{"id":27391,"date":"2013-01-31T02:08:00","date_gmt":"2013-01-31T02:08:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/?p=27391"},"modified":"2022-02-23T11:05:18","modified_gmt":"2022-02-23T11:05:18","slug":"con-duong-binh-thuong-cua-cac-dong-tien-an-nam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/27391\/con-duong-binh-thuong-cua-cac-dong-tien-an-nam","title":{"rendered":"CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG BÌNH TH\u01af\u1edcNG C\u1ee6A CÁC \u0110\u1ed2NG TI\u1ec0N “AN NAM”"},"content":{"rendered":"

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B\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean <\/i>T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ed1 7(96).2012,
<\/i>c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00edt s\u01a1 s\u00f3t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i.<\/i> 21-1-2013<\/p>\n

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C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n \u201cAn Nam\u201d trong th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 ti\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u C\u00e0n Long (1735-1799) v\u00e0 Quang Trung (1788-1792), m\u1eb7t sau c\u00f3 hai ch\u1eef \u201can nam\u201d (H\u00e1n, lo\u1ea1i r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t hay ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch). Theo t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u1eafm trong tay, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00e0n Long c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a A. Schroeder (s\u1ed1 445) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Quang Trung \u201cAn Nam\u201d.(1)<\/i> \u0110inh Ph\u00fac B\u1ea3o c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh Quang Trung \u201cAn Nam\u201d, kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eafc \u1edf ph\u1ea7n C\u1ed5 ti\u1ec1n m\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c, quy\u1ec3n 5 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 C\u00e0n Long \u201cAn Nam\u201d.(2) <\/i>\u201cNh\u00e0 v\u0103n\u201d (theo c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng) Ph\u1ea1m Th\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Quang Trung \u201cAn Nam\u201d trong s\u01b0u t\u1eadp phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.(3) <\/i>A. Barker th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0a h\u00ecnh Quang Trung \u201cAn Nam\u201d nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fa th\u00edch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p C\u00e0n Long \u201cAn Nam\u201d l\u1ea1i d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng h\u01a1n.(4) <\/i>Qua Nguy\u1ec5n Anh Huy (s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c)(5) <\/i>m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n \u201cAn Nam\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb l\u00e2u trong nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch, b\u00e0i c\u0169 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n \u201cAn Nam\u201d \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n danh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd xu n\u1ecbnh, m\u1eafng ch\u1eedi n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, che l\u1ea5p t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p l\u00ed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n

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\"annam1\"<\/a><\/p>\n

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Ngu\u1ed3n:<\/i><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Anh Huy
C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1ecf cho g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi k\u00edch c\u1ee1 v\u1eadt th\u1eadt h\u01a1n<\/em><\/p>\n

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C\u0169ng th\u1eadt l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. Trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u1edf t\u00e2m c\u1ea3m n\u1eefa. M\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t thu\u1ea7n l\u00ed, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh cho c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u00e2u s\u00e1t t\u1eebng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, t\u1eebng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u00ean l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c suy lu\u1eadn ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5n l\u00ean nhau, ph\u1ee5 gi\u00fap cho nhau. C\u1ed5 ti\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1eed h\u1ecdc v\u00ec ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ra, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n trong th\u1eddi gian sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ed5 ti\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i v\u00e0o chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ti\u1ec1n c\u00f3 hai m\u1eb7t gi\u1ed1ng nhau, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 do l\u1ed7i k\u0129 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. M\u1eb7t \u201ctr\u00e1i\u201d hay m\u1eb7t \u201cph\u1ea3i\u201d c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u01b0ng tr\u1ecdng, t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng hay gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf trong hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y c\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng khi ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed t\u00ecm t\u00f2i s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. L\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ed5 t\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 ti\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng th\u00eam c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn qua l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c s\u1eed h\u1ecdc th\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ch\u00fat hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft Gresham: \u201cti\u1ec1n x\u1ea5u \u0111u\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1t\u201d – x\u1ea5u hay t\u1ed1t hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec v\u00ed du, kh\u00f4ng ai l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n, l\u1ea5n \u00e1t ti\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng l\u00ed do ti\u1ec1n mang danh hi\u1ec7u \u00f4ng vua (Quang Trung), hay t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp (T\u00e2y S\u01a1n) \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ea3. \u0110\u00e3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u00ec n\u00f3 mang t\u00ednh bao qu\u00e1t, kh\u00f4ng tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u00f4ng danh nh\u00e2n hay t\u00ean b\u1ea7n ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0o. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khi b\u01b0\u1edbc qua m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft c\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 ti\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc qua kinh t\u1ebf \/ s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, ph\u1ea3i d\u00e8 ch\u1eebng nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u0169 m\u00e0 cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n t\u00e1n lung tung v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft lo\u00e1ng tho\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean c\u1edb sai l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u1edf l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. Nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 ti\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc khi nh\u00ecn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n \u201cAn Nam\u201d kia \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u xem n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o, mang \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t g\u00ec c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chung, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng\u2026 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ed1n c\u0169ng g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i nh\u01b0 \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i r\u01a1i \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0n t\u00e1n s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i, theo c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u00e2m c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 l\u00fac t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u1edbi khung c\u1ea3nh th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, v\u1ed1n v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ea7u th\u1ecb, c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111ang b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o. Nh\u01b0 R. Allan Barker \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em ti\u1ec1n An Ph\u00e1p gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 M\u1ea1c r\u1ed3i ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean, l\u1ea5n sang m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh (6) <\/i>ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u0111i theo l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n mang tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n theo ki\u1ec3u ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u M\u1ea1c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng Tham qu\u00e2n ghi nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00ed do g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u M\u1ea1c tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, trong m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u0111ang c\u00f3 h\u1ecd M\u1ea1c l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n, t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi chu\u1ea9n nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c danh<\/b><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n chuy\u1ec7n lan man v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 n\u00f3i chung m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u1ed1n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb 2300 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u1edfi thu\u1ef7 t\u1eeb v\u0103n minh Trung Hoa. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n mu\u1ed9n, c\u00f2n h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng kim kh\u00ed \u2013 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0nh tr\u00f2n l\u1ed7 vu\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u1edbi ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng vua \u0111ang tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t mang d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng hay \u00fd th\u00edch ri\u00eang t\u01b0, ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean\u2026 l\u00fac ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi c\u01a1 kh\u00e1c nhau, mang c\u00e1c ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u C\u00e0n Long c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Thanh, v\u00e0 Quang Trung c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb 1804, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, l\u1ea1i mang d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u An Nam. Cho n\u00ean l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n lan man th\u00eam v\u1ec1 Qu\u1ed1c danh v\u00e0 \u00dd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c danh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n kia nay \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn qu\u00e1 xa.<\/p>\n

N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u00ean nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang n\u1eafm th\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea5y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n nh\u1eafc th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n ch\u1edb qu\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng l\u1ec7nh h\u1eb3n hoi nh\u01b0 khi Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng bu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi vua l\u00e0 \u201cQu\u1ed1c Gia\u201d. Nh\u01b0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111ang b\u00e0n, \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a H\u1eadu \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (923 – 936), c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng Chu nguy\u00ean th\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a H\u1eadu Chu (951 – 960). Nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c T\u1ed1ng nguy\u00ean thb., Ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed1ng thb. \u0111\u1ec3 cho nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fac Tr\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean thb., Ho\u00e0ng Tr\u1ea7n thb. d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00eam ch\u1eef \u201ctr\u1ea7n\u201d g\u1eafn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng Khai Th\u00e1i, Thi\u1ec7u Phong.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec bu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec3u N\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 C\u1ee7a Vua n\u00ean c\u00e1i t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn 7 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ebb loi t\u1ed9i nghi\u1ec7p tr\u00ean t\u00ean v\u00e0i quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch s\u1eed (m\u00e0 c\u00f3 khi c\u00f2n b\u1ecb c\u1eaft m\u1ea5t ch\u1eef \u0110\u1ea1i), hay tr\u00ean v\u00e0i t\u1ea5m bia \u0111\u00e1\u2026 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, \u0110inh, L\u00ea c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c danh \u0110\u1ea1i C\u1ed3 Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ea1i (Th\u00e1i) B\u00ecnh, Thi\u00ean Ph\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u1eabn th\u00eam ch\u1eef \u201c\u0111inh\u201d, \u201cl\u00ea\u201d m\u1eb7t sau \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00eam Qu\u1ed1c t\u00ednh, kh\u1ecfi l\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n. Danh hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c c\u1ea1nh tranh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i t\u00ean g\u00e2y d\u1ecb \u1ee9ng ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111ang b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o: An Nam.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n x\u01b0ng hay khinh gh\u00e9t n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau. Nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00eda nam n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 Ph\u1ee7 – c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u00f3 An T\u00e2y \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 Ph\u1ee7, gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u00e1i t\u00ean An Nam c\u00f3 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5, tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111ang ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u1edf Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An l\u00fac \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb v\u00ec th\u00f3i quen tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfng l\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t khi c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh \u201ct\u00ean\u201d th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129a mu\u1ed1n g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eefa. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 sau nh\u01b0ng ngay th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 X, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi Ng\u00f4 l\u1ea5y t\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00ecnh cai tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4 H\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0110\u00f4 H\u1ed9 Ph\u1ee7 nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1eadc \u201cv\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d! C\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u vua Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn cai tr\u1ecb v\u00f9ng An Nam ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec phong cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7m ch\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y uy th\u1ebf, ch\u00ecu theo h\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1ebb kia mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, x\u01b0ng \u201cv\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ean An Nam Qu\u1eadn v\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1ecb th\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa \u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u00f4ng Qu\u1eadn v\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea5n nh\u1eadm c\u00f5i xa kia c\u00f3 l\u00fac thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00ec ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf b\u1ecb d\u00e2n m\u00ecnh hay d\u00e2n ngo\u00e0i \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u1ea1y, lo th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i th\u00ec c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u k\u1ebb l\u1ea1 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 kia, n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 hi v\u1ecdng nh\u1edd c\u1eady, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 vua T\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb Kim, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 uy hi\u1ebfp li\u1ec1n phong Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng cho vua L\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i n\u00e0i n\u1ec9 n\u1eefa! Minh b\u1ecb Thanh r\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111u\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng k\u00ec k\u00e8o t\u01b0\u1edbc Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi vua L\u00ea b\u1ecb con ch\u00e1u nh\u00e0 M\u1ea1c khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i (cho l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Tr\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1), m\u00e0 c\u00f2n n\u00edu k\u00e9o Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng v\u1edbi danh hi\u1ec7u Ph\u00f3 Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eefa! Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean khu v\u1ef1c \u1edf \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan Thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u Phi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1edd c\u1eady, binh \u0111ao. Chuy\u1ec7n s\u1eed chung li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p qua th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111ang b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c danh An Nam \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c danh \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng vua s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh b\u00ean trong. L\u00e1i bu\u00f4n, gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. Marco Polo \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u00ean Caugigu (Giao Ch\u1ec9 Qu\u1ed1c), n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. Gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00ean b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 \u201cch\u1eef ngh\u0129a\u201d th\u00ec g\u1ecdi t\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, An Nam \/ Giao Ch\u1ec9 \/ Koche \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch danh x\u01b0ng Cochinchina (Cauchechina 1529) c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u201cKoche g\u1ea7n China\u201d! B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Taberd 1838, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng c\u00f2n ghi Tabula geographica Imperii Annamatici, d\u00f9 v\u1edbi ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Nam ho\u1ea1 qu\u1ed1c to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3. V\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i sai l\u1ea7m, khinh mi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea1o b\u00e1ng. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a v\u1edbi t\u00ean \u0110\u00f4 H\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c, t\u00ean An Nam v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn trong l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n. Quy\u1ec3n s\u1eed Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 An Nam s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i> (1920) \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n 1953, qua s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Qu\u1ed1c Gia B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/i> \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f2n c\u00f3 La civilisation annamite <\/i>(1944) c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Huy\u00ean. R\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n phong ki\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean An Nam C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ea3ng. C\u00f2n \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh th\u00ec moi m\u00f3c: \u201cAn Nam ta\u2026 g\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u01b0\u1eddi.\u201d<\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean suy cho c\u00f9ng, ch\u1eef An Nam ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, phi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c xa \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea9n v\u00e0o trong ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eafn \u0111o. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft \u00f4 nh\u1ee5c t\u1eeb sau 1945 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, \u0111i theo v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n t\u1eeb s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb quy t\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean An Nam, k\u00e8m theo nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e0n t\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i l\u1eddi m\u1eafng \u201csales annamites\u201d \/ \u201c\u0111\u1ed3 Annam d\u01a1 d\u00e1y, b\u1ea9n th\u1ec9u\u201d c\u0169ng t\u1eebng s\u1ebd \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u00ec Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb Annam, annamite m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng mi\u1ec7t th\u1ecb ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f2n th\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u1eeb tr\u00ean v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd, v\u0103n th\u01b0 trang tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba khi nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c annamite, c\u00e1c mandarin annamite, v\u1ec1 \u201cl\u2019 Empereur annamite\u201d\u2026 Nh\u00ecn theo h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u1ea5u xa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta vi\u1ec7n l\u1ebd r\u1eb1ng khi g\u1ecdi t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9, m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 gh\u00e9p c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp v\u0129 ng\u1eef mang m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 b\u1ef1c k\u00ec th\u1ecb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 sang tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 France\/francais, Angleterre\/anglais, Saigon\/saigonais, Tourane\/touranais\u2026 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 Chine\/chinois, Inde\/indien, Hanoi\/hanoien, Hue\/hueen\u2026. Do \u0111\u00f3 annamite \u00edt th\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ebfp d\u00e2n Annam v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i b\u00e9t trong thi\u00ean h\u1ea1! Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi n\u00f3 \u0111i theo nh\u00f3m t\u1eeb m\u1eafng m\u1ecf: sales annamites kia.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u01a1i oan cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p khi cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb annamite. V\u00ec th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn, v\u00ec bi\u1ebfng nh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ai ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f3 \u0111i t\u00ecm b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng xa h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang ti\u1ebfp v\u0129 ng\u1eef i-t-e th\u00ec th\u1ea5y quy t\u1ee5 \u1edf v\u00f9ng Trung \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a n\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1eabn c\u00f2n mang m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam! \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi S\u00e9mite, c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Israel c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Israelite, c\u00f3 con ch\u00e1u Moab t\u1eeb trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh mang t\u00ean Moabites l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c du c\u01b0 b\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Ch\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o danh ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00ean ch\u00faa J\u00e9sus m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 J\u00e9suite, ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean (c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa)\u2026 C\u1ea3 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc theo \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u201cit\u201d: Arabie S\u00e9oudite. V\u00e0 Y\u00e9men\/Y\u00e9m\u00e9nite. V\u1eady c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00ean t\u1ea1m ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0u Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 khai sinh ra t\u1eeb annamite \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y ph\u00eda khu v\u1ef1c Anh M\u0129 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u00ec ta \u0111\u1ee1 g\u1eb7p r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i h\u01a1n: ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb l\u00e0 Annam\/ Annamese, Tonkin\/Tonkinese, Cochinchina\/Cochinchinese… C\u00f2n t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00ec s\u1ef1 mi\u1ec7t th\u1ecb \u201cd\u01a1\u201d th\u00ec c\u0169ng n\u00ean ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng, c\u00f3 anh \u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o B\u00e0nh H\u1ed3 ngo\u1ea1i vi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ed7 c\u1eed nh\u00e2n n\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 danh v\u1ecdng, anh n\u00e0y b\u1ecb b\u00e3o d\u1ea1t v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 T\u00e0u. \u0110i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u anh ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ch\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng (t\u1eeb ph\u1ee5c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ee3 T\u00e0u th\u1ea5y r\u00f5), c\u00f3 \u00f4ng quan \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ec9nh r\u1ee7i ro \u0111ang ph\u01a1i \u00e1o b\u1eaft r\u1eadn th\u00ec kh\u00e1ch b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi. Ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb: Hai \u00f4ng danh s\u0129, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n L\u00ed V\u0103n Ph\u1ee9c, Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n nh\u00e0 vua \/ qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee9 g\u00e3i s\u1ed3n s\u1ed9t trong l\u00fac \u1ee9ng ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. C\u0169ng ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft n\u1eefa: B\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh anh em \u00f4ng Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m, Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Nhu l\u00fac nh\u1ecf cho th\u1ea5y \u00e1o x\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111i ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u00e1c c\u1eadu \u1ea5m con quan Ph\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, \u201cban ng\u00e0y mang m\u1ea3ng \u0111i ch\u01a1i, T\u1ed1i l\u1eb7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi\u2026\u201d ph\u1ee7i ch\u00e2n l\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1ee7 ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n r\u1eeda r\u00e1y g\u00ec c\u1ea3.(7)<\/i> N\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn ta. H\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 Coll\u00e8ge de Quinhon g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1eb1ng\u201d Boularand (nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i k\u00eau: B\u00e0 Boularand!) Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafc c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi: th\u1eb1ng T\u00e2y, th\u1eb1ng M\u0129, th\u1eb1ng Nh\u1ef1t\u2026 Ai mu\u1ed1n th\u00eam chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi nay th\u00ec c\u1ee9 g\u00f3p s\u1ee9c, ti\u1ebfp tay. V\u00e0 mong ch\u1ea5m h\u1ebft chuy\u1ec7n sales annamites. D\u00e0i d\u00f2ng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n An Nam, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n C\u00e0n Long \u201cAn Nam\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ec1n kim kh\u00ed v\u00e0nh tr\u00f2n l\u1ed7 vu\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u1ea7n H\u00e1n, mang ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u vua tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IV n\u00ean nh\u00e0 Thanh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 canh t\u00e2n m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cngo\u1ea1i di\u201d v\u00e0o cai tr\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u00ean \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n c\u00f3 ghi th\u00eam ch\u1eef M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng t\u1ed9c h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n ri\u00eang r\u1ebd. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Hoa l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn r\u1ed9ng n\u00ean ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00fac s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean ph\u00eda T\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i th\u00eam ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c H\u1ed3i, M\u00f4ng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ti\u1ec1n C\u00e0n Long th\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o do Y L\u00ea B\u1ea3o Y C\u1ee5c \u0111\u00fac (t\u00ean s\u00f4ng Yli ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o h\u1ed3 Balkach) l\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng nay thu\u1ed9c n\u01b0\u1edbc Kazakhstan. Tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a trung \u01b0\u01a1ng do b\u1ed9 C\u00f4ng (ghi m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i b\u1eb1ng hai ch\u1eef \u201cnguy\u00ean b\u1ea3o\u201d M\u00e3n), b\u1ed9 H\u1ed9 \u0111\u00fac (c\u00f3 hai ch\u1eef \u201ctuy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o\u201d M\u00e3n), m\u1ed7i t\u1ec9nh c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n ri\u00eang, ghi \u1edf m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i t\u00ean t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh \u1ea5y (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u201cv\u00e2n\u201d l\u00e0 V\u00e2n Nam, \u201cqu\u1ea3ng\u201d l\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng \u00d0\u00f4ng, \u201cph\u00fac\u201d l\u00e0 Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn\u2026), n\u00f3i g\u1ecdn, c\u00f3 khi l\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, M\u00e3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng hai b\u00ean l\u1ed7, c\u00f3 khi l\u00e0 \u201c (t\u00ean t\u1ec9nh) b\u1ea3o\u201d ch\u1eef M\u00e3n hai b\u00ean l\u1ed7\u2026 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00e0n Long \u201cAn Nam\u201d c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

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\"annam2\"<\/a><\/p>\n

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Ti\u1ec1n C\u00e0n Long v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u0111\u00fac:<\/p>\n

(1). Ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn B\u1ea3o Ph\u00fac C\u1ee5c: ch\u1eef \u201cph\u00fac\u201d M\u00e3n v\u00e0 H\u00e1n b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u1ed7, \u201cChi\u1ebft Giang B\u1ea3o Chi\u1ebft C\u1ee5c\u201d, hai b\u00ean l\u1ed7 l\u00e0 \u201cchi\u1ebft b\u1ea3o\u201d ch\u1eef M\u00e3n
(2). \u201cTr\u1ef1c L\u1ec7 B\u1ea3o Tr\u1ef1c C\u1ee5c\u201d, hai b\u00ean l\u1ed7 l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o\u201d ch\u1eef M\u00e3n
(3). \u201cC\u00f4ng b\u1ed9 B\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean C\u1ee5c\u201d, hai b\u00ean l\u1ed7 l\u00e0 \u201cnguy\u00ean b\u1ea3o\u201d M\u00e3n.<\/em>
Ngu\u1ed3n:<\/i> \u0110inh Ph\u00fac B\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e2n Thanh c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf Th\u0103ng Long quanh cu\u1ed1i 1788, \u0111\u1ea7u 1789 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00e0n Long \u201cAn Nam\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ed1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00fac ra l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, ti\u1ec1n C\u00e0n Long \u201cAn Nam\u201d ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9ng binh to l\u1edbn n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho qu\u00e2n T\u00f4n S\u0129 Ngh\u1ecb, v\u00e0 v\u00ec mang t\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua Thanh n\u00ean h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac b\u00ean T\u00e0u, nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a A. Barker, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ed. Toda theo ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn Nguy\u1ec5n Anh Huy. Nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i, nhi\u1ec1u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nhau. N\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Hoa l\u1edbn r\u1ed9ng, ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00fac nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n theo d\u00f2ng giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, xa th\u1eadt xa, \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn ch\u00e2u Phi. C\u1ee9 coi c\u00e1c l\u00f4 ti\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, T\u1ed1ng, Thanh\u2026 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 bi\u1ebft. Cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n khi \u0111\u1ed9ng binh m\u1edbi lo \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n – ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ecbp. Ti\u1ec1n kim kh\u00ed b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng tr\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1eabu c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c, n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ee9 d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, kh\u00f4ng n\u1ec7 t\u00ean \u00f4ng vua n\u00e0o, th\u1eb1ng gi\u1eb7c n\u00e0o. (V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc ra ch\u1eef tr\u00ean \u1ea5y, ch\u00e2n c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00f3i chi \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea3o, tri\u1ec7n!)\u2026 (8) <\/i>K\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, hao ph\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf, k\u00e9m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee9 cho d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n tu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c, qua c\u00e1c trao \u0111\u1ed5i chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ra v\u1eadt giao d\u1ecbch chung. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y ti\u1ec1n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi ao nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVII, XVIII, vua ch\u00faa Vi\u1ec7t m\u1edbi ra l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00fac nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e1i theo c\u00e1c m\u1eabu Trung Hoa (\u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i theo t\u1edd L\u1ec7nh 1745, \u0110\u00e0ng Trong 1725, 1746), \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 h\u1eb3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh lo\u1ea1n danh hi\u1ec7u ti\u1ec1n ta th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c s\u01b0u t\u1eadp b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. <\/i><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ec1n c\u00f2n mang d\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt trung gian \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n uy. Cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c \u00f4ng vua ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1ee7 cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y uy trong v\u00f2ng h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p, nh\u01b0 khi L\u00ed Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n Thi\u00ean C\u1ea3m mang danh hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfp c\u01b0ng, th\u00eam t\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng con c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n Minh \u0110\u1ea1o ban ph\u00e1t cho c\u00e1c quan v\u0103n v\u00f5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh Chi\u00eam (1044). C\u00e1c tay n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, mu\u1ed1n l\u00f4i k\u00e9o d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fac nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u00ednh ph\u00f9 du c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng Tr\u1ea7n t\u00e2n c\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc Tr\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng t\u00e2n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cu\u1ed1i L\u00ea s\u01a1 (Tr\u1ea7n Tu\u00e2n v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n C\u00f4ng Ninh), ch\u1eb3ng \u00f4ng n\u00e0o l\u00e0m tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m c\u1ea3 – sai l\u1ea7m c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do \u00f4ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 khi cho \u0111\u1ed3ng Thi\u00ean B\u00ecnh thb. l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Thi\u00eam B\u00ecnh v\u1eady. May m\u1eafn l\u00e0 Ninh d\u00e2n th\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Tuy\u1ec3n 1740 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ra v\u00ec s\u1eed ghi \u00f4ng d\u1ef1ng c\u1edd \u201cNinh d\u00e2n\u201d. \u00d0\u1ed3ng Chi\u00eau \u0111\u1ea1o v\u01b0\u01a1ng nha c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p Chi\u00eau \u00d0\u1ea1o V\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea7n Quang X\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u00fap ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Tr\u1ea7n, c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ed Tr\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 s\u1eed c\u0169 t\u00f4 v\u1ebd, m\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u1ea9n khu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n k\u00e8n c\u1ef1a gi\u1eefa Tr\u1ea7n \u00cdch T\u1eafc v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadt Du\u1eadt, \u1edf n\u01a1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb B\u00ecnh Than c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ti\u1ec1n C\u00e0n Long \u201cAn Nam\u201d kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fac ra v\u00ec nhu c\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n S\u0129 Ngh\u1ecb. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Thanh: \u0110\u1eddi C\u00e0n Long, v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1788 \u0111\u00f3, tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 An Nam, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean th\u1ea7n l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nay \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c h\u1eb3n v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ean trong danh hi\u1ec7u ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean t\u1eed, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, Y L\u00ea ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean hay Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn, Chi\u1ebft Giang \u1edf n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba v\u1eady. V\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n C\u00e0n Long th\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 1788-1802 do A. Barker \u0111\u01b0a ra h\u1eb3n kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian ph\u00f9 du T\u00f4n S\u0129 Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Trong nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n quanh c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1788, 1789 \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1eaby l\u1eebng c\u1ee7a Quang Trung, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt L\u00ea Chi\u00eau Th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, tha h\u1ed3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nay m\u1eafng m\u1ecf. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb v\u1ecb th\u1ebf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng nh\u1eb9 l\u1eddi b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c \u00f4ng vua th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf kia. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ecf b\u00e0y k\u00eau g\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch duy l\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 khu v\u1ef1c \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng: L\u00ea Chi\u00eau Th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u nh\u00e0 Thanh, v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Thanh ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong giao \u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u Phi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i. Sau Chi\u00eau Th\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c m\u1ed1i giao \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd v\u00ec b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c to l\u1edbn h\u01a1n che khu\u1ea5t, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00e2m \u00fd, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng v\u00ec m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n C\u00e0n Long \u201cAn Nam\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac ngay \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh \/ Th\u0103ng Long. Ti\u1ec1n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00fac \u1edf t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 c\u01a1 quan ri\u00eang nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec1n ch\u1eef \u201cph\u00fac\u201d \u1edf Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn B\u1ea3o Ph\u00fac C\u1ee5c, n\u00ean V\u00e2n Nam hay Qu\u1ea3ng \u00d0\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n C\u00e0n Long \u201cAn Nam\u201d. Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 T\u00f4n S\u0129 Ngh\u1ecb c\u00f3 ngay \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n c\u0169ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u1edf ngay \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, \u1edf S\u01a1n T\u00e2y, S\u01a1n Nam v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u1ea3nh H\u01b0ng d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i \u201cth\u00f4ng\/\u0111\u1ea1i\/th\u00e1i\/c\u1ef1\/ch\u00ednh\/ch\u00ed\/thu\u1eadn\u2026 b\u1ea3o\u201d, m\u1eb7t sau mang c\u00e1c ch\u1eef \u201ckinh\u201d, \u201ctrung\u201d t\u1eeb kho kinh \u0111\u00f4, c\u00e1c ch\u1eef \u201cs\u01a1n t\u00e2y\u201d t\u1eeb kho S\u01a1n T\u00e2y\u2026 \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd t\u1eebng \u0111\u00fac c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng mang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ec1n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ti\u1ec1n Thanh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 hay r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, M\u00e3n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t sau. Ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3ng Minh M\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o c\u00f3 \u201cnguy\u00ean b\u1ea3o\u201d ch\u1eef M\u00e3n \u1edf m\u1eb7t sau, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng T\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u00f9 \u201ctuy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o\u201d M\u00e3n v\u1eady (9)<\/i>.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 Quang Trung \u201cAn Nam\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n Quang Trung \u201cAn Nam\u201d tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng d\u00f9 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e0 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00e0n Long. M\u00e0 l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eadn nh\u1eefng d\u1eabn d\u1eaft t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00fac v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng Quang Trung \u201cAn Nam\u201d h\u1eb3n ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111\u1eddi sau khi Quang Trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 An Nam Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng trong n\u0103m 1789. X\u00e1c nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1 \u00f4ng vua anh h\u00f9ng. Th\u1eadt ra s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac cho m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh danh trong, ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi d\u00e2n B\u1eafc H\u00e0 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Quang Trung l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam c\u0169 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 L\u00ea b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (khu v\u1ef1c) b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c vua Thanh t\u1ea5n phong, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n qua l\u1ea1i. Ti\u1ec1n c\u00f3 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c theo m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1, \u1edf v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t n\u00ean s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n \u00edt oi so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 c\u00f9ng ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u. \u0110\u1eb7t \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ed5 ti\u1ec1n \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 l\u1edbn lao v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi \u00fd ngh\u0129a b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, hu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 g\u00e1n th\u00eam cho n\u00f3 nh\u1eefng danh v\u1ecb ng\u00f4 ngh\u00ea trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng ca c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 v\u0103n minh.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng x\u1ea3y ra ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec phong tr\u00e0o T\u00e2y S\u01a1n n\u00f3i chung t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca t\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ebft l\u1eddi, th\u00eam \u00f4ng Quang Trung \u0111\u1ea7y oai v\u00f5 c\u00e0ng n\u00e2ng cao th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00f4ng tham d\u1ef1, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y sau. Trong tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi l\u00ed l\u1ebd b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00ean lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p r\u00e0nh r\u1ebd, do \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u00e1t h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. B\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng Gia Long t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i, quan ch\u1ee9c T\u00e2y S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c v\u00ed d\u1ee5, cho \u201cch\u00e9m Tr\u1ea7n Quang Di\u1ec7u h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m m\u1ea3nh\u201d m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh \u0111\u00e3 tha v\u1ee3 b\u00e9 (th\u1ee9 phi!), b\u00e0 con Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1ea1c l\u1ea5y l\u1ebd \u201cch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0\u2026 l\u00e0 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng theo t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c T\u00e2y S\u01a1n c\u0169, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng v\u00e0o ph\u00fat ch\u00f3t! V\u00e0 c\u0169ng trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf sau bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng, Minh M\u1ea1ng, \u00f4ng vua c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1eebng h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thi\u00eau hu\u1ef7 s\u00e1ch v\u1edf T\u00e2y S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u1ea7n mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft xem th\u1eddi \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u!<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m phe ph\u00e1i thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch qu\u00e1 qu\u1eaft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra l\u00ed l\u1ebd n\u00ean c\u1ee9 l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c theo \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n m\u00e0 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh. S\u1eed gia G. Dutton \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh cao nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb l\u1ec7nh 1839 c\u1ea5m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec1n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra l\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb dai d\u1eb3ng, s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i kia \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng mu\u1ed1n hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t T\u00e2y S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u1ebft t\u00edch n\u00e0o.(10)<\/i> S\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0169, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XXI m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u00ecm t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi, c\u00f3 \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Anh Huy nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf r\u1eb1ng ngay trong \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/i> (t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970), \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1edd chi\u1ebfu 1816 cho ph\u00e9p v\u1eabn th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec1n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n trong 5 n\u0103m n\u1eefa (1817-1821), nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 t\u1eeb l\u00fac tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n ngu\u1ef5 tri\u1ec1u. \u00d4ng Nguy\u1ec5n nh\u1eafc t\u1edd chi\u1ebfu kia, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 cao (ti\u1ec1n) Quang Trung n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n n\u00f3i chung nh\u01b0ng t\u1edd chi\u1ebfu kia l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 ti\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u00fd trong l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng. L\u00ed do th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: \u201c\u2026 (d\u00e2n gian) noi theo \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u, ch\u1ee3t nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edch tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng quen th\u00ec ng\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n m\u1edbi, th\u1ef1c ra kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec7n cho d\u00e2n.\u201d Ai b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n? V\u1eady l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m n\u0103m sau khi \u201c\u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi\u201d ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n c\u0169 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec nh\u1edb ti\u1ebfc T\u00e2y S\u01a1n. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1839 kia c\u0169ng v\u1eady. \u00d4ng M\u0129 quen s\u1ed1ng \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ea1c gi\u1ea5y T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e1y in lo\u1ea1ch xo\u1ea1ch tho\u00e1ng ch\u1ed1c ra ti\u1ec1n, m\u00e1y bay tho\u00e1ng ch\u1ed1c r\u1ea3i ra kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc\u2026 l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0ng \u201ch\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3\u201d Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi qua v\u00e0i v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 hu\u1ef7 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u0169, m\u1edbi qua v\u00e0i tri\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean chuy\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi bao kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c, v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n mang th\u00f3i quen d\u00f9ng v\u1eadt trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0nh tr\u00f2n l\u1ed7 vu\u00f4ng kia, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1eef g\u00ec tr\u00ean \u1ea5y\u2026<\/p>\n

*<\/p>\n

Tuy c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn m\u1eb7t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i s\u1eeda. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tuy c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, theo nh\u1eefng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00ed trong b\u1ed9 \u00f3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean tuy v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u1ea5y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y h\u1ee3p l\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i. C\u1ee9 b\u00e1m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, r\u00e1p n\u1ed1i ch\u00fang v\u00e0o nhau, \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm ra v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00fang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 gh\u00e9p xong, l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y th\u1eddi x\u01b0a hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1, kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 vu kho\u00e1t, tu\u1ef3 h\u1ee9ng. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n \u201cAn Nam\u201d \u0111ang b\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng<\/p>\n

\u0111em v\u00e0o trong to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb l\u00e0m m\u00e9o m\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee9u ch\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

th\u00e1ng 7-2012<\/i><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa:<\/b><\/p>\n

(1) Albert Schroeder, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam ho\u00e1 t\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ee5c \u2013 Annam, \u00c9tudes numismatiques,<\/i> Paris, Imprimerie Nationale 1905.<\/p>\n

(2) \u0110inh Ph\u00fac B\u1ea3o, C\u1ed5 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n, <\/i>\u0110\u00e0i B\u1eafc, Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Th\u01b0 C\u1ee5c \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh, 5 quy\u1ec3n, 1964. T\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m th\u1ee9 27 (1939).<\/p>\n

(3) Ph\u1ea1m Th\u0103ng, Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam theo gi\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/i> T\u1eadp 1: T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0110inh Ti\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng (968) cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1975.<\/i> T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1 s\u0129 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1eddng M\u0129 Thu\u1eadt Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh 1952, c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m tranh 1962, 1964, 1971 t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m tem th\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Bangkok 1972. S\u00e1ch do t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Canada 1995, c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n in l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u 1990 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c. H\u00ecnh \u1edf trang 128. V\u00ec t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i phong ph\u00fa tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau 1975, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t di t\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

(4) Dr. R. Allan Barker, The Historical Cash Coins of Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u2013 Vietnam\u2019s Imperial History as Seen Through its Currency- Part I: Official and Semi-Official Coins,<\/i> Singapore 2004.<\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh Quang Trung Annam tr. 218, C\u00e0n Long Annam tr. 224, 2 m\u1eabu, h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u00fa. Theo gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n c\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam phong ph\u00fa, vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc cao nh\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u1ec1n s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang g\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n An Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a trong nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3ng Thi\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh, trang 92.<\/p>\n

(5) Nguy\u1ec5n Anh Huy, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam – S\u01a1 truy v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o\u2026<\/i>Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n V\u0103n Ho\u00e1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 2010. T\u1eeb trong s\u00e1ch c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft th\u00eam c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn v\u0103n kh\u00e1c. ti\u1ec1n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n v\u1edbi t\u1edd chi\u1ebfu 1819 tr. 197, 211.<\/p>\n

(6) A. Barker, s\u0111d, <\/i>trang 148-150.<\/p>\n

(7) C\u00e2u h\u00e1t ru em nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n: \u201cBan ng\u00e0y mang m\u1ea3ng \u0111i ch\u01a1i, T\u1ed1i l\u1eb7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5 l\u00faa ra xay\u201d.<\/i><\/p>\n

(8) T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i sai l\u1ea7m t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn mang d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u. Nh\u01b0 c\u1ee9 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec g\u00e1n ngay l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, ti\u1ec1n l\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc (ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u, l\u1eddi gia t\u1eb7ng, can chi, ch\u1eef H\u00e1n\u2026) m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c quan s\u00e1t, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ngay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: \u0111\u1ed3ng hay k\u1ebdm, d\u00e0y hay m\u1ecfng, l\u00e0nh l\u1eb7n hay m\u1ebb s\u1ee9t\u2026 Tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng: l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0nh tr\u00f2n, l\u1ed7 vu\u00f4ng theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng chu\u1ea9n nh\u1eadn khu v\u1ef1c n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft trong th\u1ee9 \u0111ang c\u1ea7m mua b\u00e1n c\u00f3 ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u00f4ng vua T\u00e0u, vua Nh\u1eadt, c\u00f3 b\u00e1n l\u1ea1ng hay ng\u0169 th\u00f9, c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a vua sai \u0111\u00fac ra, hay c\u1ee7a t\u00ean lo\u1ea1n th\u1ea7n t\u1eb7c t\u1eed n\u00e0o l\u00e0m vua, d\u00f9 trong tho\u00e1ng ch\u1ed1c d\u00f9 kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ef5 T\u00e2y S\u01a1n\u2026 T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fac l\u1ea5y ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Trung Hoa (nh\u01b0 \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong 1725, \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i 1745), hay vi\u1ec7c Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n b\u00e1n, Ho\u00e0 Lan kinh doanh ti\u1ec1n \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n nh\u1eadn b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n x\u01b0a l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi\u201d c\u00f3 khi c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf qua \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ea5p th\u1eddi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean ch\u00f9m \u0111\u1ea3o Cressent c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng Sa b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1974 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3o Money v\u00ec th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c (1403-1424) n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u1edb cho m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o. C\u0169ng theo t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m Ho\u00e0ng Sa n\u0103m 1975 \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y t\u00ean Quang \u1ea2nh t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c,<\/i> thay v\u00e0o. (c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o Robert \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay b\u1eb1ng H\u1eefu Nh\u1eadt, c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb s\u1eed Nguy\u1ec5n).<\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111em \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian cho m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i qu\u1eadt d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1m k\u00e8m theo, s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c r\u1ea5t xa. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn t\u1eeb 1988 l\u00e0: \u201cS\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t: N\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n sau khi \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n ra \u0111\u1eddi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i\u201d. Ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1eddi gian \u201cs\u1ed1ng\u201d, \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o th\u00eam t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c theo v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u00f2n m\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, th\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n b\u00e1n l\u1ea1ng ng\u0169 th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean m\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 \u1edf v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec (\u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n) \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec th\u1eadt t\u1ed9i nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng c\u1ee5c 36 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u00ec m\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XV c\u1ea3, v\u00ec d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u 36 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1467 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i (Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c, <\/i>b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eadp M\u1ed9t. Nxb. Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c, 1998, trang 1059-1060, l\u00e0 d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong s\u1eed v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n gi\u00e1n – v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb: 1, 36, 360). Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, l\u1eadp \u1ea4p chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n Ng\u0169 th\u00f9 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n ti\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t, ti\u1ec1n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ed1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVII, XVIII \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong.<\/p>\n

(9) T\u1ea1 Ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i d\u00e3 s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t, <\/i>Nxb. Tri Th\u1ee9c, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 2009, tr. 335. H\u00ecnh m\u1edd v\u00ec d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n in kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

(10) George Dutton, The T\u00e2y S\u01a1n Uprising \u2013 Society and Rebellion in Eighteenth Century Vietnam, <\/i>University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 2006.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ph\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n (pp. 231-232): \u201cT\u00e2y S\u01a1n loyalists continued to find ways to stir up unrest, despise the relentless Nguy\u1ec5n efforts to remove all traces of T\u00e2y S\u01a1n rules. The new court\u2019s efforts in this direction continued to confront reminders of the T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, both material and psychological. Although the Nguy\u1ec5n could tear down some of the structures that had been erected by the T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, they could not put an end to the use of the T\u00e2yS\u01a1n-minted coinage. These coins, bearing the names of the three emperors, represented a constant reminder of that dynasty well after it had been overthrown. Nguy\u1ec5n efforts to halt the use of these coins were limited and ineffectual, reflected in the fact as late as 1839 edicts were still being issued against their continued ciculation\u201d. Ch\u00fa cho bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 d\u1eabn theo Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi thu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ebfn 1858),<\/i> H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Nxb. Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c 2001.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ti\u1ec1n c\u00f2n mang d\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt trung gian \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n uy …. C\u00e1c tay n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd … \u0111\u1ec1u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fac nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u00ednh ph\u00f9 du c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1207,"featured_media":27399,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,153,9],"tags":[396],"class_list":["post-27391","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-lich-su","category-nghien-cuu","tag-ta-chi-dai-truong"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27391","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1207"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27391"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27391\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":71648,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27391\/revisions\/71648"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/27399"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27391"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27391"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27391"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}