1. Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft\/l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/strong><\/p>\nTh\u1ef1c t\u00ecnh m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y th\u00edch t\u1eeb “ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed”, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh danh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c. Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft th\u00ec h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u m\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00ec \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c. N\u1ebfu trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft, ta c\u00f3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t khung c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n
N\u1ebfu vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ai xem n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft. M\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i “non-fiction” vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t danh nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n
Hai cu\u1ed1n “S\u00f4ng C\u00f4n m\u00f9a l\u0169” v\u00e0 “Gi\u00f3 L\u1eeda” l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u theo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00fang nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed xoay quanh c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec v\u1ec1 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m. Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh hay b\u00e0i b\u00e1c c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng di\u1ec5n ra trong truy\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eaft m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt y nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean. Quang Trung trong hai ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec nh\u1eefng T\u01b0\u1eddng, Ng\u00f4 trong M\u00f9a Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ed9ng hay Tr\u1ecdng Th\u1ee9c trong Gi\u00f3 L\u1eeda. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u00e3 v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n m\u01b0\u1ee3n nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang (b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n hay m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n), thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3, theo t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. Ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec l\u00fac ta vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u00f4 danh, b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u00ec gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c hay kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hay m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, theo t\u00f4i, c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. C\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 ta ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1eed gia. T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n hay m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ed9ng Gi\u00e1c hay kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p hay Tr\u1ea7n V\u0169 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong khi vi\u1ebft. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00ecnh \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u. N\u00f3 ra \u0111\u1eddi trong khung c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. L\u00f4i “n\u00f3” ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 tra x\u00e9t “n\u00f3” nh\u01b0 tra x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n
2. Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/strong><\/p>\nNam Dao c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m ch\u1eafc n\u1ecbch v\u1ec1 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft\/l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Anh n\u00f3i “Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft. Sau l\u00e0 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1edbi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9” (14) (*). Theo anh, “trong Gi\u00f3 L\u1eeda, c\u00e1i khung l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 duy, bi\u1ec7n minh v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng cho ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (Gi\u00f3 L\u1eeda nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi VN v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c)…” (13). Trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c, anh n\u00f3i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: “C\u00f2n vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u01b0a c\u00e1o chung: qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u00f2n m\u00f9 m\u1edd, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai mong \u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i d\u00e0i \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. V\u1edbi t\u00f4i, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1i n\u1ed1i d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, ki\u1ec3u n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng sinh kh\u00ed” (15). Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Nam Dao cho bi\u1ebft trong Gi\u00f3 L\u1eeda, anh “b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u00e1m \u1ea3nh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1i th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda \u0111\u00f3 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch “c\u1eaft b\u1ecf ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9c trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c”, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p v\u0103n h\u00f3a” (15). Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n nh\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u0103ng? Anh kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5. Nh\u01b0ng theo t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd: “kh\u00f4ng”. Anh n\u00f3i: “L\u1ea9n v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu v\u00e0 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n nh\u0103m ph\u1ee5c sinh m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n th\u00e1o g\u1ee1 h\u1ea7u tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng b\u1ebf t\u1eafc ti\u00eau vong. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00f3a ra m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c”. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft\/l\u1ecbch s\u1eed “t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch (nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb in nghi\u00eang l\u00e0 do ND nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh) \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3, thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u1ecd, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec quy\u1ebfn r\u0169, k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng suy t\u01b0, g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng nghi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u00e1i nhu c\u1ea7u x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 “\u0111inh \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ed9t” cho \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 qua l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, m\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, t\u1eeb c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 si\u00eau linh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf n\u1ed5i” (13). Nam Dao kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh “v\u0103n d\u0129 t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o” khi vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng “v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nhu c\u1ea7u ng\u00f3ng chuy\u1ec7n thi\u00ean h\u1ea1, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed” (7). Hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, theo t\u00f4i, n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng l\u00e0 “v\u0103n d\u0129 t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o”. Ch\u1eef “\u0111\u1ea1o” \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft cho nh\u1eefng b\u1ebf t\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n
Theo t\u00f4i, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (vi\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng L\u1ecbch S\u1eed vi\u1ebft hoa) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 v\u00e0n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 x\u1ea3y ra, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed). Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng x\u1ea5u hay t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y hay t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y hay giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed7i t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng ch\u00fang hay kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec ch\u00fang v\u1eabn “th\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 t\u01b0 ph\u00f9 b\u1ea5t x\u1ea3 tr\u00fa d\u1ea1”. C\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u1ea3y ra, h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng, h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u00e0ng gi\u1edd, h\u00e0ng ph\u00fat. M\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, th\u1ef1c ra, l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a bao nhi\u00eau “bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1” v\u00f4 danh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n 11\/9 \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i: n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 t\u1ef1-n\u00f3, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi “b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng” hay “b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng” tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n gian, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 n\u1ea3y sinh, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i; nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 x\u1ea3y ra; nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n; nh\u1eefng tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 khai sinh. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong tay, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh “l\u1ecbch s\u1eed”, v\u1eabn ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng tin gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, ai m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o n\u1eb1m \u0111\u1eb1ng sau quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a vua Minh m\u1ea1ng? Ai bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec n\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e0ng sau b\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ed9? Ai bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec n\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e0ng sau nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh “l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ” c\u1ee7a vua Quang Trung? Bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u, trong nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u00e0n s\u00e1t, l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng do nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd, nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i th\u00f9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n gi\u1eadn v\u1ee3, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n \u0111au, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u00edch k\u1ef7, m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 anh h\u00f9ng r\u01a1m hay m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n cao h\u1ee9ng…). Ai m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Bush hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 Sadam Hussein th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 n\u00e0o, tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 cho cha hay b\u1ecb \u00e1p l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3? N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xoay d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ngay hi\u1ec7n nay, ai d\u00e1m ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Irak? V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 Nam Dao – v\u00e0 t\u00f4i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd -, bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n
V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e0ng sau m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n h\u00e1ch, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1eaby l\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u hay r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u bi k\u1ecbch. V\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e0ng sau nh\u1eefng \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng, tan n\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 30\/4\/1975 cho ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Hay n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 Nam Dao, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 “t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9” (16). N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gi\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 n\u1ed1i d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t hay hai hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1ed1i d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Nam Dao “ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9” nh\u1eefng g\u00ec “\u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed”. Nh\u01b0ng trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (nh\u01b0 Gi\u00f3 L\u1eeda ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Quang Trung), li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n ch\u0103ng? Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ea3i qua cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn n\u00ean anh ch\u1ecdn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i cho hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i? Th\u1ef1c ra, nh\u01b0 ta th\u1ea5y, tuy c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau. Cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c. Cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n nay do nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00e1c. V\u1eady h\u00e0 c\u1edb g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i? V\u00e0 li\u1ec7u ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 th\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i cho v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n b\u1ee9c x\u00fac hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng? V\u00e0 t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eafc g\u00ec nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra (v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft) c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n
V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, gi\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, do m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt – h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9- bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng. So v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn ng\u00e0y nay, th\u00ec ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1eddi Quang Trung ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i “chuy\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y \u1edf huy\u1ec7n”. M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng con. Tr\u1ea3i qua h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, bao nhi\u00eau l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, c\u1ee9 theo gi\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y v\u1ee5n, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y gi\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00ec h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3. Gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0\u1eddng b\u01b0\u1edbc cho nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i tr\u00ean gi\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. S\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft gia, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (nh\u01b0 ta th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec3u) d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed (c\u00e1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi ta t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) c\u1ee9 h\u00f9ng h\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e0ng sau n\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tang th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2u bi\u1ec3n, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1, nh\u1eefng ph\u1eabn h\u1eadn, nh\u1eefng huy ho\u00e0ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi “n\u00f3” c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng anh h\u00f9ng, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n tr\u1eafc, nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 “n\u00f3” m\u00f9 l\u00f2a, \u0111i\u1ebfc l\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng k\u00eau g\u00e0o th\u1ed1ng thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m v\u0103n h\u00f3a, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n
Nam Dao nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Theo t\u00f4i, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0103n h\u00f3a. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u00f4i y\u00eau s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh (v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u00f9), y\u00eau h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, y\u00eau s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia (d\u00f9 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a hay b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c), c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 chi\u00eau b\u00e0i, th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh h\u00f9ng Quang Trung, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1, nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh “phi-v\u0103n h\u00f3a”. M\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111em ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. L\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n mang v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n hay nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. C\u1ee9 nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng Marx, nh\u1eefng Angel th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5.<\/p>\n
R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00e1i th\u00fa c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ecdc gi\u1ee1n tr\u00ean sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng “l\u00e0m n\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed”. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u1ea3o. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00f4 v\u00e0n m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00f4 v\u00e0n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p, v\u00f4 v\u00e0n cao v\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n th\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i, nh\u1edd v\u1eady m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n t\u1ef1 do. Nh\u1eefng anh h\u00f9ng, li\u1ec7t n\u1eef – nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u00e0m n\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (hay b\u1ecb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed “l\u00e0m n\u00ean”) – kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3 v\u00e0o gi\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, b\u1ecb th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ed1ng. D\u1eabu sao, xin c\u1ea3m \u01a1n nh\u1eefng anh h\u00f9ng, nh\u1eefng li\u1ec7t n\u1eef v\u00f4 danh hay h\u1eefu danh – nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i bao nhi\u00eau v\u1ebft h\u1eb1n bi tr\u00e1ng tr\u00ean gi\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i). Nam Dao vi\u1ebft “C\u00f2n t\u00f4i, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng t\u00f4i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng huy\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng (ND nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh), th\u1ee9 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a con l\u00e3ng t\u1eed tr\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i hoang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y v\u1ec1?” (22).<\/p>\n
Th\u00ec th\u1ebf, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0!<\/p>\n
3. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt<\/strong><\/p>\nSau khi nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ” th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eadc trung”, Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ed9ng Gi\u00e1c vi\u1ebft : “M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi (…) nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu \u0111\u1eddi phi th\u01b0\u1eddng. Thay v\u00ec r\u00e1n r\u01b0\u1edbn l\u00ean t\u1ea7m cao c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng anh h\u00f9ng li\u1ec7t n\u1eef, t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i k\u00e9o h\u1ecd xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p ngang t\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. D\u00f9 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 ng\u1ee5y trang kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu ra ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi mang tr\u1ecdn b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 \u1ea5y. (…) Trong khi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u0103n kh\u00e1c th\u00edch ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i th\u00edch ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1eabu \u0111\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng” (11).<\/p>\n
T\u00f4i ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi l\u1eddi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a Nam Dao: “…n\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u00ec t\u00f4i e r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u b\u1edfi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 100% ch\u1ee7 quan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i T\u00f4i (…). Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee9 \u0111\u01a1n c\u1eed Dos, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u. Th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh l\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt. Trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n k\u1ef3 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111i t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c qu\u1ef7 s\u1ee9, l\u00fac th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, l\u00fac th\u1ebf kh\u00e1c, c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 con thoi ch\u1ea1y gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i r\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng b\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i khung n\u00e0o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 phong c\u00e1ch t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3” (19)<\/p>\n
Th\u1ef1c ra, trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n sau, Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ed9ng Gi\u00e1c l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i: “T\u00f4i cho c\u00e1c “ng\u00e0i” tai to m\u1eb7t l\u1edbn c\u00f3 t\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea7m t\u1ea7m nh\u01b0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang ta th\u00f4i, c\u00e1i h\u00e0o quang h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng do th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 do th\u1ee9 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecd c\u00f3 trong tay, l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i run s\u1ee3 kh\u00e9p n\u00e9p” (19). R\u00f5 ra l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ed9ng Gi\u00e1c ph\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu c\u00e1i “th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eadc trung” v\u00e0o c\u00e1c danh nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 do quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a anh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c danh nh\u00e2n. Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i anh mu\u1ed1n k\u00e9o h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 phe v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3. Ri\u00eang ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i th\u00ec nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng “k\u00e9o” Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 xu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m “n\u00e2ng” \u00f4ng l\u00ean. Thay v\u00ec kho\u00e1c cho \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng h\u00e0o quang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng, bi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4 ch\u1ebft (\u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng ngo\u00e0i c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ef9 t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec3n h\u00e1ch, phi th\u01b0\u1eddng, ho\u1eb7c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t si\u00eau nh\u00e2n xa c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m), Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ed9ng Gi\u00e1c “th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a” v\u1ecb anh h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00ed \u00edt c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i bi k\u1ecbch gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng trong c\u01a1n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y mang d\u00e1ng d\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t anh h\u00f9ng\/\u00e1o v\u1ea3i\/c\u1edd \u0111\u00e0o nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 message ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n trong “S\u00f4ng C\u00f4n m\u00f9a l\u0169” ch\u0103ng? (T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o, theo t\u00f4i, c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u message, c\u00f3 khi l\u1ed9 r\u00f5, c\u00f3 khi ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 khi quanh co l\u1eaft l\u00e9o v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec . Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t message!).<\/p>\n
Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 “ph\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3”. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea5t c\u00e1 t\u00ednh, t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 qua nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau: h\u01a1i v\u0103n, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed truy\u1ec7n, t\u00e2m l\u00fd nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t m\u1ea1ch v\u0103n. C\u1ee9 cho nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft “mang tr\u1ecdn b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3” \u1ea5y \u0111i. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 -c\u00e1i t\u00f4i \u1ea5y – l\u00e0 g\u00ec? B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u1edf h\u1eefu ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3. M\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong + ngo\u00e0i: truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, kinh nghi\u1ec7m giao ti\u1ebfp ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00e1i “ch\u1ee7 quan” c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1i “kh\u00e1ch quan”. C\u00e1i t\u00f4i v\u1eabn ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 phi-t\u00f4i. Nh\u1edd th\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 “n\u1ed9i h\u00f3a” m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, hay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh “t\u00f4i” v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i “ngo\u1ea1i h\u00f3a” t\u00f4i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t anh A, ch\u1ecb C n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, chia c\u1eaft t\u00f4i th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3nh, m\u1ed7i m\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: m\u1ed9t d\u00e0nh gi\u1ef1t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 phi b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y t\u00f4i c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1 k\u1ef9 trong b\u00e0i “(Nh\u1eefng) nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u00e0 t\u00f4i” (t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed V\u0103n s\u1ed1 63&64, th\u00e1ng 3&4\/2002). T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc “chia x\u1ebb” quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, t\u00e2m t\u01b0, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ed7i \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au, ph\u1eabn h\u1eadn – ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 chia x\u1ebb c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 hay ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. Message c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t chung \u1ea5y, c\u00e1i ph\u1ea7n phi-b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n
L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng “ph\u00f3ng r\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1ee3c” trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. Thay v\u00ec ph\u00f3ng r\u1ecdi b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i ph\u00f3ng r\u1ecdi (nhi\u1ec1u khi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c) c\u00e1i ph\u1ea3n-b\u1ea3n-ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0: (nh\u1eefng) nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch – c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n – v\u1edbi c\u00e1 t\u00ednh, nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u00ec anh h\u00f9ng, cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e8n h\u1ea1, \u0111\u00ea ti\u1ec7n; nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u00ec hi\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i hung \u00e1c, b\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c; nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u00ec b\u1ea1o m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec1n…Kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, khi \u0111\u1ecdc truy\u1ec7n, ta h\u00ecnh dung t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ebfn khi g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e9o ng\u1ee5y trang. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c: b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hay c\u00e1 t\u00ednh hay kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c. (V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Nam Dao c\u00f3 b\u00e0n qua m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u1edf tr. 21)<\/p>\n
V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 Gi\u00f3 L\u1eeda hay “kh\u01a1i kh\u01a1i” nh\u01b0 S\u00f4ng C\u00f4n m\u00f9a l\u0169, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd. M\u1ed7i t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft, m\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng. N\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 tri. V\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 m\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch quan, \u0111\u00f4i khi n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i c\u1ea3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n
4. V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u<\/strong><\/p>\n\u0110\u1ecbnh k\u1ebft th\u00fac ph\u1ea7n g\u00f3p \u00fd \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec t\u00ecnh c\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i “Truth is another country” c\u1ee7a Timothy Garton Ash in tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed “The Guardian” (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nguy\u00ean v\u0103n b\u00e0i n\u00e0y tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng: nhanvan.com\/tinvan). B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1 l\u00fd th\u00fa d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111ang vi\u1ebft, n\u00ean t\u00f4i ghi l\u1ea1i v\u00e0i \u00fd ch\u00ednh sau \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n
Ash cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1eady. \u00d4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 “literature of fact” (v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c) thay v\u00ec t\u1eeb “non-fiction” th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng v\u00ec c\u00f3 ch\u1eef “fact” trong \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u l\u00e0 “literature of fiction” (v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u). Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa hai l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi m\u1edf, kh\u00f4ng c\u1eafm m\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng v\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean.<\/p>\n
L\u1ecbch s\u1eed hay ph\u00f3ng s\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n thu t\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ee9 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft s\u1eed hay ph\u00f3ng s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft. H\u1ecd ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc. H\u1ecd soi s\u00e1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecf qua s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hay ph\u00f3ng s\u1ef1 n\u00e0o hay m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi (hay nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c) m\u00e0 h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd n\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u00e1 t\u00ednh v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch theo c\u00e1ch minh gi\u1ea3i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Th\u00e0nh th\u1eed, khi vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft gia \u1edf trong \u0111\u1ea7u (we all have a novelist in our heads).<\/p>\n
T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, theo Ash, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf hai b\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00e2n chia hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u. V\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft (nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, s\u1eed gia…) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf ngay \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean.<\/p>\n
Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng, vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean?<\/p>\n
V\u1eady th\u00ec: ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft\/l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hay ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft-l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hay ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed? Hay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft?<\/p>\n
(11\/2002)<\/p>\n
* B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed V\u0103n H\u1ecdc (Cali), s\u1ed1 198, th\u00e1ng 10\/2002<\/p>\n
___________________<\/p>\n
(*) Nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 ghi trong ngo\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 trang c\u1ee7a V\u0103n H\u1ecdc s\u1ed1 197, th\u00e1ng 9\/2002, s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ed9ng Gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 Nam Dao<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u1eefa Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ed9ng Gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 Nam Dao, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00fa v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c, tuy \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n m\u1edbi. M\u1edbi, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec ch\u00fang g\u1ee3i cho ta nhi\u1ec1u suy ngh\u0129, loay hoay t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i t\u00ecm ra r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ee9t \u0111i\u1ec3m. V\u00ec n\u1ebfu d\u1ee9t \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00ec …bu\u1ed3n qu\u00e1!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":502,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,24,25],"tags":[391],"class_list":["post-2945","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-ly-luan","category-nhan-dinh","tag-nguyen-mong-giac"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2945","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/502"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2945"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2945\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":58005,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2945\/revisions\/58005"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2945"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2945"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2945"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}