{"id":27855,"date":"2013-06-18T00:05:00","date_gmt":"2013-06-18T07:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/?p=27855"},"modified":"2013-06-17T21:09:18","modified_gmt":"2013-06-18T04:09:18","slug":"giai-ma-nghe-thuat-co-champa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/27855\/giai-ma-nghe-thuat-co-champa","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u1ea3i mã ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ed5 Champa"},"content":{"rendered":"

James Blake Wiener <\/strong>th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n
H\u00e0 Duy <\/strong>d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb b\u00e0i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n ti\u1ebfng Anh<\/p>\n

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Ng<\/i>\u01b0<\/i>\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m \u1edf Trung b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n 1700 n\u0103m. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2 CN v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c d\u1ecdc theo v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 192 \u0111\u1ebfn 1832. Champa\u2014n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean ng\u00e3 t\u01b0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Java v\u00e0 Trung Hoa\u2014l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Khmer h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n, th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn binh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng thi\u1ec7n ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng. Trong cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, James Blake Wiener c\u1ee7a trang m\u1ea1ng T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n B\u00e1ch khoa C\u1ed5 s\u1eed (<\/i>Ancient History Encyclopedia<\/i><\/a>)<\/i> trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi Tr\u1ea7n K\u1ef3 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng–m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a Champa–v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ch\u00e0m. <\/i>(B\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1: \u201cDeciphering Ancient Cham Art\u201d, \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean trang m\u1ea1ng: <www.ancient.eu.com<\/a>>, ng\u00e0y 3\/4\/2013; v\u00e0 <www.kunstpedia.com<\/a>>. [H\u00e0 Duy d\u1ecbch]<\/em>)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\"kyphuong-232x300\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Tr\u1ea7n K\u1ef3 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i><\/p>\n

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JW: Ch\u00e0o \u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n K\u1ef3 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00f4i xin g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4ng l\u1eddi ch\u00e0o th\u00e2n \u00e1i c\u1ee7a T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n B\u00e1ch khoa C\u1ed5 s\u1eed! C\u00e1m \u01a1n \u00f4ng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ed5 Champa. <\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb Java, Cambodia, v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecfi \u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ch\u00e0m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean khi so s\u00e1nh n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng? H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc Ch\u00e0m: n\u00ean ch\u0103ng qua nh\u1eefng l\u0103ng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Hindu (\u1ea4n gi\u00e1o) c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 qua nh\u1eefng v\u1ec7 tinh v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i \u1ea4n\u201d?<\/b><\/p>\n

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TKP: Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Ch\u00e0m. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 h\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cCon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng T\u01a1 l\u1ee5a tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n,\u201d v\u00e0 Champa c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2u \u00c1: \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Hoa. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2 CN tr\u1edf \u0111i. Champa \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o thu\u1ed9c Indonesia hi\u1ec7n nay; k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Ch\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 dung h\u00f3a\/ti\u1ebfp bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111a d\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Trung Hoa.<\/p>\n

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\"chaua\"<\/a><\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 800 CN bao g\u1ed3m v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong khu v\u1ef1c.<\/i><\/p>\n

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Quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Hindu c\u1ee7a Champa, n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1 trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, tr\u00e1i h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Champa n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ea1ch, trong khi Khmer v\u00e0 Java th\u00ec nghi\u00ean h\u1eb3n v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh ch\u1ee9ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n Angkor Wat ho\u1eb7c Angkor Thom (\u1edf Cambodia), v\u00e0 Borobodur ho\u1eb7c Prambanam (\u1edf Indonesia). S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00e0m \u00fd nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa hai xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y–s\u1ef1 x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ea1ch ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e1–trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp bi\u1ebfn b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Khmer v\u00e0 Java l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn (nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Cambodia) ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean gi\u00e0u \u0111\u1ea5t kho\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ea5t nham th\u1ea1ch (nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Java). Trong nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua, ch\u00faa, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng phong ph\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 lao t\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n d\u00e0i. T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi cai tr\u1ecb, ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng sa th\u1ea1ch ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 kh\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m nghi\u00eang h\u1eb3n v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e3i, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c cho nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf.<\/i><\/p>\n

X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee5c c\u1eaft v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e1. Trong khi, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf: v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n h\u01a1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 b\u1ec1 th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m th\u00e1p D\u01b0\u01a1ng Long (\u1edf B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n Hindu b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, 42 m\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

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\"duonglong\"<\/a><\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh 1: Nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec1n-th\u00e1p D\u01b0\u01a1ng Long, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12-13, B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh. [\u1ea2nh: TKP]<\/i><\/p>\n

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B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 c\u0169ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 t\u00ednh l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c trong s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng (b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3) v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec1n-th\u00e1p. M\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ch\u00e0m th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, trong khi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Khmer v\u00e0 Java th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng gian ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Ch\u00e0m, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ed1i vu\u00f4ng ri\u00eang r\u1ebd, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u, trong khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Khmer v\u00e0 Java \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee9c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng trong nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt: ch\u00fang l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u201ctri th\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. <\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Ch\u00e0m v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u1edf ti\u1ec3u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, m\u1ed7i n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1edf h\u1eefu ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 v\u1ef1ng ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1 t\u00ednh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y: v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n, trong khi v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Khmer thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n

C\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba s\u1ed1ng trong v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f9ng c\u1ed9ng c\u01b0 trong m\u1ed7i v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c; v\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ch\u00e0m c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi hai ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Austronesian\/Nam \u0110\u1ea3o (nh\u00e1nh M\u00e3 Lai-\u0110a \u0110\u1ea3o) v\u00e0 Austro-Asiatic\/Nam \u00c1 (nh\u00e1nh M\u00f4n-Khmer), trong khi c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Khmer \u0111a ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Nam \u00c1. Th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 tinh l\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Hindu v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft n\u00ean b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ri\u00eang t\u01b0 cho m\u1ed7i n\u1ec1n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"siva\"<\/a><\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh 2: Th\u1ea7n Siva m\u00faa, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 10, sa th\u1ea1ch. B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng \u0110i\u00eau kh\u1eafc Ch\u0103m-\u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng. [\u1ea2nh TKP]<\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/strong><\/p>\n

JW: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c di t\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Champa: nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c di t\u00edch nh\u01b0 M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n v\u00e0 P\u00f4 Nagar Nha Trang, trong khi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m trang tr\u00ed th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n. Ng\u00e0y nay, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m Champa t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng sa th\u1ea1ch ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thau, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00edt hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p kim kh\u00e1c.<\/b><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Champa c\u1ed5 nh\u01b0: h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, trang s\u1ee9c, \u0111an, d\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, ho\u1eb7c ngay c\u1ea3 th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p?<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c bi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ee5c d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c trong th\u1eddi vang son c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 600-900 CN)?<\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

TKP: V\u00e2ng, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh–\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua–l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m Ch\u00e0m. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt trang s\u1ee9c, d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i, v.v., \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc chi ti\u1ebft tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 y ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia Champa qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, th\u00ec, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu; th\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u00e0o tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Indrapura (h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 875 CN), ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kim ho\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng \u0111eo tr\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i th\u1edd. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1903, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 trang s\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng–bao g\u1ed3m m\u0169, mi\u1ec5n, hoa tai, v\u00f2ng \u0111eo c\u1ed5, v\u00f2ng \u0111eo tay, \u0111eo ch\u00e2n, v.v.–\u0111\u1ec3 trang \u0111i\u1ec3m cho ng\u1eabu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t vi th\u1ea7n Hindu, th\u1ea7n Siva, t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n.
Hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 200 bi k\u00fd Ch\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng bi k\u00fd n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 15 CN, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft th\u00fa v\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Ch\u0103m l\u1eabn ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n (Sanskrit); may m\u1eafn l\u00e0, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u phong c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a minh v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qua th\u1eddi gian, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t l\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u00f2 g\u1ed1m Ch\u00e0m t\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c Vijaya x\u01b0a kia (nay thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh). Nh\u1eefng l\u00f2 g\u1ed1m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13 \u0111\u1ebfn 15 CN. R\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng g\u1ed1m Ch\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, ch\u00fang c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf Trung C\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi: G\u1ed1m Ch\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc m\u00e0u xanh nh\u1ea1t v\u00e0 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng n\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u1ed9ng c\u1ed3ng s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c Ch\u0103m–sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Nam Trung B\u1ed9–v\u1eabn s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1ea3i d\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c hoa v\u0103n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed1m th\u00f4 l\u00e0m theo ki\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00e0n xoay. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nghi th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n b\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ch\u0103m vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean l\u00e1 c\u1ecd c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 \u0111\u1ebfn 19, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

JW: Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m x\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1n-th\u00e1p to l\u1edbn n\u00e0y? \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd Champa kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn th\u00e1p g\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00ec nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc trang tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o g\u1ea1ch. Mong \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ra c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd?<\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

TKP: C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1n \u2013th\u00e1p Ch\u00e0m r\u1ea5t di\u1ec7u k\u1ef3. G\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng 850 \u0111\u1ed9 C, n\u00ean d\u1ec5 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ef1a c\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1ea7u r\u00e1i<\/i>, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb th\u00e2n c\u00e2y, t\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Dipterocarpus Alatus Roxb.<\/i> (lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh r\u1eebng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf Trung Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 \u1edf b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng.) \u0110\u1ec1n\u2013th\u00e1p Ch\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y ch\u1eeba kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa hai v\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0y; sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ea7n l\u00ean cao, r\u1ed3i h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng g\u1ea1ch cu\u1ed1i n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec9nh th\u00e1p. T\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e1p r\u1ea5t d\u00e0y–kho\u1ea3ng 1.5 -2.0 m\u00e9t–t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 m\u00e1i th\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u00e0m v\u1eefng n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa g\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 sa th\u1ea1ch tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh; \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1n-th\u00e1p, hai th\u1ee9 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t qua h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m! Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc Ch\u00e0m ch\u1ea1m tr\u1ed5 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c hoa v\u0103n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u1eddng ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u00e1p g\u1ea1ch. Nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c hoa v\u0103n trang tr\u00ed s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 7 cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"thapcham\"<\/a><\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh 3: Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai thi\u00eang Mahaparvata. [\u1ea2nh TKP]<\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

JW: Th\u01b0a \u00f4ng, t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng nhi\u1ec1u trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. T\u1ea1i sao di t\u00edch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec1u vua k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n, b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a di t\u00edch n\u00e0y? <\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

TKP: M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba ho\u00e0ng gia n\u01a1i v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n-vua (devaraja<\/i>)–m\u1ed9t h\u00f3a th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Siva, \u0111\u1ea5ng b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Ch\u00e0m v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa–\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi d\u1ef1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u vua Bhadravarman I hay Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t (380-413) v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng trong m\u1ed9t thung l\u0169ng k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian th\u00e2m m\u1eadt, d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai thi\u00eang Mahaparvata, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong v\u0103n bia c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c vua. \u0110\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai thi\u00eang c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng l\u1ea1 t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 m\u1ecf c\u1ee7a chim th\u1ea7n Garuda–v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh an trong \u0111\u1ea1o Hindu. Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ec1n \u0111i l\u1ea1i d\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n c\u1ea3ng-th\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i An–trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c Amaravati Champa.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c \u201cti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c c\u1ea3ng-th\u1ecb\u201d d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Trung Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00e1nh. M\u1ed1i ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c hay \u201cti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c c\u1ea3ng-th\u1ecb\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ba khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu sau:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. M\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e3i t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c \u1edf c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng; <\/li>\n
  2. M\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ho\u00e0ng gia–kinh th\u00e0nh–t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1i t\u00e2y c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng; <\/li>\n
  3. M\u1ed9t th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba ho\u00e0ng gia t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai thi\u00eang b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh kinh th\u00e0nh. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c Champa Amaravati, \u1edf v\u00f9ng Qu\u1ea3ng Nam ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp b\u1edfi ba th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 sau:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. H\u1ed9i An–m\u1ed9t khu ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i Chi\u00eam h\u1ea3i kh\u1ea9u\u201d–l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m h\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng; <\/li>\n
    2. Kinh th\u00e0nh Sinhapura Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u–c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cKinh th\u00e0nh S\u01b0 t\u1eed\u201d–l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ho\u00e0ng gia; <\/li>\n
    3. M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n–x\u01b0a kia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u201cSrisana-Bhadresvara\u201d–l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba ho\u00e0ng gia <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n l\u00e0 di t\u00edch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Champa, bao g\u1ed3m kho\u1ea3ng 70 ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n-th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13. Di t\u00edch n\u00e0y l\u01b0u gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Ch\u00e0m, ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa. Di t\u00edch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 Di s\u1ea3n V\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a UNESCO t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1999. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 di t\u00edch n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, t\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t qu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n di t\u00edch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

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       <\/p>\n

      JW: C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch nh\u01b0 M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n v\u00e0 P\u00f4 Nagar Nha Trang c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng? H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng b\u0103ng kh\u0103ng r\u1eb1ng li\u1ec7u \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u1ecb t\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c di t\u00edch n\u00e0y? Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp qua \u1edf tr\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u00f4i tha thi\u1ebft mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft th\u00eam.<\/b><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      TKP: \u0110\u00fang v\u1eady. M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n v\u00e0 P\u00f4 Nagar Nha Trang l\u00e0 hai th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba Hindu c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia–m\u1ed9t \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1edf ph\u00eda nam–n\u01a1i gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Ch\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng. Hai th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba ho\u00e0ng gia n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nghi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n Champa: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 S\u01a1n th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5ng th\u1ea7n-vua, Siva (Srisana-Bhadresvara), t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 nam; trong khi t\u1ea1i P\u00f4 Nagar Nha Trang, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eef th\u1ea7n, Bhagavati (v\u1ee3 th\u1ea7n Siva, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cYang In\u01b0 P\u00f4 Nagar l\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n M\u1eb9 X\u1ee9 S\u1edf\u201d), t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u1eef.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      \"thapcham\"<\/a><\/p>\n

      H\u00ecnh 4: Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba P\u00f4 Nagar Nha Trang, n\u01a1i th\u1edd N\u1eef th\u1ea7n M\u1eb9 X\u1ee9 S\u1edf–Yang In\u01b0 P\u00f4 Nagar. [\u1ea2nh TKP]<\/i><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf: ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m s\u1edf h\u1eefu b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0i h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n c\u00e2y s\u1ed1, v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ngh\u1ec1 \u0111i bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n Champa th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eadn b\u1ecbu quanh n\u0103m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ecf d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c b\u1edd s\u00f4ng ng\u1eafn. T\u1ea1i thung l\u0169ng c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng d\u00e0i h\u01a1n–nh\u01b0 s\u00f4ng Thu B\u1ed3n (Qu\u1ea3ng Nam) ho\u1eb7c s\u00f4ng C\u00f4n (B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh)–n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa h\u01a1n v\u00e0 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 H\u1ed9i An (C\u1eeda \u0110\u1ea1i) v\u00e0 C\u1eeda Th\u1ecb N\u1ea1i (Quy Nh\u01a1n). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00eda v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c tr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

      M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1n-th\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung d\u00e2n c\u01b0 do c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n kinh t\u1ebf cung c\u1ea5p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ngay khi ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c vua Champa l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c tr\u01b0ng d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n-th\u00e1p ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 v\u0129 h\u01a1n. Nh\u00ecn chung, m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p, hay c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 n\u00f4ng nh\u00e0n gi\u1eefa hai m\u00f9a l\u00faa. (X\u01b0a kia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 m\u00f9a h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m.)<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      JW: Th\u01b0a \u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n K\u1ef3 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1eadt h\u00e2n h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. <\/b>T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n B\u00e1ch khoa C\u1ed5 s\u1eed k\u00ednh ch\u00fac \u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1m \u01a1n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 chia s\u1ebd nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1eadt th\u00fa v\u1ecb.<\/b><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      TKP: V\u00e2ng, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vinh h\u1ea1nh. T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t vui m\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebd ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Ch\u00e0m v\u1edbi T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n B\u00e1ch khoa C\u1ed5 s\u1eed. Ch\u00fac T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n B\u00e1ch khoa C\u1ed5 s\u1eed g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      H\u00e0 Duy d\u1ecbch<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Ch\u00e0m. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 h\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cCon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng T\u01a1 l\u1ee5a tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n,\u201d…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1895,"featured_media":27844,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,152,9,177],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27855","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-hoc-thuat","category-nghien-cuu","category-van-hoa"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27855","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1895"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27855"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27855\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":27857,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27855\/revisions\/27857"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/27844"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27855"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27855"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27855"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}