{"id":30361,"date":"2013-12-18T01:05:00","date_gmt":"2013-12-18T01:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/?p=30361"},"modified":"2019-03-04T22:12:52","modified_gmt":"2019-03-04T22:12:52","slug":"doc-lai-machiavelli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/30361\/doc-lai-machiavelli","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i Machiavelli"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\"Machiavelli_Principe_Cover_Page\"<\/a><\/p>\n

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Machiavel<\/strong> (1469-1527) l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c IL PRINCIPE – LE PRINCE (QU\u00c2N V\u01af\u01a0NG<\/i>) vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1513 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 Firenze (Florence) v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng \u00dd, \u00f4ng t\u1eebng l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao cao c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Florence v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 sa \u0111\u1ecda d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng Ph\u00e1p, T\u00e2y Ban Nha…<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00f3i tr\u00ean l\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m. \u0110\u1ec1 t\u1eb7ng Lorenzo de M\u00e9dici, k\u1ebb v\u1eeba n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n \u1edf Florence nh\u1edd T\u00e2y Ban Nha tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap, Qu\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/i>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft k\u00e8m c\u1ea9m nang h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1eeba \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1eeba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi k\u1ebf s\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t ch\u00fang. Machiavel \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u00e0o gia t\u1ed9c M\u00e9dicis, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m qu\u00e2n s\u01b0 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh \u1edf v\u00f9ng Toscany \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd hay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng \u0103n nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c qui lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c qui lu\u1eadt \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1eeb c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1ch quan \u1ea5y, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Machiavel \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n n\u1eb7ng; c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn k\u1ebft \u00e1n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp tay cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, bi\u1ebfn m\u00f4n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n tranh \u0111o\u1ea1t v\u00e0 thao t\u00fang quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ecb g\u00e1n cho c\u00e1i danh t\u1eeb MACHIAV\u00c9LISME, \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u01b0u m\u00f4 x\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh. Nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc Bertrand Russell \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eb3ng th\u1eebng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng Qu\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i> l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ea9m nang cho b\u1ecdn \u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbp\u201d<\/i> (manual for gangsters); c\u00f2n nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 Leo Strauss b\u1ea3o v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng Machiavel l\u00e0 \u201c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c\u201d<\/i> (teacher of evil). Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ca t\u1ee5ng \u00f4ng. Nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u00e1p Rousseau g\u1ecdi Qu\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i> l\u00e0 \u201cquy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a\u201d<\/i> (livre des r\u00e9publicains); h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u00dd Luigi Russo khen t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u201d<\/i>. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1c-x\u00edt c\u00f2n h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng h\u01a1n; Louis Althusser tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Machiavel \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u201ccu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 duy\u201d<\/i> (v\u00e9ritable r\u00e9volution dans le mode de penser) trong khi  Antonio Gramsci \u2013 k\u1ebb k\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Marx v\u00e0 L\u00eanin \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tham kh\u1ea3o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m b\u1ecb Mussolini c\u1ea7m t\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng trang nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh Note sul Machiavelli<\/i> (Ghi Ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 Machiavelli), \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao n\u1ed9i dung c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.  Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 ra h\u1ebft bao l\u1eddi khen ch\u00ea c\u00f9ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00e1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau; ng\u00f2i b\u00fat b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00ean Anh l\u00e0 Isaiah Berlin t\u1eebng l\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1eadt cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u1ea5y trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft uy\u00ean b\u00e1c The Question of Machiavelli<\/i> (V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Machiavelli)(1)<\/sup> \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft gia ki\u00eam nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p Claude Lefort, Le Travail de l’Oeuvre de Machiavel<\/i>(2)<\/sup> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 danh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t Florence.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e0o m\u1eebng ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang n\u0103m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o, nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 ra m\u1eaft c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. (Th\u00e1ng 11-2013 n\u00e0y, s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n \u00dd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Georgetown c\u00f9ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u2013 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb danh nh\u00e2n th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Hoa Th\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed1n). Cho nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u nghi v\u1ea5n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i Machiavel v\u1eeba tham chi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 Qu\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i>, \u201ccu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t\u201d <\/i>theo nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p Emmanuel Roux trong kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf Paris, Machiavel, la vie libre <\/i>(Machiavel, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do)(3)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

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\"Niccol\u00f2_Machiavelli_by_Santi_di_Tito\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Nicolo MACHIAVELLI (1469-1527)<\/em><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u00f3c ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch \u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Corrado Vivanti trong cu\u1ed1n Ti\u1ec3u S\u1eed Tri Th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Machiavelli<\/i> v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang Anh v\u0103n(4)<\/sup>. \u0110\u1eb7t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec5u nh\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00ec n\u1ea1n s\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n (condottiere<\/i>) l\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh l\u00fac \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc h\u00f4m nay s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y ch\u00e2n dung \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c r\u1ea5t m\u1ef1c am t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u00dd v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 canh t\u00e2n n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. Ta \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean Machiavel c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh s\u1eed v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u v\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00faa Florence, ki\u00eam t\u00e0i thao l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong cu\u1ed1n binh ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: Ngh\u1ec7 Thu\u1eadt Chi\u1ebfn Tranh<\/i> (L’Art de la Guerre<\/i>). B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Gramsci \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c s\u1eed h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a Machiavel(5)<\/sup>. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Arist\u1ed1t \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh bang Hi l\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Politique<\/i>, Machiavel \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u1edf \u00dd t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd l\u00fac \u1ea5y. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Qu\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch hi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9t xu\u1ea5t, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i trong h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Roma \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a la m\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft tinh th\u00e0nh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn C\u00e1c Lu\u1eadn Thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1eed gia Tite-Live <\/em>(b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Discours sur la premi\u00e8re d\u00e9cade de Tite-Live<\/i>) in n\u0103m 1531. C\u1ea3 hai ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c ra \u0111\u1eddi trong c\u00f9ng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh th\u1ebf s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: l\u00e0m sao thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb \u2013 n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u2013 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 chung lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u00edch? B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft t\u1eeb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb la m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i(6)<\/sup> \u2013 ch\u00ednh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c trang vi\u1ebft Machiavel \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 Marx v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Anh-Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, Machiavel \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa hai giai c\u1ea5p: nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t b\u00ean g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 b\u00ean kia l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 cai tr\u1ecb (oligarchie) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a xung \u0111\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a m\u1edbi b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c gia. Machiavel nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft La m\u00e3 nh\u01b0 Cicero d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n vox populi, vox Dei <\/i>(\u00fd d\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u00fd Tr\u1eddi) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed5 x\u00fay cho t\u1ef1 do c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec1 cao ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt \u0103n n\u00f3i h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n\/tu t\u1eeb  \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00e1nh xung \u0111\u1ed9t b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. Machiavel \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn ra b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t xung kh\u1eafc kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do v\u00ec d\u00e2n ch\u00fang bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi \u00e1p b\u1ee9c. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n (stato popolare)<\/em> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean uy quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i do d\u00e2n b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c v\u1ecb quy\u1ec1n cao ch\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n: \u201cs\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang s\u1ebd tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb gi\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u. Lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n trao vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m n\u00f3\u201d<\/i> (tr\u00edch T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf Lucques<\/i>)(7)<\/sup>.   <\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 Machiavel h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 v\u0103n t\u00e0i, l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 do c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n – \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb  \u00f4ng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00f3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n khi nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ra tay v\u00ec l\u00fd do an ninh s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Machiavel l\u00e0 cha \u0111\u1ebb kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ragion di stato, raison d’\u00e9tat <\/i>(c\u00e1i l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc) \u2013 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ed1ng so\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3. N\u00f4m na l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi b\u00e0n tay s\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng nhu\u1ed9m m\u00e1u. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch Canada l\u00e0 Michael Ignatieff \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ebft gia Michael Walzer, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb v\u1edf k\u1ecbch Les Mains Sales <\/i>c\u1ee7a <\/i>Sartre hai ch\u1eef dirty hands <\/i>khi  b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb khi ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m. M\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Machiavel, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi \u00f4ng khuy\u00ean c\u00e1c vua ch\u00faa ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft tr\u00e1 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 che \u0111\u1eady \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 trong cu\u1ed1n Qu\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng. <\/i>S\u1ef1 r\u1ea1ch r\u00f2i n\u00e0y \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi \u00f3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ch\u1eb3ng li\u00ean can \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a Machiavel \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n cho m\u00f4n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Cai tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 run tay hay ch\u00f9n b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp, nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xem th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Trong m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u1eafng nghe \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 n\u1ebfu vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c. Machiavel \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 tai h\u1ecda ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb do c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch tham lam quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0i khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i th\u1ed1i m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5(8)<\/sup>. N\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a la m\u00e3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Florence \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau vong l\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Olivier Pironet \u0111\u00e3  nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi Machiavel v\u1ec1 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n khi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2m n\u1ea1n \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ngay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea7n ch\u1edd n\u1ebfu c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng n\u00f3\u201d<\/i>(9)<\/sup>.  <\/p>\n

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CH\u00da TH\u00cdCH<\/b><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng, <\/b>b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y tham kh\u1ea3o hai b\u00e0i b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean Le Monde Diplomatique <\/i>th\u00e1ng 11-2013 c\u1ee7a Olivier Pironet, \u201cMachiavel contre le machiav\u00e9lisme\u201d<\/i> v\u00e0 tr\u00ean The Atlantic <\/i>th\u00e1ng 12-2013 c\u1ee7a Michael Ignatieff, \u201cMachiavelli was right.\u201d<\/i>  Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n b\u00e0i kh\u00e1i lu\u1eadn t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 Machiavel r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy <\/em>(B\u00e1ch khoa To\u00e0n th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc <\/i>c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford).  \u2013 C.P.<\/p>\n

(1) New York Review of Books (vol.17-7; Nov. 4 -1971).
(2) Gallimard, Paris, t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1986 (in l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u: 1972).
(3) Emmanuel Roux c\u00f2n ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed1n Le Prince; \u201cMachiavelli: A multimedia project\u201d <\/i>(www.brunel.ac.uk).
(4) Corrado Vivanti (qua b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Simon Mac Michael); \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princeton xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n.<\/i>
(5) <\/i>Antonio Gramsci, The Prison Notebooks, <\/i>1971; v\u00e0 The Modern Prince & Other Writings<\/i>, 1957, International Publishers, New York. <\/i>
(6) v\u00e0 <\/i>(7) <\/i>d\u1ef1a theo c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Olivier Pironet.
(8)  \u0111\u1ecdc Michael Ignatieff, Machiavelli was right <\/em>(Machiavelli \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang), The Atlantic<\/em>, 12-2013.
(9)  xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch (6) v\u00e0 (7).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1ec1 t\u1eb7ng Lorenzo de M\u00e9dici, k\u1ebb v\u1eeba n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n \u1edf Florence nh\u1edd T\u00e2y Ban Nha tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap, Qu\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft k\u00e8m c\u1ea9m nang h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1eeba \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1eeba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi k\u1ebf s\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":381,"featured_media":30358,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,136,50,152,153],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30361","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-gioi-thieu-tac-gia","category-gioi-thieu-tac-pham","category-hoc-thuat","category-lich-su"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30361","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/381"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30361"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30361\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30362,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30361\/revisions\/30362"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30358"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30361"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30361"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30361"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}