m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c xa. Theo v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n t\u1eeb vai tr\u00f2 tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f4ng t\u00e2y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ed1i chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p qua b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai \u1edf eo Kra m\u00e0 th\u1eb3ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n, v\u00f2ng xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng ph\u00eda nam qua eo bi\u1ec3n Sunda, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 b\u1ecf r\u01a1i Ph\u00f9 Nam sang b\u00ean l\u1ec1. M\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf v\u00f9ng Korat c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i Lan ng\u00e0y nay ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khmer, l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed Trung Hoa g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cCh\u00e2n L\u1ea1p, nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9 Nam, h\u1ecd vua l\u00e0 S\u00e1t L\u1ee3i, t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ch\u1ea5t \u0110a T\u01b0 Na (Sitrasena\/Mahendravarman) \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh… b\u00e8n chi\u1ebfm lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 Ph\u00f9 Nam\u201d (L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh d\u1eabn Tu\u1ef3 th\u01b0<\/i>). Ch\u1ea5t \u0110a T\u01b0 Na ch\u1ebft n\u0103m 624, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0111\u00e3 tan r\u00e3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VII, c\u00e1c t\u00e0n d\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c uy danh l\u1edbn lao nh\u01b0 c\u0169 n\u1eefa. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t sau n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Khmer Krom (Khmer h\u1ea1) n\u1eb1m l\u1ec7ch b\u00ean l\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Angkor x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00f9ng Bi\u1ec3n H\u1ed3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng gi\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea5t cao trong th\u1ebf t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn (Mekong) n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf khai th\u00e1c theo l\u1ed1i v\u00f9ng tr\u00ean n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c m\u1edbi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng khu v\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 trong th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c tr\u1ecb:<\/strong> <\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu qua \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh suy, h\u01b0ng vong c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i sau bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103m 40 nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh H\u00e1n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00ec ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i th\u1ed5 s\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111em v\u1ec1 cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung gian giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, nam c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng \u00fd mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt, \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c cai tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n t\u00e0n t\u1ea1 th\u00ec th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Tam Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfp theo ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u00f4 (222-277) can thi\u1ec7p m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n l\u00e2u. D\u1ea5u \u1ea5n \u201cNg\u00f4\u201d ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp l\u00e0m \u201cNam Giao h\u1ecdc t\u1ed5\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nho truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd b\u00e0n t\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea5n v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, chuy\u1ec3n quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh qua c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00eda nam, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba: L\u01b0u T\u1ed1ng (420-479), T\u1ec1 (479-502), L\u01b0\u01a1ng (502-557), Tr\u1ea7n (557-589). Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng y\u1ebfu \u1edbt d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp (137-226).<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i, S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i th\u00fa Giao Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n t\u00e0n t\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang d\u00f9ng c\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9 h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 r\u1ed3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u1ebf ph\u00e2n tranh m\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea5n gi\u1eef thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i cho anh em tr\u00f4ng coi c\u1ea3 bi\u00ean c\u1ea3nh Giao Ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed9 (H\u1ee3p Ph\u1ed1, Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n). Ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi ghi nh\u1eadn \u00f4ng \u201cm\u1ed7i khi ra v\u00e0o chu\u00f4ng kh\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00ean th\u1eadt uy nghi, k\u00e8n s\u00e1o, tr\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1ch, xe ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3 \u0111i b\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1t h\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c th\u00ea thi\u1ebfp ng\u1ed3i trong xe, \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a \u0111i theo, uy ch\u1ea5n v\u1ea1n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn U\u00fd \u0110\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c…\u201d R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00e0 k\u00ed \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eadt l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng quan cai tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t qu\u1eadn, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 qu\u1eadn tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa. Sau \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng giao cho tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch tr\u1ea5n gi\u1eef thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi, c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0o Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eeb Ng\u00f4 qua \u0111\u1ea7u T\u1ea5n, h\u1ecd \u0110\u1ed7 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed7 Vi\u1ec7n, th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u 381, c\u00f3 con l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed7 Tu\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ed9 thay 411. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y (ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh sau th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1 \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a VNDCCH) S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd c\u00fang. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u1edf h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong danh m\u1ee5c th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t (Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n u linh t\u1eadp)<\/i> v\u1edbi hai d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft: n\u01a1i th\u1edd v\u00e0 m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t H\u00e0 B\u1eafc, n\u0103m 1706 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00fac ng\u1ef1a s\u1eaft cho mi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec1n. T\u1ea1i sao? L\u00ed do c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cc\u00f3 ch\u1eef.\u201d S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 nh\u1edd t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nho gia ghi nh\u1edb, t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng. Ch\u00e2u Giao l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t dung ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi s\u1eed s\u00e1ch ghi l\u1ea1i th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp chi\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, xung \u0111\u1ed9t. T\u00ean S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1edb ngang v\u1edbi Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 trong chi\u1ebfu vua H\u00e1n ban cho ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng, trong chi\u1ebfu vua T\u1ed1ng cho L\u00ea Ho\u00e0n, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao h\u01a1n Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 trong l\u1eddi th\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Huy \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 danh v\u1ecdng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n \u201cv\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cNam giao h\u1ecdc t\u1ed5,\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp quanh \u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c tu\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban ph\u00e1t, che ch\u1edf r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, s\u1ebd b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed3i \u0111i theo s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu nh\u00e0 thu g\u1ecdn c\u00f3 l\u1ea7u g\u00e1c, s\u00e2n trong \u1edf Phao S\u01a1n (H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng) hay c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh, v\u1ecdng canh \u1edf Nghi V\u1ec7 (B\u1eafc Ninh) do kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0o th\u00ec con ch\u00e1u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

S\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t cho r\u1eb1ng S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp s\u00e1u \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf Giao Ch\u1ec9 th\u00ec th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p L\u00ed B\u00ed c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tuy \u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian xa h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau n\u1eefa. S\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i cho c\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ed7 Vi\u1ec7n (381) l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi Chu Di\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc ta.\u201d Cho n\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i d\u1eady nh\u01b0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ea1c (\u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IV, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u0103m 322, 323), L\u00ed Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nh\u00e2n (468), L\u00ed Th\u00fac Hi\u1ebfn (479)… Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n theo ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5, vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ea5p th\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbng (Th\u00e1i th\u00fa),\u201d \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00e2u\u201d… \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p B\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u (248) th\u00ec d\u1ec5 tin nh\u1edd t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3\u201d v\u00fa-d\u00e0i-ba-th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n l\u01b0u d\u1ea5u tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y nay. Nh\u1eefng L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u, L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111eo \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed3ng thao xanh l\u00e0m huy\u1ec7n l\u1ec7nh qua c\u01a1n b\u00e3o M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ebfm nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft m\u1ed9t Khu Ri\u00ean \/ Kurung li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng t\u00e0o ghi c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn th\u00fa, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \/ ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e2m \u1ea4p c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong th\u1eddi gian tan r\u00e3 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u201cch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169\u201d \u0111i v\u00e0o l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cai tr\u1ecb. <\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n Ti\u1ebft T\u1ed5ng k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba: \u201cTh\u00e1i th\u00fa C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u0110am Manh v\u00ec b\u1ed1 v\u1ee3 l\u00e0 Chu Kinh m\u00e0 b\u00e0y ti\u1ec7c m\u1eddi c\u00e1c quan to. Khi r\u01b0\u1ee3u say cho c\u1eed nh\u1ea1c, c\u00f4ng t\u00e0o Phan H\u00e2m \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady m\u00faa, r\u1ed3i m\u1eddi Kinh, Kinh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean, H\u00e2m c\u1ee9 th\u00fac \u00e9p m\u00e3i. Manh n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn gi\u1ebft H\u00e2m. Em c\u1ee7a H\u00e2m \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh Manh. Th\u00e1i th\u00fa Giao Ch\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp sai qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c…\u201d Cung c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng t\u00e0o Phan H\u00e2m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a quan l\u1ea1i H\u00e1n khu\u00f4n th\u01b0\u1edbc; h\u1ecd Phan nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf v\u1ec1 sau, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd man di. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ecd Phan n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tuy l\u00e0m thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea5p nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Sinh ho\u1ea1t theo ch\u1ee9c ph\u1eadn m\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5i thay t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1edf h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ho\u00e1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu thu\u1ebf m\u00e1, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u01a1 v\u00e9t c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. <\/p>\n

C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi T\u1ea5n, T\u1ec1, L\u01b0\u01a1ng cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thu h\u1eb9p s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9u h\u1eb3n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ki\u1ec3m k\u00ea (ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng \u1edf \u201ch\u1ed9\u201d, kh\u00f4ng ghi \u0111\u1ebfn \u201ckh\u1ea9u\u201d, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n) \u0111i theo v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u m\u1edbi. Ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay sinh ho\u1ea1t, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, l\u00e0m sa s\u00fat \u0111\u00e0 sinh s\u1ea3n, s\u1ed1 ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda di d\u00e2n H\u00e1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00ea thi\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng d\u1eabn \u1edf S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp th\u00ec s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. D\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u1edf th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 I, \u1edf nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0m n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng quan ch\u1ee9c trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u00e2n nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp, l\u1ea5n \u00e1t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh, th\u00e2n th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng theo \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u H\u00e1n ho\u00e1 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi L\u1ea1c d\u00e2n x\u01b0a kia. Cho n\u00ean l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi lai<\/i> l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng vang ho\u1eb7c \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Ti\u1ebfng b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng chung nh\u1ea5t cho d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi nhau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i qua trung gian phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 Ti\u1ebft T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n h\u1ed3i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ef1c l\u1edbn, t\u1ea1o s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i?<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay cho bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng M\u00f4n Khmer c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Austro-asiatic \/ Nam \u00c1. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ec3 cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 4000 n\u0103m, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh chi ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Mon Khmer l\u00e0 proto Vi\u1ec7t Ch\u1ee9t \u201c\u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e0o v\u00e0 b\u1eafc Khu 4 c\u0169 (Vi\u1ec7t Nam) do s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00eda b\u1eafc m\u00e0 di d\u00e2n ra v\u00f9ng v\u1ecbnh B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y nay, ho\u00e0 huy\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Thai Kadai, c\u00f3 l\u00fac b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 l\u00fac b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfn tranh… Ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i m\u1edbi m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t Ch\u1ee9t \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf m\u1edbi T\u00e0y Th\u00e1i, gi\u1ea3n ho\u00e1 \u00e2m ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01a1n ti\u1ebft ho\u00e1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t chung… v\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u ho\u00e1 r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c…\u201d (Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc San, 2003.) <\/p>\n

Tuy ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 h\u01a1i d\u1ecb \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 4000 n\u0103m quen thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u0169ng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u00ec sao d\u00e2n n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng ti\u1ec1n – Vi\u1ec7t Ch\u1ee9t l\u1ea1i \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng T\u00e0y Th\u00e1i \u1edf v\u00f9ng v\u1ecbnh B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 \u201cquanh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i (?)\u201d nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i theo chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t Ch\u1ee9t tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng 2500, 2000 n\u0103m c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y nay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u00f3m t\u1eeb g\u1ed9p \u201cng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Ch\u1ee9t\u201d d\u1ec5 l\u00e0m cho ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng chung \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng nghe, c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong khi ch\u1ee9ng d\u1eabn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00ec l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng cho ta th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft. V\u1eady th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb, ng\u1eef t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n chung m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay mang \u00f3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Ch\u1ee9t th\u00f4i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n chung \u1ea5y, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t khung ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p chung, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nhau, c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a nhau d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi nhau. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p hay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm ch\u1ee9ng d\u1eabn c\u00f3 v\u1ebb xa r\u1eddi th\u1eddi c\u00f4ng k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 h\u01a1n th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phi Ch\u00e2u d\u01b0\u1edbi-x\u00edch-\u0111\u1ea1o n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd c\u00f9ng khung ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Bantu. C\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp li\u1ec1n l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m trung gian th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u cho c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp \u1edf v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda xa h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n nhau g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1edbi nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay d\u00e2n Ch\u00e0m B\u00ecnh, Ninh Thu\u1eadn n\u00f3i c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u gi\u1ecdng v\u00ec ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p L\u1ea1c d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba H\u00e1n, ch\u00ednh khung cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c H\u00e1n khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p h\u1ecd v\u1edbi nhau trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u2013 v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, qua th\u1eddi gian, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng cho l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u00ec thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VIII m\u1edbi c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 sau nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng v\u1edbi danh hi\u1ec7u t\u00f4n vinh t\u1eeb d\u00e2n ch\u00fang: B\u1ed1 C\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u00d4ng K.W. Taylor \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Vua C\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1ed1i gh\u00e9p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp ti\u1ebfng b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u201cvua l\u1edbn\u201d v\u1edbi t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp t\u1eeb H\u00e1n \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i\/C\u1ed3 Vi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0ng theo l\u1ed1i n\u00e0o th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb xa x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng Man \u1edf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng Thi\u1ec1n x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba trong \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00fang t\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 B\u00edch Quan (\u201cnh\u00ecn v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d) l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Quan B\u00edch, theo ki\u1ec3u d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n m\u00e0 theo v\u0103n ph\u00e1p Vi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o l\u00fac kh\u1edfi thu\u1ef7 hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

L\u00ed B\u00ed v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tranh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Giao Ch\u1ec9<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng y\u1ebfu \u1edbt d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, x\u01b0ng Nam Vi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 L\u00ed B\u00ed, mu\u1ed1n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 x\u01b0a nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea5y qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u m\u1edbi l\u00e0 V\u1ea1n Xu\u00e2n, \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c, chia ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb (541-546). Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n \u1edf trung \u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec quan cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn xung y\u1ebfu: ch\u00e2u Giao, quan th\u00e1i th\u00fa hay th\u1ee9 s\u1eed \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi v\u1ecdng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c quan ch\u1ee9c. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u00fac h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 x\u1eed l\u00ed v\u1edbi nhau kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00e2u vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb xa. N\u0103m 502 nh\u00e0 T\u1ec1 m\u1ea5t, Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u L\u00ed Nguy\u00ean Kh\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u m\u1edbi (505) b\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eed L\u00ed T\u1eafc d\u00f9ng t\u00f4ng binh gi\u1ebft, chi\u1ebfm ch\u00e2u t\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn 513 m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u01b0\u01a1ng phong ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4ng binh \u2013 binh ri\u00eang thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd \u2013 c\u1ee7a L\u00ed T\u1eafc l\u00e0m n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ngay c\u1ea3 quan c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fang ri\u00eang cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p L\u00ed T\u1eafc. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 cho c\u1ea3 L\u00ed B\u00ed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201ch\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n \u1edf bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng (C\u1eedu \u0110\u1ee9c, ph\u00eda gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi L\u00e2m \u1ea4p), h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i v\u1eabn b\u1ecb coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0y \u1ea3i. T\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n th\u00ec n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n quan \u1edf ch\u1ed1n y\u00ean l\u00e0nh, n\u00ean L\u00ed B\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ti\u00eau T\u01b0, Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Giao Ch\u00e2u (541). L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd. Theo v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi B\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 Tinh Thi\u1ec1u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eb7n l\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn kinh \u0111\u00f4, m\u1ecfi m\u00f2n ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, li\u1ec1n xoay \u0111i t\u00ecm h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfn th\u00e2n n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

L\u00ed B\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam\u201d v\u00ec d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i s\u1ed1ng \u1edf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m. Nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea5u b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm h\u01a1n th\u00ec \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Tri\u1ec7u T\u00fac \u1edf Chu Di\u00ean, tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p bi\u1ec3n kh\u01a1i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp tr\u1ee3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp tr\u1ee3 tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf L\u00ed B\u00ed b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c \u00f4ng quan cai tr\u1ecb n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i l\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp c\u00e1c \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 L\u00ed Ph\u1ee5c Man, ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ed1ng, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e1t, Tri\u1ec7u Quang Ph\u1ee5c. \u00d4ng th\u1ea7n c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n v\u00f9ng L\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ea7u ch\u1eb7n h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0o x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a V\u1ea1n Xu\u00e2n (Long Bi\u00ean c\u0169) n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nam Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf coi tr\u1ecdng, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u00ed B\u00ed giao tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u201cl\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p\u201d cho m\u00ecnh, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean Quang Ph\u1ee5c, mang h\u1ecd Tri\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Nam Vi\u1ec7t x\u01b0a \u2013 r\u1ed3i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 trong ch\u00ednh s\u1eed nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XV.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean uy th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nhi\u00ean th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, tuy c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e1 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu b\u1ecf ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1eddi S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 (s\u01b0) ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1t h\u01b0\u01a1ng theo xe quan th\u00e1i th\u00fa. S\u1eed Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam cho bi\u1ebft Luy L\u00e2u (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0y nay cho l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c Thu\u1eadn Th\u00e0nh, H\u00e0 B\u1eafc), t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng ngang v\u1edbi L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n. Hai d\u00f2ng Thi\u1ec1n trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f2ng Nam Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 h\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u2013 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau m\u1edbi l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng Quan B\u00edch c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa. D\u00f2ng Nam Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi s\u01b0 \u1ea4n l\u00e0m th\u1ee5 thai Man N\u01b0\u01a1ng trong truy\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n k\u00ec \u1edf L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i<\/i>, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ng\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi t\u1ee5c th\u1edd sinh th\u1ef1c kh\u00ed \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u00ednh n\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt B\u00e0 \/ Ph\u1eadt M\u1eabu l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft \u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1ea1nh ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. <\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian v\u1ecb s\u01b0 \u1ea4n Vinitaruci \/ T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi (ch\u1ebft 594) \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0ng D\u00e2u (580) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n xung \u0111\u1ed9t tranh chi\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n Tri\u1ec7u Quang Ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 L\u00ed Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho th\u1eafng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed1i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eafc c\u0169ng l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu \u0111i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i d\u1eady. L\u00ed B\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ed5i v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n Tr\u1ea7n B\u00e1 Ti\u00ean, b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft (546), ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh l\u00e0 L\u00ed Thi\u00ean B\u1ea3o c\u0169ng b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y ra ngo\u00e0i c\u00f5i, c\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho anh em, v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u1edbng L\u00ed Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb \u1ea4n qua, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n \u1edf tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh L\u01b0\u01a1ng, khi t\u01b0\u1edbng Tr\u1ea7n B\u00e1 Ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea7n tranh chi\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 b\u1ecf l\u01a1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam. Ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin \u00edt \u1ecfi c\u1ee7a s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, ph\u1ea7n c\u1ef1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 cho Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn L\u00ed Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed xa r\u1eddi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebft t\u1eadp l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 Giao Ch\u00e2u gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh. Ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, Tu\u1ef3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, sai D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ed1 di\u1ec7t L\u00ed Xu\u00e2n (590), nghe l\u1eddi T\u1ed1 c\u1eed th\u1ee9 s\u1eed ch\u00e2u Qua l\u00e0 L\u01b0u Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng chinh Nam, b\u1eaft L\u00ed Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 B\u1eafc (602), k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i nh\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf m\u00e0n cho c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng li khai v\u1ec1 sau c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0 kho\u00e9t s\u00e2u s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ho\u00e1 tr\u00ean thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa.<\/p>\n

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Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/p>\n

KH\u1ea2O C\u1ed4 H\u1eccC PH\u00d9 NAM TR\u00caN \u0110\u1ed2NG B\u1eb0NG C\u1eecU LONG<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u00f9 Nam b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb khi P. Pelliot (1903) t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u01b0 s\u1eed Trung Hoa ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bia \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t \u201cLe Fou Nan\u201d (N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Nam). Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho Ph\u00f9 Nam c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ef1c th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng khai qu\u1eadt r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a L. Malleret trong n\u0103m 1944 tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Nam B\u1ed9, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra di t\u00edch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u00d3c Eo \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp danh x\u01b0ng V\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u00d3c Eo cho kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u00d3c Eo n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n n\u00fai Ba Th\u00ea, tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 M\u0129 L\u00e2m, t\u1ed5ng Ki\u1ebfn H\u00e0o, t\u1ec9nh R\u1ea1ch Gi\u00e1 nay thu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 V\u1ecdng Th\u00ea, huy\u1ec7n Tho\u1ea1i S\u01a1n, t\u1ec9nh An Giang. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 40 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX, tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong n\u0103m n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt trang s\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn \u201ct\u00ecm c\u1ee7a,\u201d t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh d\u00e3y ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1n \u0103n, r\u1ea1p h\u00e1t… \u1ed3n \u00e0o huy\u00ean n\u00e1o. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u00e1c C\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadt \u0111\u1eadt t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khai qu\u1eadt do L. Malleret d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean, \u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n Huy B\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ti\u1ec7n \u0111i theo l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t k\u00ed s\u1ef1 ng\u1eafn tr\u00ean t\u1edd Tri T\u00e2n t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed<\/i> s\u1ed1 172: \u201cHai th\u00e1ng \u1edf g\u00f2 \u00d3c Eo hay l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111i \u0111\u00e0o v\u00e0ng.\u201d C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c dang d\u1edf v\u00ec chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 cho Malleret thu x\u1ebfp tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong b\u1ed9 L\u2019Arch\u00e9ologie du delta du M\u00e9kong<\/i> (B\u1ed1n t\u1eadp, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963). Ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u00d3c Eo, Malleret \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 giao ti\u1ebfp th\u1eadt xa c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u00d3c Eo \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3ng: v\u00e0i chi\u1ebfc nh\u1eabn m\u1eb7t ng\u1ecdc kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i s\u1edbm \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u00e0i chi\u1ebfc g\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 II, nh\u1eefng huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 II… Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn Malleret \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh quy\u1ec3n III c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho nhan \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cN\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Ph\u00f9 Nam,\u201d v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u00d3c Eo l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ea3ng th\u1ecb… l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 ho\u00e1 Ph\u00f9 Nam.\u201d \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t Ph\u00f9 Nam ra kh\u1ecfi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Khmer, ch\u1ee9ng minh Ph\u00f9 Nam c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ngo\u00e0i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 sinh ho\u1ea1t n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o, tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cao c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 bia \u0111\u00e1, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o g\u1ed7, \u0111\u00e1… \u00d3c Eo ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n c\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111\u00f4 Ph\u00f9 Nam m\u00e0 Malleret \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf Angkor Borei thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Takeo, Kampuchia ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

Sau 1975, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf ph\u1ebf l\u00e2u n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam. C\u00e1c n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u00e1c C\u1ed5. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o trong th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u00ec ti\u1ec1n – \u00d3c Eo v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng gian Ph\u00f9 Nam tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Nam B\u1ed9, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00f9ng trung t\u00e2m \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p M\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 khu c\u01b0 tr\u00fa n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 giao ti\u1ebfp th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1eeb xa, kh\u00f4ng thua \u00d3c Eo. Di v\u1eadt t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o h\u01a1n l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf h\u01a1n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n c\u01b0 trong v\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi, nay l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eb7ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u1ea4n Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng Nam T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0 di t\u00edch Proh (huy\u1ec7n \u0110\u01a1n D\u01b0\u01a1ng, L\u00e2m \u0110\u1ed3ng), nh\u01b0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba C\u00e1t Ti\u00ean\u201d (L\u00e2m \u0110\u1ed3ng), v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd c\u00f2n di v\u1eadt linga v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, l\u00e1 v\u00e0ng… v\u1edbi m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IV- IX, X c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 M\u1ea1, K\u01a1ho, Churu… trong v\u00f9ng, ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00d3c Eo, Champa.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t ng\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i v\u00e0 tuy c\u00f3 l\u00fac b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ta t\u01b0\u1edfng. Quy\u1ec3n s\u1eed ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, quy\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00ed, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nh\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1207,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[152,153],"tags":[396],"class_list":["post-3322","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoc-thuat","category-lich-su","tag-ta-chi-dai-truong"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3322","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1207"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3322"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3322\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":71672,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3322\/revisions\/71672"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3322"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3322"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3322"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}