{"id":27623,"date":"2013-04-26T00:02:00","date_gmt":"2013-04-26T00:02:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/?p=27623"},"modified":"2019-02-25T12:46:41","modified_gmt":"2019-02-25T12:46:41","slug":"an-du-y-niem-nhung-y-niem-can-ban","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/27623\/an-du-y-niem-nhung-y-niem-can-ban","title":{"rendered":"\u1ea8n d\u1ee5 ý ni\u1ec7m: nh\u1eefng ý ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\"days-of-heaven\"<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u1ea8n d\u1ee5 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c George Lakoff, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 (1941-) v\u00e0 Mark Johnson (1949-), tri\u1ebft gia Hoa K\u1ef3, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Metaphors We Live By <\/i>xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1980. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi m\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 trong ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n lan t\u1ecfa ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong khoa h\u1ecdc.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

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Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n

Trong l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a vi\u1ebft cho cu\u1ed1n Metaphors We Live By, <\/i>hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u00e0 ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a<\/i> (meaning) l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. Ngh\u0129a<\/i>, theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/i> (meaningful) trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.[2]<\/a> Theo h\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf nhoi trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta. <\/b><\/p>\n

Quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3i chung, cho r\u1eb1ng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a thi ca, g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a thi ca v\u00e0 tu t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u1ec9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u201cch\u1eef\u201d, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 cho r\u1eb1ng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 ch\u1eb3ng d\u00ednh l\u00edu g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t ra, theo hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, l\u00e0: \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 thi ca nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho th\u01a1 hay c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t n\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e0ng sau ch\u00fang?[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a Lakoff v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef qua nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u1ea3 \u1edf trong sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong th\u01a1 ca. Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, c\u00e1c \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc (linguistic expressions) \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a. V\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngay trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Metaphors We Live By <\/i>r\u1eb1ng \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta v\u1eeba suy ngh\u0129 v\u1eeba h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t\u201d.[4]<\/a> \u1ea8n d\u1ee5, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb con.[5]<\/a> N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t thi ca c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u00fd ni\u1ec7m. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t n\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e0ng sau ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thi ca v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef ta d\u00f9ng. Ch\u00ednh \u00fd ni\u1ec7m, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e0ng sau ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ea1o ra \u1ea9n d\u1ee5. S\u1edf d\u0129 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 ra b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00e0 v\u00ec \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, n\u00ean ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00fang ta d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.[6]<\/a> V\u1edbi c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u m\u1edbi m\u1ebb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Lakoff v\u00e0 Turner th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb \u201c\u1ea9n d\u1ee5\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch phi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u cho r\u1eb1ng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 trong thi ca. N\u1ebfu th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y. Do c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u00ec c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u m\u1edbi.[7]<\/a> R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u1ea9n d\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

\u00dd ni\u1ec7m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c. Ch\u00fang chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ta giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng.[8]<\/a> M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, phi-\u1ea9n d\u1ee5 (nonmetaphorical), ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u1ea9n d\u1ee5. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Lakoff v\u00e0 Johnson, trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Philosophy in the Flesh: <\/i>The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought<\/i>, <\/i>kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng: \u201cNh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u1ea9n d\u1ee5\u201d v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian, y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh, tinh th\u1ea7n, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u2026c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u1ea9n d\u1ee5. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u201cNh\u1eadn Th\u1ee9c H\u1ecdc\u201d (Cognitive Science).\u201d[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

Khi n\u00f3i Anh A ch\u1ebft<\/i>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng khi n\u00f3i: M\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i ch\u1ebft<\/i> hay Xe t\u00f4i ch\u1ebft m\u00e1y<\/i>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u1ea9n d\u1ee5. V\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i hay c\u00e1i m\u00e1y xe b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u1ea8n d\u1ee5 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n

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<\/b>Xem n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m, <\/b>Lakoff v\u00e0 Johnson m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a hai \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 \u201c\u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m\u201d (conceptional metaphor). Hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u201c\u1ea9n d\u1ee5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c\u201d (cognitive metaphor), v\u00ec quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u1ec1 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ng\u1eef H\u1ecdc Nh\u1eadn Th\u1ee9c (Cognitive Linguistics).[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

Zolt\u00e1n Kovecses t\u00f3m t\u1eaft n\u0103m \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 sau[11]<\/a>:<\/p>\n

– \u1ea8n d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u1ea9n d\u1ee5\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201c\u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u1ea9n d\u1ee5\u201d.<\/p>\n

– ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hay th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

– \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. \u1ea8n d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi \u1ea9n d\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

– \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c trong sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

– \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 trang s\u1ee9c m\u00e0u m\u00e8 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. <\/b><\/p>\n

\u1ea8n d\u1ee5 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

\u00b7 D\u00f9ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ni\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n

H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u, nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. V\u00ec chuy\u1ec7n giao ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ta d\u00f9ng trong khi suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00ean ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng quan tr\u1ecdng. V\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t.[12]<\/a> Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ni\u1ec7m.<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, Lakoff n\u00eau ra lo\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau.[13]<\/a> H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 sau: Tinh y\u00eau ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang l\u00e2m v\u00e0o ng\u00f5 c\u1ee5t. <\/i>V\u1edbi c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cl\u00e2m v\u00e0o ng\u00f5 c\u1ee5t\u201d, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh, h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng quan h\u1ec7 y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb ch\u1eefng l\u1ea1i, r\u1eb1ng hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau nhau kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c theo c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay, r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i quay l\u1ea1i, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c hay l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf nhau.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. Ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau m\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 n\u1eefa. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau nh\u01b0: M\u1ed1i t\u00ecnh ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u\/H\u00f4n nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00f4ng gai; <\/i>nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh y\u00eau m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u00e1m ch\u1ec9: Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qu\u00e1 xa r\u1ed3i\/ Qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i\/ Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch g\u00ec quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi th\u00f4i\/ Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf ng\u00e3 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\/ Ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn gi\u1eabm ch\u00e2n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7.<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng thi ca, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 tu t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

– C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t n\u00e0o chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 du h\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

– C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t n\u00e0o chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta suy ra (inference) v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n du h\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf?<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u201cC\u00f3\u201d. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng. M\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u1eb1m b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u00ecnh y\u00eau b\u1eb1ng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c du h\u00e0nh. Hai \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nhau c\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 theo \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n \u1ea9n d\u1ee5: Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau nhau \u0111ang c\u00f9ng du h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nhau, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 ch\u1ed7 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc xe h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng. Chi\u1ebfc xe \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung. Chuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng g\u00ec. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e3 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u01a1i h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eafn \u0111o suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh xem ph\u1ea3i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i c\u00f9ng nhau. V\u00e2n v\u00e2n\u2026<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung n\u00f3, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng qua \u1ea9n d\u1ee5. Hay n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng quanh co r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i trong t\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, n\u00ean ta ph\u1ea3i m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 du h\u00e0nh. V\u00e0 v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m du h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh y\u00eau n\u00ean ph\u00e1t sinh ra \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 :T\u00ccNH Y\u00caU L\u00c0 CHUY\u1ebeN DU H\u00c0NH.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng chuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c. Trong nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t sau:<\/p>\n

– Sau hai n\u0103m tr\u1eddi \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i n\u00e0ng, anh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/i><\/p>\n

– Nh\u1edd t\u00e0i \u0103n n\u00f3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p trai, ch\u00e0ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 k\u1ebb chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng<\/i> trong t\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

– T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1i tim n\u00e0ng<\/p>\n

– H\u1eafn t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng<\/i> n\u00e0ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, chi\u1ebfm, t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng<\/i> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh. Do \u0111\u00f3, ta c\u00f3 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5: T\u00ccNH Y\u00caU L\u00c0 CHI\u1ebeN TRANH<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Lakoff v\u00e0 Johnson qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong ch\u1eef ta d\u00f9ng<\/i>, m\u00e0 n\u1eb1m ngay trong \u00fd ni\u1ec7m. Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Lakoff v\u00e0 Johnson nh\u1eafc \u0111i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a hai \u00f4ng. Trong nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m. Ch\u00ednh \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 T\u00ccNH Y\u00caU L\u00c0 CHUY\u1ebeN DU H\u00c0NH hay T\u00ccNH Y\u00caU L\u00c0 CHI\u1ebeN TRANH \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u201c\u1ea8n d\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t sinh ra ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef\u201d, theo hai \u00f4ng.[14]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00b7 \u0110\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu: l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00edch<\/b><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m khi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 li\u00ean quan vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m (\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau) theo m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c (\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh hay chi\u1ebfn tranh). Lakoff v\u00e0 Johnson m\u1ec7nh danh s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu<\/i> (mapping)[15]<\/a>: \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh hay chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0o \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau. Hai \u00f4ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u00eau l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu xuy\u00ean l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c <\/i>(cross-domain mappings) nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Lakoff v\u00e0 Johnson trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1ea9n d\u1ee5. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu (theo ngh\u0129a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc)[16]<\/a> t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00edch, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. \u0110\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean (correspondences) n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u201cl\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngu\u1ed3n\u201d (source domain) v\u00e0 \u201cl\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00edch\u201d (target domain). Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p ngu\u1ed3n-\u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 cho. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u01a1 ca, m\u00e0 cho nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, qu\u1ef9 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u00fd ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y theo m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu xuy\u00ean l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c) \u201ctuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y.\u201d[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn, theo nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u201c\u1ea9n d\u1ee5\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cdi\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t \u1ea9n d\u1ee5\u201d (metaphorical expression), c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cdi\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc\u201d (linguistic expression). H\u1ea1n t\u1eeb \u201c\u1ea9n d\u1ee5\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu xuy\u00ean l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m. C\u00f2n \u201cdi\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t \u1ea9n d\u1ee5\u201d\/\u201cdi\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc\u201d quy cho m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 – ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m ch\u1eef (qu\u00e1n ng\u1eef, th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef) \u2013 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7u b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu xuy\u00ean l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n

– He\u2019s without direction<\/i> in life (H\u1eafn m\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/i> trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi)<\/p>\n

– I\u2019m at a crossroads<\/i> in my life (T\u00f4i \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t<\/i> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh)<\/p>\n

Without direction<\/i> v\u00e0 at a crossroads<\/i> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5. Theo Kovecses, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u00ean tho\u00e1t thai t\u1eeb \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 LIFE IS A JOURNEY (\u0110\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh).[18]<\/a><\/p>\n

Trong \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 T\u00ccNH Y\u00caU L\u00c0 DU H\u00c0NH, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3, theo \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00edch (t\u00ecnh y\u00eau: ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i, quan h\u1ec7 y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\u2026<\/i>) t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngu\u1ed3n (du h\u00e0nh: ng\u01b0\u1eddi du h\u00e0nh, xe c\u1ed9, n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn\u2026<\/i>). Lakoff, trong The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor, <\/i>l\u01b0u \u00fd: kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean <\/i>l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa t\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u201cT\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh\u201d, v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu. T\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 (propositional form), c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean (set of correspondences), kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 cho d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u1eb1m trong \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, Lakoff v\u00e0 Johnson \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c: \u201cL\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngu\u1ed3n\u201d (TARGET-DOMAIN IS SOURCE-DOMAIN) hay \u201cL\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00edch nh\u01b0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngu\u1ed3n\u201d (TARGET-DOMAIN AS SOURCE-DOMAIN) vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef in hoa (upper case) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho \u1ea9n d\u1ee5. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n trong \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngu\u1ed3n \u201cDu H\u00e0nh\u201d v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00edch \u201cT\u00ecnh Y\u00eau\u201d, t\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 T\u00ccNH Y\u00caU L\u00c0 DU H\u00c0NH hay T\u00ccNH Y\u00caU NH\u01af DU H\u00c0NH. V\u1edbi c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo \u00fd ni\u1ec7m li\u00ean quan. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Lakoff, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00ed von<\/i> trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t.[19]<\/a> \u0110\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c Ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00edch c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u00ed l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00edch v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c Ngu\u1ed3n. N\u00f3i T\u00ccNH Y\u00caU L\u00c0 DU H\u00c0NH, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00ed t\u00ecnh y\u00eau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c du h\u00e0nh\u201d hay \u201cv\u00ed von t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c du h\u00e0nh\u201d.<\/p>\n

Kovecses l\u1eadp ra b\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean (hay c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu) c\u1ee7a \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 T\u00ccNH Y\u00caU L\u00c0 DU H\u00c0NH nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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L\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c Ngu\u1ed3n: DU H\u00c0NH <\/p>\n

nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb du h\u00e0nh <\/i><\/p>\n

ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n <\/i><\/p>\n

chuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh  <\/i><\/p>\n

qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ea3i qua  <\/i><\/p>\n

tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i <\/i><\/p>\n

quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o  <\/i><\/p>\n

\u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh <\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

L\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00edch: T\u00ccNH Y\u00caU<\/p>\n

nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau nhau <\/i><\/p>\n

quan h\u1ec7 y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/i><\/p>\n

di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn quan h\u1ec7 y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/i><\/p>\n

ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong t\u00ecnh y\u00eau <\/i><\/p>\n

gian nan trong t\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/i><\/p>\n

ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec <\/i><\/p>\n

k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau (h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n) <\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Qua b\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean n\u00e0y, ta th\u1ea5y: nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb du h\u00e0nh<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o (hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean v\u1edbi) nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau nhau<\/i>; ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n<\/i> \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o quan h\u1ec7 y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i>; nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i<\/i> \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o gian nan trong t\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/i>. N\u00f3i theo ki\u1ec3u \u201cv\u00ed von\u201d: v\u00ed \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau nhau\u201d v\u1edbi \u201cnh\u1eefng k\u1ebb du h\u00e0nh\u201d, v\u00ed \u201cquan h\u1ec7 y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d v\u1edbi \u201cph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n\u201d, v\u00ed \u201cgian nan trong t\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d v\u1edbi \u201cnh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u201d, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn b\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 cho r\u1eb1ng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n gi\u1eefa hai l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. Theo Kovecses, \u201cl\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u00ecnh y\u00eau kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/i> (Kovecses nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh) b\u1edfi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c du h\u00e0nh. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u1edbi c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u hay b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, ch\u00ednh \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 du h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 \u201ct\u1ea1o ra\u201d \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau.\u201d[20]<\/a><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00edch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b>D\u1ef1a theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Master Metaphor List, Cobuild Metaphor Dictionary, Meraphors Dictionary, Dictionary of Everyday English Metaphors, Roget\u2019s Thesaurus v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc, Zolt\u00e1n Kovecses t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00edch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 sau.[21]<\/a><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. L\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c Ngu\u1ed3n: <\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    – C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi – S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt – Th\u00fa v\u1eadt<\/p>\n

    – C\u00e2y c\u1ecf – L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac – M\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5<\/p>\n

    – Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 thao – Ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 kinh doanh – N\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n<\/p>\n

    – N\u00f3ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea1nh (nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9) – \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i – S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/p>\n

    – Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng. <\/b><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. L\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00edch: <\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      – X\u00fac c\u1ea3m – \u1ee8\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n – Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/b><\/p>\n

      – T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng – X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\/qu\u1ed1c gia – Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/b><\/p>\n

      – Kinh t\u1ebf – Quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n sinh – Giao ti\u1ebfp <\/b><\/p>\n

      – Th\u1eddi gian – S\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft – T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o <\/b><\/p>\n

      – S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/b><\/p>\n

      C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd, trong b\u1ea3ng li\u1ec7t k\u00ea tr\u00ean, hai l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch to\u00e0n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb. Trong khi d\u00f9ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb hay tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb li\u00ean h\u1ec7. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c<\/i> (\u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb) th\u00ec li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i vai,<\/i> n\u00edu<\/i> (\u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb) li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn tay, <\/i>c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c Ngu\u1ed3n l\u00e0 \u201cc\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d; l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh<\/i> (t\u00ednh t\u1eeb) hay b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n<\/i> (t\u00ednh t\u1eeb) li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c Ngu\u1ed3n \u201cs\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt\u201d; ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n (\u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb) li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00edch \u201cgiao ti\u1ebfp\u201d. <\/i><\/p>\n

      – b\u00e1n r\u1ebb <\/i>l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ec1n<\/i> danh d\u1ef1 (thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5: LU\u00c2N L\u00dd L\u00c0 KINH DOANH)<\/p>\n

      – h\u00e2m<\/i> n\u00f3ng <\/i>t\u00ecnh y\u00eau; t\u00ecnh y\u00eau ch\u00edn t\u1edbi <\/i>(\u1ea9n d\u1ee5: T\u00ccNH C\u1ea2M L\u00c0 N\u1ea4U N\u01af\u1edaNG)<\/p>\n

      – ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea1t, <\/i>b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c \u1ea5m c\u00fang <\/i>(\u1ea9n d\u1ee5: GIAO TI\u1ebeP L\u00c0 NHI\u1ec6T \u0110\u1ed8 (n\u00f3ng, l\u1ea1nh)<\/p>\n

      – y\u00ean gi\u1ea5c<\/i> ng\u00e0n thu (\u1ea9n d\u1ee5: CH\u1ebeT L\u00c0 GI\u1ea4C NG\u1ee6 D\u00c0I (c\u01a1 th\u1ec3)<\/p>\n

      Kovecses nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00edch n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c Ngu\u1ed3n n\u00e0o. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 Ngu\u1ed3n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0110\u00edch n\u00e0o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n h\u01b0\u1edbng (unidirectional): ch\u00fang \u0111i t\u1eeb l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, trong l\u00fac nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00edch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u: d\u00f9ng c\u00e1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1i tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.[22]<\/a><\/p>\n

      Trong m\u1ea5y th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1eeba n\u00eau tr\u00ean, ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y:<\/p>\n

      – \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00e1o tr\u1edf, ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, ta d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n: b\u00e1n r\u1ebb<\/i> l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m; xem l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng \u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

      – \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ta ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ebfp n\u00fac, n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbng: h\u00e2m n\u00f3ng<\/i> t\u00ecnh y\u00eau; xem t\u00ecnh y\u00eau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n.<\/p>\n

      \u1ea8n d\u1ee5 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m trong sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y<\/b><\/p>\n

      <\/b><\/p>\n

      \u1ea8n d\u1ee5 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, theo Lakoff, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i nh\u01b0: n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng<\/i> c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft\/l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1\/<\/i>ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/i> m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd\/l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5<\/i>\u2026xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 L\u00dd THUY\u1ebeT L\u00c0 T\u00d2A NH\u00c0, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n

      Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0: l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh<\/i> b\u1edfi Einstein\/\u00f4ng ta l\u00e0 cha \u0111\u1ebb<\/i> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u2026thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 L\u00dd THUY\u1ebeT L\u00c0 NG\u01af\u1edcI.<\/p>\n

      C\u0169ng th\u1ebf:<\/p>\n

      – \u00dd T\u01af\u1edeNG L\u00c0 \u0110\u1ed2 \u0102N: ti\u00eau h\u00f3a<\/i> \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng\/nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/i> \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng\/\u0111\u1ecdc ng\u1ea5u nghi\u1ebfn<\/i> cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

      – \u00dd T\u01af\u1edeNG L\u00c0 C\u00c2Y C\u1ece: \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea9y n\u1edf<\/i>\/m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng<\/i> c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

      – \u00dd T\u01af\u1edeNG L\u00c0 T\u00c0I S\u1ea2N: c\u00f4 ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng phong ph\u00fa<\/i>\/n\u00f3 gi\u00e0u<\/i> \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng\/cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho t\u00e0ng<\/i> ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c\u2026<\/p>\n

      – GI\u00c0U C\u00d3 L\u00c0 V\u1eacT GI\u1ea4U K\u00cdN: t\u00f4i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/i> s\u1ef1 may m\u1eafn\/h\u1eafn s\u0103n l\u00f9ng<\/i> t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n\/h\u1eafn c\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00e0ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec t\u00ecnh y\u00eau m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e0o m\u1ecf<\/i>.<\/p>\n

      – CU\u1ed8C \u0110\u1edcI L\u00c0 M\u1ed8T TH\u00d9NG CH\u1ee8A: \u0111\u1eddi tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng<\/i>\/\u0111\u1eddi h\u1eafn ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y<\/i> b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

      – NH\u00ccN L\u00c0 M\u1ed8T V\u1eacT: n\u00e0ng n\u00e9m<\/i> v\u00e0o h\u1eafn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn h\u1eb1n h\u1ecdc\/t\u00f4i tr\u00e1nh<\/i> c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

      – M\u1eaeT L\u00c0 TH\u00d9NG CH\u1ee8A X\u00daC \u0110\u1ed8NG: t\u00f4i t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i trong<\/i> \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft n\u00e0ng\/m\u1eaft n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y<\/i> tia nh\u00ecn gi\u1eadn d\u1ed7i\/m\u1eaft h\u1eafn r\u1ef1c l\u1eeda<\/i> c\u0103m th\u00f9.<\/p>\n

      – TH\u1edcI GIAN L\u00c0 TI\u1ec0N B\u1ea0C: T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7<\/i> th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0nh cho em\/Anh ti\u00eau<\/i> h\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00f4 \u00edch n\u00e0y?\/H\u1eafn l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed<\/i> th\u1eddi gian\/T\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n<\/i> th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 lo cho con\/Qu\u1ef9<\/i> th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1n.[23]<\/a><\/p>\n

      \u1ea8n d\u1ee5 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m trong v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/b><\/p>\n

      <\/b><\/p>\n

      Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf tr\u00ean, nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y qua nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

      \u00b7 T\u00e2m Th\u1ee9c<\/b><\/p>\n

      Lakoff v\u00e0 Johnson cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o suy ngh\u0129 hay b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c (mind) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a n\u00f3 theo \u1ea9n d\u1ee5. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o ta n\u1eafm b\u1eaft nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn hay b\u00e0i b\u00e1c m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, ta ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ta \u0111ang l\u00e0m v\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ta thu nh\u1eb7t th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi chung quanh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng: SUY NGH\u0128 L\u00c0 DI CHUY\u1ec2N (Thinking Is Moving)[24]<\/a><\/p>\n

      \u1ea8n d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 sau:<\/p>\n

      – T\u00c2M TH\u1ee8C L\u00c0 M\u1ed8T C\u01a0 TH\u1ec2 (The Mind Is A Body)<\/p>\n

      – SUY NGH\u0128 L\u00c0 DI CHUY\u1ec2N (Thinking Is Moving)<\/p>\n

      – \u00dd T\u01af\u1edeNG L\u00c0 V\u1eca TR\u00cd (Ideas Are Locations)<\/p>\n

      – L\u00dd LU\u1eacN L\u00c0 M\u1ed8T S\u1ee8C M\u1ea0NH (Reason Is A Force)<\/p>\n

      – T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG DUY L\u00dd L\u00c0 CHUY\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ed8NG TR\u1ef0C TI\u1ebeP, TH\u1eacN TR\u1eccNG, T\u1eeaNG B\u01af\u1edaC M\u1ed8T V\u00c0 PH\u00d9 H\u1ee2P V\u1edaI S\u1ee8C M\u1ea0NH C\u1ee6A L\u00dd TR\u00cd (Rational Thought Is Motion That Is Direct, Deliberate, Step-by-Step, and In Accord With The Force Of Reason)<\/p>\n

      – KH\u00d4NG TH\u1ec2 SUY NGH\u0128 L\u00c0 KH\u00d4NG TH\u1ec2 CHUY\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ed8NG (Being Unable To Think Is Being Unable To Move)<\/p>\n

      – M\u1ed8T D\u00d2NG T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG L\u00c0 M\u1ed8T L\u1ed0I \u0110I (A Line Of Thought Is A Path)<\/p>\n

      – SUY NGH\u0128 V\u1ec0 M\u1ed8T \u0110I\u1ec0U X<\/b> L\u00c0 DI CHUY\u1ec2N QUANH QUANH TRONG KHU V\u1ef0C X<\/b> (Thinking About X Is Moving In The Area Around X)<\/p>\n

      – TRUY\u1ec0N \u0110\u1ea0T L\u00c0 D\u1eaaN \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG (Communicating Is Guiding)<\/p>\n

      – HI\u1ec2U L\u00c0 \u0110I THEO SAU (Understanding Is Following)<\/i><\/p>\n

      – SUY NGH\u0128 L\u1ea0I L\u00c0 \u0110I L\u1ea0I L\u1ed0I \u0110I C\u0168 (Rethinking Is Going Over The Path Again)<\/p>\n

      Nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean li\u00ean h\u1ec7, k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c nhau.<\/p>\n

      Ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Khi t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129, th\u00ec c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n. Do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 SUY NGH\u0128 L\u00c0 DI CHUY\u1ec2N. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: My mind is racing (\u0110\u1ea7u \u00f3c t\u00f4i \u0111ang v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh), My mind wandered for a moment (\u0110\u1ea7u \u00f3c t\u00f4i \u0111i lang thang \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fac).<\/i><\/p>\n

      Suy ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00ecm n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. Do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u00dd T\u01af\u1edeNG L\u00c0 V\u1eca TR\u00cd. Vi d\u1ee5: How did you reach that conclusion? (L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 anh \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y?); We have arrived at the crucial point in the argument (Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i); Where are you in the discussion?(Anh \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u trong cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn?)<\/i><\/p>\n

      Mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i theo. Do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 HI\u1ec2U L\u00c0 \u0110I THEO SAU. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Slow down, You\u2019re going to fast for me, I can\u2019t catch up with you (Xin ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i, anh \u0111i nhanh qu\u00e1, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp \u00fd anh)<\/i><\/p>\n

      \u00b7 C\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/b><\/p>\n

      X\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng g\u00ec t\u1edbi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, Lakoff kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3. Theo \u00f4ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u00fd ni\u1ec7m, c\u1ea3 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 l\u1eabn ho\u00e1n d\u1ee5, n\u1eb1m b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f3.[25]<\/a> M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: C\u01a0 TH\u1ec2 L\u00c0 M\u1ed8T V\u1eacT CH\u1ee8A C\u1ea2M X\u00daC (Body Is A Container For The Emotions). V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n

      Ti\u1ebfng Anh: He was filled with anger, She couldn\u2019t contain her joy, she was brimming with rage; try to get your anger out of your system, he was foaming at the mouth, I suppressed my anger <\/i><\/p>\n

      Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1: t\u1ee9c anh \u00e1ch, l\u00f2ng tr\u00e0n tr\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m vui, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eadn h\u1eddn trong b\u1ee5ng, gi\u1eadn c\u00e0nh h\u00f4ng, gi\u1eadn s\u00f9i b\u1ecdp m\u00e9p, nu\u1ed1t gi\u1eadn, n\u00e9n gi\u1eadn, d\u1eb1n l\u00f2ng.<\/i><\/p>\n

      Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 c\u01a1n gi\u1eadn (anger), Lakoff nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean h\u1ec7 sinh l\u00fd gi\u1eefa c\u01a1n gi\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3: gi\u1eadn ai th\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean, \u00e1p l\u1ef1c b\u00ean trong t\u0103ng l\u00ean, s\u1eafc di\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecf m\u1eb7t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi run r\u1ea9y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 c\u01a1n gi\u1eadn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: GI\u1eacN L\u00c0 S\u1ee8C N\u00d3NG (Anger Is Heat). \u1ea8n d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hai \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5 li\u00ean h\u1ec7:<\/p>\n

      1. N\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, ta c\u00f3 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5: GI\u1eacN L\u00c0 S\u1ee8C N\u00d3NG C\u1ee6A M\u1ed8T CH\u1ea4T L\u1eceNG CH\u1ee8A TRONG M\u1ed8T V\u1eacT CH\u1ee8A (Anger Is The Heat Of A Fluid In A Container). V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n

      Ti\u1ebfng Anh: You make my blood boil; Simmer down; I had reached the boiling point; His anger welled up inside him.<\/i><\/p>\n

      Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t: gi\u1eadn s\u00f4i m\u00e1u, t\u1ee9c h\u1ed9c m\u00e1u, gi\u1eadn s\u00f4i gan, c\u01a1n gi\u1eadn d\u00e2ng l\u00ean trong l\u00f2ng, s\u00f4i s\u1ee5c c\u0103m h\u1eddn. <\/i><\/p>\n

      2. N\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn, ta c\u00f3 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 GI\u1eacN L\u00c0 L\u1eecA (Anger Is Fire). V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n

      Ti\u1ebfng Anh: He was bursting with anger; He blew up at me; He exploded; He erupted; After the argument, she was smoldering for days.<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n

      Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t: R\u1ef1c l\u1eeda c\u0103m th\u00f9, n\u1ed9 kh\u00ed xung thi\u00ean, n\u1ed5i n\u00f3ng, c\u01a1n gi\u1eadn (ch\u00e1y) \u00e2m \u1ec9 trong l\u00f2ng.<\/i><\/p>\n

      \u00b7 Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc<\/b><\/p>\n

      Lakoff v\u00e0 Johnson t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u1ea9n d\u1ee5. V\u00ec n\u00f3i hay vi\u1ebft li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 theo kh\u00f4ng gian, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 theo kh\u00f4ng gian. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00fap t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y. Vi\u1ebft xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u cho ph\u00e9p ta \u00fd ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a c\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng gian. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gian \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

      V\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u00fd ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef theo nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng gian, cho n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng gian n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho \u201ch\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u, khi ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00f3 theo kh\u00f4ng gian.<\/p>\n

      – H\u00ccNH TH\u1ee8C NHI\u1ec0U TH\u00cc N\u1ed8I DUNG NHI\u1ec0U (More of Form is More of Content). V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n

      N\u00f3i \u201cHe ran and ran and ran and ran<\/i>\u201d (N\u00f3 ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y) cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ea1y nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u201cHe ran<\/i>\u201d (N\u00f3 ch\u1ea1y)<\/p>\n

      N\u00f3i \u201cHe is very very very tall <\/i>(N\u00f3 r\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t cao) cho th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 cao nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u201cHe is very tall<\/i>\u201d (N\u00f3 cao)<\/p>\n

      – G\u1ea6N G\u00c2Y HI\u1ec6U QU\u1ea2 M\u1ea0NH (Closeness is Strength of Effect)<\/p>\n

      N\u00f3i \u201cI taught Harry Greek\u201d<\/i>(T\u00f4i d\u1ea1y Harry ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p) nghe m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n n\u00f3i \u201cI taught Greek to Harry\u201d<\/i>(T\u00f4i d\u1ea1y ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p cho Harry) v\u00ec \u1edf c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1eef \u201cI\u201d g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ch\u1eef \u201cHarry\u201d h\u01a1n c\u00e2u sau.<\/i><\/p>\n

      – C\u00c1I G\u1ea6N NH\u1ea4T N\u1eb0M TR\u01af\u1edaC (Nearest is First). G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u201cT\u00f4i\u201d, do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Lakoff v\u00e0 Johnson g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cME-FIRST Orentation\u201d (\u0110\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00d4I-TR\u01af\u1edaC). <\/i><\/p>\n

      V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ta n\u00f3i front and back<\/i> (tr\u01b0\u1edbc-sau), up and down<\/i> (tr\u00ean-d\u01b0\u1edbi), here and there<\/i> (\u0111\u00e2y-\u0111\u00f3), good and bad<\/i> (t\u1ed1t-x\u1ea5u) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i sau-tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>, d\u01b0\u1edbi-tr\u00ean,<\/i> \u0111\u00f3-\u0111\u00e2y <\/i>hay x\u1ea5u-t\u1ed1t<\/i> v\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1ed1t<\/i> th\u00ec g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u201cT\u00f4i\u201d h\u01a1n l\u00e0 sau, d\u01b0\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3, x\u1ea5u<\/i>.<\/i><\/p>\n

      V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tim th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Lakoff v\u00e0 Johson cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c quy t\u1eafc ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. Nhi\u1ec1u quy t\u1eafc trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a khi ch\u00fang \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a. \u201cLu\u1eadn l\u00fd\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng gian h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m.[26]<\/a><\/p>\n

      \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u1ea9n d\u1ee5<\/b><\/p>\n

      <\/b><\/p>\n

      <\/b>V\u00ec c\u00f3 qua nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ni\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong kinh nghi\u1ec7m (x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u1eddi gian\u2026), ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm b\u1eaft ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng gian). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0: c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u00fd ni\u1ec7m qua \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 (metaphorical definition).[27]<\/a> N\u00f3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

      C\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n (standard view) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u1ed1n s\u1eb5n (inherent properties). Mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u ch\u00fang, ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00eau l\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau: t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, s\u1ef1 y\u00eau th\u00edch, s\u1ef1 m\u00ea \u0111\u1eafm, d\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng\u2026 v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 ham mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c. Lakoff v\u00e0 Johnson c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c. Thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u1ed1n s\u1eb5n, hai \u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Theo hai \u00f4ng, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh trong \u00fd ni\u1ec7m t\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0 v\u1ed1n s\u1eb5n, c\u00f2n h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m ta c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau: t\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 si m\u00ea, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c (interactional properties).<\/p>\n

      \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 n\u00eau r\u00f5 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ch\u00fang. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau ph\u1ea3i g\u1eafn v\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbng (vd: h\u00e2m n\u00f3ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau) hay \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3i d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m (vd: ti\u00eau h\u00f3a \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng) hay \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn kinh doanh (vd: b\u00e1n r\u1ebb l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m) nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra trong nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

      T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u. Hi\u1ec3u, theo Lakoff v\u00e0 Johnson, di\u1ec5n ra theo to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng theo ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef hay nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 ngay trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00ec d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y theo m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kinh nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

      <\/b><\/p>\n

      \u00dd ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi<\/b><\/p>\n

      \u1ea8n d\u1ee5 quy \u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh qua ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i quy \u01b0\u1edbc, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u0103m ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o (imaginative\/creative) theo Lakoff v\u00e0 Johnson.[28]<\/a> Nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang cho m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi cho qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 cho c\u00e1i ta bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 quy \u01b0\u1edbc, \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 m\u1edbi n\u00e0y mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i cho kinh nghi\u1ec7m, cung c\u1ea5p c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 gi\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 quy \u01b0\u1edbc, \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 m\u1edbi k\u00e9o theo nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t sinh (entailments).<\/p>\n

      \u1ea8n d\u1ee5 m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p cho ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn, m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c m\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra khi ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ec3u kinh nghi\u1ec7m ch\u00fang ta theo m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c s\u00e2u h\u01a1n khi ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo n\u00f3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00ec tri gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n h\u00f3a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 c\u0169.<\/p>\n

      \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5. V\u00ec c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y xem \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ec9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Lakoff v\u00e0 Johnson cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m khi\u1ebfn thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y.[29]<\/a><\/p>\n

      Tr\u1ea7n H\u1eefu Th\u1ee5c<\/b><\/p>\n

      3\/2013<\/p>\n

      \n

      [1]<\/a> \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201c\u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m\u201d (c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u1ea9n d\u1ee5 tri nh\u1eadn\u201d), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 \u1ea8n d\u1ee5 tri nh\u1eadn<\/i> c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n C\u01a1, Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc tri nh\u1eadn. T\u1eeb l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/i><\/strong> <\/b>c\u1ee7a <\/b>L\u00fd To\u00e0n Th\u1eafng, <\/b>\u1ea8n d\u1ee5 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t (c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Anh) <\/i>c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ecb Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u00fd<\/em>, <\/em>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc tri nh\u1eadn (tr\u00ean t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u t\u00ean g\u1ecdi b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) <\/i>c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh Th\u1ecb Thanh Hu\u1ec7<\/em>, \u1ea8n d\u1ee5 tri nh\u1eadn, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u00ean c\u1ee9 li\u1ec7u ca t\u1eeb Tr\u1ecbnh C\u00f4ng S\u01a1n<\/i> c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Thanh Huy\u1ec1n\u2026<\/p>\n

      [2]<\/a> George Lakoff & Mark Johnson Metaphors We Live By <\/i>(MWLB)\/ L\u1eddi t\u1ef1a, University of Chicago Press 1980, tr. ix<\/p>\n

      [3]<\/a> Lakoff v\u00e0 Johnson, MWLB, 136, 137<\/p>\n

      [4]<\/a> MWLB, tr. 3<\/p>\n

      [5]<\/a> George Lakoff v\u00e0 Mark Turner\/More than Cool Reason <\/i>(MTCR), L\u1eddi t\u1ef1a. It is accessible to everyone: as children, we automatically, as a matter of course, acquire a mastery of everyday metaphor.<\/p>\n

      [6]<\/a> MWLB, tr. 6,7<\/p>\n

      [7]<\/a> George Lakoff v\u00e0 Mark Turner, MTCR, tr. 138<\/p>\n

      [8]<\/a> MWLB, <\/i>tr. 3<\/p>\n

      [9]<\/a> George Lakoff v\u00e0 Mark Johnson, Philosophy in the Flesh: the Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought, <\/i>(PIF), Basic Books, New York, 1999, tr. 3. Hai kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 kia l\u00e0: 1. Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u1eadp th\u1ec3 (mind is embodied; 2. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

      [10]<\/a> C\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t: Trong Ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb cognitive<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tinh th\u1ea7n hay c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: nghe, nh\u00ecn, k\u00fd \u1ee9c, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tinh th\u1ea7n, x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c th\u1ea7n kinh. H\u1ea1n t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 thao t\u00e1c hay c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0o d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, \u00fd ngh\u0129a, tri gi\u00e1c, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ea7n kinh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn. V\u00ec c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c, n\u00ean c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (cognitive unconscious). Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u00fd ni\u1ec7m hay m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u00ean trong tinh th\u1ea7n hay th\u00e2n x\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n quy chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. (S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, tr. 11, 12).<\/p>\n

      [11]<\/a> Zolt\u00e1n Kovecses, Metaphor, a Practical Introduction<\/i>, Oxford University Press 2002, Preface, tr. viii<\/p>\n

      [12]<\/a> MWLB, tr. 3,4<\/p>\n

      [13]<\/a> George Lakoff, The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor <\/i>(CTM),<\/p>\n

      http:\/\/www.scribd.com\/doc\/15523804\/Cognitive-Linguistics-Lakoff-G-The-Contemporary-<\/a>Theory-of-Metaphor<\/u><\/p>\n

      [14]<\/a> Metaphor is primarily a matter of thought and action and only derivatively a matter of language. (MWLB, tr. 153)<\/p>\n

      [15]<\/a> Mapping: c\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201c\u00e1nh x\u1ea1\u201d, \u201cs\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u00e1nh x\u1ea1\u201d hay \u201c\u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda\u201d. D\u01b0\u01a1ng Xu\u00e2n Quang trong \u201cT\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 trong khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tri nh\u1eadn lu\u1eadn qua \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u201ccu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t\u201d d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu\u201d. T\u00f4i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ch\u1eef \u201c\u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfu\u201d h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u01a1n v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y bao h\u00e0m s\u1ef1 \u201cph\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu\u201d (projection).<\/p>\n

      Xem: http:\/\/lib.ussh.vnu.edu.vn\/jspui\/bitstream\/123456789\/2697\/1\/50.pdf<\/p>\n

      [16]<\/a> The metaphor involves understanding one domain of experience, love, in terms of a very different domain of experience, journeys. Moretechnically, the metaphor can be understood as a mapping (in the mathematical sense) from a source domain (in this case, journeys) to a target domain (in this case, love), CTM. Mapping trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201c\u00e1nh x\u1ea1\u201d.<\/p>\n

      [17]<\/a> George Lakoff, CTM.<\/i><\/p>\n

      [18]<\/a> Xem Zolt\u00e1n Kovecses, s\u0111d, tr. 3,4<\/p>\n

      [19]<\/a> Xem b\u00e0i \u201cNh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u1ea9n d\u1ee5\u201d, Da M\u00e0u\u2026<\/p>\n

      [20]<\/a> Zolt\u00e1n Kovecses, s\u0111d, tr. 7<\/p>\n

      [21]<\/a> Xem Zolt\u00e1n Kovecses, s\u0111d, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2: Common Source and Target Domains<\/i>, tr. 15-27<\/p>\n

      [22]<\/a> Zolt\u00e1n Kovecses, s\u0111d, tr. 25<\/p>\n

      [23]<\/a> Nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Lakoff v\u00e0 Johnson li\u1ec7t k\u00ea \u1edf MWLB, tr. 46-51<\/p>\n

      [24]<\/a> Xem George Lakoff v\u00e0 Mark Johnson, PIF, tr. <\/i>235-238<\/p>\n

      [25]<\/a> Xem George Lakoff, Women, Fire, and dangerous things<\/i>, ph\u1ea7n \u201cCase Study 1, Anger\u201d, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1987, tr. 380-415<\/p>\n

      [26]<\/a> Lakoff v\u00e0 Johnson, MWLB, tr. 138. Xem ch\u01b0\u1edbng 20: \u201cHow Metaphor Can Give Meaning to Form<\/i>\u201d , tr. 126-138<\/p>\n

      [27]<\/a> Xem Lakoff v\u00e0 Johnson, MWLB, tr. 115-125<\/p>\n

      [28]<\/a> Lakoff v\u00e0 Johnson, MWLB, tr. 139<\/p>\n

      [29]<\/a> Lakoff v\u00e0 Johnson, MWLB, tr. 145, 146<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      \u1ea8n d\u1ee5 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c George Lakoff, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 (1941-) v\u00e0 Mark Johnson (1949-), tri\u1ebft gia Hoa K\u1ef3, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Metaphors We Live By xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1980. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi m\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 trong ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":502,"featured_media":27622,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,9,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27623","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-nghien-cuu","category-phe-binh"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27623","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/502"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27623"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27623\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":52471,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27623\/revisions\/52471"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/27622"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27623"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27623"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27623"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}