{"id":27147,"date":"2012-12-26T01:05:00","date_gmt":"2012-12-26T01:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/?p=27147"},"modified":"2019-02-25T12:14:30","modified_gmt":"2019-02-25T12:14:30","slug":"van-xuoi-hau-hien-dai-viet-nam-quoc-te-va-ban-dia-cach-tan-va-truyen-thong-phan-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/27147\/van-xuoi-hau-hien-dai-viet-nam-quoc-te-va-ban-dia-cach-tan-va-truyen-thong-phan-1","title":{"rendered":"V\u0102N XUÔI H\u1eacU HI\u1ec6N \u0110\u1ea0I VI\u1ec6T NAM: QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe VÀ B\u1ea2N \u0110\u1ecaA, CÁCH TÂN VÀ TRUY\u1ec0N TH\u1ed0NG (ph\u1ea7n 1)"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\"Kruger-Untitled-1985-sm\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Barbara Kruger, Post-modernism<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n


1.Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p, Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0i – nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 h\u1ed9c x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eafp n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng. <\/b>M\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103n khu\u0103n t\u00ecm l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p cho hai c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t:<\/i> v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam hay ch\u01b0a? Th\u1ee9 hai:<\/i> n\u1ebfu c\u00f3, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed9i sinh hay ngo\u1ea1i nh\u1eadp? T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1c: khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mang t\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, li\u1ec7u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang, mang b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c hay kh\u00f4ng? Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00f3i tr\u00ean t\u1ef1u trung v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng c\u1eb7p ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 quen thu\u1ed9c: qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/i> v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba<\/i>, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/i> v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n<\/i> trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, g\u1ea7n ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p. Trong tham lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf do Vi\u1ec7n V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n Harvard – Yenching t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2006, t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng l\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7t Nam. Do h\u1ed3i \u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2y b\u00fat m\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ai c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e2n, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, n\u00ean ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i \u0111em ra ph\u00e2n t\u00edch trong tham lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0i. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 thi ph\u00e1p ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, ai c\u0169ng ngh\u0129, s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0i v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecdc k\u0129, – xin nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i, khi \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e2n ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, – t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u201ct\u00e2m th\u1ee9c h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 hai c\u00e2y b\u00fat n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. B\u1ee9c tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/i> b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb <\/i>v\u00e0 m\u00f4tip truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3<\/i> trong s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho ph\u00e9p t\u00f4i r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u1ea7y thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c, r\u1eb1ng trong t\u01b0 duy, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng tri nh\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh[1]<\/a>. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u0169ng tri nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf[2]<\/a>. Cho n\u00ean, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u1ee9c tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb trong s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ta d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn ra t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf t\u1eebng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0i, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng v\u1ebd ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u201c\u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1eebng\u201d, \u201clo\u1ea1n c\u1edd\u201d, \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vua\u201d, c\u1ef1c k\u00ec h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n. Truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0i v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh ma qu\u1ef7, ma qu\u1ef7 \u0103n \u1edf l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean<\/i>, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n chung c\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00e0n m\u1ea1t<\/i>. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt b\u1ee9c tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n t\u00e0n m\u1ea1t \u1ea5y, Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o hai m\u00f4tip truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3: ra \u0111i<\/i> v\u00e0 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i<\/i>. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0i c\u00f3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng ra \u0111i. D\u1eabu ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00e1i g\u00ec, hay v\u00ec l\u1ebd g\u00ec m\u00e0 ra \u0111i, th\u00ec th\u1ea3m b\u1ea1i<\/i> \u00ea ch\u1ec1 <\/i>v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/i> tr\u1edb tr\u00eau<\/i> v\u1eabn l\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c<\/i> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0i v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i n\u1ebfm tr\u1ea3i. Th\u00e0nh th\u1eed, gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb vong th\u00e2n, th\u1ea5t th\u1ed5, l\u1ea1c lo\u00e0i. Trong T\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 h\u01b0u<\/i>, \u1edf b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng suy ng\u1eabm c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: \u201cCha t\u00f4i b\u1ea3o: Sao t\u00f4i c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 l\u1ea1c lo\u00e0i?<\/i> T\u00f4i ngh\u0129: Sao t\u00f4i c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 l\u1ea1c lo\u00e0i?\u201d<\/i>[3]<\/a> Trong con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb l\u1ea1c lo\u00e0i, vong th\u00e2n, th\u1ea5t th\u1ed5, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a, v\u00f4 h\u1ed3n. V\u00f4 h\u1ed3n<\/i> l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n trong s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0i. V\u00f4 ngh\u0129a<\/i> l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00e0n m\u1ea1t trong s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, truy\u1ec7n \u201cTr\u01b0\u01a1ng Chi\u201d c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00e1ng v\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7y \u00e1m g\u1ee3i. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3nh nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u201ctr\u1eadt qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1i v\u1ecdt xu\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng<\/b>\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng \u00e1m g\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u201cc\u1ee9t\u201d<\/b> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0103ng ra h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c l\u1ea7n, vang l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00fac gi\u1eef nh\u1ecbp trong su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 thi\u00ean truy\u1ec7n: \u201cCh\u00e0ng n\u00f3i: \u2013 C\u1ee9t<\/b>\u201d <\u2026>. \u201cG\u1eb7p M\u1ecb N\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3i, ch\u00e0ng hi\u1ec3u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng th\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u1ee9t<\/b>, l\u00e0 c\u1ee9t ch\u00f3<\/b>, kh\u00f4ng sao ng\u1eedi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang ch\u00e0ng, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 b\u1ea7y. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ed1i ho\u1eafc. \u2013 C\u1ee9t<\/b>\u201d <\u2026>. \u201cCh\u00e0ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i: – C\u1ee9t<\/b>\u201d <\u2026>. \u201cB\u1ecdn ho\u1ea1n quan \u0111\u1ee9ng quanh c\u01b0\u1eddi r\u00e9 l\u00ean: – H\u00e1t nh\u01b0 c\u1ee9t<\/b>!\u201d <\u2026> \u201c- H\u00e1t nh\u01b0 c\u1ee9t<\/b>\u201d <\u2026.>. \u201c- H\u00e1t nh\u01b0 c\u1ee9t<\/b>\u201d <\u2026>. \u201c Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Chi ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n ra gi\u1eefa tim s\u00f4ng. Ch\u00e0ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i: – c\u1ee9t<\/b>\u201d[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc k\u1ecb hu\u00fd t\u1eebng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb sau 1945. Cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 \u201cho\u00e0i nghi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1\u201d. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, t\u00f4i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh, b\u00ean trong s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi \u1ea5y l\u1eafm l\u00fac nh\u01b0 chen c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat s\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u01b0 v\u00f4<\/i>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i? C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1eb1ng sau b\u1ee9c tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00e0n m\u1ea1t, h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n, v\u00f4 h\u1ed3n, v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1eb1ng sau ti\u1ebfng c\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ec5u nh\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i th\u1ed1t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y khinh b\u1ea1c, h\u01b0 v\u00f4 trong s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0i, n\u1ebfu l\u1eafng nghe k\u0129, ta v\u1eabn nh\u1eadn ra \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n man m\u00e1c m\u00e0 t\u00e1i t\u00ea, m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i \u0111au \u00e2m th\u1ea7m, l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd m\u00e0 m\u00eanh mang, s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. Cho n\u00ean, sau khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadm Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0i, t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u<\/i>, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/i> h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau 1975. Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 h\u1ed9c x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eafp n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u tham lu\u1eadn v\u1eeba nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi \u1edf tr\u00ean, t\u00f4i v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i r\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n: \u201c\u2026T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i, khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng, hay tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u1ea5y\u201d[5]<\/a>.<\/b><\/p>\n

2.<\/b> \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e2n \u2013 m\u1ed9t<\/b> b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n.<\/b> Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c \u0111i. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp h\u1eb3n v\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cl\u0103n t\u0103n\u201d g\u00ec. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, theo t\u00f4i, s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e2n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft 3.3.3.9 [nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh h\u1ed3n tr\u1ea7n]<\/a><\/i><\/b>, l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/i><\/b>. B\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n v\u00f4 ti\u1ec1n kho\u00e1ng h\u1eadu m\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra trong cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch t\u00e2n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t<\/i> khi\u1ebfn cho ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e2n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, theo t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ba li\u00ean ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u201cnh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u2013 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc\u201d<\/i>. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y, s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng tr\u00f2 di\u1ec5n trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea9m m\u0129<\/b><\/i>.<\/p>\n

Ta bi\u1ebft, t\u1eeb trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 di\u1ec5n<\/i>. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tr\u00f2 di\u1ec5n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 \u0111\u1eadm, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb l\u00e0m m\u1edd \u0111i, tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc trung \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc trung \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y, quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch, kh\u00f4ng gian \u201cvi\u1ebft – \u0111\u1ecdc\u201d. Kh\u00f4ng gian n\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n tr\u00f2 di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy, cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed n\u00e3o, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t tr\u00f2 di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00ec th\u1ebf b\u1ecb <\/i>m\u1edd \u0111i. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n <\/i>lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a tr\u00f2 di\u1ec5n ra kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i. V\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i. Nh\u01b0ng d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhau. Mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e1m nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u1ea5y n\u00f3i h\u1ed9. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, mu\u1ed1n tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n theo ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch b\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc trung \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1<\/i> di\u1ec5n tr\u00f2<\/i> c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh \u201ct\u00edch\u201d di\u1ec5n, tr\u00f2 di\u1ec5n<\/i> thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb, bu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 ba li\u00ean ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 – nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt – ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc<\/i> ph\u1ea3i giao ti\u1ebfp ng\u1ea7m<\/i> v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft 3.3.3.9 [nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh h\u1ed3n tr\u1ea7n]<\/a><\/i><\/b> <\/i>c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y m\u1ef1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u00e0i 658 trang, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1i \u201ckhung\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng hai m\u1ee5c \u201cKHAI\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cKH\u00c9P\u201d, ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh chia th\u00e0nh 60 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng; sau m\u1ed7i m\u1ee5c, m\u1ed7i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n \u201cL\u1edcI B\u00c0N [PH\u00cdM\u2026] C\u1ee6A C\u00c1C NETIZEN\u201d. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a hai lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n b\u1ea3n: v\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/i> truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3<\/i> v\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/i> \u201cL\u1eddi b\u00e0n\u201d<\/i>. \u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, do l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u ch\u1eef, c\u1ee1 ch\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean trang gi\u1ea5y, n\u00ean v\u0103n b\u1ea3n truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1o ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. V\u1eady l\u00e0, tuy c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ea5y m\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng 3.3.3.9 [nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh h\u1ed3n tr\u1ea7n]<\/i><\/b> \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111a chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh vi t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft m\u1ea1ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, bi\u1ebfn tr\u00f2 di\u1ec5n v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u1ea7m trong \u00f3c th\u00e0nh tr\u00f2 di\u1ec5n r\u1ea5t s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft, c\u1ee7a tai. \u0110\u01b0a tr\u00f2 di\u1ec5n ra kh\u00f4ng gian \u1ea5y, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh v\u0103n b\u1ea3n 3.3.3.9 [nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh h\u1ed3n tr\u1ea7n]<\/i><\/b> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c. C\u00f3 ba thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan tr\u1ecdng:<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/strong>:<\/i> bi\u1ebfn v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u201cL\u1eddi b\u00e0n\u2026\u201d th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1eeba tham gia b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u01b0 d\u00e2n m\u1ea1ng, v\u1eeba b\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1eb3n v\u00e0o v\u0103n b\u1ea3n truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3. H\u00e0ng r\u00e0o chia t\u00e1ch b\u1ed9 ba li\u00ean ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 trong giao ti\u1ebfp ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ebf l\u00e0 b\u1ecb xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 – nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt – ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc<\/i> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1p, tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau. Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 lu\u00f4n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i t\u00ean th\u1eadt \u201c\u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e2n\u201d<\/b> khi\u1ebfn cho ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/i> v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/i> c\u0169ng b\u1ecb xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai<\/strong>:<\/i> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3ng hai vai: vai truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3<\/i> v\u00e0 vai di\u1ec5n tr\u00f2<\/i>. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e2n v\u1eeba l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 <\/i>vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft, <\/i>l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt<\/i> c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3, l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n <\/i>s\u1eafm vai <\/i>t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ec9 huy, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean<\/i> tham gia di\u1ec5n tr\u00f2. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 Schditt von deBalle-Kant, \u00d4ng B\u00e0, hay M\u1ed9ng H\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3<\/i>, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean<\/i> tr\u00f2 di\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Khi s\u1eafm vai truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ec7 <\/i>ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n cho nh\u00e3n quan gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 ta v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc quen thu\u1ed9c. H\u1ecd n\u00f3i l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia, c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb\u2026 Nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u00fang s\u1eafm vai di\u1ec5n tr\u00f2, m\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u0103n ho\u00e1<\/i>, m\u1ed7i ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u201ct\u00e1c gi\u1ea3\u201d, \u201cnh\u00e2n v\u1eadt\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3\u201d c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean m\u1ecdt m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 ba<\/strong>:<\/i> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra cho ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p: n\u00f3 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 di\u1ec5n<\/i>, c\u00f3 \u201ct\u00edch truy\u1ec7n\u201d h\u1eb3n hoi, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5n tr\u00f2<\/i>. Cho n\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem 3.3.3.9 [nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh h\u1ed3n tr\u1ea7n]<\/i><\/b> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e0n di\u1ec5n \u0111a tho\u1ea1i<\/a><\/i><\/b> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u00e0n di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3, c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u00e0n di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng tr\u00f2 di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 l\u00ed do \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi 3.3.3.9 [nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh h\u1ed3n tr\u1ea7n]<\/i><\/b> l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1eadu-ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft\u201d, \u201cphi-ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft\u201d, ho\u1eb7c \u201cph\u1ea3n-ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft\u201d.<\/p>\n

*<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 trong 3.3.3.9 [h\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh h\u1ed3n tr\u1ea7n]<\/i><\/b>, \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh, li\u00ean v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, tr\u00edch d\u1eabn, gi\u1ec5u nh\u1ea1i, carnaval\u2026. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ngh\u0129, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i th\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c nnh\u00e0 v\u0103n t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. M. Bakhtin ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh gi\u1ec5u nh\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m thi ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI \u0111\u00f3 sao! \u0110\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn hay ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ec5u nh\u1ea1i, tr\u00edch d\u1eabn, ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p k\u0129 thu\u1eadt thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n r\u1ed7ng ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

3.3.3.9 [nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh h\u1ed3n tr\u1ea7n]<\/i><\/b>, s\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n xu\u00f4i h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00ec ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n v\u1eeba ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e2n c\u00f2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft, bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a \u0111a tr\u1ecb, c\u1ef1c k\u00ec ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/i>. C\u00f3 ba b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111a tr\u1ecb trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3:<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/strong>:<\/i> \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n n\u1ed9i dung h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, 3.3.3.9 [nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh h\u1ed3n tr\u1ea7n] <\/i><\/b>l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft ph\u00fang d\u1ee5. H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00fang d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft. Lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y g\u1eafn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ed5 m\u1eabu, b\u1eaft r\u1ec5 r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng, v\u1ec9a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 d\u00e2n gian. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1t c\u1ea1n. Qu\u1ea3 v\u1eady, hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft, M\u1ed9ng H\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 Schditt, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00fang d\u1ee5. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: b\u1ed9<\/b> \u00f3c<\/b> v\u00e0 c\u00e1i<\/b> m\u00f4ng<\/b>. N\u1ebfu Schditt l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ed9 \u00f3c\u201d \u1edf b\u00ean tr\u00ean, th\u00ec M\u1ed9ng H\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u201cc\u00e1i m\u00f4ng\u201d v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n x\u00e1c nh\u1ee5c c\u1ea3m \u1edf b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean r\u1ea5t g\u1ee3i d\u1ee5c: \u201cM\u00f4ng n\u1eb7ng\u201d. C\u00f3 ba chi ti\u1ebft ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ee5c c\u1ea3m \u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y: \u201cm\u00f4ng\u201d, \u201cv\u00fa\u201d, \u201cm\u00f4i\u201d<\/i>. Schditt g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u00f3c. Ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c phi th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean, ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd trong t\u01b0 duy l\u00f4gic l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng qua m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng: l\u00ed tr\u00ed<\/i> v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng<\/i>. G\u1eafn c\u1eb7p bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng \u1ea5y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1eb7t cho nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00e1i t\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kia c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eb7p h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00fang d\u1ee5 l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n l\u1edbp \u00fd ngh\u0129a, l\u00e0m n\u1ed5 ra ti\u1ebfng c\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00e0o ti\u1ebfu c\u1ef1c s\u1ea3ng kho\u00e1i. N\u1ebfu M\u1ed9ng H\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/i>, th\u00ec Schditt l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0103n ho\u00e1<\/i>. N\u1ebfu M\u1ed9ng H\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ho\u00e1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, th\u00ec Schditt l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y \u00c2u n\u00f3i chung. Cu\u1ed9c giao h\u00f4n gi\u1eefa Schditt v\u1edbi M\u1ed9ng H\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn trong ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u1ea5y \u1edf ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u1ebd ra b\u1ee9c tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft ngay \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t to\u00e1t l\u00ean t\u1eeb c\u1eb7p h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00fang d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai<\/strong>:<\/i> t\u1eeb b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1, truy\u1ec7n ph\u00fang d\u1ee5 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u00f4tip ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o. N\u00f3 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111a tr\u1ecb, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh, 3.3.3.9 [nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh h\u1ed3n tr\u1ea7n] <\/i><\/b>c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1<\/i> h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c phong ph\u00fa, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e2n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n \u201cB\u00e1ch khoa m\u1edf\u201d cung c\u1ea5p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i tri th\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4ng – T\u00e2y, kim – c\u1ed5; t\u1eeb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, phong t\u1ee5c, h\u1ed9i ho\u1ea1, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc…, cho t\u1edbi truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c danh nh\u00e2n. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edf tu\u1ed3ng c\u1ed5 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 hai ph\u1ea7n \u201ctr\u00f2\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ct\u00edch\u201d, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft 3.3.3.9 [nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh h\u1ed3n tr\u1ea7n] <\/i><\/b>c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hai ph\u1ea7n \u201ct\u00edch\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ctr\u00f2\u201d nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u201ctr\u00f2\u201d l\u00e0 truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 ph\u00fang d\u1ee5 v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f2n \u201ct\u00edch\u201d l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. \u00dd t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i, trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e2n, nhi\u1ec1u khi ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ea5n \u00e1t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 ba<\/strong><\/i>: \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ec7, t\u00ednh \u0111a ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft 3.3.3.9 [nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh h\u1ed3n tr\u1ea7n] <\/i><\/b>c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e3n quan gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/i>. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc, v\u00ec s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u0103n h\u1ecdc suy cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1i phi k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp sang m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng tin. Cho n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ecdc v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ngh\u0129a<\/i>. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ec7. Ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 30 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, M. Bakhtin \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u. Trong lu\u1eadn v\u0103n Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/i>, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: \u201cC\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ec7 (gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i, ch\u00e2n l\u00ed, c\u00f4ng minh, l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n) g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u. L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ec7 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00e1c k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u. Gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u ngang b\u1eb1ng. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ec7\u201d[6]<\/a>. Cho n\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u1eeba l\u00e0 k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb nh\u00e3n quan gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Nh\u00e3n quan gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a v\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e3n quan gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a t\u1ea1o ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tan v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd m\u1ea5t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e9c-t\u01a1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a duy nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y. \u1ede th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVII, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n tin v\u00e0o l\u00ed tr\u00ed<\/i>, hy v\u1ecdng l\u00ed tr\u00ed c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u0169 b\u1ecf d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c vua. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m<\/i>. H. Banzac, L. Tolstoi, F. Dostoevski v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u00ec XIX tin v\u00e0o tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/i>, v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tu th\u00e2n,<\/i> t\u1ef1<\/i> ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/i> nh\u01b0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i, mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 si\u00eau tho\u00e1t cho t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. M\u1ea5y th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c<\/i>, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u201cn\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gian v\u00f9ng l\u00ean\u201d, l\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfn tranh ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t chi\u1ebfn tranh (Kh\u00f3i l\u1eeda <\/i>– Barbusse), l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng sau ch\u00f3t (\u201c\u0111\u1ea5u tranh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng\u201d<\/i>) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u201cl\u1ee3i quy\u1ec1n\u201d, \u201cx\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai\u201d. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, ni\u1ec1m tin duy l\u00ed v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 suy t\u00f4n \u201cc\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u00e3n quan gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a t\u1ea1o ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\n

[1]<\/a> Xem: – N.D. Archiunova.- C\u00e1i d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef: Xung quanh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cb\u1ee9c tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb\u201d.-<\/i> \u201cNh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc\u201d, 1987, s\u1ed1 3 (ti\u1ebfng Nga).<\/p>\n

– N.D. Archiunova.- Phong c\u00e1ch Dostoievski trong khung b\u1ee9c tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga\/\/Thi ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc. Phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1<\/i>.- M., 1996 (ti\u1ebfng Nga).<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Xem: Iu. Lotman.- Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u2013 \u201cGien c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3\u201d\/\/K\u00ed hi\u1ec7u quy\u1ec3n<\/i>.- \u201cNgh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt – SPB, 2000. Tr. 220-239 (ti\u1ebfng Nga).<\/em><\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p<\/i>.- Nxb Tr\u1ebb, 2003. Tr.708.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p<\/i>.- Nxb Tr\u1ebb, 2003. Tr. 459-472 (Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef in \u0111\u1eadm do t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 \u00fd nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh.- LN).<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> L\u00e3 Nguy\u00ean.- Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam qua s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0i<\/i>.- Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, s\u1ed1 12\/2007, tr. 13.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> V.N. Volosinov (M.M. Bakhtin).- Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/i>.- M., \u201cLabyrinthe\u201d, 1993, tr. 14 (ti\u1ebfng Nga).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nh\u00e3n quan gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a t\u1ea1o ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tan v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1879,"featured_media":27146,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27147","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-phe-binh"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27147","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1879"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27147"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27147\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":52442,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27147\/revisions\/52442"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/27146"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27147"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27147"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27147"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}