{"id":23955,"date":"2012-04-17T00:03:00","date_gmt":"2012-04-17T00:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/?p=23955"},"modified":"2019-02-28T03:44:08","modified_gmt":"2019-02-28T03:44:08","slug":"chu-nghia-chu-va-nghia-phan-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/23955\/chu-nghia-chu-va-nghia-phan-2","title":{"rendered":"Ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a: ch\u1eef v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a (ph\u1ea7n 2)"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\"ceci-n-est-pas-une-pipe\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Ren\u00e9 Magritte, \u201cCeci n\u2019est pas une pipe\u201d (\u201c\u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u1ed1ng p\u00edp\u201d)<\/em><\/font><\/p>\n

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Ngh\u0129a \u0111en v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

D\u1ef1a theo ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb \u0111a ngh\u0129a, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fang: ngh\u0129a g\u1ed1c\/ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1i sinh; ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do\/ ngh\u0129a h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf; ngh\u0129a th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c (ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng)\/ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c (ngh\u0129a ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt). Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi, bao gi\u1edd n\u00f3 c\u0169ng m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. N\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay t\u00e2m l\u00fd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00ecnh c\u1edd. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb trong s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u01a1 v\u0103n. Ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi th\u00eam v\u00e0o, do \u0111\u00f3, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 so v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng. Th\u00e0nh th\u1eed, theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, t\u1eeb \u0111a ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai: ngh\u0129a \u0111en v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng. Theo L\u00ea \u0110\u00ecnh T\u01b0 & V\u0169 Ng\u1ecdc C\u00e2n, \u201c<\/strong>\u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n ngh\u0129a m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i t\u1edbi ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngh\u0129a m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng g\u1ee3i ra s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4i hay hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.\u201d[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ngh\u0129a \u0111en v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Aristotle \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 trong hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Poetics<\/i> v\u00e0 Rhetoric<\/i>. \u00d4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef xa l\u1ea1, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1eef \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, n\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0 ch\u1eef c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng, dung t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong \u1ea9n d\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

C\u00e9sar Chesneau Dumarsais, trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cTropes\u201d (d\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p), cho ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u201cd\u1ee5 th\u00e1i\u201d (figures) l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i trong \u0111\u00f3, \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef \u0111\u00f3\u201d[2]<\/a>. Ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i Dumarsais, Fontanier m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam v\u00e0 \u0111i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u201cnh\u1eefng d\u1ee5 th\u00e1i m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u1ee5 th\u00e1i\u201d. V\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 d\u1ee5 th\u00e1i, Fontanier ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a \u0111en trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n

Theo Fontanier, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u1eef. Ch\u1eef th\u00ec d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a. \u00d4ng ph\u00e2n ra ba lo\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a:[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

– Ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1ch quan (sens objectif) (c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1): l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1ch quan: th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb hay t\u0129nh t\u1eeb, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hay th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i\u2026N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1ch quan l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

– Ngh\u0129a \u0111en (sens litt\u00e9ral): l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u1eef hi\u1ec3u s\u00e1t theo ch\u1eef (\u00e0 la lettre), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang trong c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Ngh\u0129a \u0111en ch\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef duy nh\u1ea5t, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y (primitif), t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 ri\u00eang (naturel et propre), ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ph\u00e1t sinh (d\u00e9riv\u00e9) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n ngh\u0129a (tropologique). Ph\u00e9p chuy\u1ec3n ngh\u0129a x\u1ea3y ra, ho\u1eb7c do nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung cho nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef; ho\u1eb7c do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a v\u00e0 do d\u1ee5 th\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

– Ngh\u0129a tinh th\u1ea7n (sens spirituel): c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a quanh co (d\u00e9tourn\u00e9) hay ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng (figur\u00e9) l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh trong tinh th\u1ea7n do t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n<\/i>, do gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i hay do li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 ra v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u00ec tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u00f3 hay t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 . N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3u s\u00e1t theo t\u1eebng ch\u1eef, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef (lettre) th\u00ec l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u00f2n tinh th\u1ea7n th\u00ec l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

Trong l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a cho Les figures du discours<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n 200 n\u0103m sau ng\u00e0y Fontanier m\u1ea5t, G\u00e9rard Genette vi\u1ebft: \u201cD\u1ee5 th\u00e1i\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng, \u201cch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u0129a \u0111en\u201d.[5]<\/a> N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111en\/b\u00f3ng l\u00e0 hai m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111a ngh\u0129a th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111en\/b\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 g\u00ec tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 v\u00ec, ai th\u00edch lo\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o th\u00ec c\u1ee9 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef li\u00ean h\u1ec7. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i g\u00ec. C\u00e1i phi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai (ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u) ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng d\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef. T\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1i c\u1ea3nh hai (hay nhi\u1ec1u) ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 hay nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng. N\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y chen l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a kia, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp nh\u00f2e. S\u1ef1 chen l\u1ed9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt: ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tu t\u1eeb. V\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, 18, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 tranh c\u00e3i \u1edf to\u00e0 \u00e1n v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tu t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch, l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 nam cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4n sinh mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng tay h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n. Do d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, n\u01a1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t th\u1eed c\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 hay kh\u00f4ng, d\u1ea1y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0o, s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch b\u1ea1ch \u0111en\/b\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Thomas Hobbes kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: h<\/strong>\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a \u0111en. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00fang, c\u00f2n ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch ra kh\u1ecfi ti\u00eau ph\u1ea1m. N\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng ngh\u0129a \u0111en trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tu t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Hobbes \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Richards g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u201cm\u00ea t\u00edn ngh\u0129a \u0111en\u201d (proper meaning superstition). M\u00ea t\u00edn ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin sai l\u1ea7m cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Theo Richards, ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong ch\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. Xem quan ni\u1ec7m ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn, Richards t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. [7]<\/a> L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n, ch\u1eef kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ed1n s\u1eb5n. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con k\u1ef3 nh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u s\u1eafc t\u00f9y theo m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chung quanh, ch\u1eef, theo Richards, nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u201ch\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u1eef, khi ch\u00fang chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c, thay \u0111\u1ed5i ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.\u201d[8]<\/a> N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

Saussure b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a \u0111en v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c. C\u0169ng trong c\u00f9ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean[9]<\/a>, \u0111o\u1ea1n 23 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cSens propre et sens figur\u00e9\u201d, Saussure x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cN\u1ebfu ch\u1eef kh\u00f4ng g\u1ee3i n\u00ean \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, th\u00ec tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c\u201d[10]<\/a>.<\/i> Sao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c? Ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhau trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch. Khi t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c nhau, \u201c\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\u201d ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: \u201c\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, \u201c\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u201c\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. Th\u1ef1c ra, ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng n\u1ebfu ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef l\u00e0 \u201cx\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d (positif), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o ch\u1eef c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i do mang trong ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u201c\u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt\u201d (propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de choses), nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3. V\u1eady th\u00ec, \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ngh\u0129a \u0111en v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef (ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0: ch\u1eef kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n ngh\u0129a \u0111en), b\u1edfi v\u00ec ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c\u201d[11]<\/a>, theo Saussure.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Saussure b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc, Lakoff b\u00e0i b\u00e1c ngh\u0129a \u0111en tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201cng\u1eef h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c\u201d (cognitive linguistics). Nh\u00ecn qua d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Lakoff nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a \u0111en \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ai m\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng b\u00e0n c\u00e3i. R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, theo \u00f4ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u201cl\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a \u0111en\u201d ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n trong m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, d\u00f9 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf [12]<\/a>. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a (semantic autonomy). M\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ebfu ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan n\u00e0o v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ngh\u0129a c\u0169. T\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00f4 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m (nonconceptional autonomy), cho r\u1eb1ng ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 g\u00ec trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Ch\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00e2u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (mind-free).<\/p>\n

Lakoff ghi nh\u1eadn ba \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m trong quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a \u0111en:<\/p>\n

– N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

– Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef quy \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u1ea9n d\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

– Kh\u00f4ng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a \u0111en.[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fang hay sai, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c (state of affairs) trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch quan, v\u00f4 ni\u1ec7m. Hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ch quan bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1eadt, lo\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef quy \u01b0\u1edbc di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd hay sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

Lakoff g\u1ecdi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, theo \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea3 (paraphrase) th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef phi-\u1ea9n d\u1ee5, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a \u0111en. Kh\u00e1ch quan ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, theo \u00f4ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cng\u1ee5y lu\u1eadn\u201d[14]<\/a>, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd hay sai l\u1ea7m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sai l\u1ea7m, kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1c ngh\u0129a \u0111en, theo t\u00f4i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u00e0i b\u00e1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ngh\u0129a g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef. V\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 cao ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng. N\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, b\u00e0i b\u00e1c ngh\u0129a \u0111en c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u00e0i b\u00e1c m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m cho r\u1eb1ng ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o. Nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c \u2013 ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng – c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n do m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef kh\u00e1c trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 do m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u00f3i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u201cd\u1ef1a\u201d v\u00e0o ngh\u0129a \u0111en. T\u1eeb \u201cngh\u0129a \u0111en\u201d, th\u1ef1c ra, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u201c\u1ea9n d\u1ee5 ch\u1ebft\u201d, v\u00ec t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng. Ngh\u0129a \u0111en c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a trong nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c, n\u1eb1m trong hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb \u0111a ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

Lakoff cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb \u201cngh\u0129a \u0111en\u201d \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb \u201cngh\u0129a \u0111en\u201d nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u1eefu \u00edch d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb phi-k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, ti\u1ec7n d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n d\u1ee5.[15]<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eef\/ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng, ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng di\u1ec5n ra trong hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. Theo th\u1eddi gian, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef \u0111i v\u00e0o b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i, b\u1ecb qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n, nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a. Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00eam s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o…) ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u1eb1m di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n hay nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng khai sinh, \u0111\u00f4i khi khai sinh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, do nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 l\u1edbn g\u00e2y ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u0103m 2000 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u1edf M\u1ef9, "chad" l\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, k\u00e9o theo nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh do vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ebfm phi\u1ebfu \u1edf bang Florida: hanging chad<\/i> (ch\u00e9c treo), bulging chad<\/i> (ch\u00e9c l\u1ed3i), dimpled chad<\/i> (ch\u00e9c l\u00f5m), pregnant chad<\/i> (ch\u00e9c c\u00f3 b\u1ea7u) hay hand recount<\/i> (\u0111\u1ebfm phi\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng tay), butterfly ballot<\/i> (phi\u1ebfu b\u01b0\u1edbm)… N\u0103m 2001, bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 11\/9 khai sinh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t t\u1eeb, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb c\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam ngh\u0129a cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trui r\u00e8n trong bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i, ch\u00fang b\u1eafn v\u1ecdt v\u00e0o sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i, qua tay nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n (lexicographers), ch\u00fang t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0ng n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng 800 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 neologism <\/i>th\u00eam v\u00e0o trong ti\u1ebfng Anh. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb m\u1edbi, Peter Sokolowski, c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean bi\u00ean t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate\u00ae Dictionary, <\/i>cho bi\u1ebft: \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i theo d\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng con ch\u1eef (\u2026) n\u0103m n\u00e0y qua n\u0103m kh\u00e1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang v\u00e0o trong t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n\u201d. H\u00e3y th\u1eed xem m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate\u00ae Dictionary<\/i> n\u0103m 2011[16]<\/a>:<\/p>\n

crowdsourcing<\/i>: <\/i><\/b>the practice of obtaining information from a large group of people who contribute online (th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng).<\/p>\n

m-commerce<\/i>: a business transaction conducted using a mobile electronic device (m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kinh doanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed di \u0111\u1ed9ng).<\/p>\n

bromance<\/i> (gh\u00e9p bro (ther) v\u00e0 romance): a close nonsexual friendship between men (t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng)<\/p>\n

boomerang child<\/i>: a young adult who returns to live at his or her family home especially for financial reasons (m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9 v\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh\/h\u1ed3i gia<\/i>).<\/p>\n

helicopter parent<\/i>: a parent who is overly involved in the life of his or her child (m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha hay m\u1eb9 d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i, nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng bay v\u00f2ng v\u00f2ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ee9a con)<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh hay Ph\u00e1p \u0111a \u00e2m n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gh\u00e9p \u00e2m, th\u00eam ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1eef hay ti\u1ebfp v\u0129 ng\u1eef v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb c\u0169, n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1edbi, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi.[17]<\/a> Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi. Ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u00eam ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi v\u00e0o t\u1eeb c\u0169. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edch l\u0169y ngh\u0129a, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111a ngh\u0129a. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ta th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef nh\u01b0 boomerang<\/i> hay helicopter <\/i>\u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi trong l\u00fac ngh\u0129a c\u0169 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3. T\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n, boomerang <\/i>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00f2n b\u1eadt l\u1ea1i\u201d b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ed3i gia\u201d ; t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh th\u1eb3ng, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bay v\u00f2ng v\u00f2ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch quan s\u00e1t b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi, helicopter<\/i> c\u00f3 th\u00eam ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u201cquan t\u00e2m qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c\u201d.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01a1n \u00e2m, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gh\u00e9p c\u00e1c ch\u1eef ri\u00eang l\u1ebb l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, trong th\u1eddi gian v\u1eeba qua, ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb m\u1edbi: di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, l\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3i, l\u1ec1 tr\u00e1i, th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 a c\u00f2ng, d\u00e2n oan, t\u00e0u l\u1ea1, l\u1ed9 h\u00e0ng, <\/i>kh\u00fac ru\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n d\u1eb7m<\/i>\u2026 \u201cDi\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u201cregime change\u201d trong ti\u1ebfng Anh), \u201cl\u1ec1 tr\u00e1i\u201d ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng \u0111i theo s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, t<\/i>\u00e0u l\u1ea1 <\/i>c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lai l\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u201cL\u1ea1\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng quen\u201d, nh\u01b0ng theo Nguy\u1ec5n H\u01b0ng Qu\u1ed1c, \u201c\u2026\u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2009 v\u1eeba qua, ch\u1eef \u201cl\u1ea1\u201d n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 qu\u00e1i l\u1ea1. Qu\u00e1i, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft. T\u1eeb v\u1ecb th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3n ngh\u0129a, n\u00f3 b\u1ed7ng d\u01b0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi ch\u1eef \u201cquen\u201d[18]<\/a>. T\u00e0u l\u1ea1<\/i> h\u00f3a ra l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e0u quen\u201d, t\u1ee9c t\u00e0u Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

\u1ede h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, ta c\u0169ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb m\u1edbi: c\u01b0\u1ee1ng chi\u1ebfm, thuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n, th\u00e1ng T\u01b0 \u0110en, \u0103n oeo-phe (welfare), c\u1edd m\u00e1u, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u00f3n gi\u00f3 tr\u1edf c\u1edd\u2026<\/i> \u201cTh\u00e1ng T\u01b0 \u0110en\u201d ch\u1ec9 ng\u00e0y S\u00e0i G\u00f2n r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay qu\u00e2n C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n; \u201c\u0103n oeo-phe\u201d, t\u1eeb gh\u00e9p Vi\u1ec7t-M\u1ef9, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; \u201c\u0111\u00f3n gi\u00f3 tr\u1edf c\u1edd\u201d ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ed1ng C\u1ed9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc\u2026v\u00e2n v\u00e2n. <\/i><\/p>\n

Ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u b\u00ean trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh hay qua b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra. Ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai ch\u1eef \u201ct\u00e0u l\u1ea1\u201d n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4i k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 hung h\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong cu\u1ed9c tranh ch\u1ea5p bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng. Ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u201ckh\u00fac ru\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n d\u1eb7m\u201d n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam mu\u1ed1n d\u1ee5 kh\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean, t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n quay v\u1ec1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef \u201cc\u01b0\u1ee1ng chi\u1ebfm\u201d (mi\u1ec1n Nam) hay \u201cth\u00e1ng T\u01b0 \u0110en\u201d hay \u201cc\u1edd m\u00e1u\u201d (ch\u1ec9 c\u1edd \u0111\u1ecf sao v\u00e0ng) n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng trong t\u00e2m c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Nam b\u1ecf n\u01b0\u1edbc ra \u0111i v\u00ec c\u0103m gh\u00e9t C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb nipplegate<\/i> (tai ti\u1ebfng n\u00fam v\u00fa) n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ca s\u0129 Janet Jackson b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean ng\u1ef1c trong l\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n t\u1ea1i Superbowl n\u0103m 2004: nipple<\/i> gh\u00e9p v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp v\u0129 ng\u1eef gate<\/i>. Gate<\/i>, c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i g\u1ecdn t\u1eeb ch\u1eef \u201cWatergate\u201d l\u00e0 t\u00ean m\u1ed9t cao \u1ed1c, n\u01a1i x\u1ea3y ra v\u1ee5 tai ti\u1ebfng l\u1edbn l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Richard Nixon ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1974. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb ri\u00eang, \u201cgate\u201d th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u201ctai ti\u1ebfng\u201d (scandal). Ch\u1eef l\u1ed9 h\u00e0ng<\/i> hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 (v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch) \u201cnipplegate\u201d hay \u201cwardrobe malfunction\u201d[19]<\/a>. H\u00e0ng<\/i> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u00eam ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi: nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u201cnh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m\u201d tr\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.<\/p>\n

D\u00f2 t\u00ecm c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u1ed1i hai l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi hay \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft d\u1ef1a theo \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u0169 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng vu\u1ed9t h\u1eb3n kh\u1ecfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft (kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a \u0111en), v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u201cd\u1ee5 ng\u1eef\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch b\u00f3ng b\u1ea9y.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong th\u01a1. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n su\u1ed1i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00eam ngh\u0129a v\u00e0o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u1ed1n ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn, c\u00e1ch quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Ta nh\u1eb7t t\u1eebng trang s\u00e1ch r\u00e1ch toang
<\/i>\u0110\u1ee9a ngu \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e9 v\u1ee9t ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng
<\/i>Ta gom t\u1eebng h\u1ea1t c\u00e2y lu\u00e2n l\u1ea1c
<\/i>Mong m\u1ecfi g\u1ea7y l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e0ng<\/i> (T\u00f4 Th\u00f9y Y\u00ean)<\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n c\u00e2u th\u01a1 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn tuy quen m\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1<\/i> h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh mi\u1ec1n Nam trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u00e0i tr\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed3i tr\u1ee5y r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed7i sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a mi\u1ec1n Nam, sau ng\u00e0y 30\/4\/1975.<\/p>\n

*<\/p>\n

Xin l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i<\/strong>: ch\u1eef l\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 do t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan. Ngay c\u00e1i ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ngh\u0129a g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef, c\u0169ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan: t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa v\u1eadt, \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. G\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a g\u1ed1c, ngh\u0129a \u0111en th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai v\u00ec b\u00f3ng b\u1ea9y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00ed von c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. Trong l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3, ta \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. Ch\u1eef, n\u00f3i cho c\u00f9ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00ed von: v\u00ed s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef hay t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 b\u1ecb qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng. <\/b>Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ea1nh nhau, ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y ngay t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1eef kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. V\u1edbi Nietzsche, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111en t\u1ef1 n\u00f3.[20]<\/a> Ngh\u0129a ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t. Derida cho r\u1eb1ng, khi ta \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ngay \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ta. Ngh\u0129a lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecdc theo m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u00fa s\u1edf\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. \u0110\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef n\u00e0y ta ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef, ta l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u1ee9 th\u1ebf. Derrida c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng v\u00e0 d\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u00edt l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n kh\u00e1c v\u00ec ch\u00fang nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tu t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang ch\u00fang.[21]<\/a><\/p>\n

Thay v\u00ec ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111en\/b\u00f3ng, Beardsley ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p. Ngh\u0129a s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, t\u1ecf l\u1ed9. Ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a g\u1ee3i ra, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 ngh\u0129a s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p. N\u00f3 \u1ea9n t\u00e0ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2u, \u1edf nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng ngh\u0129a \u1ea9n t\u00e0ng. Ch\u1eef, trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3u ch\u1eef n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e2u. Ngh\u0129a t\u1ecf l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (d\u00e9signation). \u00dd ngh\u0129a \u1ea9n t\u00e0ng l\u00e0 h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a (connotation). Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i l\u00ec\u1ec7u khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, ch\u1eef lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 cho. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh, h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u00f3ng b\u1ea9y v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh \u1ea9n d\u1ee5. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i trong m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 v\u1eeba bao g\u1ed3m ngh\u0129a s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p, do \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e0nh ra \u0111a ngh\u0129a. \u0110a ngh\u0129a, theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Bearsley, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 khi n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3. V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang.[22]<\/a><\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea7n H\u1eefu Th\u1ee5c
<\/b>(4\/2012)<\/p>\n

\n

[1]<\/a> L\u00ea \u0110\u00ecnh T\u01b0 & V\u0169 Ng\u1ecdc C\u00e2n, b\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn<\/strong><\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> On fait prendre \u00e0  un mot une signification qui n’est pas pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment la signification de ce mot<\/i>\/D\u1eabn theo Jan Plug, Figurative language, <\/i><\/p>\n

<\/i>Xem \u1edf: <\/i>http:\/\/www.flsh.unilim.fr\/ditl\/Fahey\/LANGAGEFIGURFigurativelanguage_n.html<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Pierre Fontanier, Les figures du discours, <\/i>tr. 55-59<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> lettre tue, esprit vivifie<\/i><\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> G\u00e9rard Genette, l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a cho \u201cLes figures du discours<\/i>\u201d, Pierre Fontanier, s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, trang 10<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Xem Tr\u1ea7n H\u1eefu Th\u1ee5c, \u201c\u1ea8n d\u1ee5\/qua d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u201d trang m\u1ea1ng Da M\u00e0u: http:\/\/damau.org\/archives\/23596<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards, The meaning of meaning, trong \u201cSemantic Triangle\u201d, Harcourt, Brace & World, NY, 1946, d\u1eabn l\u1ea1i theo Allie Cahill, <\/i>"Proper Meaning Superstition" I. A. Richards, <\/i>http:\/\/www.colorado.edu\/communication\/meta-discourses\/Papers\/App_Papers\/Cahill.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Em Griffin nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, Richards d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh (context) \u0111\u1ec3 quy cho nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 x\u1ea3y ra, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u hay ngay c\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i ra. Ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Griffin ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n Richards ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a t\u1eebng ch\u1eef m\u1ed9t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00fa ph\u00e1p (syntactics), C\u00fa ph\u00e1p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1eef. Richards qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

<\/i>(D\u1eabn theo Em Griffin, A First Look at Communication Theory,<\/i> McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1997. Xem \u1edf:<\/p>\n

http:\/\/highered.mcgraw-hill.com\/sites\/dl\/free\/0073385026\/228359\/meanmean2.html<\/u><\/p>\n

Ricoeur b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c Richards, cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt (choses) \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1eef m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh (context). Ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. (Xem M\u00e9taphore vive, trang 101)<\/p>\n

<\/a>[9] Ferdinand de Saussure, Ecrits de linguistique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/i>.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a>Autrement dit, si le mot n’\u00e9voque pas l’id\u00e9e d’un objet mat\u00e9riel, il n’y a absolument rien qui puisse en pr\u00e9ciser le sens autrement que par voie n\u00e9gative." <\/i><\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Il n’y a pas de diff\u00e9rence entre le sens propre et le sens figur\u00e9 des mots (ou: les mots n’ont pas plus de sens figur\u00e9 que de sens propre), parce que leur sens est \u00e9minemment n\u00e9gatif. <\/i><\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> George Lakoff and Mark Turner, More than cool reason, <\/i>The University of Chicago Press, 1989, trang 136<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> George Lakoff and Mark Turner, More than cool reason, <\/i>The University of Chicago Press, 1989, trang 118<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> George Lakoff and Mark Turner, trang 118<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, 119<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> http:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/info\/newwords11.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u201cm\u1edbi\u201d ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u0169 n\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00eam v\u00e0o ch\u1eef c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfp v\u0129 ng\u1eef hay ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1eef (brunch = breakfast + lunch), c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft hay n\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef (Nato, Laser\u2026) L<\/b>ight A<\/b>mplification by S<\/b>timulated E<\/b>mission of R<\/b>adiation.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Nguy\u1ec5n H\u01b0ng Qu\u1ed1c, 2009: N\u0103m ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u201ck\u1ebb l\u1ea1\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.voanews.com\/vietnamese\/news\/a-19-2009-12-31-voa32-82745312.html<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> an unanticipated exposure of bodily parts = m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wardrobe_malfunction<\/a><\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Nietzsche, On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense<\/i>, xem \u1edf http:\/\/www.geocities.com\/thenietzschechannel\/tls.htm#2<\/a> <\/u><\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> D\u1eabn theo Madan Sarup, An introductory Guide to Post-Structuralism and Post-modernism<\/i>, The University of Georgia Press, Athens, GA 1993,<\/p>\n

tr. 46<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Monroe Beardsley, Aesthethics<\/i>, Hartcourt, Brace & World, New York 1958, d\u1eabn theo Paul Ricoeur, M\u00e9taphore vive, tr. 117-118<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Derrida c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng v\u00e0 d\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u00edt l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n kh\u00e1c v\u00ec ch\u00fang nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tu t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":502,"featured_media":23954,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,9,200,177],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23955","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-nghien-cuu","category-ban-tron-ngon-ngu","category-van-hoa"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23955","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/502"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23955"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23955\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":53525,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23955\/revisions\/53525"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23954"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23955"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23955"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23955"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}