![\"the-poet\"](\"http:\/\/damau.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/the-poet.jpg\" "\\"the-poet\\"")
<\/a><\/p>\nNh\u00e0 Th\u01a1 (ngu\u1ed3n: <\/em>The Jesuit Post<\/em><\/a>)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\n <\/span><\/p>\n Ch\u1eef <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Theo Arild Utaker, trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 Saussure, [1]<\/a> khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef, <\/strong>ta th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129 ngay \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft. T\u1eeb l\u00e2u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Theo m\u1eabu t\u1ef1, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa ch\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ta c\u00f3 ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n tri\u1ebft l\u00fd: t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa ch\u1eef v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hay n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa ch\u1eef v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho l\u1eddi v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t \u00e2m. Do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c h\u00f3a, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a, l\u1eddi t\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 ra trong ch\u1eef. L\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1eef nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu l\u1eddi l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u1eef. Ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p xem ch\u1eef v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ti\u00eau ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi. R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang sai c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong ch\u1eef.<\/p>\n Saussure nh\u00ecn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n. Trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, Saussure ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t langage<\/em> (\u201cho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef\u201d hay ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i chung) v\u1edbi langue<\/em> (ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i ri\u00eang)<\/a>[2]. \u201cHo\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef\u201d l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t qua h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c giao ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f2n \u201cng\u00f4n ng\u1eef\u201d (hay \u201cti\u1ebfng\u201d) l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1edbi nhau: ti\u1ebfng Anh, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Saussure c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i [3]. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. C\u1ea3 hai l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1eeba l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi n\u00f3i. V\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, Saussure ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n Ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, theo \u00f4ng, t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t nhau. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn xem nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. V\u00ec \u201cch\u1eef vi\u1ebft g\u1eafn v\u1edbi l\u1eddi n\u00f3i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111o\u1ea1t vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh\u201d c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi n\u00f3i. M\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft th\u00ec \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft khi\u1ebfn ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i nhanh h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sai.\u201d Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u201cs\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft\u201d ch\u1eb3ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ea3<\/a> [4].<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng do \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? Saussure cho r\u1eb1ng: v\u00ec h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft cho ta \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n \u00e2m thanh qua th\u1eddi gian; \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00ecn th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e2m thanh.\u201d (\u2026) \u201cNg\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00fap l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng d\u00e0nh cho ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft.\u201d Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1c t\u1eeb h\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. (\u2026) nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u01b0u ti\u00ean khi\u1ebfn ta qu\u00ean \u0111i r\u1eb1ng ta h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft <\/a>[5]. Nh\u01b0ng \u201cS\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n.\u201d \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t \u00e2m sai l\u1ea7m. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201chi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n\u201d. N\u1ebfu ta th\u1eed x\u00f3a b\u1ecf h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf \u0111i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, ta c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u00f9 kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft. \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u vi\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t \u00e2m thanh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec r\u1ea5t m\u01a1 h\u1ed3\u201d khi\u1ebfn \u201cch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng\u201d, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4n sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u00e2m thanh, \u201cbu\u00f4ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ee9ng\u201d<\/a>[6]. Ch\u1ea3 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 c\u00e2u: \u201cb\u00fat sa g\u00e0 ch\u1ebft\u201d hay \u201cl\u1eddi n\u00f3i bay \u0111i, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i.\u201d K\u00fd m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y l\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00fd.<\/p>\n Saussure \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n qua l\u1eddi v\u00e0 ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n qua ch\u1eef. Mu\u1ed1n v\u1eady, ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1ch l\u1eddi ra kh\u1ecfi ch\u1eef, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n lai di\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00e1ch l\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi ch\u1eef l\u00e0 nh\u1edd hai bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1: s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u00e2m thanh (physiologie du son<\/em>) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t minh ra m\u00e1y h\u00e1t (phonographe<\/em>). M\u00e1y h\u00e1t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u00fap cho gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng qua ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea5t. Gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n D\u1eabu v\u1eady, \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 m\u1ea5t. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1eef in. Do n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed5 (tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y hay v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y, tr\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh m\u00e1y vi t\u00ednh), ch\u1eef kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chen tr\u01b0\u1edbc chen sau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n, r\u01b0\u1eddm r\u00e0 nh\u01b0 khi n\u00f3i m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed theo ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh c\u00e2u k\u00e9o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1eeb lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1, t\u00e1ch b\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t: ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. Ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1eef gh\u0129a\u201d. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n in \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u01b0\u1edbp l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh cho h\u1eadu th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n Nhu c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 giao l\u01b0u gi\u1eefa ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, v\u1eabn l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t. Internet l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 thu, ph\u00e1t \u00e2m l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c sau \u0111\u00f3. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i iPhone \u0111\u1eddi m\u1edbi, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ngay ra\u2026ch\u1eef (speech to text). Qua c\u00e1c chatroom <\/em>tr\u00ean Internet, \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp qua, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 k\u00e8m th\u00eam c\u00e1c x\u00fac h\u00ecnh (emoticons<\/em>) t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau, khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef.<\/p>\n John Lyons nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \u201cDo nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y sang ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng trong ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c v\u1ed1n g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef ghi \u00e2m, th\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, c\u00e1c c\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i ra \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra.\u201d<\/a>[7]<\/p>\n Trong ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i, khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cch\u1eef\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u v\u1eeba ch\u1ec9 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u1eeba ch\u1ec9 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i.<\/a>[8]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Ngh\u0129a<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n D\u00f9 l\u00e0 b\u0103ng \u00e2m thanh hay b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00ecnh (graphic), ch\u1eef l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. T\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i th\u00ec ch\u1eef l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a\/ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1eef. Ngh\u0129a, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong ch\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, ch\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi v\u00e0o trong t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ngay trong c\u00e1i \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d \u0111\u00f3, ngh\u0129a l\u1eafm khi kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi ch\u1eef. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef \u201c\u0111i<\/em>\u201d. \u0110i<\/em> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c di chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef \u0111i<\/em> l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n: \u0111i \u0111\u00eam, \u0111i kh\u00e1ch\u2026Hay ch\u1eef \u201c\u0103n<\/em>\u201d: t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c b\u1ecf th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0o trong mi\u1ec7ng, ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef \u0103n<\/em> nh\u01b0 \u0103n c\u00e1nh, \u0103n \u1ea3nh, \u0103n gian\u2026 m\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n \u201c\u0103n\u201d.<\/p>\n \u0110i v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 trong b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00ec bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa ch\u1eef v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng m\u1eadp m\u1edd, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n – Tin t\u1ee9c: The storm played a role<\/em> in three deaths, two in a car accident and one because of a power line downed by the storm, officials said.(C\u01a1n b\u00e3o \u201c\u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/em>\u201d trong ba c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft)<\/p>\n – X\u00e3 lu\u1eadn: Western Europe is a patient in an iron lung<\/em>. American economic and military aids provide with oxygen, but it cannot live and breathe by itself<\/em>. (T\u00e2y \u00c2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con b\u1ec7nh th\u1edf b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ed5i nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. Vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 M\u1ef9 cung c\u1ea5p cho n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh<\/em>\/Arthur Koestler, New York Times, 1950):<\/p>\n – Th\u01a1: C\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kia anh mang b\u1ecf gi\u1eefa r\u1eebng\/n\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf xu\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed nh\u1edb\/m\u1ed9t khung tr\u1eddi m\u01b0ng m\u1ee7, ch\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1eefa v\u0169ng tay n\u00e0ng\/t\u00f4i vu\u1ed1t ve v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em> (Nh. Tay Ng\u00e0n)<\/p>\n – V\u0103n: \u2026ti\u1ebfng h\u00e1t truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m<\/em> sang ph\u00f2ng b\u00ean kia, nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh v\u1ee1 b\u1edd t\u1eeb hai ph\u00eda, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em> r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9<\/em>, d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp xo\u00e1y v\u00e0o<\/em> kh\u00f4ng gian h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p tr\u00e0o ra<\/em> b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u00e0nh lang (\u0110\u1eb7ng Ph\u00f9ng Qu\u00e2n)<\/p>\n Trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u v\u1eeba tr\u00edch d\u1eabn, ch\u1eef v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n nhau, va ch\u1ea1m nhau, \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 nhau, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1eef d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 theo \u0111\u00e0ng ch\u1eef, ngh\u0129a theo \u0111\u00e0ng ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n T\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ch\u1eef\/ngh\u0129a qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo!<\/p>\n L\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ea1o ra tu t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 khoa truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00f3i hay, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khoa h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n. Trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ed7 d\u1ee9ng trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh ch\u1ea5p th\u00ec ch\u1eef l\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, trong t\u00f2a \u00e1n hay gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng. Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a x\u01b0a c\u0169 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sicilien, \u201cNgh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tu t\u1eeb l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 (m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y) c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c\u201d<\/a>[9]. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n V\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n N\u00f3i chung, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ngh\u0129a<\/em> c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ngh\u0129a. \u201cS\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t\u201d, theo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a L\u00ea \u0110\u00ecnh T\u01b0 & V\u0169 Ng\u1ecdc C\u00e2n.<\/strong><\/a>[10] <\/strong><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t k\u00e9p c\u1ee7a t\u00ean, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u (sign), v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a. M\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa t\u00ean v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a theo ch\u1eef c\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m. Theo Saussure, trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1996 \u201cEcrits de linguistique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale\u201d<\/em><\/a>[11],<\/em> <\/em>ch\u1eef v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cth\u1ef1c th\u1ec3\u201d \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef k\u00e8m theo<\/em> v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh ch\u1eef, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1edd hi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau. Khi m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 c\u1edd hi\u1ec7u bay gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e1 c\u1edd kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean c\u1ed9t bu\u1ed3m, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai \u201chi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\u201d: \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh v\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecf hay xanh, th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 g\u00e1n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh v\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u201cv\u00f4 ngh\u0129a\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Kant v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1-v\u1eadt-t\u1ef1-n\u00f3 (noum\u00e8ne): s\u1ef1-v\u1eadt-t\u1ef1-n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n qua gi\u00e1c quan, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn.<\/p>\n Ch\u1eef c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a v\u1ebd ra tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y. H\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung nh\u01b0 khi ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u00c1 R\u1eadp hay m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ed5 kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 g\u1eafn v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 xuy\u00ean qua k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u201c\u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u\u201d, c\u00f2n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u th\u00ec \u201ckh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng mang t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\u201d<\/p>\n Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u (ch\u1eef), \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n Ch\u1eef -> ngh\u0129a -> s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra, ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ch\u1eef. Ch\u1eef kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u0103m ngo\u00e0i (\u00fd th\u1ee9c) ch\u00fang ta. C\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh, khi n\u00f3i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, l\u00e0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a ri\u00eang th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. \u201cNgh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 l\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh, l\u00e0 quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u (k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u).\u201d<\/a>[12]<\/p>\n M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, theo Stephen Ullman, th\u00ec \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u00ean \u2013 ngh\u0129a\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n t\u1eeb v\u1edbi t\u1eeb, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean cho m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a. Th\u1ef1c ra th\u00ec ta c\u00f3:<\/p>\n – m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a cho nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean: hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a (synonymy<\/em>)<\/p>\n – nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a cho m\u1ed9t t\u00ean: hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m (homonymy<\/em>)<\/p>\n – nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a cho m\u1ed9t t\u00ean: hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111a ngh\u0129a (polysemy<\/em>)<\/p>\n trong \u0111\u00f3, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111a ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef.[13]<\/p>\n C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd: r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111a ngh\u0129a. Theo Ullman, gi\u1eefa t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111a ngh\u0129a, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp nh\u00f2e. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a. Trong l\u00fac ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa hai ch\u1eef<\/em> v\u00e0 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u00ec \u0111a ngh\u0129a n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong<\/em> m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef v\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u00e1ch ra nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n \u0110a ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u theo hai c\u00e1ch:<\/p>\n – \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1i (synchronic<\/em>): m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef c\u00f3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a<\/p>\n – l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea1i (diachronic<\/em>): m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ngh\u0129a c\u0169 trong l\u00fac v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang th\u00eam ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n Michel Br\u00e9al (1832-1915), ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb \u201csemantics\u201d (ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a lu\u1eadn), gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111a ngh\u0129a: Ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi, d\u00f9 thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ngh\u0129a c\u0169, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nhau. Ngay khi m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef, n\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1edbi, v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/a>[14]<\/p>\n Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef khi\u1ebfn cho ngh\u0129a tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, b\u1ea5t x\u00e1c. V\u00e0 t\u00ednh m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i. V\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u00ednh m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 n\u00e0y, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111a ngh\u0129a. Theo W. M. Urban<\/a> [15], s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 s\u1eafc b\u00e9n cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c. S\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y ngh\u0129a trong ch\u1eef, \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t\u201d (accumulated intension) \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t x\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n su\u1ed1i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. N\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c n\u00e0o. Trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc ri\u00eang t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi mang m\u1ed9t d\u1ecb t\u00ednh n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i (internal heterogeneity<\/em>), t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng (plurality<\/em>), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo t\u1eebng ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m, d\u1ecb t\u00ednh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n V\u1eady, \u0111a ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd, m\u00e0 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. M\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0111a ngh\u0129a s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n, m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo, co d\u00e3n \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t, trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m nh\u00e2n sinh. N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ngh\u0129a. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi<\/a> [16].<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 \u0111a ngh\u0129a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1edf c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ch\u1eef. Dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n C\u00e1nh<\/em> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn<\/a> trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3<\/a> chim<\/a> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1<\/a> c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng<\/a>, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bay<\/a>. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra th\u00e0nh c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay<\/em>, c\u00e1nh hoa<\/em>, c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda<\/em>, c\u00e1nh t\u1ee7<\/em>, c\u00e1nh ng\u00f4i sao<\/em>, c\u00e1nh qu\u1ea1t<\/em>, c\u00e1nh tay<\/em>; xa h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng<\/em>, c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/em>; xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3<\/em>, c\u00e1nh h\u1eefu<\/em>, phe c\u00e1nh<\/em>, c\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng<\/em>\u2026T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ec9 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eef \u201cc\u00e1nh\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fat li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0o v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. N\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft, ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef c\u00e1nh v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a (ho\u1eb7c) kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Tuy ch\u01b0a ai d\u00f9ng, ch\u01b0a ai c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, ch\u01b0a ai kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t: c\u00e1nh bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh, c\u00e1nh gi\u00f3, c\u00e1nh tr\u1eddi, c\u00e1nh \u0111\u00eam, c\u00e1nh<\/em> v\u00e2n v\u00e2n\u2026<\/p>\n Ch\u1eef \u0111i<\/em>: \u0111i b\u1ed9, \u0111i ch\u1ec7ch, \u0111i c\u1ed1ng, \u0111i \u0111\u00eam, \u0111i \u0111\u1ee9t, \u0111i ph\u00e9p, \u0111i kh\u00e1ch, \u0111i k\u00e8m, \u0111i m\u00e2y v\u1ec1 gi\u00f3\u2026<\/em>Theo L\u00ea Quang Thi\u00eam, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u201c\u0111i\u201d c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 18 ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau; tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb \u201c\u0111i\u201d c\u00f3 4 ngh\u0129a; ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u201c\u0111i\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a <\/a>[17].<\/p>\n Ch\u1eef \u201c\u0103n\u201d: \u0103<\/em>n c\u01b0\u1edbi, \u0103n T\u1ebft, \u0103n nh\u1eadu, \u0103n n\u1eb1m, \u0103n s\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0103n hi\u1ebfp, \u0103n qu\u1ef5t, \u0103n gian, \u0103n thua, \u0103n kh\u1edbp, \u0103n \u1ea3nh\u2026<\/em>Ng\u00f4 Nguy\u00ean D\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef \u0103n <\/a>[18].<\/p>\n Ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft, ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef c\u00e1nh<\/em> hay \u0111i <\/em>hay \u0103n<\/em> v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a (ho\u1eb7c) kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Tuy ch\u01b0a ai d\u00f9ng, ch\u01b0a ai c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, ch\u01b0a ai kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t: c\u00e1nh bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh, c\u00e1nh gi\u00f3, c\u00e1nh tr\u1eddi, c\u00e1nh \u0111\u00eam, c\u00e1nh<\/em> v\u00e2n v\u00e2n\u2026; \u0111i tr\u1eddi, \u0111i s\u00e1ng, \u0111i ngoan, \u0111i vui, \u0111i <\/em>v\u00e2n v\u00e2n\u2026<\/em>; \u0103n gi\u00f3, \u0103n n\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0103n phi\u1ebfn, \u0103n \u0111\u1ecf, \u0103n v\u00e0ng\u2026\u0103n <\/em>v\u00e2n v\u00e2n.<\/p>\n L\u00ea \u0110\u00ecnh T\u01b0 & V\u0169 Ng\u1ecdc C\u00e2n nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: <\/strong>\u201cS\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y, cho n\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n: s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb.\u201d<\/a>[19]<\/p>\n Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 ta hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n. S\u1edf d\u0129 ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y gi\u1eefa \u201cc\u00e1nh chim\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1nh c\u1eeda\u201d c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ed1n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 ch\u1eef c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda. Ta ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 khi ch\u1eef \u201cc\u00e1nh c\u1eeda\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111\u1ebfn sau s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111a ngh\u0129a h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u201ct\u1eeb \u0111a ngh\u0129a\u201d c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. \u0110a ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a, tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef khoa h\u1ecdc, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0<\/em> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef n\u00e0o. Nh\u1edd th\u1ebf m\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u00e2m gi\u1edbi. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a, do v\u1eady, m\u00e0 c\u1ee9 t\u0103ng l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 k\u1ebft th\u00fac. <\/strong><\/p>\n [1] Arild Utaker, L<\/i>e probl\u00e8me philosophique du son chez Ferdinand de Saussure et son enjeu pour la philosophie du langage<\/i>, University of Bergen (Texte paru dans Les papiers du Coll\u00e8ge international de philosophie<\/i>, 1996, n\u00b0 23, p. 41-58)<\/p>\n [2] Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics<\/em>, Open Court, La Salle, Illinois, 1986, Roy Harris d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p. Langage<\/em> trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201clanguage\u201d v\u00e0 langue<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201clinguistic structure\u201d (c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef) (tr. 9); T\u1ed5 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc Khoa Ng\u1eef v\u0103n, Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>, \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc T\u1ed5ng H\u1ee3p H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, nxb Khoa H\u1ecdc X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1973, d\u1ecbch langage <\/em>l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 langue<\/em> l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. (tr. 30). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn t\u1eeb Saussure trong b\u00e0i, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh\u201cCourse in General Linguistics\u201d, <\/em>c\u00f3 tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00eam b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t <\/em>\u201cGi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n <\/a>[3] L\u1eddi n\u00f3i = parole (Ph\u00e1p), speech (Anh)<\/p>\n <\/a>[4] Ferdinand de Saussure, s\u0111d, tr. 25<\/p>\n <\/a>[5] Ferdinand de Saussure, s\u0111d, tr. 26<\/p>\n <\/a>[6] Ferdinand de Saussure, s\u0111d, tr. 31,32<\/p>\n <\/a>[7] John Lyons , <\/em>Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction<\/em> (Ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a h\u1ecdc d\u1eabn lu\u1eadn) <\/em>Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Hi\u1ec7p d\u1ecbch<\/em><\/p>\n <\/em>Xem \u1edf: <\/em>http:\/\/ngonngu.net\/index.php?p=150<\/a>, tr. 19<\/p>\n <\/a>[8] Written words\/spoken words; langage \u00e9crit\/langage parl\u00e9<\/p>\n <\/a>[9] Peithous d\u00eamiourgos<\/em>, d\u1eabn theo Ricoeur, La m\u00e9taphore vive<\/em>, tr 14. Sicilien = ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o Sicile, \u00dd<\/p>\n <\/a>[10] L\u00ea \u0110\u00ecnh T\u01b0 & V\u0169 Ng\u1ecdc C\u00e2n, S\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb<\/em>, <\/strong><\/p>\n Xem \u1edf: http:\/\/vi.wordpress.com\/tag\/ng%E1%BB%AF-nghia-t%E1%BB%AB-v%E1%BB%B1ng-h%E1%BB%8Dc\/<\/span><\/p>\n <\/a>[11] Ferdinand de Saussure, 2002, Ecrits de linguistique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, <\/em>Paris, Gallimard. D\u1eabn theo Patricia Schulz, Saussure et le sens figur\u00e9<\/em>, 2003, Universit\u00e9 de Paris 7, UFR E.I.LA. Xem \u1edf trang m\u1ea1ng \u201cPlan du site\u201d\/La m\u00e9taphore en question<\/a> <\/a>[12] Theo Mai Ng\u1ecdc Ch\u1eef, V\u0169 \u0110\u1ee9c Nghi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng Tr\u1ecdng Phi\u1ebfn\/C\u01a1 s\u1edf ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/em>, nxb Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c, 1997, trang 166-171<\/p>\n Xem \u1edf: http:\/\/ngonngu.net\/index.php?p=201<\/a><\/p>\n <\/a>[13] Stephen Ullman, The Principles of Semantics<\/em>\/Barnes and Noble, Inc, NY 1957, tr. 119<\/p>\n <\/a>[14] D\u1eabn theo Yong-Ho Choi, Ricoeur and Saussure: On meaning and time<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n [15] W. M. Urban, Language and Reality<\/em>, d\u1eabn theo Ullmann, s\u0111d, trang 117<\/p>\n <\/a>[16] Xem Paul Ricoeur, s\u0111d, tr. 150<\/p>\n <\/a>[17] L\u00ea Quang Thi\u00eam, Ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a h\u1ecdc,<\/em> nxb Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 2008, trang 117<\/p>\n
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Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201cSaussure ou la po\u00e9tique interrompue<\/em>\u201d, Revue Langages 3\/2005, Henri Meschonnic nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201c\u00c9crits de linguistique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale\u201d <\/em>m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho ph\u00e9p ta \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t Saussure kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n Saussure c\u1ee7a \u201cCours de linguistique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale\u201d c\u1ee7a Bally v\u00e0 S\u00e9chehaye (1916), m\u1ed9t Saussure kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n \u201cSources\u201d c\u1ee7a Godel (1957) v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Engler (1967-1974). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 Benveniste v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.\u201d Xem \u1edf: http:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-langages-2005-3.htm<\/span><\/p>\n