{"id":23910,"date":"2012-04-11T00:03:00","date_gmt":"2012-04-11T00:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/?p=23910"},"modified":"2022-02-23T11:05:23","modified_gmt":"2022-02-23T11:05:23","slug":"bai-su-khac-cho-viet-nam-chuong-xx-ket","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/23910\/bai-su-khac-cho-viet-nam-chuong-xx-ket","title":{"rendered":"Bài S\u1eed Khác Cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam–Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XX (K\u1ebft)"},"content":{"rendered":"

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CH\u01af\u01a0NG XX (K\u1ebft):<\/em><\/h2>\n

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TI\u1ebeN TR\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH TH\u00c0NH VI\u1ec6T NAM<\/strong><\/h2>\n

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V\u1eady l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u1ed3ng L\u1ea1c, ti\u00ean \u00c2u g\u00ec h\u1ebft. S\u1ed1ng \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0103n minh th\u00ec h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng, hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i l\u1eeba m\u00ecnh, d\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, g\u1ed3ng x\u00e1c l\u00ean g\u00e2n che gi\u1ea5u m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m t\u1ef1 ti l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, kh\u00f3 t\u1ea9y xo\u00e1. Nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nay l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p l\u00ean cao, t\u1eeb t\u1ed1i t\u0103m ra ch\u1ed7 s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a, ch\u00e8n l\u1ea5n hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh theo v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 th\u1eddi c\u01a1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, chuy\u1ec7n th\u1eadt b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 sao c\u00f3 l\u00fac, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

V\u1eady l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t nay l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, hay n\u00f3i r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u1ea4n-\u0111\u1ecd-Chi-na khi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ebfn, s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1c t\u1edbi, sinh ra, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0n v\u1ea1n n\u0103m sau s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2 h\u1ecfi, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 Mongoloid, Negritos, Indonesian… c\u00f3 l\u00fac c\u00f2n tranh c\u00e3i. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p th\u00ec d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, hay c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u00ean tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o k\u1ebb \u201cc\u00f3 ch\u1eef\u201d m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi k\u1ebb c\u00f3 ch\u1eef ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc th\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 Man \/ Nam Man, chi li h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 L\u1ea1c, l\u00e0 H\u00f9ng, l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 Chi\u00eam, Ph\u00f9 Nam… (theo l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecdc, vi\u1ebft \u201cqu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef\u201d ng\u00e0y nay), ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat g\u00ec m\u00f9 m\u1edd l\u00fac kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 nay \u0111\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 th\u1eafc m\u1eafc. T\u1eeb ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ean Yavana\/Yuon, Kamvuja\/Kambudesa, Kirita, Randaiy (Rhade?), Mada (M\u1ea1?)… cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n v\u0103n minh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u00f2 h\u1ecfi t\u1eadn t\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t t\u00ean 54 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, ri\u00eang trong n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay. B\u1edfi s\u1ef1 m\u00f9 m\u1edd c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed, ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd v\u00e0o l\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 theo chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u00f2n chia ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo nh\u00f3m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef austroasiatic \/ Nam \u00c1, austronesian \/ Nam \u0110\u1ea3o, theo t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Ho\u00e0 B\u00ecnh, B\u1eafc S\u01a1n, \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, Sa Hu\u1ef3nh, \u00d3c Eo, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi chi li h\u01a1n theo \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp theo, hay theo v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u00e1ch, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngay khi c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p, tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t nay l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian x\u00ea x\u00edch kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi m\u00f9 m\u1edd tr\u00ec tr\u1eadm x\u01b0a, c\u00f3 ba trung t\u00e2m t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh cho ba t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 d\u1ea1ng. Ph\u00eda B\u1eafc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c\/Vi\u1ec7t d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n, ph\u00eda Nam c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp, t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Nam theo nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng H\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i mang ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0u d\u00e2n t\u1eeb b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea4n. \u1ede gi\u1eefa, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 ch\u1ecbu quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng sinh ho\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i mang n\u1eb7ng s\u1ef1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u1edf v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 Sa Hu\u1ef3nh, \u1edf t\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i d\u1eady: Khu Li\u00ean (Ri\u00ean) ghi b\u1eb1ng H\u00e1n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u00e2m vang kurung (th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh) c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Nam \u00c1. Nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n suy y\u1ebfu h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, t\u00e1ch ra (137, 190) th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ri\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u00e2m \u1ea4p. May m\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u201cvua \u0110en\u201d ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng Ngh\u1ec7 T\u0129nh ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng (722). C\u00e1i th\u1ebf b\u1ecb ch\u00e8n l\u1ea5n, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a hai c\u1ef1c Hoa \u1ea4n s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa hai kh\u1ed1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Trung Hoa, c\u00e1c ch\u1eef \u1ea4n ho\u00e1, Hoa ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 trong s\u1ef1 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi h\u1ecd gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 kia. Tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 qu\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u1ea4n Hoa tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y. T\u1ef1 \u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, s\u1ef1 \u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

V\u1eady th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 xa c\u00e1ch kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Chu \u1ee8ng, Khang Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 250 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n, v\u1edbi ph\u00eda t\u00e2y n\u00ean \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 n\u00e9t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c ghi l\u1ea1i hay tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u1edd t\u1ef1, di v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u00d3c Eo (t\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh An Giang ng\u00e0y nay). L\u00e2m \u1ea4p t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i m\u00e0 mang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng H\u00e1n, v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00f3 cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 theo v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed g\u1ea7n c\u1eadn, hay v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf nh\u00f4 ra tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng \/ Giao H\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh s\u1eb5n cho n\u00f3. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ecbp nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi khu v\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Giao Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c H\u00e1n, c\u00e1i \u01b0u th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ee7i ro c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c may m\u1eafn nh\u1eadn l\u00e3nh.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y th\u00ec Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0, vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng li khai c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 mang t\u00ean L\u1ea1c, Vi\u1ec7t, \u00c2u v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quan ni\u1ec7m H\u00e1n v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3: \u201cC\u00f3 k\u1ebb \u1edf tr\u1ea7n m\u00e0 c\u0169ng x\u01b0ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t chen v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tranh ch\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c Hoa H\u1ea1 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V tCn., c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u201cvi\u1ec7t\u201d c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi hai l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef H\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 vin l\u1ea5y, m\u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc cho m\u00ecnh, t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u00f3 oai danh kh\u00e1c cho c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 sau b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc theo, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf trung ch\u00e2u s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng (t\u00ean m\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay) thu\u1ed9c Giao Ch\u1ec9 B\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c (n\u00f3i tr\u00f2n) \u0111\u00e3 khu\u00f4n n\u1eafn nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y theo th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng L\u1ea1c h\u1ea7u, L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng, ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng mang h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc v\u1ea1ch (kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m \u0110i\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00ednh kh\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 H\u00e1n m\u1ed9t khi tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t hay l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ed5, hay g\u1ea7n c\u1eadn, trong v\u00f9ng nh\u01b0ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn cho \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Th\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed9c h\u1ec7, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb ph\u00eda B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean h\u1ecd gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n th\u1ed5 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e1, nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i ch\u1ed3m h\u1ed5m, v\u1edbi m\u1ea3 Tri\u1ec7u V\u0103n V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e1ch mang d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u kh\u1eafc v\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean tr\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. Con ch\u00e1u h\u1ecd thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo v\u1edbi ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 g\u1ed1c g\u00e1c c\u0169 n\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00f2n v\u1eefng, hay mau ch\u00f3ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi n\u01a1i \u1edf m\u1edbi khi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n suy y\u1ebfu, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n th\u1ed5 khi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba tan bi\u1ebfn. D\u00e2n b\u1ea3n th\u1ed5 l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn, qua th\u1eddi gian c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng theo t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t trung \u01b0\u01a1ng xa l\u01a1 xa l\u1eafc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1edf hai trung t\u00e2m tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi t\u00ean \u201cqu\u1eadn\u201d: Giao Ch\u1ec9, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n (sau th\u00eam Nh\u1eadt Nam). Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e9p hay ch\u1ecbu tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng theo k\u1ecbp sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eaft d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 chen ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u1ef1c cai tr\u1ecb, t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p l\u1ea7n m\u00f2 l\u00ean cao, c\u00f3 khi g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y tham v\u1ecdng tranh quy\u1ec1n, hay \u00edt ra c\u0169ng thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb c\u0169 ph\u1ea3i ra \u0111i.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n (g\u1ecdi chung cho t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc) c\u0169ng \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n qua th\u1eddi gian v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t cai tr\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ecba b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t thu h\u00fat \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7, qu\u1eadn\/huy\u1ec7n l\u1ecb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh trong v\u00f9ng, l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 cho k\u1ebb n\u00e0o n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 quy t\u1ee5, th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb \u1edf v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t. T\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n c\u00f3 hai, r\u1ed3i ba qu\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u1ec9 \/ ch\u00e2u Giao tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea1n\/ch\u00e2u trung t\u00e2m, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ecb s\u1edf t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Li\u00ean L\u00e2u \/ Luy L\u00e2u, Long Uy\u00ean \/ Long Bi\u00ean tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf ti\u1ebfn d\u1ea7n ra s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi t\u00ean T\u1ed1ng B\u00ecnh, La Th\u00e0nh, \u0110\u1ea1i La tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a chung thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba An Nam \u0110\u00f4 H\u1ed9 v\u00e0o l\u00fac cu\u1ed1i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng. Cho n\u00ean t\u1eeb khi trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Nam Tri\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c bao qu\u00e1t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba th\u00ec th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tranh chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0110\u1ea1i La \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 (danh x\u01b0ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111i: h\u1ecd Kh\u00fac v\u00e0 Nam H\u00e1n, r\u1ed3i h\u1ecd D\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ecd Ki\u1ec3u, h\u1ecd Ng\u00f4, n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh v\u1edbi \u0110inh, L\u00ea n\u01a1i hang h\u1ed1c Hoa L\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi h\u1ecd L\u00ed v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Th\u0103ng Long, \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh \/ Tonkin…<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eadp trung d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhu c\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn khi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung ngo\u00e0i \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u2013 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 v\u0103n t\u1ef1 chung \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p cai tr\u1ecb th\u1eadt thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn, bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ed1 t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f9ng (\u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i) Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh, Thanh Ngh\u1ec7, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e0o \u201cdo s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d, \u0111i v\u00e0o trung ch\u00e2u s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i chung. Song kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft d\u00f2ng di c\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng heo h\u00fat, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu kia, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng v\u0103n minh sang c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u00e1i nh\u00f3m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef proto Vi\u1ec7t Ch\u1ee9t c\u00f3 2 500 n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y ra, khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng mang m\u1ed9t khung ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kia. B\u1edfi v\u00ec d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebft T\u1ed5ng (231) v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i chung \u1edf Giao Ch\u1ec9, d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ecbch (th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VIII) g\u1eb7p \u201cNh\u1eadt Nam t\u0103ng\u201d cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, n\u00f3i \u201cMan ng\u1eef\u201d, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p tr\u00ean ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Ta c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft L\u00ea Ho\u00e0n d\u00f9ng song ng\u1eef, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, qu\u1ea7n th\u1ea7n: \u201cMan ng\u1eef\u201d v\u00f9ng kinh \u0111\u00f4 Hoa L\u01b0 Ninh B\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 chung v\u1edbi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t Thanh Ho\u00e1 ph\u00eda nam, trung ch\u00e2u ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, c\u00e1c n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng Hoa ng\u1eef, ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 quan tho\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Ng\u00f4 Vi\u1ec7t. Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t ngay t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba theo nhu c\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac chung nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f2n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n x\u01b0a c\u0169 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u th\u00eam v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nho s\u0129 chuy\u1ec3n qua nh\u01b0 ta c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c nho s\u0129 cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a nho h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp m\u00ecnh: \u201cV\u1ecdng chi b\u1ea5t t\u1ee3\u201d\/<\/em> ng\u00f3 sao ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ed1ng (ai \/ c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ebft!), khi nh\u00e2n s\u0129 Qu\u1ea3ng Nam ch\u00ea l\u00e9n c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng b\u00fai t\u00f3c c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1i. L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n tu\u1ed3ng h\u00e1t b\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n t\u1ebf \u0111\u00ecnh, l\u1eddi ph\u00f9 thu\u1ef7, trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u00e1t n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hu\u00ecnh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m. L\u1ed1i n\u00f3i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngay t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XII l\u00e0 \u1edf l\u1eddi ph\u1ea9m b\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb: \u201cNg\u00f4 Ph\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c th\u1ecb l\u1ed3n, L\u00ea \u0110\u00f4 quan th\u1ecb c\u1ee9t\u201d <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed gia ghi l\u1ea1i, d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng xa th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh b\u1ee9c x\u00fac t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. L\u1ed1i n\u00f3i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho l\u00e0 ba r\u1ecdi \u1ea5y c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, trong l\u1eddi nh\u00e0 nho ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng b\u00fai t\u00f3c c\u1ee7a Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh: \u201cC\u1eedu b\u1ea5t ki\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n, qu\u00e2n d\u0129 tr\u1ecdc\u201d. <\/em>T\u1eeb kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c khi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i man ng\u1eef kia tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 trong v\u00f9ng, \u0111i theo v\u1edbi t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 lan xa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam.<\/p>\n

Tuy nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n quy\u1ec1n uy c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi hang c\u00f9ng ng\u00f5 h\u1ebbm nh\u01b0ng chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi v\u1eabn l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c b\u1ea5t t\u00f2ng t\u00e2m. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Giao Ch\u1ec9 t\u1eebng khoe khoang vai tr\u00f2 v\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e1i th\u00fa T\u00edch Quang, Nh\u00e2m Di\u00ean v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng Ti\u1ebft T\u1ed5ng cho bi\u1ebft \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng H\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 \u1edf quanh c\u00e1c l\u1ecb s\u1edf, kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng xa. Ngay nh\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 th\u00fa d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn quan ni\u1ec7m t\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n th\u00ec v\u00f9ng M\u00ea Linh c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u00e2u, \u0110\u00f4 Lung c\u1ee7a \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ee5c levirat, phong t\u1ee5c d\u00e2y d\u01b0a m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi VN DCCH, c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y r\u01a1i r\u1edbt trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean h\u1ecd cho g\u00e1i, trai kh\u00e1c nhau, l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ed9 t\u1ecbch trong v\u00f9ng (Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Hinh 2005). Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u201ctrung \u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d kh\u00f4ng lan kh\u1eafp c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, hay ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo \/ \u201cki mi\u201d cho n\u00ean khi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp li\u00ean minh m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u00f4ng h\u00f4n gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e0n, c\u00f3 khi mang d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cqu\u1ed1c\u201d, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9, trong TT,<\/em> d\u01b0\u1edbi danh v\u1ecb \u201cth\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh\u201d, r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t t\u1eeb th\u1eddi L\u00ed v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n ph\u1ee5 gi\u00fap nh\u00f3m L\u00ea Lam S\u01a1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00f9ng trung ch\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc Champa, d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u201cv\u00f9ng\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1edbi hai nh\u00f3m Cau, D\u1eeba nam v\u00e0 b\u1eafc. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh chia c\u1eaft c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y, trong l\u00fac m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c v\u00f9ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec mang danh \u201cvua c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua Champa\u201d th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng chen v\u00e0o tranh ch\u1ea5p, \u0111i t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i (Cambodge, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t) hay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c (H\u1ed3i). T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb c\u0169, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Ch\u00e0m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n qua c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 1954-75, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e0m li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e0n T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu vin v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u00f4ng vua Ch\u00e0m, con c\u00e1c b\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bru, Koho… hay v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u00e1p tr\u00ean T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean, n\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi (M\u1ecdi) H\u1ea1 tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0, th\u00ec t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u1eafc c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i C\u1ed3 Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 hai \u00f4ng vua g\u1ed1c Ch\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e1n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t t\u00ean Campapura cho Hoa L\u01b0. Hay c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ai nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadp nh\u00f3m Ch\u00e0m t\u00f9 binh \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t quanh Th\u0103ng Long, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n ba th\u1ebf k\u1ec9, qu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea3o tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4, x\u00e2y th\u00e1p Trung Hoa m\u00e0 mang h\u1ed3n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, lu\u1ed3n l\u1ecdt d\u00e1ng h\u00ecnh Siva v\u00e0o l\u1eddi x\u01b0ng t\u1ee5ng \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng Tr\u1ea7n \u00cdch T\u1eafc tranh ch\u1ea5p ng\u00f4i vua ch\u00f4ng ch\u00eanh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n v\u1eeba t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh chung mang t\u00ednh c\u1ed1t l\u1ecfi, l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u00e2n (c\u00e1c) n\u01b0\u1edbc Champa d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 sinh ho\u1ea1t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n qua th\u1eddi gian. Th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, mang \u0111\u1eadm t\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00ean sinh ho\u1ea1t quy t\u1ee5 quanh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t theo tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea1o ra \u00fd ni\u1ec7m l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba li\u00ean k\u1ebft bao tr\u00f9m. Champa, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Cambodge \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c Ph\u00f9 Nam, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai ngh\u00e8o c\u1ef1c, sinh ho\u1ea1t bi\u1ec3n b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf y\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng xa x\u01b0a tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 c\u0169 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadm t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7, l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i \u01b0u th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 tr\u00e0n l\u1ea5n, b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng… C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng mang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea4n v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n thuy\u1ebft t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng, tuy th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, l\u01b0u d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng h\u1ecd: nh\u1eefng th\u00e1p Ch\u00e0m \u1edf M\u0129 S\u01a1n, d\u1ecdc Mi\u1ec1n Trung, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c di t\u00edch khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda Nam (\u00d3c Eo), tr\u00ean cao nguy\u00ean (C\u00e1t Ti\u00ean)…<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 tranh chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa hai ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc nay \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1eabn c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng d\u1ea5p c\u0169, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1. Ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda b\u1eafc mang danh x\u01b0ng, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u201ctrung \u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d c\u0169, c\u1ea3 t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh hay mang t\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (\u0110\u1ea1i [C\u1ed3] Vi\u1ec7t, An Nam) c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t n\u1ec1n n\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n h\u1eb3n l\u1ea5y qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh, binh thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng Nam H\u00e1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i La. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng xu\u00f4i nam c\u1ee7a L\u00ea, L\u00ed v\u1eabn mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 s\u1eed \u0110\u00e0n Ho\u00e0 Chi (436), L\u01b0u Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (605)… v\u1edbi c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, t\u00e0i l\u1ef1c c\u1ea5p th\u1eddi cho Hoa L\u01b0, Th\u0103ng Long l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t sinh c\u00e1c ph\u00f3 s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng toan t\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp d\u1ecb ch\u1ee7ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u xa, l\u00e2u d\u00e0i tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn. Tuy nhi\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tranh khu v\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng n\u1ea3y sinh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ri\u00eang ti\u1ebfp theo. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh khu v\u1ef1c khi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c t\u1eebng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m, t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 L\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0\u1eddng hai ch\u00e2u \u00d4, L\u00ed m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1ch tr\u1edf \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh khi\u1ebfn cho k\u1ebb th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt mang t\u00ednh khai th\u00e1c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c xa h\u01a1n Th\u0103ng Long v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nam: H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Li. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1ch tr\u1edf \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u00f9a gi\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ef7 qu\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, cao c\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII. Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng t\u1eadn bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Chi\u00eam Mi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd H\u1ed3 m\u00e0 ta \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 mua s\u1eafm trang b\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u201cho\u1ea3 ph\u00e1o\u201d cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i m\u00ecnh khi\u1ebfn cho H\u1ed3 Nguy\u00ean Tr\u1eebng tho\u00e1t n\u1ea1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m quan tri\u1ec1u Minh.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eafng b\u1ea1i ng\u00e3 ng\u0169 v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u L\u00ea m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n M\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i Thanh Ho\u00e1, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng trung ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n Minh \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eefng ch\u00e2n. Khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u1ecdn b\u00fat c\u1ee7a s\u1eed quan tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1eabn cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c di chuy\u1ec3n l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e0n r\u1eebng n\u00fai tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng. L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh h\u1eadu thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba tr\u01b0\u1edbc xa, s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn khu\u00f4n th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc. L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng m\u01b0\u1ee3n th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Minh \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i khi ph\u1ea3i ra \u0111i, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 xoa d\u1ecbu \u0111\u00e1m v\u0103n quan trung ch\u00e2u b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n, \u0111\u00e8 \u00e9p \u0111\u00e1m binh t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f9ng cao trong chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, tuy \u0111\u00e3 b\u1edbt ki\u00eau c\u0103ng qua tranh ch\u1ea5p n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3n l\u0129nh, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p c\u00f4ng lao li\u00ean minh. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng gia r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ee7 cho Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng \u201cb\u1eaft l\u00ednh\u201d \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e0 To\u00e0n \u201cgi\u1ed1ng n\u00f2i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng… nh\u01b0 \u1ed5 ki\u1ebfn\u201d tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Ch\u00e0 B\u00e0n, c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn lu\u1ef9 C\u1ed5 L\u0169y b\u1ecb mi\u1ec7t th\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u201chang c\u1ea7y c\u00e1o\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00dd th\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n trong v\u00f9ng, r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XV v\u1edbi Ho\u00e0ng tri\u1ec1u Quan ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, \u00e1t h\u1eb3n quan ni\u1ec7m t\u00f4ng t\u1ed9c khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a L\u00ed, Tr\u1ea7n. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a L\u00ed mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u1edbn, th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 ngay trong chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi T\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 gi\u00e0 tr\u1ebb l\u1edbn b\u00e9 \u0111i theo \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1eadn (\u0111\u1ec3 chia chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m). Tuy nhi\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i tr\u00ean 200 n\u0103m c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, khi b\u1ecb \u0111e do\u1ea1 m\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, l\u1ed9 ra trong than th\u1edf c\u1ee7a L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u, n\u01a1i l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n (L\u00ea) B\u00ecnh Tr\u1ecdng. \u00dd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u1ea7n (xem H\u1ecbch t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u0129, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 Tr\u1ea7n \u00cdch T\u1eafc). Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5t L\u00ed, b\u1ecf thuy\u1ec1n l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n 20 n\u0103m sau, Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c d\u00e2n g\u1ecdi vua l\u00e0 \u201cqu\u1ed1c gia\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00dd th\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a L\u00ea t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p, c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u mang d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t cao c\u1ea5p, ch\u1ecbu r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c qua nh\u1eefng c\u1ecd x\u00e1t t\u1eadp nh\u00f3m. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eadp nh\u00f3m mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c t\u1eebng l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t \u0111i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p Mi\u1ec1n Tr\u00ean (L\u00ed v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c) Mi\u1ec1n D\u01b0\u1edbi (Tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 li\u00ean minh s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc) trong chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng Nguy\u00ean M\u00f4ng. Cu\u1ed1i Tr\u1ea7n th\u00eam c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Chi\u00eam, L\u00e0o h\u1eb3n khi\u1ebfn l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u00e1c t\u1eadp nh\u00f3m t\u00f9 binh Ch\u00e0m x\u01b0a c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con ch\u00e1u nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng Th\u00e1i: Tr\u1ecbnh Qu\u1ed1c, Ng\u01b0u H\u1ed1ng, ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi C\u1eed Long \u0111i s\u00e2u d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Thanh Ngh\u1ec7. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp b\u00ean l\u1ec1 trung ch\u00e2u nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m M\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i Thanh Ho\u00e1, d\u1ec5 chen v\u00e0o bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n v\u00f9ng. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn con ch\u00e1u L\u00ea n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf Th\u0103ng Long tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 \u1edf Lam Kinh, ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ea5n ti\u1ebfng Th\u00e1i \u00f4ng b\u00e0 m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u. \u00d4ng ch\u00faa Th\u00e1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n b\u1ecf v\u1ebft t\u00edch c\u0169, r\u00fat g\u1ecdn t\u00ean \u0111a \u00e2m th\u00e0nh nh\u1ecb \u00e2m l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 th\u00f3i quen m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u \u00f4ng. Cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u201cd\u00e2n n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t\u201d (K.W. Taylor), v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng theo Minh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n t\u1eeb h\u1ed3i lu\u00e2n l\u1ea1c, ch\u00ecm l\u1ea5p, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft t\u1eeb tr\u00ean v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng \u201cqu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5\u201d \u2013 c\u1ee7a vua, r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5p c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 l\u00e0ng x\u00e3, mang bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng v\u1edbi \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n ph\u00f9 h\u1ed9 v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n v\u1edbi t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 nh\u1ecf d\u00e2n ch\u00fang n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t n\u01a1i \u1ea5y. C\u00e1i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mang v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1ea1ng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh \u1ea5y th\u1eadt g\u1ecdn nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n, r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ea1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 tranh chi\u1ebfn k\u00e9o d\u1eb1ng dai qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t d\u00e0i n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t, ch\u00f4ng ch\u00eanh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c Th\u0103ng Long v\u00e0 Vijaya, ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng theo th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00fat \u0111\u1ed5 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00ecnh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u0169ng tr\u1ea3i qua trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi, hay nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i qua l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, phong t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng. H\u1ecd th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng mang d\u1ea1ng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c v\u00f9ng, khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p trong s\u1eed m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tinh \u00fd v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra qua c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 hay ghi ch\u00e9p h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t. D\u00e2n x\u1ee9 Ngh\u1ec7 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb s\u1eed quan ch\u00ea l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n ph\u00fac, d\u00e2n T\u00e2n B\u00ecnh, Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1 b\u1ecb t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o l\u00e0 hu\u00e0 theo qu\u00e2n Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga, c\u00f2n l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Li \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0o xa trong cu\u1ed9c l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIV, l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u201cch\u1ee5m ch\u00e2n m\u00e0 k\u00eau than\u201d, ch\u1ecbu \u201ckh\u1ed1n kh\u00f3\u201d d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e0 To\u00e0n. V\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, nh\u1eefng con ch\u00e1u t\u00f9 binh Ch\u00e0m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c v\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7u l\u1ee5c b\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd chuy\u1ec3n nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh v\u0103n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c H\u00e1n tuy c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafng g\u01b0\u1ee3ng moi v\u00e0i c\u00e2u kinh D\u1ecbch ra l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng. L\u1ee5c b\u00e1t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n th\u1ea7n \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i h\u01a1n n\u00ean v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a danh th\u1ea7n L\u00ea Tr\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c ch\u00f9a B\u00e0 \u0110anh \/ B\u00e0 Banh chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea1ng th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u00ean B\u00e0 Gi\u00e0, B\u00e0 \u1ea2, Thi\u00ean Ph\u00fac, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecd Tr\u00e0, h\u1ecd Ch\u1ebf, h\u1ecd Ma… tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Mi\u1ec1n Trung, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ch\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 \u1edf Ngh\u1ec7 An nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ai ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u201cd\u00e2n Tr\u1eddi\u201d c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf c\u00fang t\u1ebf \u00f4ng b\u00e0, th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 theo ch\u00e2n c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean th\u00e1p h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 Kat\u00ea, m\u00faa b\u00f3ng! N\u00f3i g\u00ec ngay \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t L\u00ed L\u00ea m\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t Kh\u1ed5ng Nho \u0111\u00e3 che l\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp t\u00f9 binh tr\u00ean hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 ch\u00fat \u00edt v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0103n minh m\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt t\u1ecf b\u00e0y. B\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau phong t\u1ee5c, sinh ho\u1ea1t m\u00e0 d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai, thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn sinh ho\u1ea1t n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi theo d\u00f2ng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n chung c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian? H\u1ecd Phan Huy \u0111\u1ea7y danh v\u1ecdng v\u1edbi khoa c\u1eed, quan ch\u1ee9c khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 Phan V\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed9 ra d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft th\u1ea7y mo l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u201cphi\u00ean\u201d tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng H\u1ea3i T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Th\u0103ng Long. T\u1ee5c s\u00e9c-p\u00f9a mang \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ma thu\u1eadt n\u01a1i c\u1ed7i g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 theo ch\u00e2n h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n quang vinh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, mang d\u1ea1ng \u201ct\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn\u201d h\u01a1n m\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n n\u00edu k\u00e9o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ph\u00f9 thu\u1ef7 trong t\u1ee5c s\u1eafc-b\u00f9a \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh hai kinh: \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0110\u00f4 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIV th\u00ec v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 nam c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u0169ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, \u0110\u00e0ng Trong. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi-n\u00f3i-ti\u1ebfng-Vi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u00eam nh\u00e2n s\u1ed1. H\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n mang m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 sau m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ch\u00e0m lay l\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp nh\u00f3m t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tranh b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng khi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp Khmer, d\u00e2n thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng C\u1eedu Long, \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111e do\u1ea1. Trong khi \u0111\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n Angkor khai th\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Bi\u1ec3n H\u1ed3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u00ecnh l\u1eb7ng n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng xoay chuy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c C\u1eedu Long c\u00f2n d\u1eef d\u1ed9i khi\u1ebfn t\u1eadp nh\u00f3m Khmer n\u01a1i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 d\u1ed3n t\u1ee5 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3n th\u00ec l\u01b0u d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n cho nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean d\u1eef d\u1ed9i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 bung r\u1ed9ng ra. T\u00e0n binh Minh, th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n Thanh tu\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng g\u1eb7p h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111ang l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111ang t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 d\u00e2n \u201cH\u00e1n\u201d ch\u00ednh c\u1ed1ng, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i d\u00e2n H\u00e1n kh\u00e1c: \u201c\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e2n\u201d, th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi n\u00e0y.<\/em> Thay th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Chi\u00eam ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e3i, ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Hoa, Nh\u1eadt th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i An, c\u00f3 c\u1eeda C\u00e1ch Th\u1eed thay th\u1ebf Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh C\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1eb7n (B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh), Thanh Chi\u00eam (Qu\u1ea3ng Nam) d\u1ea1y cho \u00f4ng Alex. de Rhodes t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u201cqu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef\u201d. D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u thi\u00ean tr\u1ecdng thu\u1ef7 qu\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cthuy\u1ec1n\u201d n\u00ean h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn ra bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn, th\u0103m d\u00f2 khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c B\u00e3i C\u00e1t V\u00e0ng \/ Ho\u00e0ng Sa.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u00fac c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u1ed0c nha \/ Okya thay m\u1eb7t vua Mi\u00ean \u1edf Phnom Penh, qu\u1ea3n l\u0129nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 theo l\u1ed1i c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i tr\u01b0ng tuy\u1ec3n d\u00e2n binh c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n k\u00ec, sao ph\u1ea3i \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea5t ru\u1ed9ng ph\u00e2n minh th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n lang b\u1ea1t t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc kia cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 mong \u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n t\u00e0u b\u00e8 m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa, nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c mang t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh. H\u1ecd ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n, \u0111i thi l\u00e0m quan cho ch\u00faa, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, khai ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, l\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169 m\u1edbi, l\u1ea5y c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, l\u1ea5y Mi\u00ean \/ Phi\u00ean d\u00e2n, l\u1ea5y \u201cM\u1ecdi\u201d \/ Man d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng n\u1ec1 h\u00e0, r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t m\u1edbi, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n khai th\u00e1c m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng tuy c\u00f2n ch\u1eeba ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn sau nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 sung t\u00fac, gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t nghi\u1ec7p trung h\u01b0ng cho h\u1ecd ch\u00faa Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng l\u00fac n\u00e0o l\u1edbn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf tr\u00e0n l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean cao \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1eefng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng hay b\u1ecb n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh. S\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng theo v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba, c\u00f3 th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean c\u1edb \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, khi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t mang t\u00ednh khu v\u1ef1c, l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i, tu\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch v\u00e0o l\u00fac ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e3 th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c li\u00ean minh bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi gia t\u1ed9c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1edf B\u00ecnh Than, li\u00ean minh \u0111\u1ed3ng bi\u1ec3n \u1edf Di\u00ean H\u1ed3ng. Th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng vua Tr\u1ea7n ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u tri\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc (\u0110\u00ecnh B\u1ea3ng, L\u00ed), l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c t\u00f9 binh n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1edd ch\u1ee7 c\u0169 th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf (d\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c Oai). S\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t hai v\u00f9ng Kinh, Tr\u1ea1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hai kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u0110\u00f4ng, T\u00e2y chia b\u1edbt danh v\u1ecdng Th\u0103ng Long, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ra v\u1edbi Ki\u00eau binh th\u1eddi Trung h\u01b0ng, \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f2n l\u01b0u d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ph\u00e2n r\u1ebd ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u n\u01a1i t\u00ednh khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng\/T\u00e2y Vi\u1ec7t trong tranh ch\u1ea5p M\u1ea1c, L\u00ea Tr\u1ecbnh. B\u00ean trong khu v\u1ef1c l\u1edbn, \u00f4ng Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a vua c\u00f2n b\u1ecb \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n g\u1ea7n b\u00ean tranh c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00e8 g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1n H\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Tr\u00ean th\u1eeba tuy\u00ean th\u1ee9 13 Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c h\u00e0o t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng ki\u00eang n\u1ec3 quan ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng l\u00fac kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0o m\u00f2n c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u1eadp nh\u00f3m c\u0169, m\u1edbi trong v\u00f9ng. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng lan to\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m, v\u1eabn ph\u00e1t sinh l\u1eddi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n m\u1ec9a mai: \u201cQu\u1ea3ng Nam hay c\u00e3i, Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i hay co, B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh hay lo, Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean n\u00edch h\u1ebft\u201d. Gia Long l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n tr\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t Nam, B\u1eafc. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng, s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n qua tay ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c r\u1ed3i \u201ctr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d ng\u00e0y nay, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i kinh \u0111\u00f4 x\u01b0a, tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc (Vi\u1ec7t Nam) m\u1edbi \u2013 cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIV, cho th\u1ea5y dai d\u1eb3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i h\u1eadm h\u1ef1c \u201cm\u1ea5t Th\u0103ng Long\u201d \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 c\u0103m th\u00f9 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n qua th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 thu nh\u1eadn \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 Nho Gi\u00e1o cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c chia c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nho s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ca t\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec5n m\u01a1 v\u1ec1 danh v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp m\u00ecnh, g\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb h\u00e1o h\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y nay nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y vui v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gian kh\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201ctay bi\u00ean ch\u00e9p \u1edf nh\u00e0 trong\u201d qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, tr\u00f4ng coi kho th\u00f3c, kho l\u1ee5a cho \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 L\u00ed. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u nh\u1eefng h\u00e0o t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ch\u00faa l\u1edbn th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00e0\u201d \/ \u201cth\u1eb1ng b\u00e9 bi\u00ean ch\u00e9p\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u Tr\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 l\u00e0m quan th\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ra ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc (Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u0169 L\u00e3o), c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e3nh m\u1ed9t \u00edt l\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (\u0110inh C\u1ee7ng Vi\u00ean), kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t anh b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef (H\u00e1n) nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f4ng coi c\u01a1 ng\u01a1i Thi\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 (L\u00ea T\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o). Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u201cbi\u1ebft ch\u1eef\u201d c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n cho nho s\u0129 quan ch\u1ee9c, khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd hay \u201cn\u00f3i ch\u1eef\u201d, vung v\u1ea9y v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng hoa ho\u00e8, bi\u1ec7n bi\u1ec7t l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft cao v\u1eddi th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u00ec r\u1ea5t \u00edt. S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00e0 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c gom th\u1ebb, ch\u00e9p l\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a, ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn l\u1edbp h\u1eadu sinh ng\u00e0y nay. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u01b0u th\u1ebf tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1ea5y, nh\u00e0 nho v\u1eabn t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ecd \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 sinh ho\u1ea1t b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 (m\u1eabu h\u1ec7 lan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, \u201cd\u00e2m t\u1eeb\u201d l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn…), n\u00ean t\u1ea1o ra trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ganh gh\u00e9t ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf ph\u00eda kia. S\u1eed ghi l\u1ea1i (1305) tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Tr\u1ea7n C\u1ee5 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i h\u1eadn v\u1edbi l\u00e0ng C\u1eedu Li\u00ean, h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 l\u00e0ng g\u1ed1c, v\u00ec th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111i v\u1ec1 d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0ng! \u00d4ng Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng (D\u1ea1m d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc <\/em>2006) c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c, c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 sau. S\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u0103n th\u00e2n, nho s\u0129 l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb ni\u1ec1m ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e1, k\u00ec th\u1ecb Di Man n\u01a1i c\u1ed7i g\u1ed1c, \u0111em ra \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. \u201cTr\u00ed th\u1ee9c\u201d b\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o v\u1edbi d\u00e2n \u0111en, l\u1eb1ng nh\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00e0nh ch\u1ecbu b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u00e0ng nh\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 s\u1edf, t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n th\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch \u201cb\u1ea3ng v\u00e0ng bia \u0111\u00e1\u201d c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i theo s\u1ef1 may m\u1eafn c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi th\u1ebf, hay b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee5c b\u1ecf theo oai v\u0169 s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 cho \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1. V\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01a1i r\u1eebng n\u00fai, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u201cH\u00e1n nh\u00e2n\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng trung ch\u00e2u \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 s\u00e0n \u201ctr\u00e2u \u0111eo m\u00f5, ch\u00f3 leo thang\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ed5, M\u01b0\u1eddng, M\u00e1n… \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eefng t\u00f9 binh Ch\u00e0m b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ph\u00eda \u201ct\u00e2y\u201d, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng phi\u00ean li\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang h\u1ecd Kim, hay l\u00e2u d\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh h\u1ecd Phan. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh lu\u1ef9 Tr\u1ea5n Man d\u1ecdc theo Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i, B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh chia c\u1eaft M\u1ecdi \u0110\u00e1 V\u00e1ch v\u00e0 d\u00e2n \u201cH\u00e1n\u201d, d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t tranh ch\u1ea5p qua chi\u1ebfn tranh tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ec m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u1edf ph\u00eda d\u00e2n Tr\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecba danh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng Tr\u1ea5n Ninh, Tr\u1ea5n \u0110\u1ecbnh, Tr\u1ea5n Man… Tr\u1ea5n T\u00e2y Th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a L\u00ea, Nguy\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. V\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khmer Phi\u00ean d\u00e2n b\u1ecb v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n thu l\u00e0m th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Hoa ph\u00e1i L\u00e2m T\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, t\u1eeb S\u00e0i G\u00f2n xu\u1ed1ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 C\u1eedu Long. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1i, Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba tuy g\u00e2y c\u1ea1nh tranh nh\u01b0ng h\u1eb3n c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa hai kh\u1ed1i d\u00e2n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng Vi\u1ec7t Chi\u00eam. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n gh\u00ea g\u1edbm c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n Tevoda \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u01a1n s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn, thay th\u1ebf cho th\u1eddi h\u1ea1 ngu\u01a1n \u0111ang t\u00e0n, \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o l\u00fac ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm danh hi\u1ec7u cho m\u00ecnh, cho v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00ecnh cai qu\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh xa v\u1eddi n\u1eefa. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Kho\u00e1t nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, \u00e2m \u1ec9 r\u1ed3i b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t v\u1edbi \u201clo\u1ea1n\u201d T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u c\u0169 k\u0129 L\u00ea Tr\u1ecbnh, t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u phi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c \u2013 c\u0169ng c\u0169 k\u0129, l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u00dd th\u1ee9c v\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e1 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u0103t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng g\u00e2y h\u1ec7 lu\u1ef5 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Vi\u1ec7t khi ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc. Trong th\u1ebf y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 binh l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p th\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 sinh ho\u1ea1t, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1eafc phong c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 lu\u1ef5 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1ea9n khu\u1ea5t tr\u00ec n\u00edu n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u1ed9t danh hi\u1ec7u y ch\u1ee9ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng phi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c<\/em> l\u1ea5p l\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 ch\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbp l\u00e0 b\u00f9ng ra. Vui th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam, bu\u1ed3n th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Ti, n\u0103n n\u1ec9 m\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean c\u1ea5p th\u00ec v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3ng d\u1ea5u son kh\u00e1c! \u00d4ng vua ngang ng\u1ea1nh mu\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1eb3ng th\u1eebng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i n\u1ea1i c\u1edb ng\u00e3 ng\u1ef1a \u0111au ch\u00e2n. L\u00e2u d\u1ea7n l\u1ea1y th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00ecm ch\u00fat t\u1ef1 \u00e1i, l\u1ea5y s\u0129 di\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tranh ch\u1ea5p l\u1ea1y bao nhi\u00eau, ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0o theo c\u00e1ch \u201cc\u1ee7a ta\u201d. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t cai tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 thua thi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tai \u00e1c v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u00ean trong, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch che l\u1ea5p c\u00e1i uy th\u1ebf m\u1ecfng manh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh? Tuy c\u00f3 nghi ng\u1edd s\u1eed Nguy\u1ec5n che gi\u1ea5u nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn Gia Long kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1y chi\u1ebfu C\u00e0n Long tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc Th\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa h\u00e0o quang chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eebng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea1y v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng m\u1ed7i l\u00fac ra qu\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ef3 m\u1ecdp l\u1ea1y chi\u1ebfu, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 \u00e9p s\u1ee9 \u0111i th\u00eam \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n. T\u1ed9i nghi\u1ec7p cho ch\u00fat th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc. B\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb \u00e1p l\u1ef1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9c \u00e9p v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong: Khi Gia Long mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn s\u1eafc phong \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi (kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 thua thi\u00eat c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh) th\u00ec nh\u00f3m Phan Huy \u00cdch \u201ct\u1eebng quen \u0111i s\u1ee9 B\u1eafc\u201d l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cx\u01b0a nay ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf\u201d.<\/p>\n

Uy th\u1ebf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc sa s\u00fat ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng qua c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1eeb xa \u0111em l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c trang b\u1ecb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t g\u1ee3i \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n cho t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t sinh ho\u1ea1t tinh th\u1ea7n, thu h\u00fat \u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng kh\u1ed5 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u00f3ng ch\u1edd s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i qua t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng b\u1ee9c b\u00e1ch t\u1eebng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh. \u0110i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfng di man trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5y nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eebng ch\u1eb7p, khi kh\u00e1ch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng xa kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p \u0111\u1ee7 cho ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Hai h\u1ecd Tr\u1ecbnh Nguy\u1ec5n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m d\u00e0i tranh ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu lu\u1ef5 khi mu\u1ed1n l\u00f4i k\u00e9o phe ph\u00eda t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa l\u1ea1 \u1ea5y. V\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y tuy ch\u01b0a s\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2m nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n nghi\u00eang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda nam. Trong l\u00fac Tr\u1ecbnh loay hoay v\u1edbi r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u201cphong tr\u00e0o n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a\u201d th\u00ec Nguy\u1ec5n ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n trong ngo\u00e0i, l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf: nh\u1eefng \u201cMinh d\u00e2n\u201d 1679 tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng Ti\u1ec1n Giang, nh\u00f3m M\u1ea1c C\u1eedu k\u00e9o theo tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1edbi Xi\u00eam, nh\u1eefng \u201cThanh nh\u00e2n\u201d x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c Phi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00e0m lay l\u1eaft, hay t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m gi\u1eb7c… Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n sinh ho\u1ea1t b\u00ean r\u00eca \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai, thu l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n s\u00f4ng su\u1ed1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 theo ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngang d\u1ecdc tr\u00ean c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n trong v\u00f9ng. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u c\u00e1c l\u00e1i T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh theo b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng khu v\u1ef1c. R\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169 v\u1eabn th\u1eafng, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00eam nanh vu\u1ed1t cho Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng m\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00e0ng th\u00eam s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n khi \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 L\u00ea l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n tinh th\u1ea7n \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t h\u01a1n d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng uy th\u1ebf tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1m th\u1ea7n t\u1eed l\u1ed5n nh\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng, v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n trong khi th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4i qua. Ch\u1ec9 g\u1ea7n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau, kh\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed m\u1edbi b\u1ecf l\u0103n l\u00f3c, h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi. Gia Long \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc ri\u00eang cho qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ban c\u1ea5p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ecbu th\u1ee5 phong theo l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nho th\u1ea7n quen thu\u1ed9c giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3. Minh M\u1ea1ng ch\u00ea d\u00e2n Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh \u00edt h\u1ecdc (Nho) nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u00ean v\u00ec th\u1ea5y d\u00e2n khoa b\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi c\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ef1u L\u00ea tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, tuy c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed7 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y c\u00e1ch thi c\u1eed th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng (ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i V\u0169 Th\u1ea1nh, Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh Tr\u1ee5) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec gi\u1ecfi dang \u2013 h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIII l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh xa s\u1ef1 \u0111e do\u1ea1 t\u1eeb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi, Minh M\u1ea1ng l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecdc Nho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ea c\u1ea3 th\u1ea7y Minh, Thanh. M\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf mang d\u1ea1ng t\u1eadp trung, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng ra c\u1ea3 ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n, thanh to\u00e1n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 chi\u1ebfn tranh, chia t\u1ec9nh, hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 T\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n hai \u0111\u1ea7u Nam B\u1eafc, xo\u00e1 s\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u00e0n d\u01b0 L\u00ea tri\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e0n thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 cai tr\u1ecb bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u v\u1eabn gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c th\u1ebf t\u1eadp. Quan l\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng N\u00f9ng, M\u01b0\u1eddng… m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u1ebf t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt th\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng b\u01b0\u1edbc tho\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7p. Nguy\u1ec5n r\u1eddi b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: \u201cNh\u00e0 ta ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u00d4 Ch\u00e2u\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp gia ph\u1ea3 l\u00f4i \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n B\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0110inh, \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n N\u1ed9n cu\u1ed1i L\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u Tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0o l\u00e0m \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh, k\u00e8m th\u00eam nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1eadt v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e0 ch\u1eeba \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i (t\u1ed9i th\u1ea7n tri\u1ec1u L\u00ea) \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau, v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian xoa d\u1ecbu, s\u1ebd \u0111em v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfp! \u1ede t\u1ea7ng c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh, h\u1ecd cho l\u1eadp mi\u1ebfu L\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Hoa Vi\u1ec7t b\u00e1t nh\u00e1o, h\u1ed3n ma v\u1eadt v\u1edd ph\u00f9 thu\u1ef7, theo th\u1eddi gian, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ea7n thi\u00eang kinh truy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh v\u0103n ho\u00e1 khu v\u1ef1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ec3 T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1eafng g\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 t\u00edn, \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c \u00f4ng Kinh D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1ch ra \u00f4ng Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u mang uy th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb to l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o suy suy\u1ec3n. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u201ctruy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u201d \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u00fd th\u1ee9c khinh mi\u1ec7t di man x\u01b0a c\u0169 nay mang d\u1ea1ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng Di, l\u00e0m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf nh\u1eefng \u00fd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed5i thay, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u00ean b\u1eadc cao c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh. R\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2m c\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec d\u00f9 sao c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 xa x\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u0111ang x\u00e2u x\u00e9 con r\u1ed3ng Trung Hoa b\u1eb9nh ho\u1ea1n. \u00d4ng thi\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng lo n\u1ed5i th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh th\u00ec phi\u00ean th\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tranh ch\u1ea5p \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y \u1edf cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ho\u00e1. V\u00ec v\u1eady ph\u1ea3i coi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n to l\u1edbn: m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u201cc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\u201d, n\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u theo nguy\u00ean ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u201c\u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ea1ng tr\u1eddi\u201d. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p khi ch\u1eb7n ra m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u00e1ch ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ec7nh Trung Hoa, c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Fournier 1884 r\u1ed3i Thi\u00ean T\u00e2n 1985 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Thanh tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan Thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u \/ thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ed1c gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay tr\u00ean cam k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi r\u00e0nh r\u1ebd gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Vi\u1ec7t, r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c b\u00ean trong thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh m\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n: c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3n binh, nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Ph\u00e1p t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e0o Mi\u00ean, mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng Cao nguy\u00ean cho Trung K\u00ec khi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u1ef9 Tr\u1ea5n Man c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hoang ph\u1ebf; th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea9y bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1t Philippin, M\u00e3 Lai g\u00e2y tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, T\u00e2y Ban Nha tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea3o h\u1ecd cho l\u00ednh Th\u1ee7 h\u1ed9 Nam K\u00ec (t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Garde civile locale) tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u00f3ng, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 trong \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a vua quan nh\u00e0 Thanh, Trung Hoa.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t qu\u00e1 qu\u1eaft v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 Nghi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong su\u1ed1t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2m l\u0103ng nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea7n ch\u1eeb trong chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i n\u00e9t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t cho t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ea5t Nam K\u00ec chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u1ee7 cho tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t to\u00e1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ti\u1ec1n phong, \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u0169ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean toan t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c. Nam K\u00ec nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1ebd ra c\u00f2n mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t d\u00e2n c\u01b0 x\u00f4i \u0111\u1eadu \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, c\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng mang s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang l\u00e0m e d\u00e8 k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u0103ng. \u0110\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i nh\u00ecn chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf \u00e0o \u1ea1t m\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u01b0a gom g\u00f3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mi\u00ean c\u00f2n h\u1eb1n d\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 Tr\u1ea5n T\u00e2y Th\u00e0nh, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n b\u1ecb b\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1o s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi. Ch\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 binh t\u01b0\u1edbng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1eeb xa ph\u00e1i t\u1edbi, c\u00f2n d\u00e2n binh c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n, c\u0169ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp \u0111ang chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t! V\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba B\u1eafc Phi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \/ \u0110\u1ea1i Nam m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp cai tr\u1ecb b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 m\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e2u s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn theo t\u1eebng t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf. Nam K\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ef1c tr\u1ecb, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng t\u1ed5ng x\u00e3 b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt cai tr\u1ecb l\u1edbp tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u201cquan\u201d m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c, v\u1edbi danh x\u01b0ng c\u00f3 h\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00e0ng C\u1ef1u: Huy\u1ec7n, Ph\u1ee7, \u0110\u1ed1c ph\u1ee7 s\u1ee9. B\u1eafc, Trung K\u00ec c\u00f2n vua, quan nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169 nh\u01b0ng vua m\u1edd m\u1ecbt \u1edf B\u1eafc h\u01a1n \u1edf Trung cho n\u00ean quan B\u1eafc c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 to\u00e0n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 mang d\u00e1ng d\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng C\u00f4ng s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ec9nh, v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cai tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i… c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u0103t \u0111\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh cai tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf t\u1ea7ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch xa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, c\u00f2n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh, sinh ho\u1ea1t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, ngay tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i thay m\u00e0 h\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 trong th\u1eddi m\u1edbi, d\u00f9 mu\u1ed1n hay kh\u00f4ng. Cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u1edf M\u1eadt th\u00e1m \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng gh\u00e9p chung v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m t\u1eeb \u201ch\u1ed9i k\u00edn\u201d, th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng oan u\u1ed5ng, v\u00ec mang d\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee7 cung b\u1ef1c. C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i k\u00edn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi gian khai tri\u1ec3n qua nhi\u1ec1u danh x\u01b0ng, l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m Hoa d\u00e2n l\u01b0u vong, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 pha th\u00eam m\u00e0u anh ch\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u1ed9 ra h\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edbng bi\u1ec3n: h\u1ea3i t\u1eb7c. Ch\u00ednh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3u \u201cPh\u00e1p Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1\u201d \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eeba l\u1ed1i cho nh\u1eefng v\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda v\u0103n minh m\u1edbi mang t\u00ednh c\u00f4ng khai, v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00e9p u\u1ed5ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c m\u00e0u da. C\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, V\u0103n th\u00e2n gi\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1edd B\u00ecnh T\u00e2y \u0111i theo S\u00e1t T\u1ea3, v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng vua c\u1ee7a khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 (v\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u00e1m \u1ea3nh, c\u00f3 l\u00fac l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng coi s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed9i \u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 khi h\u1ecd ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay \u0111em l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho h\u1ecd. M\u1ecdi \u00fd th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, th\u00f9 h\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa b\u1eb1ng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed cao nh\u1ea5t: gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. C\u1ee9 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c, c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c k\u00ec th\u1ecb Di Man c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i, qua th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u1edbi, gi\u1ea5u k\u00edn d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh theo v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian chung \u0111\u1ee5ng gi\u1eefa b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u00e9p u\u1ed5ng khi\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng d\u1eady, t\u00f4 v\u1ebd th\u00eam t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda. Trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi than v\u00e3n k\u00eau kh\u00f3c c\u1ee7a Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m t\u1eeb \u201ccon R\u1ed3ng ch\u00e1u Ti\u00ean\u201d, \u201ccon ch\u00e1u L\u1ea1c H\u1ed3ng\u201d… g\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i t\u1ee7i nh\u1ee5c. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i e d\u00e8 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf n\u00ean B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng, B\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u… \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u1ea4u Tri\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5 Phan \u0111\u01b0a ra so s\u00e1nh. Tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \/ H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1ea5n v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n S\u00e1ch \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n T\u1ea3n Vi\u00ean, \u0111\u0103t v\u00e0i c\u00e2u v\u00e8 v\u1ec1 vua H\u00f9ng, r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecf\u201d xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ed5 s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

Khung tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ng\u1eafn cho n\u00ean trong khi Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean \u0111em H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n Ngo\u1ea1i k\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cd\u0129 nghi truy\u1ec1n nghi\u201d, th\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u1eed quan c\u1ee7a T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 300 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi c\u00e1c danh th\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u0103n minh, \u0111\u1ec3 coi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Qu\u1ed1c T\u1ed5 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00e0n c\u00e3i. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc sao \u00f4ng Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean k\u00e8m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean 3, 6, 18, c\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd ng\u1edb ng\u1ea9n: 13. C\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f3 th\u00eam tr\u00e2u ma r\u1eafn th\u1ea7n th\u00ec b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi hai thu\u1ef5 hi\u1ec7u t\u1eeb Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00ednh v\u1ebd ra (1572). Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ecbu o b\u1ebf d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ee7 18 \u00f4ng vua. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n c\u1ee9u M\u1eabu qu\u1ed1c, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 cho con r\u1ed3ng An Nam u\u1ed1n m\u00ecnh phun b\u1ea1c \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111em so s\u00e1nh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh chi\u1ebfc phi c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u201cquan ba t\u00e0u bay \u0110\u1ed7 H\u1eefu V\u1ecb\u201d nh\u01b0 con R\u1ed3ng v\u0103n minh phun l\u1eeda gi\u1ebft b\u1ecdn man di Nh\u1eadt Nh\u0129 Man! C\u1ea7n n\u00e2ng cao uy th\u1ebf tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169 trong l\u00fac l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eef thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1ea3i c\u0103ng m\u1ecfng v\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1edbc\/sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn I, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec1n H\u00f9ng Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd, \u0111\u1eb7t ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 10 th\u00e1ng 3 \u00e2m l\u1ecbch (1917) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e0n Nam Giao (1917)… Ng\u00e0y sau T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ec5 10 th\u00e1ng 3 \u00e2l. h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u00f4ng c\u1ef1u Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c t\u00edch t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 ra. Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o th\u1ec3 thao Ducouroy, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201c(C\u1ea7n Lao, Gia \u0110\u00ecnh) T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c\u201d c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf P\u00e9tain c\u0169ng g\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 bao dung cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tranh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafc c\u1ea3nh c\u1ea1u b\u00e9 \u0110inh B\u1ed9 L\u0129nh t\u1eadp tr\u1eadn c\u1edd lau v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m tr\u1ebb m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3ng Hoa L\u01b0 th\u1ed5i k\u00e8n t\u00e2y, c\u1ea3nh Tr\u1ea7n H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u00e1 tr\u1eadn B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng, Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng b\u00e1o th\u00f9 ch\u1ed3ng, B\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u c\u01b0\u1ee1i voi b\u00e0nh v\u00e0ng ngh\u00eanh ngang nh\u01b0 B\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Jeanne d\u2019Arc ph\u1ea5t c\u1edd! Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 cho T\u1ea3n \u0110\u00e0 than v\u00e3n \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0n n\u0103m\u201d, cho phong tr\u00e0o H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ea1o n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1n H\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ho\u00e0ng (Hu\u1ef3nh) Mai L\u01b0u n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 nh\u1ea1c y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ed3n \u00e0o \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi d\u00e2n Nam K\u00ec \u0111i th\u0103m \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hu\u00eanh hoang v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c xuy\u00ean qua hai lu\u1ed3ng quen thu\u1ed9c, m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n Kim \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft Vi\u1ec7t nho, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ra ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi di t\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 th\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea5u di\u1ebfm ng\u00f3c \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1eady trong n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1o n\u00ean phe nh\u00f3m khoa b\u1ea3ng, tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh ph\u1ed3n t\u1ea1p… kh\u00f3 c\u00e3i, v\u00ec mang m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 trong t\u00e2m c\u1ea3m nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi s\u1ebd d\u1eabn d\u1eaft h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u00e0i trong v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean v\u1ebft m\u00f2n c\u0169. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebb cai tr\u1ecb. Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 Th\u00e2n Bao T\u01b0 kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian \u1edf Nh\u1eadt. Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ecbn v\u00e0o H\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n Quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 bao dung c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t n\u00fap b\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111i Li\u00ean X\u00f4, \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u danh v\u1ecdng vang l\u1eebng tr\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Trung-Vi\u1ec7t! Trong s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a cho l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec3u qua s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a vang v\u1ecdng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh di man ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c khi h\u1ecd n\u1eafm ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc hay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00fan s\u00e2u v\u00e0o khung c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u00e2m \u201ctruy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao trong chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m r\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c mang t\u00ednh k\u00ec th\u1ecb di man kh\u00f4ng khoan nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng xoay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y ki\u00eau c\u0103ng, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, k\u0129 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf. Nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng xoay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c ch\u1ef1c ch\u1edd. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb nh\u1eefng t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba… l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y ni\u1ec1m ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, qua th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, tinh th\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c to l\u1edbn n\u00ean t\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng t\u1ea7m \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng cao qu\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00fac ch\u01b0a vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ee5t h\u1eabng h\u1ed3i sau. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao th\u00ec chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng tranh c\u00e3i c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ec1n ch\u1eb7t qua chi\u1ebfn tranh, theo v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, l\u1ea1i d\u1ed3n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh qua ch\u00e8n l\u1ea5n tranh ch\u1ea5p hay tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn chia ch\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam chia x\u1ebb v\u0103n minh \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 Trung Hoa m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ch\u1ecbu lu\u1ef5, c\u00f3 khi ch\u1ecbu nh\u1ee5c v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c \u00f4ng M\u00e1c, \u0102nghen, L\u00eanin nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 anh h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y! Mu\u1ed1n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n th\u00ec c\u1ee9 nh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 l\u00e0m. C\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbp tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc M\u1ea1nh-\u0111\u1ee9c-t\u01b0-c\u01b0u, L\u01b0-thoa qua T\u00e2n th\u01b0!<\/em> Cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0110\u1eb7ng Xu\u00e2n Khu l\u1ea5y t\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh khi l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0, \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ebft, k\u00e9o theo c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a theo \u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u1ea5y \u201ckh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed5i thay khi th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, m\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng lao thu t\u00f3m su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 khoe r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh \u201c\u0110\u1ea3ng\u201d \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1edbi \u201cnh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng theo \u0110\u1ea3ng… \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng bao \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c s\u1eebng s\u1ecf\u201d th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u00ed m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 che l\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed7i t\u1ee7i nh\u1ee5c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1eddi tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng dai d\u1eb3ng. B\u1edfi v\u00ec su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u00ec th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb 1945, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u da c\u1eafc k\u00e9, m\u1edbi l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, th\u00ec chuy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7… h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb h\u1ed3i ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0m d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, nghe t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u201cch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ki\u1ec3u m\u1edbi\u201d, t\u1eeb kh\u00e1ch v\u00e3ng lai t\u00ecnh c\u1edd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea9y, t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i xa \u0111em v\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 qu\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu d\u1ee5ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

V\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafc chuy\u1ec7n \u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ed9 t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn khu tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u1eebng che ch\u1edf \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00fam n\u00fam tr\u01b0\u1edbc y quan con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, nay l\u00e0 quan ch\u1ee9c n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n. \u201c\u0110\u1ea3ng xu\u1ed1ng l\u1ecbnh…\u201d, \u201cB\u00e1c\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u201cn\u00f3i\u201d, \u0111\u00e3 \u201cd\u1ea1y\u201d… cho th\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n n\u0103m c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ch\u1ecbu tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ban ph\u00e1t ch\u00e2n l\u00ed, n\u1eafm v\u1eadn m\u1ea1ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, mang ph\u1ea7n t\u00e2m t\u00ednh x\u01b0a c\u0169 nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed3i n\u00e0o. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, n\u1ebfu m\u01a1n tr\u1edbn v\u1ed7 v\u1ec1 th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn m\u00e0 tr\u1edf m\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n uy th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t n\u00e0o h\u01a1n. T\u1eadn xa c\u00f9ng ph\u00eda nam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nghe \u0110\u1ea3ng xu\u1ed1ng l\u1ecbnh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, che gi\u1ea5u th\u1eb1ng T\u01b0, anh Ba (nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 b\u1ef1c h\u1ed9i k\u00edn) U\u1ef7 vi\u00ean… \u0110\u1ea3ng trong h\u1ea7m b\u00ed m\u1eadt sau h\u00e8, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ru\u1ed9ng chia \u201cC\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ai l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y k\u00ec d\u1eady\u201d t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cdu c\u00f4n\u201d \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ung V\u0103n Khi\u00eam, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec c\u00f3 x\u00fam l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 thi\u00eau t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 12 t\u0103ng ni ch\u00f9a D\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u01b0 \u1edf Ph\u1ee5ng Hi\u1ec7p (C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1, 2-11-1975), c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111o\u00e1i ho\u00e0i! T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u201cdu c\u00f4n\u201d th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt th\u00fa nh\u1eadn kia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfp trong c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed gi\u1eef an ninh th\u1eddi n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p \u201cph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ea3ng, t\u1ecf l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t d\u00e1ng h\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng, kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi v\u0103n minh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00ec thu t\u00f3m c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eb7t: ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng khai v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o kh\u1ea5u. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia ch\u1ebft \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi nghe l\u1eddi Mai Ch\u00ed Th\u1ecd b\u1ea3o th\u1eb3ng Th\u00edch Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ed9 (\u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i): \u201cTheo ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft, m\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1ebft m\u00e0 th\u00f4i\u201d. L\u1eddi n\u00f3i ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4 l\u1eadp Tr\u00ed Quang, l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y Huy\u1ec1n Quang, \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng c\u1ef1u T\u0103ng th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ebft m\u00f2n trong ch\u00f9a nh\u1ecf trong khi \u0111\u0103ng cai t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0ng b\u1eebng L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 t\u1eed t\u00f9 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c th\u1eddi m\u1edbi khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00f9a B\u00e1i \u0110\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf s\u00e1t th\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vu\u1ed1t ve b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng cao v\u1eddi che l\u1ea5p t\u1ee7i h\u1ed5, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp tay nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng hi v\u1ecdng g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean cao, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u00fat \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eb7n b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u01b0u t\u00fa c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ec1m k\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdp h\u00e0nh th\u00fac b\u00e1ch, h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh v\u1ea9n v\u01a1, ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng theo m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c giai c\u1ea5p, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00e0n ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t, dai d\u1eb3ng th\u1ebf m\u00e0 v\u1eabn t\u1ecf ra l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t c\u00e1n gi\u1eef y\u00ean x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng, ph\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3m… trong t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u0129nh khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, hay d\u00e0n ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 trong t\u00ednh \u201cnh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d khi c\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: \u201cBi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc… \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea3ng lo…\u201d (th\u00e1ng 6-2011). Khung tr\u1eddi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, t\u00e2m \u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c. C\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 b\u00f9 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 che ch\u1eafn m\u1ecfng manh c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt B\u00e1t ngh\u1ecb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7t ri\u00eang h\u1ecd l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt chung \u2013 h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i ra to\u00e0 sau khi b\u1ecb khai tr\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea3ng. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec ngay b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1i khung \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xa l\u1ea1, kh\u00f4ng dung ch\u1ee9a h\u1ecd, mang t\u00ednh \u0111e do\u1ea1 c\u00f2n h\u01a1n khung c\u1ea3nh c\u0169 n\u00ean h\u1ecd an t\u00e2m l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, \u1edf ch\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ed9i-k\u00edn-\u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh c\u0169 b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea3ng, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c vi\u1ebft-hoa, thay th\u1ebf c\u1ea3 ngay trong nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea5u di\u1ebfm: M\u1eebng \u0110\u1ea3ng, m\u1eebng Xu\u00e2n \/ (Ba\/N\u0103m\/B\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m) \u0111\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea3ng… V\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o coi vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u0103c quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc. Quy\u1ec1n uy l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi d\u00e2n-ch\u00fang-kh\u00f4ng-ph\u00e2n-bi\u1ec7t khi\u1ebfn cho kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a v\u1ec1 anh V\u0103n Ba nh\u1edd c\u1eady To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng can thi\u1ec7p khi Kh\u00e2m s\u1ee9 Trung K\u00ec kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha Ph\u00f3 b\u1ea3ng l\u01b0u l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n l\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ef7 th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a anh! Cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t k\u1ec1m k\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi h\u1ed9i k\u00edn \u0111i theo chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, khi m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia trong li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc mang n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh l\u1eb7ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quen v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb xoay \u0111\u1ed5i li\u1ec1n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Machiavelli v\u1edbi ti\u00eau ch\u00ed r\u00fat g\u1ecdn: C\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh bi\u1ec7n minh cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0, ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng macx\u00edt m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb theo ki\u1ec3u \u201chu\u1ef7 th\u1ec3\u201d… R\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1o ra trong \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5i thay \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft gia kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, quan l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 ch\u00e8n l\u1ea5n gi\u00e0nh gi\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 chia quy\u1ec1n, th\u1ee7 l\u1ee3i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t nhau, tr\u1eeb phi \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u, \u0111\u00fat l\u00f3t, mua ru\u1ed9ng r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng cho con ch\u00e1u h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1t l\u00e0m quan, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp theo ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng lo ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n! V\u1edbi th\u1eddi m\u1edbi, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c doanh \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n, l\u1edbn v\u00e0 v\u1eefng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a. C\u1ea3 khi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu nghe l\u1eddi \u201cm\u1ed9t T\u1ed5ng bi\u00ean t\u1eadp\u201d, tuy c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 theo ph\u00e9p t\u1eafc \u201cd\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1eadp trung\u201d nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, th\u1eadt ra h\u1ecd c\u0169ng th\u1ee7 l\u1ee3i ph\u00eda kh\u00e1c qua nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kinh doanh b\u00ean l\u1ec1, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p uy th\u1ebf t\u1eeb ng\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c s\u00e1ch v\u1edf Xu\u00e2n Thu Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn th\u00e2n v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 gi\u00e1 n\u00e0o, v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eeba s\u1ef1 gi\u1eabm \u0111\u1ea1p l\u00ean b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00ed th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00fang ra th\u00ec nh\u00ecn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n khi xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5, ta th\u1ea5y ch\u1eafc h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tranh chi\u1ebfm Ti\u00ean T\u1ea7n kia nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi v\u1edbi m\u1edb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c Th\u00e0nh chung, T\u00fa t\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh khoa b\u1ea3ng, theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng k\u1ec3 \u201ctruy\u1ec7n x\u01b0a t\u00edch c\u0169\u201d, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng giai tho\u1ea1i nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 tranh chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb T\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u00f4 T\u1ea7n, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Nghi, Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01af\u1edfng… Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed m\u01b0u m\u00f4 ranh v\u1eb7t n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n \u0111\u00ecnh trung, x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng \u1ea9n khu\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb, chuy\u1ec3n qua t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngang h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi c\u01a1 hi\u1ebfm hoi, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

L\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfn th\u00e2n mang t\u00ednh h\u1ed9i k\u00edn (d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y n\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n th\u00e2m cung b\u00ed s\u1eed th\u1eddi m\u1edbi, d\u1ee5 kh\u1ecb hay do\u1ea1 d\u1eabm ph\u1ed5ng tay tr\u00ean t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n con r\u01a1i con r\u1edbt, con b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p l\u1ed9 ra \u1edf t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u1ed1i nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c h\u1ecd m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00f4ng, chuy\u1ec7n ch\u00e8n l\u1ea5n tranh \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 sa c\u01a1 th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn, di h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi sau, nh\u01b0 khi con c\u00e1i ngo\u1ea1i h\u00f4n c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Du\u1ea9n lo s\u1ee3 cho an ninh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00fac \u00f4ng T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 qua \u0111\u1eddi. S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng sinh ho\u1ea1t. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i lo l\u1eafng gi\u1eef v\u1ec7 sinh cho m\u1ea3 \u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ban T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea3ng trong khi anh em \u00f4ng Di\u1ec7m, Nhu v\u1eabn l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd y\u00ean ngh\u1ec9 trong ngh\u0129a trang M\u1ea1c \u0110\u1ec9nh Chi r\u00e2m m\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb c\u1eadu b\u00e9 L\u00ea V\u0103n T\u00e1m huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a phe chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111i.<\/p>\n

T\u00ednh kh\u00e9p k\u00edn ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. T\u1eeb b\u00ed th\u01b0 t\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ea3ng, th\u00f4n x\u00e3, kh\u00f3m ph\u01b0\u1eddng (tr\u00f9m nh\u1ecf) l\u00ean b\u00ed th\u01b0 huy\u1ec7n, b\u00ed th\u01b0 t\u1ec9nh (\u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 tr\u00f9m m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng), l\u00ean t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh (T\u1ed5ng) b\u00ed th\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thu nh\u1eadn ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eb7n g\u00ec m\u1ea5y. Kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 l\u00e0 v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p b\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00f3i chung. V\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t y\u00ean b\u00ecnh th\u00ec t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kia c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng l\u00fac th\u0103ng quan ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi x\u01b0a. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1edbn c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng quan tr\u1ea7y tr\u1eadt tr\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc thang danh v\u1ecdng, ch\u1eeba ch\u1ed7 cho b\u1eadc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u1edbi ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1eadp trung. N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi th\u00fa nh\u1eadn th\u1ef1c th\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u1ef1u Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ban Khoa Gi\u00e1o Nguy\u1ec5n Khoa \u0110i\u1ec1m: \u201cC\u00f3 chi m\u00f4!\u201d khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u1edf nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cao c\u1ea5p. \u00d4ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec h\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, c\u00f3 ch\u00fat \u00e1y n\u00e1y li\u1ec1n ch\u1ecbu n\u00fap b\u00f3ng l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi \u0111i ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u00e1o ch\u00ed (\u0110\u1ea3ng) m\u00f3c moi, ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 xa r\u1eddi v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ra tay th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, l\u00fac tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t xong t\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ee7i ro l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng.<\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi sau 1975, t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u01a1n m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf ph\u00eda Nam, n\u01a1i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ki\u1ec3u m\u1edbi\u201d \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea1o b\u00e1ng: \u201cL\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i c\u0169 b\u1ecb th\u00f9 gh\u00e9t\u201d th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u1ecb. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u, khi nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u201cph\u00e1 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n\u201d, \u201cx\u00e9 r\u00e0o\u201d, \u201c\u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 t\u01b0 duy\u201d… nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng t\u00edch mu\u1ed9n m\u00e0ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m t\u1ecf \u00fd ph\u1ea1m th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 L\u00ea Du\u1ea9n c\u00f2n ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3, nh\u0103n nh\u00f3 \u201ckh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nghe chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c…\u201d c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00f4ng T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eaft t\u1eadn tay, ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadn ch\u1ed7 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi l\u00e9n l\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u1eadn t\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1ch ph\u1ea1t b\u00f3ng h\u00ecnh \u00f4ng B\u00ed th\u01b0 T\u1ec9nh u\u1ef7 V\u0129nh Ph\u00fa n\u1eefa… \u201cC\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u01b0\u201d \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean VNCH c\u0169, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra B\u1eafc nghe Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng nh\u1eafn nh\u1ee7: \u201cRa ch\u01a1i th\u00f4i ch\u1edb \u0111\u1eebng b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd (?) l\u00e0m b\u1eady, d\u00e2n r\u00ean l\u1eafm!\u201d (Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u1edf ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3?) \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u00e9n, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, vi ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1eady m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng t\u00edch v\u1ec1 l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i cai tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi, xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u1ecb, c\u00f3 khi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 linh \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, m\u1eb7c k\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai trong \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng \u201cph\u00e1 r\u00e0o\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u00e0nh u\u1ef7 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em ghe thuy\u1ec1n ra \u0111i\u1ec3m zero tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n nh\u1eadn h\u00e0ng mua l\u00e9n qua tay th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn, Hongkong nh\u01b0ng huy\u1ec7n u\u1ef7 B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea1i (B\u1ebfn Tre) l\u00e0m v\u1eady th\u00ec b\u1ecb c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o, c\u00f2n t\u1ec9nh u\u1ef7 vi\u00ean Minh H\u1ea3i bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n l\u00e9n v\u1edbi L\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb t\u00f9 treo trong l\u00fac c\u1ef1u d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Ba c\u1ee7a VNCH, c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n chui, b\u1ecb t\u00f9 chung th\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i ra nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i \u00e2m m\u01b0u ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 XHCN t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong! V\u00ec \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t sinh trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc, quanh qu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 k\u00ec qu\u00e1i…<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ch\u00fat th\u1eddi gian b\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i \u2013 80 n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec so v\u1edbi 1 000 n\u0103m \u2013 v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Hoa (Li Tana), nh\u1eadn ra t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u0111\u1ec3 cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam mang t\u00ednh d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o sinh \u0111\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, trong khi s\u1eed gia qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i v\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e1 Kinh Vi\u1ec7t, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01a1n s\u1eafc, v\u1ebd v\u1eddi th\u00eam v\u1edbi \u00f4ng Quang Trung ph\u00eda Nam, c\u00f3 ti\u00ean c\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ed1ng x\u00e2m l\u0103ng! M\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh tr\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda B\u1eafc, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00f9i b\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Kampuchia c\u00f3 180 000 qu\u00e2n sa l\u1ea7y \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y, d\u00f9 v\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c can thi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb tr\u00ean ch\u00f3p bu ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1edf t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0n d\u1ef1ng Pen Soven nh\u1ed1t \u1edf nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7u T\u1ed5ng Y vi\u1ec7n C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 (c\u0169), gi\u1ed1ng y Minh M\u1ea1ng cho b\u1eaft C\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Ang Mei \/ Ng\u1ecdc V\u00e2n x\u01b0a!<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 khi \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u201cth\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng\u201d ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i qu\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c, c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0103n nh\u1eadp g\u00ec v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh ch\u00e2n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u1eeba qua. Phong tr\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u00f3m t\u1eeb Boat People \/ Thuy\u1ec1n Nh\u00e2n, v\u1edbi th\u1ea3m c\u1ea3nh \u0103n th\u1ecbt ng\u01b0\u1eddi (1982) vang v\u1ecdng v\u00e0o v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng (Elisabeth D., L\u2019Ogre capitaine, petit roman pour la jeunesse <\/em>1987) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00ec Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng lo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho (d\u00e2n Mi\u1ec1n Nam) m\u1ed9t li c\u00e0 ph\u00ea s\u1eefa m\u1ed7i bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng\u201d nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi \u00f4ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao Nguy\u1ec5n C\u01a1 Th\u1ea1ch tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, nh\u1eefng th\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp g\u1edfi v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eb7n b\u00f3p c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb c\u00e2y kem \u0111\u00e1nh r\u0103ng, c\u0169ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi to r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u201cd\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d say \u0111\u1eafm kinh s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi, c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xoay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed theo \u00fd m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i c\u00f2n d\u01b0 vang \u0111\u1ebfn nay qua nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi hu\u00eanh hoang v\u1ec1 \u201ct\u00ednh c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t\u201d, v\u1ec1 \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang ta\u201d, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i chung. Li c\u00e0 ph\u00ea s\u1eefa bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng h\u1eefu, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, qua c\u01a1n lo s\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, l\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp theo th\u1ea5y ra m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kinh ho\u00e0ng, v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng ai tranh c\u00e3i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1eebng n\u00fai s\u00f4ng su\u1ed1i bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3, mang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c trong giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi m\u1edf c\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh nh\u1eefng t\u1ec9 ph\u00fa kinh doanh \u0111\u1ecba \u1ed1c, nh\u00e1o nh\u00e0o \u0111\u00e0o b\u1edbi t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean m\u00e0 m\u00f9 t\u1ecbt s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u201c\u0111i l\u00e0m C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\u201d, s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a binh tr\u1ea1m hay h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1edbi l\u1eddi kinh nh\u1eadt t\u1ee5ng \u201c\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta r\u1eebng v\u00e0ng bi\u1ec3n b\u1ea1c\u201d, nay hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y r\u1eebng bi\u1ec3n r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay… Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, h\u1ecd cho thu\u00ea tr\u00ean r\u1eebng khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn an ninh t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, d\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c theo cung c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh\/\u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u1eafc th\u1ebf trong chi\u1ebfn tranh, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1edbi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, t\u1ea1o ra khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p v\u00f4 v\u00e0n v\u1ee5 Ninh Th\u1ea1nh L\u1ee3i (1927) c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi m\u1edbi, m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 Ti\u00ean L\u00e3ng (H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng 1-2012), hay s\u1eafp x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n N\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u00f4ng H\u1eadu, sau khi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o d\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt khai s\u00e1ng c\u0169 \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb b\u01b0\u1edbc thu h\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

Cai tr\u1ecb t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n c\u1ef1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca t\u1ee5ng v\u00ec nhu c\u1ea7u d\u00e0n m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tay th\u01b0 l\u1ea1i m\u1edbi \u0111ua nhau t\u00f4 v\u1ebd, b\u1ed1c cao h\u01a1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n, m\u00e3i m\u00e3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 tay sai. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 v\u1edbi th\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng gh\u00e9p theo l\u1eddi th\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng: Con em C\u00f4ng N\u00f4ng, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o t\u1eadn t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u0103n, l\u00ed lu\u1eadn, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u… trong m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea5u di\u1ebfm. Ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u201cph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i \u201cti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 b\u00ed m\u1eadt (l\u1ecbch s\u1eed) qu\u1ed1c gia\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec k\u1ec9 c\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u00fat v\u0103n t\u1eeb \u201cph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c th\u1eddi m\u1edbi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1eeda m\u1eb7t cho t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp m\u00ecnh v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 l\u1eb1n m\u1ee9c \u201cc\u00e3i l\u1ea1i\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea3ng ra tay \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nghe l\u1eddi L\u00ed Quang Di\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0m n\u00ean chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111e do\u1ea1 c\u1ea3 L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd khi \u00f4ng \u201cl\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng\u201d t\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u201cph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Xu\u00e2n Kh\u1ea3i, d\u00e1m ch\u00ea bai hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c (1986). Th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5 t\u00fac, t\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i c\u01b0\u1eddi ra n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1o b\u00e1ng, n\u1ea3y n\u1edf b\u1edfi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 VNCH ch\u01b0a phai l\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u so s\u00e1nh. R\u1ed3i c\u0169ng qua, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1edbi l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n m\u1edf ra theo nhu c\u1ea7u \u201cra bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn\u201d, theo s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft gh\u00ecm gi\u1eef t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a thanh ni\u00ean v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea1nh tranh m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea5y danh, nh\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a trung \u01b0\u01a1ng hay chia ph\u1ea7n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n l\u1eadp r\u1ed3i t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c r\u1ed1i m\u00f9, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng chen v\u00e0o c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta than v\u00e3n v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u201cc\u01a1m ch\u1ea5m c\u01a1m\u201d c\u1ee7a Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0o Nam s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh 3, 40 n\u0103m c\u0169 r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o VNCH t\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p cho b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp \u0111\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u201cl\u00e0m gi\u00e0u\u201d m\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n c\u00f3 l\u00ed, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam ho\u00e1 \/ \u201cd\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ho\u00e1\u201d \/ \u201cb\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d sau chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m, th\u1ebf t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i k\u00e9o theo d\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn v\u0103n ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda kia tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc b\u1ecb b\u00f3 r\u1ecd trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed pha ch\u1ebf tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch v\u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, n\u00ean khi v\u00e0o Mi\u1ec1n Nam ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi \u2013 d\u00f9 l\u00e0 qua b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch, tha h\u1ed3 v\u1ed3 v\u1eadp nh\u01b0 khi ba hoa v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac lu\u1eadn, ng\u1eadp ng\u1eebng v\u1edbi l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n sinh ch\u00ednh t\u00f4ng. Ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c trong khi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o m\u00f2n l\u1ed1i v\u0103n t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 v\u00fa l\u1ea5p mi\u1ec7ng em, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd qu\u00ean chuy\u1ec7n Quang Trung th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i nh\u01b0\u1eddng b\u01b0\u1edbc cho Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u1eef s\u0129 di\u1ec7n cho t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh h\u00f9ng \u01b0a th\u00edch d\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho t\u00ean vua phong ki\u1ebfn th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng vinh quang. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec ch\u00ecm ng\u1eadp qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u trong s\u1ef1 theo \u0111u\u00f4i, ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea5u di\u1ebfm \u201cl\u00e0m m\u1edbi\u201d c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Mi\u1ec1n Nam nh\u01b0 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft Kim \u0110\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00f9ng… T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y trong chi\u1ebfn tranh nay c\u00f3 th\u00eam \u0111\u00e0 n\u1edf r\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m, v\u00ec th\u00eam nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c ng\u1eadp tr\u00e0n b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa: phong thu\u1ef7, ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i h\u00e8 \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ed1i du l\u1ecbch, che l\u1ea5p nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng th\u0103ng quan ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea9y v\u1edbi c\u00f5i thi\u00eang li\u00eang. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u201ct\u00ecm v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d trong \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n r\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat g\u00ec gi\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX.<\/p>\n

R\u1ed3i c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng C\u1ef1u, gi\u1ed1ng \u00f4ng quan, nh\u00e0 khoa b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 danh ph\u1eadn tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c C\u1eed nh\u00e2n, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129, Ph\u00f3 b\u1ea3ng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 l\u00fac l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean… ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c v\u1eb7n v\u1eb9o c\u00e2u c\u00fa trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi, ch\u1ebft \u0111i gi\u1ecfi l\u1eafm l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c d\u1ea1y con ch\u00e1u, \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0i b\u00e0i th\u01a1, c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00f9 t\u1ea1c, \u0111\u01b0a ti\u1ec5n, \u0111i\u1ebfu tang… C\u00e1i l\u00e0ng nh\u00e0ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh khoanh v\u00f9ng to t\u00e1t l\u1eadp bia Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u1ecb la \u00f3 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mong c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u1edbi Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh m\u00e0 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, n\u00e2ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 cho Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 d\u00e2n khoa b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh qua ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cchu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1\u201d l\u1eadp \u201ckhung c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5\u201d, n\u00ean gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n nh\u00f3m C\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 ra l\u1ec7nh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ngo\u00e0i lu\u1ed3ng. M\u1ed9t Vi\u1ec7n C\u01a1 m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 r\u1ed3i. Kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 600 t\u1edd b\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5t l\u00f9i th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1edd b\u00e1o Tu\u1ed5i Tr\u1ebb (Tp. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh) <\/em>l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i sau chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i v\u00e0o \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng\u201d d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Du\u1ea9n, d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng \u01b0u th\u1ebf, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n. V\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e0n, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, \u0111i t\u00ecm v\u00e2y c\u00e1nh, t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i tinh th\u1ea7n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o, khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c doanh, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u \u00c2n \u0110\u00e0n \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o \/ H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng C\u00f4ng Lu\u1eadt C\u00f4ng \u00c1n Bia S\u01a1n v\u1eeba b\u1ecb ph\u00e1c gi\u00e1c (5-2-2012), v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Thanh H\u1ea3i V\u00f4 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng S\u01b0 t\u1eeb M\u0129 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n xa l\u1ea1, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu theo Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n C\u00f4ng t\u1eeb Trung Hoa quen thu\u1ed9c, v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n l\u1ebb loi an l\u00e0nh tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Tp. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh ra to\u00e0, ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eeba l\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e0n anh… Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi th\u1ebf m\u1edbi th\u00ec \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng \u00edt tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa: Tin L\u00e0nh, C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o, b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 d\u1ed3n n\u00e9n n\u1ed5 b\u00f9ng m\u1edbi. C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u201ctr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 t\u00ecm \u01a1n ph\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i… V\u00e0 tuy \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u201cth\u1eafng l\u1ee3i\u201d khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n tranh \u0111\u1ea5u do nh\u00e0 th\u1edd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng qua c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng… bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00f9i b\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m \u201cqu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t\u201d, \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi v\u1edbi b\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u201cv\u00e1c th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1\u201d ch\u1edd ch\u1ef1c l\u00e0m Th\u00e1nh t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o cho ng\u00e0y sau.<\/p>\n

T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1,<\/em> n\u00f3i theo l\u1ed1i v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec9nh cao \u0111\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nh\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1 kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, d\u00f9 l\u1eb9t \u0111\u1eb9t \u0111\u00e0ng sau c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chung, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u1ecbu b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn chung. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m thui ch\u1ed9t nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh, ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh \u1edf nh\u1eefng x\u1ee9 s\u1edf kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n qua c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1eabn ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec \u201c\u0111\u00e3 quen r\u1ed3i\u201d. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1edbn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u01b0a quen ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 do ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. Tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea5u di\u1ebfm, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o theo c\u00e1ch chia m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (d\u00f9 c\u00f3 khi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u00f4ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 t\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 u\u1ef7 vi\u00ean trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chia quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p cao cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n l\u1edbn: T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Mi\u1ec1n Trung (hay \u1edf \u201cph\u00eda Nam\u201d), Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Mi\u1ec1n Nam.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n m\u1ea5y. Hai \u00f4ng Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eebng t\u1ecf l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u00e9m th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00ecnh: T\u00f4n \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1eafng (\u201cTao c\u0169ng s\u1ee3 b\u1ecdn n\u00f3\u201d), Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Tri\u1ebft (l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u00f2 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u1edb ng\u1ea9n). Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea5n Sang nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc v\u00ec m\u1eafc c\u00e1i r\u1edbp N\u0103m Cam. \u00d4ng th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ec1m k\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb chung \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. C\u00f3 \u0111em v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng xu ph\u1ee5 r\u1ed5n r\u1ea3ng ra k\u00eau g\u00e0o t\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u00ec cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1eeba qua c\u0169ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda B\u1eafc, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng Nam ti\u1ebfn tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, mang c\u1ea3 c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y hoa s\u1eefa n\u1ed3ng n\u1eb7c \u201cm\u00f9i th\u01a1m\u201d tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Mi\u1ec1n Trung, tr\u00e0n l\u00ean T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean, xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u00e0 Vinh, l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n Nam K\u00ec ch\u1ecbu ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00e0n em m\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u1ea5m \u1ee9c. Nghe L\u00ea V\u0103n T\u00e1m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho tinh th\u1ea7n trung th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1eed h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi Phan \u0110\u00ecnh Gi\u00f3t, La V\u0103n C\u1ea7u. L\u0169 \u201ccon ch\u00e1u m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eddi hoang\u201d kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nghe nh\u1eafc \u201cTa nh\u1edb ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a, \u00f4i Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng\u201d, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i l\u1ea1i t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed th\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u00fa, u\u1ef7 vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ec7 Tam Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf L\u00ea H\u1ed3ng Phong chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t n\u00ean c\u1ea7y c\u1ee5c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o Th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XXI nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n… \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01a1i khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, hay n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh chen v\u00e0o n\u01a1i \u1edf m\u1edbi nh\u1eefng Nguy\u1ec5n \u01af D\u0129, Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Nguy\u00ean… kh\u00e1 khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 tr\u00e0n l\u1ea5n c\u00f2n \u0111e do\u1ea1 di\u1ec7t vong cho c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 xa khu\u1ea5t tr\u00ean T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfng Man\/M\u1ecdi\/Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m di d\u00e2n 1954 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c khu tr\u00f9 m\u1eadt, dinh \u0111i\u1ec1n tuy l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i l\u00ean phong tr\u00e0o FULRO nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0m x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ai ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n tay \u0110\u1ea3ng sau 1975, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c di d\u00e2n khai hoang v\u1ee1 ho\u00e1 ki\u1ec3u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng: \u201c\u0110\u1ea5y, c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u1eb7t, bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec nhi\u00eau , \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng, tr\u1ed3ng khoai\u201d. R\u1ed3i v\u0103n minh h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi r\u1eebng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 sau Brazil, v\u1edbi m\u1ecf bauxit \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 ba (?) tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u00ea gi\u00e1c tuy\u1ec7t gi\u1ed1ng, voi nh\u00e0 t\u00e0n t\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 voi r\u1eebng k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb s\u0103n \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00fam l\u00f4ng \u0111u\u00f4i. C\u1ed3ng chi\u00eang b\u1ecb \u0111em ra rao b\u00e1n d\u00f9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p UNESCO, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u1eeba ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1eeba tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n t\u00ednh hi\u1ebfu danh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. C\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea3ng ho\u00e1, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n ch\u1edd ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ma chay r\u00ecnh rang.<\/p>\n

D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft s\u00f4ng Gianh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1t chi\u1ebfm hai kinh \u0111\u00f4 sau 1975, tuy l\u00e0m cho Hu\u1ebf ng\u1ee1 ng\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng khi\u1ebfn \u201cMi\u1ec1n Trung\u201d ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u00e8o H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n th\u00f4i. \u00d4ng V\u00f5 Ch\u00ed C\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u00ec c\u00f4ng t\u00edch v\u00e0o sinh ra t\u1eed nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c L\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ebb b\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda Nam, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 cung ph\u1ee5ng cho ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda B\u1eafc h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n c\u1ed1 gi\u1eef \u201cn\u1ebfp nh\u00e0\u201d, \u201ctruy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u201d, \u201ct\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d… th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 gh\u00ecm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00ean c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea9y l\u1edbp di d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do, cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ph\u00eda nam, hay l\u00e9n l\u00fat ph\u00e1 r\u1eebng tr\u00ean n\u00fai \u0111\u1ed3i ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. V\u00e9t c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t than \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Ninh cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00e0o b\u1edbi bauxit tr\u00ean T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean, b\u00f9n \u0111\u1ecf c\u00f3 lan tr\u00e0n th\u00ec ng\u1eadp l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng. L\u1eadp v\u00e0i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y nguy\u00ean t\u1eed (bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng) kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf x\u1ee9 Ninh Thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e0m c\u0169 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c v\u0103n minh g\u1ea7n g\u0169i. Cho m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2009, m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u00f2n cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch kh\u00f4ng che gi\u1ea5u v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u (83\/14 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i) d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng Hu\u1ebf, C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1, v\u00e0 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n mang t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u00ean t\u1ea1i. C\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng C\u1eedu Long cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn 90% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00faa g\u1ea1o xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c, khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ef1c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y B\u1eafc (th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc). Vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda Nam th\u1eadt l\u00e0 ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt, c\u00f3 khi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f9n \u0111\u1ea9y cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng cho c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u00e0 th\u1eadt mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ph\u00eda B\u1eafc chen v\u00e0o. (V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n). C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, su\u00f4n s\u1ebb h\u01a1n v\u00ec v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ea5t \u01b0u th\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng \u201cngu\u1ef5\u201d \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c th\u00e1ng 6-8\/2011 \u1edf hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft r\u01a1i r\u1edbt b\u1ea1n th\u00f9 \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ph\u00eda B\u1eafc theo \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed d\u00e0nh cho T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0. Cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eabm tr\u00ean v\u1ebft m\u00f2n c\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 th\u00eanh thang, t\u00edt t\u1eafp m\u00f9 kh\u01a1i.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi th\u1eddi m\u1edbi th\u00ec s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u1eabn c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng d\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00ed k\u00e8m theo. Cho n\u00ean tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng cao rao t\u1eeb \u00f4ng Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 ho\u1ea1 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111eo theo tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n bao ph\u1ee7 kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1edbi sao b\u1ea3n khu \u0111\u1ec1n Ngh\u0129a L\u0129nh \u1edf \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n H\u00f9ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, c\u00f3 khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng k\u00e8m theo \u0111\u1ec1n Qu\u1ed1c m\u1eabu \u00c2u C\u01a1 t\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea5t M\u0169i C\u00e0 Mau, h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfu B\u00e0 Thi\u00ean H\u1eadu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa ph\u1ec9nh n\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ed1ng! C\u00e1c \u00f4ng vua H\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 th\u00eam ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u, m\u00e0 98 \u201clang\u201d \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (Lang Li\u00eau c\u00f3 t\u00ean r\u1ed3i!) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd t\u00ean \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd trong s\u00e1ch B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c d\u1ea1y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5, Qu\u1ed1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng t\u0103ng, \u00f4ng vua H\u00f9ng ng\u1ef1 trong Kim \u0110i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a khu vui ch\u01a1i \u1edf B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng mang d\u00e1ng truy\u1ec7n t\u00edch phim \u1ea3nh Trung Qu\u1ed1c (L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, Hongkong, \u0110\u00e0i Loan), c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ai, \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u00eam b\u00e1i, g\u1ed9p c\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 M\u0129 M. Michalak nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u00e9p u\u1ed5ng ch\u00e8o k\u00e9o, ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng UNESCO \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5t T\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. V\u1eady l\u00e0 b\u1edfi thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh mac-l\u00eanin nh\u1ed3i nh\u00e9t cho h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean v\u00ec c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng t\u00edch m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/em> Huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3<\/em> cho t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t m\u1edbi. Cho n\u00ean d\u00f9 l\u00e0 h\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn tranh, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c mang \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc xa l\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u1ed5 b\u00f9ng, xung \u0111\u1ed9t mang h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n ban \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng c\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y th\u1ea5m \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 sung t\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn, thay th\u1ebf l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e0y d\u1ea1n c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc trong chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\n

M\u01a1n tr\u1edbn v\u1ed7 v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c, gi\u1eadn d\u1eef m\u1eafng nhi\u1ebfc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea3 l\u00e0m th\u00e2n l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a hai n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Vi\u1ec7t. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u00f3 \u201cti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh v\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e1 m\u1edbi (1949-?)\u201d x\u1ea3y ra trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u00ec xoay \u0111\u1ed5i \u201cgi\u00f3 \u0110\u00f4ng th\u1ed5i b\u1ea1t gi\u00f3 T\u00e2y\u201d tr\u00ean t\u1ea7m di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. H\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn tranh, c\u00e1i th\u1ebf d\u1ef1a d\u1eabm \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, gi\u00f3 \u0110\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00f3 B\u1ea5c l\u1ea1nh c\u0103m c\u0103m, tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Chi\u00eau Th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u nh\u00e0 Thanh khi b\u1ecb Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 xua \u0111u\u1ed5i, Quang To\u1ea3n c\u0169ng g\u1edfi s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 qua Thanh khi b\u1ecb Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh truy b\u1ee9c, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111ang kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m v\u1edbi d\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh Thi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 c\u0169ng m\u1eddi qu\u00e2n Thanh \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111e d\u1ecda m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u00ec l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u0103n ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a \u2013 th\u00eam t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed ve v\u1ea3n b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ph\u00e2n bua cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 di ch\u1ee9ng k\u00ec th\u1ecb Di Man \u201cch\u1ed1ng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh\u201d v\u01a1 v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a cho s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p. \u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201cGi\u1eef ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00f2n kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n…\u201d, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 gi\u00e1 n\u00e0o th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 gi\u00e1 n\u00e0o, hu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc to l\u1edbn c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng v\u00f4 ch\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra th\u1ea3m c\u1ea3nh \u201cn\u1eb1m g\u1ea7m c\u1ea7u Th\u0103ng Long\u201d m\u1ed9t khi b\u1ecb h\u1ea5t c\u1eb3ng, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh khi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, d\u00f9 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1o bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng nh\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u00e9o nhau qua Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4 c\u1ea7u ho\u00e0 (1990). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng th\u1eadt l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf: \u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed7 M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00edu k\u00e9o th\u1eddi \u00e2n t\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a say \u0111\u1eafm th\u00e0 m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t cho b\u1ea1n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 cho ngu\u1ef5, t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00fang c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Linh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t l\u00fac sau n\u0103m 1986, h\u0103ng h\u00e1i \u201cc\u1ea7n l\u00e0m ngay\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i th\u1ea5y nguy c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng t\u00edch lao kh\u1ed5 m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i d\u00e0i l\u00e2u khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb mu\u1ed1n tranh chi\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh, v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 k\u00e8n c\u1ef1a b\u00ean trong t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ch\u00f3p bu b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ngay t\u1eeb B\u1eafc Kinh xa. V\u00e0 th\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Trong th\u1eddi gian xung \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 b\u00f9ng v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh l\u1edbn ch\u00e8n \u00e9p th\u00e1i qu\u00e1, g\u00e2y nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ebd d\u1ecbu \u0111i v\u00ec c\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 th\u00e2n v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u1eadu cai tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng, bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng suy suy\u1ec3n b\u00ean trong, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u1ea7u th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng t\u0103m ti\u1ebfng!<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Quang Trung, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7u ho\u00e0, c\u1ea7u phong ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec l\u1edbp s\u0129 phu B\u1eafc H\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng nh\u1edd c\u1eady ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cb\u00e0i h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u201d th\u00e2m nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb trong c\u1ed1t tu\u1ef7 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai th\u00ec n\u1eb1m trong tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, <\/em>cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i h\u1ebft. \u1ea4y th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn nh\u1eafc: \u201cT\u1eeb ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, ta v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7u phong…\u201d V\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef ca dao quen thu\u1ed9c trong v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi x\u01b0a c\u0169, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u1eddi m\u1edbi: \u201cM\u1ed9t c\u00e2u nh\u1ecbn l\u00e0 ch\u00edn c\u00e2u l\u00e0nh \/ L\u1ea1t m\u1ec1m bu\u1ed9c ch\u1eb7t\u201d… \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed th\u1eadm th\u1ee5t \u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00f9 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay. \u201c\u0110\u1ea3ng\u201d, t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 qua chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i giao gi\u1eefa qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00ec h\u00e0nh x\u1eed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n xa l\u1ea1.<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111e do\u1ea1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, c\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc (r\u1ed3i v\u00e0o t\u1eadn t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng ph\u00eda Nam) r\u00f5 l\u00e0 \u0111ang ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng, \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen theo c\u00e1c c\u01a1n s\u1ed5 m\u0169i, \u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea7u, d\u1edf ch\u1ee9ng tinh ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh b\u00ean kia bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c kinh t\u1ebf th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea5u di\u1ebfm, n\u00f3i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c tinh th\u1ea7n. H\u00e3y nh\u00ecn c\u00e1c d\u00e3y ph\u1ed1 treo \u0111\u00e8n l\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecf tr\u00ean v\u00e0i t\u1ec9nh Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp T\u1ebft, ng\u00e0y k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m, theo l\u1ec7nh ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y k\u1ebb n\u1ed9i th\u00f9 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac \u00eam d\u1ecbu b\u00ean m\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i th\u00e2n t\u00ecnh n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong n\u00ean che l\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n. Vi\u1ec7c xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u t\u00edch \u201cch\u1ed1ng T\u00e0u\u201d trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb b\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u00e0m cho anh c\u00f4ng an x\u00e3 coi vi\u1ec7c n\u1ec3 nang ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea1n qu\u1eady ph\u00e1 x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi m\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n uy ng\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a anh \u0111\u1ec3 anh kh\u1ecfi n\u1eb7ng tay nh\u01b0 khi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tai v\u1ea1 ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

R\u00f5 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao b\u1ecb k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. C\u00e1c tay l\u00e0m \u0103n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi v\u00e0o WTO, c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa l\u00e0 theo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n n\u1ebfp quen thu\u1ed9c, l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti \u00c2u M\u0129 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00ed kinh doanh, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Australia. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng so\u00e1i mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n uy c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u00e0 do b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c thu t\u00f3m, \u0111i theo v\u1edbi t\u00ednh b\u1ea9n ch\u1eadt b\u00f2n r\u00fat c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 t\u1eeb trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 xa, th\u1eadt xa. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh doanh Hongkong, \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u1eafc th\u1ebf \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam, n\u00fap b\u00f3ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Vi\u1ec7t, c\u01a1 s\u1edf Vi\u1ec7t bao chi\u1ebfm c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, thu t\u00f3m t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u01b0\u01a1ng cao c\u1edd \u0111\u1ecf, sao tua ch\u00f9m! C\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y c\u00f2 x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c cho m\u01b0\u1edbn n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho n\u1ec1n k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e9t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ra \u0103n. S\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qua ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao hay v\u1eady, ch\u1eeba t\u1ed5ng l\u1ef1c cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p u\u1ef7 \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t n\u00ean t\u00e0u Vinashin ch\u01b0a \u201cra bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn\u201d \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ecm, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn v\u1edbi 9 h\u1ea3i l\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh, khi\u1ebfn t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh, nh\u1eabn nh\u1ecbn kh\u00f4ng che gi\u1ea5u, th\u1eb3ng tay \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u00ean trong d\u00f9 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn h\u1ed9i b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea3o. Trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u1ed9i l\u1ec5 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng Ho\u00e0ng Sa, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa g\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea1o. H\u1ecd \u201cs\u1ee3\u201d th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fat m\u00e1u m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n qua tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i (may ra) v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng x\u1eed co r\u00fat, d\u00f9ng d\u1eb1ng, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng… xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean x\u1ee9 s\u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, h\u1eadu th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng ra. V\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XXI \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e3 qua r\u1ed3i, th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 (19)75 h\u1ed3 h\u1edfi ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi hay ng\u1eadm ng\u00f9i cay \u0111\u1eafng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 vang b\u00f3ng g\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea1o. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7u v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng, xuy\u00ean n\u00fai, l\u1ea5n bi\u1ec3n. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ng\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cao \u1ed1c mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea1nh tranh \u1edf t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f2n ch\u1eeba ch\u1ed7 cho danh x\u01b0ng \u201cdinh\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Th\u1ecb u\u1ef7, T\u1ec9nh u\u1ef7 v\u1edbi c\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1edbn ng\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u1ea7n ph\u1eadt tung bay \u0111\u1ea7y uy th\u1ebf. Th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 1975 v\u1edbi Mercedes, cellphone, internet… \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1 r\u00f5, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng th\u1edd \u01a1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u00f9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n d\u00e1ng d\u1ea5p hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n qua c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103m 2011 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e2n c\u1ef1u h\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9c, tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ecd, tr\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u00f5 v\u00e0 tu\u1ea7n \u0111inh \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea1i l\u00e0ng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i (Lady Borton), th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1ea1nh v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng b\u00e1m tr\u1ee5. S\u1ef1 xoay chi\u1ec1u \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi thu th\u1eadp k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ru ng\u1ee7 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n \u201ctr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \/ truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u201d, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e0 cho \u201cti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh v\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e1 m\u1edbi\u201d c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc th\u00eam. Ch\u00fat \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng di man ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng theo \u201cl\u1ec1 tr\u00e1i\u201d, ch\u00ecm l\u1ea5p trong x\u1ea7m x\u00ec, l\u1ea1c lo\u00e0i tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ed9i t\u00ecnh xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1ea1c lo\u00e0i, nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Hoa l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm th\u00eam d\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 Pax Sinica v\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e1 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ecdng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ngay \u1edf v\u00f2ng trong v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cm\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ba ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9\u201d th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0n em ngoan ngo\u00e3n b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf v\u00f2ng ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0n em \u01b0\u01a1n ng\u1ea1nh ng\u00f4ng ngh\u00eanh ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc. Cho n\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u v\u1ec1 d\u00e0i v\u00ec b\u1ecb \u00e9p \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ec7t l\u1ef1c, s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t \/ bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf \u201cc\u00e1c b\u00e3i chim \u1ec9a\u201d ch\u1ee9 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e2u, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111e do\u1ea1 m\u1ea5t th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh. S\u1ef1 l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ed1n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 mong m\u1ecfi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean quan (M\u0129, \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1) th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng chen v\u00e0o, t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh chuy\u1ec7n x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ea3ng. S\u1ebd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n gh\u1ebf ng\u1ed3i \u1edf Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng, c\u00f2n c\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea5t, c\u00f2n d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 vu\u1ed1t ve v\u00e0 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p, c\u00f2n ban b\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111ang \u0111i t\u1edbi… Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ee7 cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0ng nh\u00e0ng, v\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a. V\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 e l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eabn nh\u1ecbn tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c d\u00e0i l\u00e2u d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1i ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a.<\/p>\n

sau T\u1ebft Nh\u00e2m Th\u00ecn 2012<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u00c1CH B\u00c1O THAM KH\u1ea2O<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n M\u1ed9t<\/strong><\/p>\n

Borri, Cristophoro, X\u1ee9 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u0103m 1621,<\/em> Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Xuy\u00ean, Nguy\u1ec5n Ngh\u1ecb d\u1ecbch, Nxb. TP. HCM 1997. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u201cth\u1eddi th\u1ebf\u201d m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c qu\u00e1 s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 t\u00ecm, n\u01a1i BAVH <\/em>1931\/3-4.<\/p>\n

Chu Thu\u1ea5n Thu\u1ef7, K\u00ed s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u0103m 1657 <\/em>(b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch An Nam cung d\u1ecbch k\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 <\/em>c\u1ee7a V\u0129nh S\u00ednh), H\u1ed9i Khoa h\u1ecdc L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, H. 1999.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n An, \u00d4 Ch\u00e2u c\u1eadn l\u1ee5c,<\/em> Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea1i Vinh, Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n Ph\u00fac d\u1ecbch, ch\u00fa, Nxb. Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1, Hu\u1ebf 2001.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00ed to\u00e0n th\u01b0,<\/em> B\u1ed1n t\u1eadp, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean v\u0103n, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H. 1993.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c,<\/em> Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ecbch, \u0110inh Kh\u1eafc Thu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu, ch\u1ec9nh l\u00ed, Nxb. Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1 2005. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch 1960, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n in l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u00e8m theo nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9nh l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y theo b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u1ed5 m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c trang theo l\u1ed1i t\u00e2n th\u1eddi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd trong khi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch thu x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef b\u00ean trong trang (t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi, r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ph\u1ea3i sang tr\u00e1i) n\u00ean g\u00e2y l\u00fang t\u00fang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc. Kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng \u201cc\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch\u201d n\u00e0y b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n trong trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u01a1i b\u1ea3n in l\u1ea1i An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em> c\u1ee7a Nxb. Lao \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 Trung t\u00e2m V\u0103n ho\u00e1 Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y 2009, t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hu\u1ebf 1961.<\/p>\n

Dampier, W., M\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i n\u0103m 1688,<\/em> Ho\u00e0ng Anh Tu\u1ea5n d\u1ecbch, ch\u00fa, Nxb. Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi, H. 2006.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7ng gia ph\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 to\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb7ng gia ph\u1ea3 k\u00ed t\u1ee5c bi\u00ean,<\/em> Ng\u00f4 Th\u1ebf Long d\u1ecbch, Nxb. Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi 2006.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean tr\u1ea5n Hi\u1ec7p tr\u1ea5n, M\u1ea1c th\u1ecb gia ph\u1ea3, H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean \u2013 Ki\u00ean Giang,<\/em> Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Nguy\u00ean d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch, Nxb. Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi 2006.<\/p>\n

H\u1ed3 Nguy\u00ean Tr\u1eebng, \u201cNam \u00d4ng m\u1ed9ng l\u1ee5c\u201d trong Nam \u00d4ng m\u1ed9ng l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, <\/em>Nxb. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc, H. 2001. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 in trong Th\u01a1 v\u0103n L\u00ed Tr\u1ea7n<\/em> t\u1eadp III.<\/p>\n

H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh th\u01b0,<\/em> Nguy\u1ec5n S\u0129 Gi\u00e1c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch, V\u0169 V\u0103n M\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1a, Nam H\u00e0 \u1ea4n qu\u00e1n, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1959.<\/p>\n

L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n, Ki\u1ebfn v\u0103n ti\u1ec3u l\u1ee5c,<\/em> quy\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t, L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh Li\u00eau d\u1ecbch, t\u1eadp nh\u00ec \u0110\u00e0m Duy T\u1ea1o d\u1ecbch, B\u1ed9 QGGD xb., S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1963, 1965.<\/p>\n

L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n, Ph\u1ee7 bi\u00ean t\u1ea1p l\u1ee5c,<\/em> \u0110\u1ed7 M\u1ed9ng Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u1ecdng H\u00e2n, Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc T\u1ec9nh d\u1ecbch, \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh, Nxb. Khoa H\u1ecdc, H. 1964.<\/p>\n

L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n, V\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0i lo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef,<\/em> Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e1p d\u1ecbch, Nxb. V\u0103n ho\u00e1 Th\u00f4ng tin, H. 2006.<\/p>\n

L\u00ea T\u1eafc, An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, <\/em>b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hu\u1ebf 1961. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi 2009. <\/em><\/p>\n

L\u00ed T\u1ebf Xuy\u00ean, Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n u linh t\u1eadp,<\/em> b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a L\u00ea H\u1eefu M\u1ee5c 1960, C\u01a1 s\u1edf xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ea1i Nam in l\u1ea1i \u1edf Hoa K\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

L\u00ea tri\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfu l\u1ecbnh thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh, <\/em>Nguy\u1ec5n S\u0129 Gi\u00e1c d\u1ecbch, Nh\u00e0 in B\u00ecnh Minh, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1961.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00f4 Cao L\u00e3ng, L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u t\u1ea1p k\u1ec9,<\/em> Hoa B\u1eb1ng, Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n L\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H. 1995.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec Ch\u00ed, Ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea nh\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ed, <\/em>Ng\u00f4 T\u1ea5t T\u1ed1 d\u1ecbch, T\u1ef1 Do t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1958. C\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Khoa Chi\u00eam, Nam tri\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p di\u1ec5n ch\u00ed, <\/em>Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd & Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00fay Nga d\u1ecbch, ch\u00fa, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u, Nxb. H\u1ed9i Nh\u00e0 V\u0103n 2003.<\/p>\n

Phan gia c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3, Gia Thi\u1ec7n – H\u00e0 T\u0129nh, <\/em>Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc Nhu\u1eadn d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i, Phan Huy L\u00ea hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh, Nxb. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 2006.<\/p>\n

Phan Huy Ch\u00fa, L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed, <\/em>b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Ba t\u1eadp, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H. 1992.<\/p>\n

Phan Th\u00fac Tr\u1ef1c, Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed di bi\u00ean, <\/em>b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7n S\u1eed H\u1ecdc, H. 2009.<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed qu\u00e1n Nguy\u1ec5n, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/em> (ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean),<\/em> M\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp, Nxb. Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c, t\u1eeb 2002.<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed qu\u00e1n Nguy\u1ec5n, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n (ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean),<\/em> B\u1ed1n t\u1eadp. Nxb. Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1 1993. \u0110\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd, trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ch\u1eef H\u00e1n chuy\u1ec3n qua ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, vi\u1ec7c coi s\u00f3c in \u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u0129 l\u1eafm (c\u1ea3 trong s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 GD xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n) n\u00ean ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n k\u00e8m theo th\u00ec m\u1edbi tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 th\u00eam hay b\u1edbt m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef, mang ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m l\u1eafm, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1eed gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng, c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u0110\u1ed7 TH\u00c0NH Nh\u00e2n thay v\u00ec \u0110\u1ed7 THANH Nh\u00e2n!<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed qu\u00e1n Nguy\u1ec5n, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam nh\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ed,<\/em> 5 t\u1eadp, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7n S\u1eed H\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb. Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1 2006.<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ed1c tri\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh lu\u1eadt (H\u00ecnh lu\u1eadt tri\u1ec1u L\u00ea),<\/em> L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Th\u1ea7n Cao N\u00e3i Quang d\u1ecbch, Nh\u00e0 in Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n C\u1ee7a, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1956.<\/p>\n

Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, T\u1eadp du k\u00ed m\u1edbi v\u00e0 k\u00ec th\u00fa v\u1ec1 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, <\/em>L\u00ea T\u01b0 L\u00e0nh d\u1ecbch, Nxb. Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi, 2005.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p, L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i, <\/em>L\u00ea H\u1eefu M\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch, Nxb. Khai Tr\u00ed. S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1961.<\/p>\n

Trung t\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i & Nh\u00e2n v\u0103n Qu\u1ed1c gia \u2013 Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u H\u00e1n N\u00f4m, [Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec S\u0129] \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00ed to\u00e0n th\u01b0 ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean, <\/em>Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H. 1997.<\/p>\n

Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ecdc, Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i to\u00e0n t\u1eadp t\u00e2n bi\u00ean, <\/em>Ba t\u1eadp, Nxb. V\u0103n H\u1ecdc 2001. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i, s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 th\u1ebf, c\u00f4ng phu, v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n k\u00e8m theo nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00ec nh\u1eefng s\u01a1 h\u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3i tinh th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XXI m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u01b0 T\u1ea3ng with David Chanoff and Doan Van Toai, A Vietcong Memoir,<\/em> Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch Publishers, San Diego, New York 1985.<\/p>\n

V\u0169 \u0110\u00ecnh Ho\u00e8, Thanh Ngh\u1ecb, <\/em>H\u1ed3i k\u00ed, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc, H. 2000.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n Hai<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh, Ch\u1eef n\u00f4m, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u2013 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o \u2013 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn,<\/em> Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H. 1975.<\/p>\n

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H\u00e0 V\u0103n T\u1ea5n \u2013 Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb T\u00e2m, Cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Nguy\u00ean M\u00f4ng \u2013 Th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIII, <\/em>Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H. 1975.<\/p>\n

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Hu\u1ef3nh Ng\u1ecdc Tr\u1ea3ng, Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u1ebfu H\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u00fac, \u0110\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 h\u00e1t s\u1eafc b\u00f9a, <\/em>Trung t\u00e2m V\u0103n ho\u00e1 Tp. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh xb. 2000.<\/p>\n

Inrasara, V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ch\u0103m. Kh\u00e1i lu\u1eadn \u2013 V\u0103n tuy\u1ec3n, <\/em>Nxb. V\u0103n ho\u00e1 D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c 1994. <\/em><\/p>\n

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Jacques, Roland, Les misionnaires portugais et les d\u00e9buts de l\u2019Eglise catholique au Viet-nam \u2013 C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t nam, <\/em>Bilingue, tome I, \u0110\u1ecbnh H\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00f9ng th\u01b0, 2004.<\/p>\n

Khu\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ea9u, Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng n\u0103m cu\u1ed3ng n\u1ed9,<\/em> Th\u01b0 \u1ea4n Qu\u00e1n (M\u0129) xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, 2009. Tuy \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u201ctruy\u1ec7n d\u00e0i\u201d nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t s\u00e1t v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, qua hai cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i 1945-1975. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p cho ta th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1eadt th\u00e0, tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 v\u1ebd \u1ed3n \u00e0o \u1edf nh\u1eefng trang s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

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L\u1ea1i Nguy\u00ean \u00c2n, Phan Kh\u00f4i \u2013 T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e1o 1929, <\/em>Nxb. \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng – Trung t\u00e2m V\u0103n ho\u00e1 Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y 2005.<\/p>\n

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L\u00ea Trung Hoa, T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ecba danh Nam B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, <\/em>Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i 2005.<\/p>\n

Li Tana, X\u1ee9 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 17 v\u00e0 18,<\/em> Nguy\u1ec5n Ngh\u1ecb d\u1ecbch, Nxb. Tr\u1ebb 1999.<\/p>\n

Li Tana, \u201cA View from the Sea: Perspectives on the Northern and Central Vietnamese Coast\u201d, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, <\/em>37(1), February 2006, pp. 83-102, The National University of Singapore 2006.<\/p>\n

L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Champa,<\/em> Nxb. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 2004.<\/p>\n

L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00f9 Nam \u2013 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1,<\/em> Vi\u1ec7n V\u0103n H\u00f3a & Nxb. V\u0103n ho\u00e1 Th\u00f4ng tin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 2005.<\/p>\n

L\u00fd Ch\u00e1nh Trung, M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1n bom, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, <\/em>Nxb. T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai 2005. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u201ctuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp\u201d, d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y \u201cm\u1ed9t th\u1eddi th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c ng\u00e2y th\u01a1\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 cho Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Linh khen \u201cL\u00fd Ch\u00e1nh Trung l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea3ng\u201d, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi r\u1ee5t r\u00e8 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u0169ng \u00f4ng T\u1ed5ng b\u00ed th\u01b0 m\u1eafng l\u00e0 \u201ck\u1ebb c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i\u201d khi th\u1ea5y Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tan r\u00e3, \u0111\u00f2i \u0110\u1ea3ng th\u00f4i d\u1ea1y M\u00e1cx\u00edt trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

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Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Hinh, V\u0103n minh L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t,<\/em> Vi\u1ec7n V\u0103n Ho\u00e1 & Nxb. V\u0103n ho\u00e1 Th\u00f4ng tin, H. 2004.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Hinh, V\u0103n minh \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t,<\/em> Vi\u1ec7n V\u0103n Ho\u00e1 & Nxb. V\u0103n ho\u00e1 Th\u00f4ng tin 2005.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea7u, Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c qua c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i,<\/em> Nxb. Tr\u1ebb 2007.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh L\u00ea, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1954-1975, <\/em>Nxb. Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7t Nam 2010. V\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean l\u1edbp s\u1eed gia c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c, quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u0169ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng: Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 g\u1eafng g\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1eafm th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1i khung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd trong V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean sau 1975, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i… chen v\u00e0o trong s\u00e1ch d\u00f9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, d\u00f9 c\u1ee7a VNCH c\u0169ng v\u1eabn l\u1ed5n nh\u1ed5n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed3n v\u00eda, kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00ec trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf chung c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai g\u1ea7n, ngo\u00e0i l\u00ed do hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng 1975. M\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00ec l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u1eed m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh T\u01b0, Non n\u01b0\u1edbc Ninh Tbu\u1eadn, <\/em>Nxb. Thanh Ni\u00ean 2003.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n K\u1ef3 Phong, T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam, <\/em>Nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ch T\u1ef1 L\u1ef1c xb., Garden Grove, CA 2009.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc San. T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t,<\/em> Nxb. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, 2003.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n T\u00e0i C\u1ea9n, Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t,<\/em> Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H. 1979.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ebf Anh, Kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c vua tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n,<\/em> b\u1ea3n in l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, Nxb. L\u1eeda Thi\u00eang, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1951.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ebf Anh, Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9, <\/em>Nxb. V\u0103n H\u1ecdc t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 2008.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Huy\u00ean, T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, <\/em>\u201cG\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d,<\/em> t\u1eadp 1, Nxb. Khoa H\u1ecdc & X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i, H. 2003; t\u1eadp 2: \u201cV\u0103n minh Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d (1939).<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung, T\u1eadp h\u1ecdp r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c nh\u1eefng thu gom t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn tranh, c\u00e1c h\u1ed3i k\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao hay v\u1eady, nh\u01b0 th\u00f3i quen trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed C\u00f9 lao Ph\u1ed1, <\/em>Nxb. T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai 2007.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, <\/em>Ba t\u1eadp. Nxb. Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c, H. 2000.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, <\/em>Nxb. Tr\u1ebb, Tp. HCM. D\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u1ed3m 6 t\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 2007 th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ba t\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac. H\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh vi\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi trung \u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111u\u1ed1i s\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, <\/em>Nxb. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, H. 2004.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, <\/em>Nguy\u1ec7t san X\u01b0a & Nay, Nxb. Tr\u1ebb, 2001.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, \u201c\u0110\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, <\/em>B\u00e1o Tu\u1ed5i Tr\u1ebb – Nxb. Tr\u1ebb, Tp. HCM. 2006.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, B\u00e0i th\u01a1 g\u00e2y ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn & \u201c\u0110\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, <\/em>B\u00e1o Ti\u1ec1n Phong \u2013 Nxb. Th\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n, H. 2006.<\/p>\n

Papin, Philippe, Vi\u1ec7t Nam, H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c,<\/em> (nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c: Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u2013 Parcours d\u2019une nation<\/em>), <\/em>Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u00e1nh Long d\u1ecbch, Toronto 2001.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3ng Tung, N\u1ed9i c\u00e1c Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim \u2013 B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, <\/em>Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c gia, H. 2009.<\/p>\n

Phan Khoang, Vi\u1ec7t Nam Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c s\u1eed (1862-1945), <\/em>in l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch S\u1eed h\u1ecdc, Ph\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ee5 khanh \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u00e1ch V\u0103n ho\u00e1, S. 1971.<\/p>\n

Southeast Asia in the 9th<\/sup> to 14th<\/sup> Centuries, <\/em>David G. Marr and A.C. Milner eds, Singapore 1986.<\/p>\n

Taylor, K.W. The Birth of Vietnam,<\/em> Berkeley 1983.<\/p>\n

Tchang, Mathias, Synchronismes chinois – Chronologie compl\u00e8te et concordance avec l\u2019\u00e8re chr\u00e9tienne de toute les dates concernant l\u2019histoire de l\u2019Extr\u00eame-Orient (Chine, Japon, Cor\u00e9e, Annam, Mongolie, etc.), 2357 av. J.C. \u2013 1904 apr. J.C., <\/em>Imprimerie de la Mission Catholique, Chang-Hai 1905.<\/p>\n

T\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh Vi\u1ec7t Nam, <\/em>Nxb. B\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ed3, H. 2003<\/p>\n

The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, <\/em>Vol. I, From Early Times to c. 1500, <\/em>Nicolas Tarling ed., Cambridge University Press 1999.<\/p>\n

Th\u01a1 v\u0103n L\u00ed Tr\u1ea7n, <\/em>t\u1eadp II, quy\u1ec3n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H. 1989<\/p>\n

Th\u01a1 v\u0103n L\u00ed Tr\u1ea7n, <\/em>t\u1eadp III, <\/em>Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H.1978.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4 Ho\u00e0i, Ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, <\/em>Nxb. \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, 2007. S\u00e1ch m\u01b0\u1ee3n danh \u201cti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft\u201d, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 t\u1ef1 \u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n tuy kh\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng t\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00ec T\u00f4 Ho\u00e0i c\u0169ng t\u1eebng tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 \u0110\u1ed9i ph\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, Ch\u00e1nh to\u00e0 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo c\u0169ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u th\u1ebf d\u00e0nh cho nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong gi\u1edbi v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cho ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim, Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, <\/em>Nxb. V\u0103n ho\u00e1 Th\u00f4ng tin t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n, H. 1999.<\/p>\n

Trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u1edf Mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, <\/em>Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H. 2004.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1eefu Qu\u00fdnh, Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u2013 Th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XI-XVIII, <\/em>Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1eadp I: Th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XI-XIV, 1982, t\u1eadp II: Th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XV-XVIII, 1983.<\/p>\n

Tsuboi, Yoshiharu, N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Nam \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Trung Hoa,<\/em> (b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ctv.), H\u1ed9i S\u1eed h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, H. 1993. \u0110\u1ebfn 2011 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 4 l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7n D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc, C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam (C\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda B\u1eafc),<\/em> Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i 1978.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7n D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc, C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam (C\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda Nam),<\/em> Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i 1984.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7n V\u0103n h\u1ecdc, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng \u2013 nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 l\u1edbn, <\/em>Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H. 1998.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, V\u0103n kh\u1eafc H\u00e1n N\u00f4m Vi\u1ec7t Nam, <\/em>Nguy\u1ec5n Quang H\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H. 1993<\/p>\n

Wheeler, Ch., \u201cRe-thinking the Sea in Vietnamese History: Littoral Society in the Integration of Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng, Seventeen-Eighteen Centuries, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies,<\/em> 37(1), February 2006, pp. 123-153, The National University of Singapore 2006.<\/p>\n

Whitmore, John K., \u201cThe Rise of the Coast: Trade, State and Culture of Early \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t\u201d, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies,<\/em> 37(1), February 2006, pp. 103-122, The National University of Singapore 2006.<\/p>\n

V\u00f5 B\u00e1 C\u01b0\u1eddng, Chuy\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ed9, <\/em>Nxb. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 2007.<\/p>\n

V\u0169 Th\u01b0 Hi\u00ean, \u0110\u00eam gi\u1eefa ban ng\u00e0y (h\u1ed3i k\u00ed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb),<\/em> V\u0103n Ngh\u1ec7 xb. California 1997.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng t\u1eebng tham kh\u1ea3o b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e2p h\u1ecdp c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00ec hay kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft may m\u1eafn c\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi tay:<\/p>\n

Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc,<\/em><\/p>\n

Nam B\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi,<\/em><\/p>\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Hu\u1ebf.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u L\u1ecbch s\u1eed,<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi, n\u0103m..,<\/em><\/p>\n

X\u01b0a v\u00e0 Nay,<\/em><\/p>\n

Ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: CD-ROM Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hue.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 th\u00eam c\u00e1c b\u00e0i, s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1 Ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01a1i n\u00e0y n\u01a1i n\u1ecd.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/em><\/p>\n

S\u00c1CH D\u1eaaN<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1ng l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i x\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb theo \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng kham n\u1ed5i
<\/em>th\u00f4i \u0111\u00e0nh ghi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1eady.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/em><\/p>\n

A <\/strong>Adam, E. A N\u1ed7 \/ Chao Anou \u1ea2 R\u1eadp adhipati \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u \u00c1i T\u1eed akayat Alexandre VI (Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng) Amaravati An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng An Giang An Kh\u00ea An L\u1ed9c An L\u1ed9c S\u01a1n An Nam, A Nam \/ H\u00e0 Nam, An Nam ch\u00ed, An Nam ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, An Nam s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c, <\/em>An Nam \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 \/ Ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 An Nam, An Nam \u0110\u00f4 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9 (ti), An Nam Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng, An Nam Ph\u00f3 Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng annamite An T\u00e2y An T\u00f4n An T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Angkor, Angkor Borei, Angkor Thom, Angkor Vat Ang Mei \/ Qu\u1eadn ch\u00faa Ng\u1ecdc V\u00e2n Ang Sor \/ S\u00f4 Anh (ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u1ee9) \/ H\u1ed3ng Mao Antonius Pius Ao b\u00e0 Om ariya \u00c2n\/Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00c2n \u0111\u00e0n \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o \/ H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00f4ng lu\u1eadt C\u00f4ng \u00e1n Bia S\u01a1n \u1ea4n, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n-\u0111\u1ed9-Chi-na \u1ea4p Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea4p \u0110\u1eddi m\u1edbi \/ \u1ea4p D\u00e2n sinh \u00c2u, \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u (ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u1ee9) \u00c2u L\u1ea1c Aubaret \u1ea4u Tri\u1ec7u Auriol, V. Aurousseau, L. Australia Austroasiatic\/ique Autronesian\/en<\/p>\n

B<\/strong> Ba (s\u00f4ng) Ba B\u00ecnh Ba C\u1ee5t (L\u00ea Quang Vinh) Ba \u0110\u00edch Lai \/ Indravarman V Ba \u0110i\u1ec3m Ba L\u1ea1t Ba Ph\u1ee7 Ba T\u01a1 B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c, Pierre Joseph Georges Pigneau (de) B\u00e9haine, Pedro, Pe-to-(r)lo B\u00e0 \u1ea2 B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n B\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Ng\u1ef1a B\u00e0 Ch\u00faa X\u1ee9 B\u00e0 Banh \/ B\u00e0 \u0110anh B\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec3m B\u00e0 Gi\u00e0 (ch\u00f9a, th\u00f4n) B\u00e0 Ma\u0111al\u00eana B\u00e0 Maria B\u00e0 R\u1ecba B\u00e0 T\u1ea5m \/ Po Nrop B\u00e0 T\u00edm B\u00e0 Tranh \/ Po Thot B\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u Babut, E. B\u1ea1c Li\u00eau B\u1eafc H\u00e0, Nam H\u00e0 B\u1eafc K\u00ec B\u1eafc Kinh \/ Y\u00ean Kinh B\u1eafc L\u1ec7 B\u1eafc Ninh B\u1eafc S\u01a1n (V\u0103n ho\u00e1) B\u1eafc Th\u00e0nh B\u1eafc Thu\u1eadn B\u00e1ch Khoa<\/em> B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng B\u1ea1ch H\u1ea1c B\u1ea1ch Li\u00eau B\u1ea1ch Long V\u0129 B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 \/ B\u1ea1ch M\u00e3 Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1m B\u1ea1ch Sa (c\u1ed3n) B\u1ea1ch Xu\u00e2n Nguy\u00ean Badravarma B\u00e1i Tr\u1eddi\/Nh\u1eadt \/ B\u00e1i \u00c2n Bajaraka (M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn) Balaha Bai Debare \/ Plei Bocan \/ Catlin \/ Chung M\u0129 Ban Kan Luang Ban M\u00ea Thu\u1ed9c \/ Bu\u00f4n Ma Thu\u1ed9t B\u00e0n L\u00e2n \/ blaang (b\u1eb1ng l\u0103ng?) B\u00e0n Than (\u0111\u00e1) B\u00e0n V\u0103n Nh\u1ecb (C\u1edd Tr\u1eafng) Bana B\u1ea1ng (c\u1eeda) B\u00e0ng H\u00e0 B\u00e1nh \u00cdt (th\u00e1p) Banteay B\u1ea3o (\u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c, \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c) B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ecbnh (r\u1ea1ch) B\u1ea3o L\u1ea1c B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Quang Trung Baron, Samuel b\u1eafp\/ng\u00f4 Barizy, L. \/ Ba-la-di Barrow, Jh. Batavia\/Jakarta Batumriachia Bayon B\u00ea Mi Thu\u1ebf B\u1ebf Kh\u1eafc Thi\u1ec7u Beau, P. Bento Thi\u1ec7n B\u1ebfn H\u1ea3i B\u1ebfn Ngh\u00e9 \/ Kas Krobei B\u1ebfn S\u00fac Bhadresvaravarman \/ B\u1ea1t \u0111a la th\u01b0 la b\u1ea1t la \/ Ba \u0111\u01a1 r\u00e9t va ra v\u00e1c man B\u00ed Cai Bia \u00dat B\u00edch C\u00e2u k\u00ec ng\u1ed9 k\u00ed<\/em> B\u00edch Quan \/ Quan B\u00edch Bi\u00ean Ho\u00e0 Bi\u1ec3n H\u1ed3 B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00ecnh Gi\u00e3 B\u00ecnh \u0110a B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh (\u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng), (th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec) B\u00ecnh Khang B\u00ecnh l\u1ec7 (ph\u00e9p) B\u00ecnh Nam \u0111\u1ed3 B\u00ecnh Ng\u00e3i \/ Boh P\u0103lriya B\u00ecnh Nguy\u00ean L\u1ed9c B\u00ecnh Than B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn B\u00ecnh Xuy\u00ean Blao \/ B\u1ea3o L\u1ed9c Bolaert (Cao u\u1ef7) Bonard (\u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c) Boat People B\u1ed1 C\u00e1i \/ Vua C\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ed1 Ch\u00ednh (Nam), (B\u1eafc) B\u1ed1 \u0110a La B\u1ed1 \u0110i\u1ec1n B\u1ed1 \u0110\u00f4ng \/ Kim Trung Li\u1ec7t B\u1ed1 H\u1ea3i Kh\u1ea9u \/ c\u1eeda B\u1ed1 B\u1ed3 \/ B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, vua B\u1ed3 B\u1ed9c (ch\u00f9a) B\u1ed1i L\u00ed B\u1ed3n Man \/ M\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed3n \/ M\u1ecdi Chum \/ C\u1ed5 B\u1ed3n Man Bombo (s\u00f3c) Borri, Ch. Bouet (Thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng) Bowyear, Thomas B\u00f9i B\u00e1 K\u00ec B\u00f9i Chu Ph\u00e1t Di\u1ec7m B\u00f9i D\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ecbch B\u00f9i \u0110\u1eafc Tuy\u00ean B\u00f9i H\u00e0nh L\u1eadp B\u00f9i Nguy\u00ean H\u1ef1u B\u00f9i Ph\u1ed5 B\u00f9i Quang Chi\u00eau B\u00f9i Qu\u1ed1c H\u01b0ng B\u00f9i T\u00e1 H\u00e1n B\u00f9i Th\u1ebf \u0110\u1ea1t B\u00f9i Th\u1ecb M\u00e8 B\u00f9i Th\u1ecb Xu\u00e2n B\u00f9i V\u0103n Khu\u00ea Bu\u00f4n Chu B\u1eedu D\u01b0\u1ee1ng (Lm.) B\u1eedu L\u1ed9c B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/p>\n

C<\/strong> Ca Da ca tr\u00f9 c\u00e1 \u00d4ng (t\u1ee5c th\u1edd) \/ c\u00e1 voi c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u C\u00e0 Mau C\u00e0 Tr\u00e1p \/ Choah? C\u1ea3 (\u0111\u00e8o) C\u1ea3 (s\u00f4ng) c\u00e1c l\u00e1i C\u00e1ch M\u1ea1ng Qu\u1ed1c Gia <\/em>(nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o) C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng T\u00e2n H\u1ee3i (Trung Hoa) C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi (Nga) C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m Cai L\u1eady C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Calcutta Cam L\u1ed9 Campapura Canada (Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn) C\u1ea7m (h\u1ecd); C\u1ea7m B\u00e0nh, C\u1ea7m L\u1ea1n, C\u1ea7m Qu\u1ef3 C\u1ea9m Sa C\u00e0n Long Canh H\u00e3n (x\u00e3) \/ C\u1ea3nh H\u00e0ng C\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng Chum Cao B\u1eb1ng Cao Bi\u1ec1n, Cao V\u01b0\u01a1ng Cao \u0110\u00e0i Cao H\u1ed3ng L\u00e3nh Cao La H\u00e2m S\u00e2m Cao L\u1ed7 Cao Man \/ Cao Mi\u00ean , Cao Mi\u00ean k\u1ec9 l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em> <\/em>Cao Tri\u1ec1u Ph\u00e1t Cao T\u1ef1 Thanh c\u00e1p Du\u1ed3ng Caravelle (nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb) cargo-cult c\u00e1t b\u00e1 \/ c\u1ed5 b\u1ed1i \/ c\u00e1t b\u1ed1i \/ kapok C\u00e1t Hanh Long Catinat (t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn) Catroux (To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n) Cau (th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c) Cauchechina, (Basse, Haute) Cochinchine Cauchigu \/ Giao Ch\u1ec9 qu\u1ed1c c\u00e0y T\u1ecbch \u0111i\u1ec1n C\u1ea7n Gi\u1edd C\u1ea7n Lao Nh\u00e2n V\u1ecb (\u0111\u1ea3ng) \/ C\u00f4ng N\u00f4ng Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00e2u Chi\u00eam C\u00e2u Ti\u1ec5n C\u1ea7u Ki\u1ec7u C\u1ea7u ng\u01b0 (l\u1ec5) C\u1ea7u S\u01a1n Cedar Fall (H\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n) C\u01a1 m\u1eadt (vi\u1ec7n) C\u1ed1 Du \/ Ph\u00fa Ho\u00e0i Nh\u00e2n \/ Marchand (gi\u00e1o s\u0129) C\u1ed1 Kh\u1ea3i Chi C\u1ed3 Qu\u1ed1c C\u1ed5 Ho\u00e0nh (gi\u00e1p) C\u1ed5 Loa (th\u00e0nh); (tr\u1ed1ng) C\u1ed5 Lu\u1ef9 C\u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p C\u1ed5 Trai Coed\u00e8s, G. Commerce d\u2019Inde en Inde C\u00f4n L\u00f4n \/ C\u00f4n \u0110\u1ea3o C\u00f4n Man C\u00f4n N\u01b0\u1eddng (c\/ch\u00faa) C\u1ed3n Ti\u00ean C\u1eddn (c\u1eeda) C\u00f4ng d\u01b0 ti\u1ec7p k\u00ed <\/em>C\u00f4ng s\u1ee9, Kh\u00e2m s\u1ee9, Th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9 C\u00f4ng t\u00e0o C\u00f4ng ti \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n C\u1ecdng ho\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n An Nam, \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Vi\u1ec7t Nam (\u0111\u1ea3ng) Courbet (\u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c) Crawford, Jh. C\u00f9 lao Ph\u1ed1 C\u00f9 M\u00f4ng C\u1ee7 Chi (\u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1o) C\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ec3, K\u00ec Ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ea7u C\u1eed Long C\u1ee9u Qu\u1ed1c Qu\u00e2n C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n C\u1eedu \u0110\u1ee9c (th\u00e1i gi\u00e1m) C\u1eedu Long C\u1ef1u Ch\u00e2u C\u1ef1u \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0<\/em><\/p>\n

Ch<\/strong> Chaigneau, J.B. \/ Ba N\u00ea \u00d4 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u1eafng Ch\u00e0 B\u00e0n th\u00e0nh Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Ch\u00e0 V\u00e0 \/ Ch\u00e0 B\u00e0 \/ \u0110\u1ed3 B\u00e0 Champa, Ciampa, Chamba, Ch\u00e0m, (t\u00f9 binh), Ch\u0103m, Ch\u0103m H\u2019roi, Ch\u0103m B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n \/ Cam \/ Cam Jat, Cam Cuh (thi\u00eau) \/ Cam Kaphir (v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o), Cam Bini \/ Ch\u0103m B\u00e0 Ni Ch\u00e2n B\u00f4n \/ Chantaboun Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p Ch\u00e2n T\u00edn (Lm.) Chao Praya Ch\u1ea5t \u0110a T\u01b0 Na \/ Sitrasena \/ Mahendravarman Ch\u00e2u \u1ea4n thuy\u1ec1n Ch\u00e2u\/Chu Di\u00ean Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ea1t Quan Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c Ch\u00e2u L\u00e2m (vi\u1ec7n) \/ Ph\u00fac L\u00e2m (ch\u00f9a) Ch\u00e2u mu\u1ed9i n\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u0110\u1eadu) Ch\u00e2u T\u00e2m Lu\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u (Chu) V\u0103n Ti\u1ebfp Ch\u1ebf B\u1ed3ng Nga Ch\u1ebf Ch\u00ed Ch\u1ebf C\u1ee7 Ch\u1ebf \u0110a Da Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 L\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea7u L\u00ea Tr\u1ecbnh Ch\u1ebf M\u1ea1n Ch\u1ebf M\u00e2n Ch\u1ebf M\u1ed7\/m\u1ed7 Ch\u1ebf S\u01a1n N\u00f4 Chevreuil (gi\u00e1o s\u0129) Chey Chetta Ch\u00ed Ho\u00e0 Ch\u00ed Linh Chi\u00eam \/ Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh; K\u1ebb Chi\u00eam Chi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0n (Chandra) Chi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0n (th\u00e1p) Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c S\u00e1ch Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u00ed T\u1ed1ng Chi\u1ebfu b\u00ecnh Ph\u1ee5c L\u1ec5 Chiite Chinh ph\u1ee5 ng\u00e2m (kh\u00fac) <\/em>Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn Ch\u1ee3 Qu\u00e1n Chu (T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c) Chu An Chu \u00c2n Lai Chu B\u00e1 Chu B\u1ec9nh Khu\u00ea Chu \u0110\u1eadu Chu Lai Chu Kh\u1ea9u \u0110i\u1ebfm Chu K\u00ecnh Chu Nhai Chu Thu\u1ea5n Thu\u1ef7 Chu Trang V\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu T\u1eed Chu T\u1eed \/ Chu V\u0103n B\u00ecnh (nh\u00e0 v\u0103n) Chu \u1ee8ng Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Ch\u00faa B\u1ea7u\/Bi\u1ec1u Ch\u00faa Ch\u1ed5m Churu\/Ch\u2019ru <\/em>Ch\u01b0 phi\u00ean ch\u00ed <\/em>ch\u1eef n\u00f4m (truy\u1ec7n, th\u01a1), qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef (la tinh) Chun Do Hoan Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Sinh ho\u1ea1t H\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (CPS) Claeys, J.Y.<\/p>\n

D <\/strong>D\u00e3 T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \/ \u201cvoi r\u1eebng\u201d D\u1ea1 Lang D\u1ea1 Xoa V\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 (\u0111\u1ea3ng) d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 D\u00e2n T\u00f4n T\u1eed (Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Vi) D\u00e2u Di\u00ean H\u1ed3ng Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh Di\u00ean Ninh Di\u1ec5n Ch\u00e2u Di\u1ec7p M\u1eadu Di\u1ec7p V\u0103n K\u00ec D\u00f3ng\/Gi\u00f3ng, \u0110\u1ed1ng\/\u0110\u1ed5ng d\u00f2ng T\u00ean (J\u00e9suite) D\u1ed1c Ch\u00f9a Du ca D\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ee9c Duy T\u00e2n (vua) Duy T\u00e2n (phong tr\u00e0o) D\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ed <\/em>D\u1eeba (th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c) D\u1ef1ng T\u00fa D\u01b0\u01a1ng Anh Nh\u0129 D\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ea1ch Mai D\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00e1t L\u1ee3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \/ \u201ctam kha\u201d \/ Tam Kha \/ B\u00ecnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng Di\u00ean\/\u0110\u00ecnh Ngh\u1ec7 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Huy D\u01b0\u01a1ng Khu\u00ea D\u01b0\u01a1ng Kinh D\u01b0\u01a1ng Long D\u01b0\u01a1ng Minh Ch\u00e2u (chi\u1ebfn khu) D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u1ea1n \u0110\u1ecbch (binh Long M\u00f4n) D\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec5 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ef3nh Hoa D\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00e1i h\u1eadu D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thu H\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ti\u1ebfn L\u1ed9c D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ed1 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Tu\u1ec7 D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ef1 H\u01b0ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ef1 Minh D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Ba D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n \u0110\u1ee9c D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Minh D\u01b0\u1ee1ng Ch\u00e2n<\/p>\n

\u0110 <\/strong>\u0110a Bang Da Cruz, Joan \u0110a C\u01b0\u01a1ng \/ Tinh C\u01b0\u01a1ng \/ Long H\u01b0ng \/ \u1ea5p Bi\u1ec3n \u0110a Gia Li \u0110a Gi\u00e1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u00e1 Tr\u1eafng (n\u00fai) \u0110\u00e0 Giang \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng \u0110\u00e0 R\u1eb1ng \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110i\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng (ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a) \u0110\u1ea1i Ho\u00e0ng (s\u00f4ng, t\u1eadp nh\u00f3m) \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i la (th\u00e0nh), \u0110\u1ea1i La \u0110\u1ea1i L\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i L\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1i L\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i L\u00ed \u0110\u1ea1i L\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i Nam (n\u01b0\u1edbc), \u0110\u1ea1i Nam ho\u1ea1 qu\u1ed1c to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean; \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean<\/em> \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea1i Tr\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i V\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, \u0110\u1ea1i C\u1ed3 Vi\u1ec7t, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00ed, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00ed to\u00e0n th\u01b0 \/ To\u00e0n th\u01b0 \/ TT, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em> \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Duy D\u00e2n \/ D\u00e2n Ch\u00ednh \/ Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \/ Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 (\u0111\u1ea3ng) Dak Son \u0110am Manh \u0110\u00e0m (th\u00f4n, h\u1ecd) \u0110\u00e0m D\u0129 M\u00f4ng d\u2019Amaral, Gaspar Dampier, W. \u0110an Gia \u0110\u00e0n Ho\u00e0 Chi \u0110\u1ea3n \/ \u0110\u1ea3n Gia L\u00e3o \/ \u0110an, Soisang-yan \/ Thu\u1ef7 Sinh Nh\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0ng C\u1ef1u \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XII \u0110\u00e0ng Tr\u00ean \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XII \u0110anh (th\u00f4n B\u1eafc Ninh), \u0110anh X\u00e1, \u0110inh X\u00e1 (th\u00f4n x\u00e3 H\u00e0 Nam) \u0110\u0103ng Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1eb7ng Ch\u1ea5t \u0110\u1eb7ng Dung \u0110\u1eb7ng Hu\u1ea5n \u0110\u1eb7ng Nh\u01b0 Mai \u0110\u1eb7ng T\u1ea5t \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ebfn \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1eb7ng Tr\u1ea7n C\u00f4n \u0110\u0103ng Tr\u1ea7n Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1eb7ng V\u0103n Ch\u00e2n \u0110\u1eb7ng Thu\u1ef3 Tr\u00e2m \u0110\u00e0o Cam M\u1ed9c \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh \u0110\u00e0o Duy T\u1eeb \u0110\u00e0o Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u00e0o Th\u1ecbnh \u0110\u00e0o Tr\u00ed Ph\u00fa \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh 9-3-1945, 11-11-1960, 1-10-1960 \u0111\u1ea1o (\u0110inh, Ti\u1ec1n L\u00ea) (H\u1eadu L\u00ea) \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o\u201d, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i La M\u00e3 \u0110\u1ea1o Dung \u0110\u1ea1o Gi\u00e1o d\u2019Amedo \u0110\u1ea1t L\u1ed7 Hoa X\u00edch Dayot, Jean Marie \/ \u0110a \u0110\u1ed9t \u0110\u00e1y (s\u00f4ng) \u0110\u1eadp \u0110\u00e1 \u0110\u1ea7u B\u00e0o \/ \u0110\u1ed3ng B\u00e0o (gi\u1eb7c) de Forcan, Alexir Olivier \/ L\u00ea (Nguy\u1ec5n) V\u0103n L\u0103ng De Genouilly, Rigauld De la Baume (gi\u00e1o s\u0129) De Lattre de Tassigny De Puynamel, Alexis Olivier \/ \u00d4 Li Vi \/ \u00d4ng T\u00edn De Rhodes, Alex. \u0110\u00ea, E\u0111\u00ea, Rhade \u0111\u00ea \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0110\u1ec7 Tam Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0110\u1ec7 T\u1ee9 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0110\u00e8o C\u00e1t H\u00e3n deva raja Di Pina, F. \u0110\u1ecba L\u00ed \u0110i\u1ec1n (V\u0103n minh), \u0110i\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec1n nhi \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1n T\u00e2y\u201d \u0110i\u1ec7n Phi (t\u00e0u) \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u1ee7 \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 \u0110i\u1ec1u Khi\u1ec3n (dinh) \u0110inh (h\u1ecd) \u0110inh B\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110inh B\u1ed9 L\u0129nh \/ Ti\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng \u0110inh C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 \u0110inh C\u00f4ng Tuy\u1ebft \u0110inh \u0110i\u1ec1n \u0110inh \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110inh Ki\u1ebfn \u0110inh Li\u1ec5n \/ Khu\u00f4ng Li\u1ec5n \u0110inh L\u1ed9c \u0110inh Phi\u00ean \u0110inh To\u00e0n\/Tu\u1ec7\/Tri\u1ec3n, V\u1ec7 V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00ednh Noa T\u0103ng Noa (\u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c) \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ecbnh Phi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f2 M\u00e8 \/ Doumea \u0110\u1ecd (n\u00fai) \u0110o\u00e0n C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Mi\u1ec1n Trung \u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft (binh) \u0110o\u00e0n Nh\u1eef H\u00e0i \u0110o\u00e0n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110o\u00e0n Tr\u01b0ng \u0110o\u00e0n V\u0103n To\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Dohamide \u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9 (ph\u1ee7), \u0110\u00f4 H\u1ed9 (n\u01b0\u1edbc) \/ \u0110\u00f4 Qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4 L\u1ed7 \u0110\u00f4 Lung \u0110\u00f4 L\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4 u\u00fd \u0110\u00f4 s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ed3 Gia B\u1ea1t Ma \u0110\u1ed3 S\u01a1n \u0110\u1ed7 (h\u1ecd) \u0110\u1ed7 Anh H\u00e0n \u0110\u1ed7 Anh S\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ed7 Anh Tri\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed7 Anh V\u0169 \/ \u0110\u1ed7 Th\u00e1i u\u00fd \u0110\u1ed7 C\u1ea3nh Th\u1ea1c \u0110\u1ed7 Chi\u00eau Linh (th\u00e1i h\u1eadu) \u0110\u1ed7 Ch\u00fa \u0110\u1ed7 \u0110\u1ed9ng Giang \u0110\u1ed7 Gi\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ed7 H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ed7 H\u1eefu Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ed7 H\u1eefu V\u1ecb \u0110\u1ed7 H\u01b0ng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ed7 Nh\u1ea1c \u0110\u1ed7 Ph\u00e1p Thu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ed7 (N\u0103ng) T\u1ebf \u0110\u1ed7 Thanh Nh\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed7 Th\u00edch \u0110\u1ed7 Thi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ed7 Th\u1ee7 Tr\u1eebng \u0110\u1ed7 T\u1ed3n Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ed7 Tr\u00ecnh Tho\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed7 Tu\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ed7 T\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ed7 T\u1eed B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ed7 V\u0103n D\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ed7 Vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ed1c ph\u1ee7 s\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ecdi (n\u00fai) \u0110\u1ed9i S\u01a1n \u0110\u1ed9i Cung \u0110\u00f4n V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Du \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n \u0110\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh (Nam Chi\u1ebfu) \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4, \u0110\u00f4ng Quan, Trung \u0110\u00f4 \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh Ngh\u0129a Th\u1ee5c \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u1ed1, \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n (qu\u00e2n) \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n (V\u0103n minh) \u0110\u00f4ng Vi\u1ec7t Doumer (c\u1ea7u, To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n P.) \u0110\u1ed1ng \u0110a \u0110\u1ed1ng Qu\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ed3ng C\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ed3ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \/ \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e0ng\/yang \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu \u0110\u1ed3ng Kh\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ed3ng Kh\u1edfi \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai, \u0110\u1ea1 \u0110\u1eddng (s\u00f4ng) \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ed3ng\/ \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p M\u01b0\u1eddi, bia \u0110\u1ed3ng Tuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ed3ng Xo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng\/\u0111\u1ed3ng\/\u0110\u1ed3ng (h\u1ecd) Doudart de Lagr\u00e9e Dubois, E. Dupuis, J. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng An \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i), \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ee9c T\u00f4ng \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, Nguy\u1ec5n (th\u00f4n) \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Trung T\u00f4ng<\/p>\n

E <\/strong>Emmanuel \/ M\u00e3n No\u00e0i Engels, F. Eo (c\u1eeda) Eisenhower, D.<\/p>\n

F <\/strong>Falacci, O. Ferry, J. Fonda, J. FULRO<\/p>\n

G<\/strong> Gandhi, M. Garaudy, R. Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh B\u00e1o, Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng ch\u00ed <\/em>Gia L\u00e2m Gia Long Gia Mi\u00eau \/ Gia Mi\u00eau Ngo\u1ea1i trang \/ B\u00e1i Trang Gia Ninh gia th\u1ea7n Gia T\u00f4 (\u0111\u1ea1o) Gi\u00e0 N\u00e0ng Gi\u00e1c Ho\u00e0ng Gi\u1ea3i Ph\u00f3ng (x\u1ee9 u\u1ef7) Gi\u1ea3i T\u1ea5n Gi\u00e1m ban, n\u1ed9i gi\u00e1m Gi\u1ea1m\/ D\u1ea1m (ch\u00f9a, c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1) Gi\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ebf Gi\u1ea3n Ph\u1ed1 Tr\u1ea1i Gi\u1ea3n Tu c\u00f4ng O\u00e1nh\/Dinh Gianh (s\u00f4ng) Giao (t\u1ebf) Giao Ch\u00e2u, Giao Ch\u00e2u ngo\u1ea1i v\u1ef1c k\u00ed<\/em> Giao Ch\u1ec9, Giao Ch\u1ec9 Qu\u1eadn V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Giao H\u1ea3i giao long thu\u1ed3ng lu\u1ed3ng Giao t\u1eed v\u1ee5 Gi\u00e1o Hi\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1p, qu\u1ea3n gi\u00e1p gi\u00f4ng \/ k\u00ec nh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed3ng Gi\u1ed3ng Ph\u1ec7t G\u00f2 Mun G\u00f2 S\u00e0nh Goa Guiness (k\u1ec9 l\u1ee5c) G\u01b0\u01a1m (h\u1ed3)<\/p>\n

H<\/strong> H\u00e0 C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5 H\u00e0 \u0111\u00ea s\u1ee9 H\u00e0 Huy T\u1eadp H\u00e0 Lan, Olane ,\u201cHo\u00e0 Lan\u201d (\u0111\u1ea1o) H\u00e0 M\u1eabu \u0110\u1ed9 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i H\u00e0 Ng\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 <\/em>(v\u00e8) H\u00e0 Th\u1ecb C\u1ea7u H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean H\u00e0 T\u0129nh H\u00e0 V\u0103n T\u1ea5n H\u1ea1\/(m\u1ecdi) H\u1ea1 H\u1ea1 Long (v\u1ecbnh) (tho\u1ea3 \u01b0\u1edbc) Hai B\u00e0 (Tr\u01b0ng) Tr\u01b0ng Tr\u1eafc Tr\u01b0ng Nh\u1ecb H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ea3i L\u0103ng H\u1ea3i Nam H\u1ea3i T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n H\u00e0m Nghi H\u00e0m T\u1eed H\u00e1n (ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u1eef), T\u00e2y H\u00e1n, \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, H\u00e1n th\u01b0 <\/em>H\u00e1n nh\u00e2n, d\u00e2n (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t) H\u00e0n Tri\u1ec7u Hang H\u00f9m H\u00e0ng G\u00f2n H\u1ea1ng Lang \/ Ch\u00e0ng L\u1edbn H\u00e0nh khi\u1ec3n h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng \/ h\u00e0o s\u0129 Harivarman I, Harvarman II, Harivarman IV Harmand (B\u00e1c s\u0129) Harrimand W.A. H\u00e1t c\u1eeda \u0111\u00ecnh (ti\u1ec1n) H\u1ea7u Nh\u00e2n B\u1ea3o H\u1eadu (s\u00f4ng) H\u1eadu th\u1ed5 Heger (ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i) Hi L\u1ea1p H\u1ecbch t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u0129 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0169ng T\u00e0u Hi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i<\/em> Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Gen\u00e8ve (Vi\u1ec7t Ph\u00e1p, Trung l\u1eadp L\u00e0o) Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Paris Hi\u1ec7p Ho\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7u Kh\u1ea3 H\u00ecnh th\u01b0 h\u1ecd, t\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3 Hoa (ng\u01b0\u1eddi) Hoa Anh Hoa Lang \u0111\u1ea1o Hoa L\u01b0 Hoa v\u0103n c\u00e1o th\u1ecb <\/em>Ho\u00e1 Ch\u00e2u Ho\u00e0 B\u00ecnh Ho\u00e0 H\u1ea3o (l\u00e0ng, Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o) Ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc Fournier, Ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u00e1p Tu\u1ea5t, Ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc Harmand, Ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u00e2m Tu\u1ea5t, Paten\u00f4tre, Ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean T\u00e2n Ho\u1ea3 X\u00e1 \/ Ho\u1ea3 Qu\u1ed1c Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c Ho\u00e0i Nh\u01a1n Ho\u00e0i Nam kh\u00fac <\/em>Hoan Ch\u00e2u, Hoan Ch\u00e2u k\u00ed <\/em>Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ho\u00e0ng (s\u00f4ng) Ho\u00e0ng (h\u1ecd) Ho\u00e0ng b\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng B\u00f4i Ho\u00e0ng Cao Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0ng C\u00f4ng\/V\u0103n Ch\u1ea5t Ho\u00e0ng C\u00f4ng K\u00ec Ho\u00e0ng C\u00f4ng L\u00ed Ho\u00e0ng C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5 Ho\u00e0ng\/Hu\u1ef3nh Di\u1ec7u Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u00ecnh \u00c1i Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u00ecnh B\u1ea3o Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ed9ng (man) Ho\u00e0ng H\u1ea1 (tr\u1ed1ng) Ho\u00e0ng Hoa Th\u00e1m \/ \u0110\u1ec1 Th\u00e1m Ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea nh\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ed<\/em> Ho\u00e0ng Ngh\u0129a Hi\u1ec1n Ho\u00e0ng Ng\u0169 Ph\u00fac Ho\u00e0ng Ph\u1ee7 Ng\u1ecdc Phan, Ho\u00e0ng Ph\u1ee7 Ng\u1ecdc T\u01b0\u1eddng Ho\u00e0ng Ph\u00f9ng C\u01a1 Ho\u00e0ng Qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Ho\u00e0ng Qu\u1ef3nh (Lm.) Ho\u00e0ng Sa \/ T\u00e2y Sa Ho\u00e0ng S\u00e0o \u201cHo\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh Th\u0103ng Long\u201d Ho\u00e0ng Th\u1ecb Ch\u00e2u Ho\u00e0ng Th\u1ecd Ho\u00e0ng Thu\u1ef5 N\u0103m (\u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1) Ho\u00e0ng tri\u1ec1u Lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 Ho\u00e0ng tri\u1ec1u Quan ch\u1ebf Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh Ho\u00e0ng S\u00f9ng Anh, C\u1edd V\u00e0ng Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n Hoan Ho\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n H\u00e3n ho\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u (ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng) Ho\u00e0nh S\u01a1n Ho\u1eb1ng Th\u00e1o H\u00f4 (\u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c), H\u00f4 H\u1ed5 h\u1ea7u Homo sapiens H\u1ed3 (th\u00e0nh, An Nghi\u1ec7p) H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh (ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i) H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ed3 H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ed3ng H\u1ed3 H\u00e1n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ed3 H\u1eefu Nh\u1ef1t H\u1ed3 H\u1eefu T\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3 H\u1ef1u H\u1ed3 Nguy\u00ean Tr\u1eebng H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Li H\u1ed3 S\u0129 D\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ed3 T\u00f4n tinh H\u1ed3 T\u00f4ng Th\u1ed1c\/X\u00e1c H\u1ed3 V\u0103n Mai H\u1ed3 V\u0103n Ng\u00e0 H\u1ed3 V\u0103n Ngh\u1ecb H\u1ed3 V\u0103n V\u1ea1n H\u1ed3 X\u00e1 H\u1ed3 Xu\u00e2n H\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbng khu\/xu c\u01a1<\/em> H\u1ed3i, H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o, H\u1ed3i H\u1ed9t H\u1ed3i L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ed9i An H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng H\u00e0ng t\u1ec9nh H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng T\u01b0 v\u1ea5n B\u1eafc K\u00ec, Trung K\u00ec H\u1ed9i Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c H\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n Quy\u1ec1n H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris, H\u1ed9i Truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o Ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p H\u1ed7n \u0110i\u1ec1n \/ H\u1ed7n H\u1ed9i H\u1ed3ng (s\u00f4ng) H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng H\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o H\u1ed3ng Ch\u00e2u H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c \u00e2m thi t\u1eadp <\/em>H\u1ed3ng Hi\u1ebfn H\u1ed3ng Ph\u00fac H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t, Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ebf T\u1ed5 H\u1ee3p Ph\u1ed1 Hua Panh Hu\u1ebf, tr\u00e0 Hu\u1ebf Hu\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ee9c V\u01b0\u01a1ng Hu\u00ecnh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a Hung N\u00f4 H\u00f9ng: V\u01b0\u01a1ng (nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec1n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng), t\u01b0\u1edbng, h\u1ea7u, \u0111i\u1ec1n, H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc <\/em>Huy\u1ec1n Kh\u00ea Huy\u1ec1n Quang (T\u0103ng th\u1ed1ng) Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e2n Hu\u1ef3nh B\u00e1 Th\u00e0nh (h\u1ecda s\u0129 \u1edat) Hu\u1ef3nh C\u1ef1 Hu\u1ef3nh Minh Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ea5n Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ea5n M\u1eabm Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ea5n Ph\u00e1t Hu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n Ngh\u1ec7 Hu\u1ef3nh V\u0103n Ti\u1ec3ng Hu\u1ef3nh Th\u00fac Kh\u00e1ng H\u01b0ng Ho\u00e1 H\u01b0ng Nguy\u00ean H\u01b0ng Ph\u00fac \/ Ph\u01b0\u1edbc H\u01b0ng H\u01b0ng Th\u1ea1nh (th\u00e1p) h\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5p quan, h\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9c, h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u00f4i h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea9m<\/p>\n

I <\/strong>Ia Drang I Bih Aleo I-n\u00ea-xu \/ Ignatio Ibn Batutah Ieng Sary Ignesico V\u0103n T\u00edn Indrapura Indravarman IV, Indravarman V Inrasara Islam Issara\/la Issarak \/ Khmer T\u1ef1 Do Itu Aba \/ Ba B\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

J<\/strong> Java Jaya Harivarman \/ Ch\u1ebf B\u00ec La B\u00fat Jaya Paramesvaravarman II Jaya Shinhavarman II \/ S\u1ea1 \u0110\u1ea9u Jayashinhavarman IV \/ Harijit \/ Ch\u1ebf M\u00e2n Johnson, L.B. (T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng) Junction City (H\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n) Junfa<\/p>\n

K <\/strong>Kambudesa\/Kampuj\u00e2s\/Camboye\/Cambodia\/Cambodge\/Kamphuchia Karnow, E. Kat\u00ea (l\u1ec5) Kaudinya Ki\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u01b0 Kauthara K\u1ebb Ch\u1ee3 \/ Cachu Kelantan Kennedy, R.F. K\u00e9o L\u00e8ng Khe Sanh Khmer Khmer Krom Ki\u00ean Th\u00e0nh Ki\u1ec3n Th\u00e0nh \/ th\u00e0nh K\u00e9n Ki\u1ec3u C\u00f4ng H\u00e3n Ki\u1ec3u\/Ki\u1ec1u C\u00f4ng Ti\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec3u Hi\u1ec1n Ki\u1ec3u Qu\u1ed1c (L\u01b0\u01a1ng) Kim \u0110\u1ecbnh Kim L\u00e2n Kim \u1ed4 Kim Sa \/ s\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed Kim S\u01a1n Kim Th\u00e0nh Kinh (ng\u01b0\u1eddi) Kinh \u1ea4p Kinh B\u1eafc Kinh C\u1ef1u Kinh ph\u1ee7 Kiritas Kissinger, H. Koffler, Jh. Koho Koshichang Kra krek<\/p>\n

Kh<\/strong> Kh\u1ea3 Lam Khai nguy\u00ean (ti\u1ec1n) Kh\u00e1i H\u01b0ng (Tr\u1ea7n Kh\u00e1nh Gi\u01b0) Kh\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ecbnh Khang Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 Chu \u1ee8ng khao gi\u00e1p Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0 Kh\u1eafc X\u01b0\u01a1ng \/ Cung V\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00e2m Ch\u00e2u Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c \/ C\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c Kho\u00e1 h\u01b0 l\u1ee5c<\/em> Kho\u00e1i Ch\u00e2u Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed \u201ckh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u201d Khu Dinh \u0111i\u1ec1n Khu Li\u00ean\/\u201cri\u00ean\u201d \/ kurung Khu Tr\u00f9 m\u1eadt Khu T\u00fac (\u00f4ng) Kh\u00f9 \/ Guru Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o, Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5, Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba M\u0129 Khuy\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5, Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5c Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u0129 Kim Trang (Yeng Sary)<\/p>\n

L<\/strong> La Cochinchine francaise La Cloche F\u00eal\u00e9e<\/em> Lady Borton La Hai La Lutte<\/em> La M\u00e3, \u0110\u00f4ng La M\u00e3 La Ngai \/ Jaya Shimhavarman V La Rivi\u00e8re de Tonkin la th\u00e0nh, La Th\u00e0nh La V\u0103n C\u1ea7u l\u00e1 bu\u00f4ng (gi\u1ea5y) L\u00e3 Thu\u1ea7n D\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ea1c: V\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ea7u, t\u01b0\u1edbng, d\u00e2n, \u0111i\u1ec1n, (chim) L\u1ea1c Bi\u00ean L\u1ea1c Ho\u00e1 (ph\u1ee7) L\u1ea1c T\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng Lafont (Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c) Lai Ch\u00e2u L\u1ea1i Giang Lam (s\u00f4ng) Lam S\u01a1n, Lam Kinh, Lam S\u01a1n th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c <\/em>Lam S\u01a1n 719 (H\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n) \/ Deway Canyon II L\u00e2m V\u0103n T\u1ebft Landes Lan Khai Lan Kham Deng Lan Xang \/ x\u1ee9 Tri\u1ec7u Voi Langbiang \/ L\u00e2m Vi\u00ean Lang Ch\u00e1nh Lang T\u1ee7ng L\u00e3ng B\u1ea1c L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n l\u00e1nh\/l\u00ednh, l\u00e1nh tr\u00e1ng \/ l\u00ednh tr\u00e1ng Lao B\u1ea3o Lao \u0110\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam (\u0111\u1ea3ng) L\u00e0o Ai Lao L\u00e3o Qua L\u1ea1y x\u00e1c (t\u1ee5c th\u1edd \u00d4ng B\u00e0) L\u00e2m \u1ea4p, L\u00e2m \u1ea4p k\u00ed <\/em>L\u00e2m Duy Hi\u1ec7p\/Ph\u00e1t\/Ngh\u0129a L\u00e2m V\u0103n Ph\u00e1t L\u1eadp B\u1ea1o L\u1eadp Gi\u00e1o (Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu) l\u1eadp h\u1eadu Le Brun \/ Cai \u0111\u1ed9i Th\u1ea1ch Oai h\u1ea7u Le Myre de Vilers Leaky, R. Lef\u00e8bre (gi\u00e1o s\u0129) Lenin, Vl. Les Kosem L\u00e9v\u00eaque (Kh\u00e2m s\u1ee9) levirat \/ t\u1ee5c \u201cn\u1ed1i ru\u1ed9t\u201d L\u00ea (h\u1ecd) L\u00ea Anh T\u00f4ng \/ Bang L\u00ea Anh Tu\u1ea5n L\u00ea Anh Xu\u00e2n L\u00ea B\u00e1 Li L\u00ea B\u00e1 Minh L\u00ea B\u00e1 Ng\u1ecdc L\u00ea B\u1eb1ng L\u00ea B\u00f4i L\u00ea B\u1ed5ng L\u00ea C\u1ea3nh Tu\u00e2n L\u00ea C\u1eadp \u0110\u1ec7 L\u00ea C\u01a1 L\u00ea Ch\u1ea5t L\u00ea Chi\u00eau Th\u1ed1ng L\u00ea Chi\u00eau T\u00f4ng L\u00ea Du\u1ea9n L\u00ea Duy Ho\u00e1n L\u00ea Duy L\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u00ea Duy M\u1eadt L\u00ea Duy Thanh L\u00ea Duy V\u0129 (Th\u00e1i t\u1eed) L\u00ea \u0110\u1eafc Ninh L\u00ea \u0110\u00ecnh Ch\u00ednh L\u00ea \u0110\u00ecnh L\u00ed L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd L\u00ea Hi L\u00ea Hi\u1ebfn T\u00f4ng L\u00ea Hi\u1ec3n T\u00f4ng L\u00ea Ho\u00e0n \/ \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0nh L\u00ea H\u1ed3ng Phong L\u00ea H\u1eefu B\u00f4i L\u00ea Kh\u1eafc Sinh Nh\u1eadt L\u00ea Khuy\u1ec3n L\u00ea Lai L\u00ea L\u0103ng L\u00ea Long \u0110\u0129nh \/ Ngo\u1ea1 Tri\u1ec1u L\u00ea Long Mang \/ Nam Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u00ea Long Vi\u1ec7t \/ Nam Phong V\u01b0\u01a1ng \/ Trung T\u00f4ng L\u00ea L\u1ee3i \/ Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 L\u00ea L\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u00ea Minh X\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00ea N\u0103ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng L\u00ea Ng\u00e3 L\u00ea Ng\u1ecdc B\u00ecnh L\u00ea Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng \/ Bang C\u01a1 L\u00ea Ni\u1ec7m L\u00ea Phi Th\u1eeba L\u00ea Ph\u1ee5ng Hi\u1ec3u L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n L\u00ea T\u1eafc\/Tr\u1eafc L\u00ea T\u1ea7n \/ Ph\u1ee5 Tr\u1ea7n L\u00ea Tung L\u00ea T\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u1ef1c \/ \u201cvua L\u1ee3n\u201d L\u00ea Th\u1ea1ch L\u00ea Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng \/ Nguy\u00ean Long L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng \/ T\u01b0 Th\u00e0nh L\u00ea Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng L\u00ea Th\u1ecd V\u1ef1c L\u00ea Trang T\u00f4ng \/ Ninh L\u00ea Tr\u1ecdng Th\u1ee9 L\u00ea Tr\u1eeb L\u00ea Uy M\u1ee5c \/ \u201cvua Qu\u1ef7\u201d L\u00ea V\u0103n An L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t L\u00ea V\u0103n \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u1ea3o L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i \/ Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ef1u Kh\u00f4i L\u00ea\/T\u1ea1 V\u0103n Ph\u1ee5ng L\u00ea V\u0103n Qu\u00e2n L\u00ea V\u0103n T\u00e1m L\u00ea V\u0103n Vi\u00ean (con LVKh\u00f4i) L\u00ea Xu\u00e2n Chuy\u00ean L\u1ec5 ti\u1ebft Tr\u1ea7n L\u1ec7 Khai Li Tana L\u00ed (t\u1ed9c, h\u1ecd, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i) L\u00ed Anh T\u00f4ng L\u00ed B\u00ed\/B\u00f4n L\u00ed B\u1ed3 \/ Khai Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u00ed Cao T\u00f4ng L\u00ed C\u00f4ng B\u00ecnh L\u00ed Ch\u00e1nh Trung L\u00ed Do \u0110\u1ed9c L\u00ed \u0110\u1ea1o Th\u00e0nh L\u00ed \u0110\u00f4ng A L\u00ed Gi\u00e1c L\u00ed Hi\u1ebfn L\u00ed H\u1ed9 (\u0110\u00f4 h\u1ed9) L\u00ed Ho\u1ea3ng \/ Nh\u1eadt Quang L\u00ed Hu\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng \/ S\u1ea3m L\u00ed Khai Ba L\u00ed Khu\u00ea L\u00ed Nguy\u00ean C\u00e1t L\u00ed Nguy\u00ean Kh\u1ea3i L\u00ed Nh\u00e2n Ngh\u0129a L\u00ed Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng L\u00ed \u00d4ng Tr\u1ecdng L\u00ed Ph\u1eadt T\u1eed L\u00ed Ph\u1ee5c Man L\u00ed Quang Di\u1ec7u L\u00ed S\u00f9ng Ph\u00fac L\u00ed T\u00e0i (H\u00f2a Ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n) L\u00ed T\u1eafc L\u00ed T\u01b0 L\u00ed T\u1eed T\u1ea5n L\u00ed T\u1ef1 Ti\u00ean L\u00ed Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 \/ C\u00f4ng U\u1ea9n L\u00ed Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng L\u00ed Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng L\u00ed Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng L\u00ed Thi\u00ean B\u1ea3o L\u00ed Th\u00fac Hi\u1ebfn L\u00ed Th\u01b0\u1eddng Ki\u1ec7t \/ \u201cth\u1eb1ng C\u1eb7t\u201d L\u00ed Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u00e1t \/ \u201cth\u1eb1ng C\u1ee9t\u201d L\u00ed T\u00edch L\u00ed Ti\u00ean L\u00ed Tr\u00e1c L\u00ed Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u00e1n L\u00ed Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean L\u00ed Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nh\u00e2n L\u00ed V\u0103n Quang L\u00ed Xu\u00e2n L\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n L\u00eda, v\u00e8 ch\u00e0ng L\u00eda, th\u01a1 V\u0103n Doan L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u t\u1ea1p k\u1ec9 <\/em>Li\u00eam Ch\u00e2u Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean X\u00f4 Li\u1ec5u H\u1ea1nh V\u00e2n C\u00e1t Th\u1ea7n n\u1eef Li\u1ec5u Th\u0103ng linga Linh\/Linh V\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u0129nh Nam L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i L\u0129nh ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1p<\/em> Lisbonne L\u1ed7 H\u1ea1nh L\u1ed7 Kh\u00ea l\u1ed9 \u00f4ng L\u1ed9 V\u0103n Lu\u1eadt Lokesvara \/ Quan \u00c2m l\u1ed3n c\u1ee9t Long (\u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c), M\u01b0u Long Bi\u00ean \/ Long Uy\u00ean Long \u0110\u1ed7 Long Giao Long H\u1ed3 Lonnol Lovek Long Xuy\u00ean Lonnol Luang Prabang Lu\u00f4ng Pha Bang L\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ea7u Lung Leng Luro Luy L\u00e2u lu\u1ef9: Lu\u1ef9 Th\u1ea7y \/ Tr\u01b0\u1eddng D\u1ee5c, An N\u00e1u, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa, Tr\u1ea5n Ninh L\u0169ng Nhai L\u01b0 T\u1ed5 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u1eef Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u01b0\u01a1ng \/ H\u1eadu L\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u0103ng L\u01b0\u01a1ng Giang L\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u00ean B\u01b0u L\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u1eef H\u1ed1t L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh L\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ea1c L\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ebf Vinh L\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Ch\u00e1nh L\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1 L\u01b0u \u1ea8n L\u01b0u C\u01a1 L\u01b0u Cung L\u01b0u Di\u00ean H\u1ef1u L\u01b0u H\u1eb1ng T\u00edn L\u01b0u H\u1eefu Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \/ Hu\u1ef3nh Minh Si\u00eang L\u01b0u K\u1ebf T\u00f4ng L\u01b0u Kh\u00e1nh \u0110\u00e0m L\u01b0u Nh\u00e2n Ch\u00fa L\u01b0u Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u01b0u T\u1ed1ng (tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i) L\u01b0u V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac, C\u1edd \u0110en L\u1eef \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng L\u1eef T\u1ed1ng L\u00fd \u0110\u00f4ng A \/ Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc (H\u1eefu) Thanh<\/p>\n

M <\/strong>Macao, M\u00e3 Cao Ma Linh Ma Sa Ma V\u00e2n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng M\u00e3 (s\u00f4ng) M\u00e3 \u0110oan L\u00e2m M\u00e3 Lai M\u00e3 Lai \u00c1 \/ Malaysia m\u00e3 t\u00e0 \/ matamata M\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7n M\u1ea1, \u201cv\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c M\u1ea1\u201d M\u1ea1c (h\u1ecd, nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecd) MAACV \/ B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh Qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t Nam M\u1ea1c C\u1ea3nh (K\u00ednh) Hu\u1ed1ng M\u1ea1c C\u1eedu M\u1ea1c \u0110\u0103ng Dung M\u1ea1c \u0110\u1ec9nh Chi M\u1ea1c Hi\u1ec1n M\u1ea1c Hi\u1ec3n T\u00edch M\u1ea1c K\u00ednh Ch\u1ec9 M\u1ea1c K\u00ednh Cung M\u1ea1c K\u00ednh \u0110i\u1ec3n M\u1ea1c K\u00ednh Khoan M\u1ea1c M\u1eadu H\u1ee3p M\u1ea1c Ng\u1ecdc \u1ef6 M\u1ea1c Thi\u00ean T\u1ee9 Mai C\u1ea7u Mai Ch\u00e2n Mai Th\u00fac Loan \/ Th\u00fac Y\u00ean \/ Th\u00e0nh L\u1eadp \/ H\u1eafc \u0110\u1ebf, Vua \u0110en Mai V\u1ea1n Long Mai X\u00e1 M\u00e1i \u0110\u00e1 Ngu\u1eddm Malacca \/ M\u00e3n Th\u00edch Gia Malleret, L. Man (cao, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u1ea1) Man N\u01b0\u01a1ng Mang (\u0111\u00e8o), Mang Giang\/yang, C\u1eeda Tr\u1eddi Mansfield, M. Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng Marchand (Lm.) Marco Polo Marcus Aurelius Marini (gi\u00e1o s\u0129) Martin Luther King Jr. Marx, K. Masp\u00e9ro, H. M\u1eafm (th\u00e1p) M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Gi\u1ea3i Ph\u00f3ng D\u00e2n T\u1ed9c Cao Nguy\u00ean, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Gi\u1ea3i Ph\u00f3ng Mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Li\u00ean T\u00f4n Ch\u1ed1ng C\u1ed9ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Qu\u1ed1c Gia Th\u1ed1ng Nh\u1ee9t (1946) M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Minh M\u00e2n, M\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t M\u00e2n Th\u00edt M\u00e2u Du \u0110\u00f4 M\u1eadt T\u00f4ng Mekong Menam Menras A., (H\u1ed3 C\u01b0\u01a1ng Quy\u1ebft) Meru M\u00ea Linh Michalak, M. (\u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9) Miche (Gm.) M\u0129 \/ Hoa K\u00ec M\u0129 Lai \/ S\u01a1n M\u0129 M\u0129 L\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u0129 S\u01a1n M\u0129 Tho M\u1ecb N\u01b0\u01a1ng, M\u1ecb Ch\u00e2u Mi\u1ebfn, Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n Minh (ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i) Minh H\u01b0\u01a1ng Minh \u0111\u1ea1o (hi\u1ec7u ti\u1ec1n) Minh kinh Minh M\u1ea1ng Minh Ngh\u0129a (v\u1ec7) Minh Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 Mnong M\u1ecdi, M\u1ecdi hoang, M\u1ecdi thu\u1ed9c, K\u1ebb M\u1ecdi M\u1ecdi Xo\u00e0i \/ M\u1ed7i Xuy M\u1ecdi \u0110\u00e1 V\u00e1ch M\u1ed9c Ch\u00e2u \/ M\u01b0\u1eddng M\u1ed9c M\u1ed9c Th\u1ea1nh M\u1ed9c tr\u1ee5 Th\u1ea7n x\u00e0 M\u00f4n-Khmer M\u00f4n Lai Ph\u00f9 T\u1eed, Th\u00f4n Ba H\u00fa, B\u00f4 Kha \u0110\u00e1o M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 M\u00f4ng Kha Montesquieu Morelli, Ph\u00fac Ch\u00e2u Mounier, E. M\u00f9a H\u00e8 \u0110\u1ecf L\u1eeda Mukha\/Mecca M\u01b0\u1eddi hai \/ Th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb S\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n M\u01b0\u1eddng M\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i (t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp)<\/p>\n

N<\/strong> Naga Nam B\u1ed9, Nam K\u00ec, Nam K\u00ec t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb Nam Chi\u1ebfu Nam Ch\u01b0\u1edfng Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Indonesia Nam Giao Nam H\u00e1n Nam Kinh Nam Phong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed <\/em>Nam Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1i) Nam Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Nam Quan, Tr\u1ea5n Nam Quan, M\u1ee5c Nam Quan \u201cNam Qu\u1ed1c s\u01a1n h\u00e0…\u201d Nam S\u00e1ch Nam ti\u1ebfn Nam tri\u1ec1u B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u Nam tri\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p di\u1ec5n ch\u00ed<\/em> Nam Vi\u1ec7t, Nam Vi\u1ec7t V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nam Vi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ebf, Nam Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00ed<\/em> Napol\u00e9on III N\u00e0ng T\u00eda N\u1eb7c Ch\u00e2n N\u1eb7c N\u1ed9n \/ An Non N\u1eb7c \u00d4ng Ch\u00e2n \/ Ramiathipdei N\u1eb7c \u00d4ng \u0110\u00e0i \/ B\u00f4 T\u00e2m N\u1eb7c Thu N\u1eadm U n\u1eadu, n\u1eabu N\u1eadu L\u1ea1t \u0110inh Navarre (t\u01b0\u1edbng) New Zeeland Ninh B\u00ecnh Ninh d\u00e2n th\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o Ninh Thu\u1eadn Ninh X\u00e1 N\u1ecbnh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e2n Nixon, R. N\u1ed9i (\u0111\u1ea1o) N\u1ed9i c\u00e1c N\u1ed9i th\u01b0 gia n\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c \/ ngo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c N\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u00f4ng H\u1eadu N\u00f4ng V\u0103n V\u00e2n Norodom N\u00f9ng T\u1ed3n Ph\u00fac N\u00f9ng Tr\u00ed Cao N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1eb7n (c\u1eeda, v\u00f9ng), Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3ng \/ Sri Banoi \/ Vinaya \/ Thi L\u1ecb B\u00ec N\u1ea1i T\u00ec Ni \/ K\u1ebb Th\u1eed \/ C\u00e1ch Th\u1eed \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc Sti\u00eang\u201d<\/p>\n

Ng<\/strong> Nga L\u1ea1c Nga V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u00e2n Gi\u00e0 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ngh\u00eanh Ph\u00fac Ngh\u1ec7 An, Ngean Nghi D\u00e2n Nghi V\u1ec7 Nghi\u00eam K\u1ebf T\u1ed5 Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft V\u1ecbnh B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Ngh\u0129a khuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n t\u00e2n c\u1ef1u ca<\/em> Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i Ng\u1ecdc L\u0169 Ng\u1ecdc Ma Ng\u1ecdc Th\u00e1p Ng\u1ecdc T\u00fa Ng\u1ecdc V\u1ea1n \/ Ang Cuv \/ \u0110am Sat Ng\u00f4 (n\u01b0\u1edbc) Ng\u00f4 B\u00e1 Th\u00e0nh (B\u00e0) \/ Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Thanh V\u00e2n Ng\u00f4 B\u1ec7 Ng\u00f4 Ch\u00e2n L\u01b0u \/ Khu\u00f4ng Vi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ea1i s\u01b0 Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Nhu Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ec7 Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u1ee9c K\u1ebf Ng\u00f4 Gia T\u1ef1 Ng\u00f4 Kha Ng\u00f4 L\u00ed T\u00edn Ng\u00f4 L\u1ee3i Ng\u00f4 M\u00e2n Ng\u00f4 Ng\u1ecdc L\u00e2m Ng\u00f4 Nh\u1eadt Kh\u00e1nh \/ An V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n, Ng\u00f4 Ti\u00ean Ch\u1ee7 Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean Ng\u00f4 Th\u1ebf L\u00e2n Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec Nhi\u1ec7m, Ng\u00f4 Th\u1eddi Nhi\u1ec7m Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec S\u0129 Ng\u00f4 Thu\u1eadn \u0110\u1ebf Ng\u00f4 T\u00f2ng Ch\u00e2u Ng\u00f4 T\u00f4n Quy\u1ec1n Ng\u00f4 V\u01b0\u01a1ng To\u1ea1i Ng\u00f4 X\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u1eadp \/ Thi\u00ean S\u00e1ch V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u00f4 X\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n \/ Nam T\u1ea5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u00f4 X\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00ed Ng\u00f4 X\u1eed B\u00ecnh Ng\u1ed9t L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ee3p Thai Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed3n Nguy\u00ean (tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i), Nguy\u00ean s\u1eed<\/em> Nguy\u00ean Phong Nguy\u1ec5n (h\u1ecd d\u00e2n, ch\u00faa, vua) Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \/ Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5t Th\u00e0nh Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh (nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, H\u1ed9i k\u00edn) Nguy\u1ec5n (Ph\u00fac) \u00c1nh Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 Nghi Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 Xuy\u1ebfn Nguy\u1ec5n B\u1ea3o (nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, Ti\u1ec3u tri\u1ec1u) Nguy\u1ec5n B\u1ea3o Ho\u00e1 \/ T\u00f4 Nguy\u1ec7t \u0110\u00ecnh Nguy\u1ec5n B\u1eb7c Nguy\u1ec5n Bi\u1ec3u Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00ednh Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00ecnh Nguy\u1ec5n B\u1ec9nh Khi\u00eam Nguy\u1ec5n Cao K\u1ef3 Nguy\u1ec5n Ch\u1ebf Nguy\u1ec5n Ch\u00edch Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng H\u00e3ng Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 Nguy\u1ec5n C\u01b0 Trinh Nguy\u1ec5n C\u1eedu Qu\u00fd Nguy\u1ec5n C\u1eedu Th\u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n C\u1eedu V\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n Danh Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \/ Qu\u1eadn H\u1ebbo Nguy\u1ec5n Di\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n Du Nguy\u1ec5n Du D\u1ecbch Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Hinh Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Trinh Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110a Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ea1i Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1p Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u0103ng Th\u1ecbnh Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u0103ng V\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ea Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ednh \/ Tr\u1ea7n V\u00e0ng Sao Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh Chi\u1ec3u Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea7u Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh T\u00e1n Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh T\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh Tr\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Trung Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Xuy\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n Gia Phan Nguy\u1ec5n Gia Thi\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea3i Th\u1ea7n Nguy\u1ec5n H\u00e0ng Nguy\u1ec5n Hi\u1ebfn L\u00ea Nguy\u1ec5n Hi\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u1eb1ng D\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n (V\u0103n) Hu\u1ec7, \u0110\u1ee9c \u00f4ng T\u00e1m, B\u1eafc B\u00ecnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Quang Trung Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ef3nh \u0110\u1ee9c \/ Hu\u1ef3nh \u0110\u1ee9c Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu C\u1ea3nh\/K\u00ednh Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu C\u1ea7u \/ Qu\u1eadn He Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu Ch\u1ec9nh Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu D\u1eadt Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu \u0110ang Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu H\u00e0o Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu Hu\u00e2n \/ Th\u1ee7 khoa Hu\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu Th\u1eadn Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu Th\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu Thu\u1ef5 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu Ti\u1ebfn Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1ea3n\/L\u1ec7 Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u00e1nh Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Tuy\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n Khoa Chi\u00eam Nguy\u1ec5n Khoa \u0110i\u1ec1m Nguy\u1ec5n Khoa Thuy\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n Khoan Nguy\u1ec5n Kim, Hu\u00e2n T\u0129nh c\u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Kim Ph\u1ea9m Nguy\u1ec5n Li\u1ec5u Nguy\u1ec5n (Ph\u00fac) Long Nguy\u1ec5n (V\u0103n) L\u1eef, \u201cB\u1ea3y\u201d, \u0110\u1ee9c \u00f4ng B\u1ea3y, Ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 \/ \u0110\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p s\u01b0…, \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecbnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eb1ng Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ea1i Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Tri\u1ebft Nguy\u1ec5n Nghi\u1ec5m Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc Lan (Lm.) Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc Nh\u1ef1t Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc San Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc T\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n (V\u0103n) Nh\u1ea1c, Bi\u1ec7n Nh\u1ea1c, Th\u01b0 Nh\u1ea1c,Yin Yac, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u01b0 \/ Th\u1ea7y c\u1ea3, Th\u00e1i \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ebf, Trung \u01af\u01a1ng Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1eef C\u00e1i Nguy\u1ec5n N\u1ed9n Nguy\u1ec5n Phan Nguy\u1ec5n Phan Long Nguy\u1ec5n Phi Khanh Nguy\u1ec5n Phu Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ecdng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Anh Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Chu \/ Qu\u1ed1c Ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac C\u1ef1 Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Ho\u00e0ng t\u00f4n D\u01b0\u01a1ng, T\u00e2n Ch\u00ednh V\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u201cqu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng t\u00f4n\u201d Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Hi\u1ec7p Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Kho\u00e1t V\u00f5 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Lan \/ Ch\u00faa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Lu\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Nguy\u00ean \/ Ch\u00faa S\u00e3i Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Quang Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Qu\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac T\u1ea7n \/ Ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Th\u00e1i \/ Ch\u00faa Ngh\u0129a Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Th\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Thu\u1ea7n, Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac T\u0129nh Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac V\u0103n Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Vinh \/ H\u1eefu Vinh Nguy\u1ec5n Quang B\u00edch Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Ti\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n Quang To\u1ea3n, C\u1ea3nh Th\u1ecbnh, B\u1ea3o H\u01b0ng Nguy\u1ec5n Qu\u1ed1c Trinh (1623) (Nguy\u1ec5n) Qu\u1ed1c Trinh, B\u1ed3i t\u1ee5ng Nguy\u1ec5n Qu\u00fd C\u1ea3nh Nguy\u1ec5n Quy\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n Quy\u1ec7n Nguy\u1ec5n R\u1ed7 Nguy\u1ec5n S\u0129 C\u1ed1 Nguy\u1ec5n Si\u00eau Nguy\u1ec5n S\u01a1n \/ V\u0169 Nguy\u00ean B\u00e1c Nguy\u1ec5n S\u01b0 H\u1ed3i Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea1o Nguy\u1ec5n T\u0103ng Minh Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1nh Hu\u1ea5n Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1eadn \/ \u0111\u1ea1o M\u1ee5c Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ebf Chu\u1ea9n Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ebf Chung Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ebf Truy\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n Thi Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb B\u00ecnh Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb \u0110\u1ed3ng Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb L\u1ed9 Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Ng\u1ecdc V\u1ecbnh Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Thuy\u1ebft \/ B\u00e0 B\u1ed5i Nguy\u1ec5n Thi\u1ebfp Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Thung Nguy\u1ec5n Thuy\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ee7 Ti\u1ec7p Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u01b0\u1eddng Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u01b0\u1eddng Xu\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n Ti\u1ebfn L\u00e3ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ti\u1ebfn L\u00e2m Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i Nguy\u1ec5n Tri Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n Tri\u1ec1u V\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n Tri\u1ec7u H\u1ed3ng Nguy\u1ec5n Trung Ng\u1ea1n Nguy\u1ec5n Trung Tr\u1ef1c Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u1ef1c Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Hi\u1ec7u Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ed9 Nguy\u1ec5n Tuy\u1ec3n Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0\u1eddng Tam, T\u1ef1 L\u1ef1c V\u0103n \u0110o\u00e0n, Phong Ho\u00e1, Ng\u00e0y Nay<\/em> Nguy\u1ec5n U\u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n \u01af D\u0129 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n B\u00e9 (d\u0169ng s\u0129 di\u1ec7t M\u0129) Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n B\u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n B\u1ed9t Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n C\u1eeb Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Du\u1ec7 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n D\u1ee5ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Hinh Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Huy\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u01b0ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Ki\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Lang Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Ngh\u0129a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Ng\u0169 \/ gi\u1eb7c Du Bao Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n S\u00e2m Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n T\u1ea1o Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n T\u00e2m Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Thinh Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Thi\u1ec7u Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n T\u1ed3n Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u1eafm\/Ch\u1eafm Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n T\u01b0\u1eddng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Xu\u00e2n (tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n) Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Xu\u00e2n (Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng) Nguy\u1ec5n Vi\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n Vi\u1ebft Th\u1ee9 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u1ef9 Nguy\u1ec5n X\u00ed Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec7t \u1ea4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi Java\u201d Ng\u01b0u H\u1ed1ng Ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed \u0111\u00e0i<\/p>\n

Nh<\/strong> Nha H\u1ea7u Nha Trang Nh\u00e0 B\u00e8 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \/ Qu\u1ed1c gia, Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 (Vua) Nh\u00e2m Di\u00ean Nh\u00e2n D\u00e2n <\/em>Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n Giai ph\u1ea9m (v\u1ee5 \u00e1n) Nh\u1ea5t binh Nh\u1eadt, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh 9-3-1945) c\u1ea7u Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n \/ Lai Vi\u1ec5n Ki\u1ec1u Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec7 Nh\u1eadt Nam, Nh\u1eadt Nam t\u0103ng Nho Gi\u00e1o Nho s\u0129 Nh\u1ed3i (l\u00e0ng) Nh\u01b0 H\u1ed3ng Nh\u1eef \u0110\u00ecnh To\u1ea3n<\/p>\n

O<\/strong> \u00d3c Eo (V\u0103n ho\u00e1) \u00d4 Ch\u00e2u, \u00d4 L\u00ed\/R\u00ed \u00d4 Ch\u00e2u c\u1eadn l\u1ee5c <\/em>Odendh\u2019al \u00d4 M\u00e3 Nhi \u1ed0c Nha \/ Okya Odoric de Pordenone \u00d4n Nh\u01b0 H\u1ea7u (v\u1ee5 \u00e1n ph\u1ed1) \u201c\u00f4ng Ngh\u00e8\u201d Ong Vangsaraja \/ Ung Minh Ta \u0110i\u1ec7p Oudong<\/p>\n

P <\/strong>Palembang Palei Th\u01b0\u01a1n (H\u1eadu Sanh) Pandanan (Philippin) Panduranga \/ Panran, Phan Rang Paramesvari Paramesvaravarman Paris, M.C. Parmentier, H. Pasquier (To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n) Pathet L\u00e0o Pellerin (Gm.) Pelliot, P. Pen Soven P\u00e9tain, P. Petit Laos (B\u1ed3n Man) Pha Ngum Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n S\u1eafc t\u1ed9c (B\u1ed9) Ph\u1ea1m (h\u1ecd Th\u00e1i), (h\u1ecd T\u00e2y S\u01a1n) Ph\u1ea1m Ch\u00ed \/ Ph\u1ea1n Ch\u00ed Ph\u1ea1m Chi\u00ean Ph\u1ea1m Chu\u1ef3\/Tr\u0129 Ph\u1ea1m B\u1ea1ch H\u1ed5 \/ Ph\u00f2ng \u00c1t Ph\u1ea1m C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ecb Ph\u1ea1m C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 Ph\u1ea1m Dao Ph\u1ea1m D\u1eadt Ph\u1ea1m Duy (nh\u1ea1c s\u0129) Ph\u1ea1m D\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u0103ng H\u01b0ng Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u00ecnh Chi Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u00ecnh H\u1ed5 Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u00ecnh Tr\u1ecdng Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ea1p Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ea1t Ph\u1ea1m Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Ph\u1ea1m H\u00f9ng (Ch\u00e0m) Ph\u1ea1m H\u00f9ng (CS) Ph\u1ea1m Huy Th\u00f4ng Ph\u1ea1m H\u1eefu L\u1ec5 Ph\u1ea1m H\u1eefu Nh\u1eadt Ph\u1ea1m H\u1eefu T\u00e2m Ph\u1ea1m Kh\u1eafc Ho\u00e8 Ph\u1ea1m K\u00ednh \u00c2n Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u1ea1n Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u1ecdc Ch\u00fac Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u1ecdc Th\u1ea3o Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u0169 L\u00e3o Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1eadt Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh (M\u1ea1c) Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh (Nguy\u1ec5n) Ph\u1ea1m S\u01b0 Man Ph\u1ea1m S\u01b0 \u00d4n Ph\u1ea1m T\u1ea7m Ph\u1ea1m Th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ebf C\u0103ng Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Thu\u1ef3 Vinh Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Xu\u00e2n Kh\u1ea3i Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Y\u00ean Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110i\u1ec3n Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed3ng Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n H\u01b0ng Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n Ngh\u1ecb Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n S\u00e2m Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n S\u0129 Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n X\u1ea3o Ph\u1ea1m V\u1ea5n Ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n \u1ea8n Ph\u1ea1m V\u00f5 Phan (h\u1ecd) Phan B\u00e1 V\u00e0nh Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh Phan \u0110\u00ecnh Gi\u00f3t Phan \u0110\u00ecnh Ph\u00f9ng Phan H\u00e2m Phan Hi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1o Phan Huy \u00cdch Phan Huy Qu\u00e1t Phan Huy Th\u1ef1c Phan K\u1ebf To\u1ea1i Phan Kh\u1eafc S\u1eedu Phan Kh\u00f4i Phan Ki\u1ec7t Phan L\u00e2m Phan L\u00e2n Phan Li\u00eau Phan Ma L\u00f4i Phan M\u00e3nh Phan M\u0129 Phan Ng\u1ea1n Phan Phu Ti\u00ean Phan Quang \u0110\u00e1n Phan R\u00ed Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n Phan Th\u1ecb L\u01b0\u01a1ng Phan Thi\u1ebft Phan Th\u00fac Tr\u1ef1c Phan Tr\u1ea7n Ch\u00fac Phan Trung Phan X\u00edch Long \/ Phan Ph\u00e1t Sanh \/ Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n L\u1ea1c Ph\u00e0n Ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfn M\u0129 Phao S\u01a1n Ph\u00e1p (ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u1ee9), Ph\u00fa L\u00e3ng Sa Ph\u00e1p Loa Ph\u00e1p Lu\u00e2n C\u00f4ng Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o\/\u0111\u1ea1o, Ph\u1eadt V\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u201cPh\u1eadt\u201d, gi\u1eb7c Ph\u1eadt Ph\u1eadt M\u00e3 Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ec7 Phi\u00ean, phi\u00ean d\u00e2n Phi\u00ean An Phi\u00ean l\u1ec5 Phi\u00ean Tr\u1ea5n Philastre, P. phnom, bnam, Phnom Penh Phong Ch\u00e2u Phong Kh\u00ea Phong Sa L\u1ef5 Phong th\u1ea7n<\/em> Ph\u00f2 L\u00ea (l\u00e0ng) Ph\u1ed1\/Ph\u00fa H\u00e0i Ph\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn, Ph\u1ed1 (V\u1ea1n) Lai Tri\u1ec1u Ph\u00fa Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00fa Ho\u00e0 Ph\u00fa L\u00e2m Ph\u00fa L\u1ee3i (\u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9c) Ph\u00fa L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n Ph\u00f9 \u0110\u1ed5ng (h\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ea7n) Ph\u00f9 L\u00ea Ph\u00f9 Li Ph\u00f9 Nam, Ph\u00f9 Nam \u0110\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Ph\u00f9 Nam k\u00ed Ph\u1ee7 bi\u00ean t\u1ea1p l\u1ee5c <\/em>ph\u1ee5 t\u1eed li\u00ean danh v\u00ed d\u1ee5: <\/em>Pen Saloth c\u00f3 c\u00e1c con Loth Suong (anh), Saloth Roeumh (g\u00e1i) v\u00e0 Saloth Sar (em) n\u1ed5i danh v\u1edbi t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Pol Pot Ph\u00fac, H\u1ed3 Phi Ph\u00fac Ph\u00fac Ch\u00e2u Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn Ph\u1ee5c Qu\u1ed1c (\u0111\u1ea3ng, qu\u00e2n) Ph\u00f9ng (h\u1ecd) Ph\u00f9ng An Ph\u00f9ng Ch\u00e2n Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng Ph\u00f9ng L\u1ed9c Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean Ph\u00f9ng T\u00e1 Chu Ph\u00f9ng Tr\u00ed N\u0103ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u01a1 Ph\u01b0\u1eddng\/Th\u1ee3 \u0110\u00fac Pleime Pignon, L. Po Aly Po Binosur \/ Po Bil Thu\u00f4r Po Nagar \/ Th\u00e1p B\u00e0 Po Rayak\/Riyak Po Rome, vua M\u00ea Po Yan Dari Po Sah Po Yan Ino N\u01b0ga Poivre, H. Pondich\u00e9ry p\u01a1tao\/b\u00f4tao Prabhasadarma \/ Ph\u1ea1m Tr\u1ea5n Long pramana (\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh) Praya Bodin Proh (di t\u00edch)<\/p>\n

Q<\/strong> Quan \u00c2m Quan Da Qu\u00e1ch K\u00ecnh Nh\u1eadt Qu\u00e1ch H\u1eefu Nghi\u00eam Qu\u00e1ch Ngang\/M\u00e3o Qu\u00e1ch Ph\u00fac Th\u00e0nh Qu\u00e1ch Qu\u1ef3 Qu\u00e1ch Th\u1ecb Trang Qu\u00e1ch Th\u1ecbnh \u00cdch\/D\u1eadt Qu\u00e1ch Tu\u1ea5n (L\u00ed Th\u01b0\u1eddng Ki\u1ec7t) quan \u0111i\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh Quang Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u (c\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh), Qu\u1ea3ng ch\u00e2u k\u00ed,<\/em> Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc Qu\u1ea3ng Nam\u201d Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i Qu\u1ea3ng Nguy\u00ean Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ea3ng Y\u00ean\/Ninh Qu\u1eafc H\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1n Qu\u1ea7n Ng\u1ef1a \u201cqu\u1eadn\u201d Qu\u1ebf h\u1ea3i ngu h\u00e0nh ch\u00ed <\/em>Qu\u1ebf L\u00e2m Qu\u1ed1c Gia \u0110\u1ed9c L\u1eadp (\u0111\u1ea3ng) Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i VN DCCH qu\u1ed1c th\u1ea7n, qu\u1ed1c t\u00ednh (L\u00ea) (Nguy\u1ec5n), h\u1ec7 t\u00ednh (Nguy\u1ec5n) Qu\u1ed1c\/L\u00ea tri\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh lu\u1eadt, <\/em>lu\u1eadt H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c Quy H\u1ee3p Quy Ninh Quy Nh\u01a1n Qu\u00fd Huy\u1ec7n \/ T\u1ed1ng S\u01a1n Qu\u00fd H\u01b0\u01a1ng \/ B\u00e1i Trang \/ Gia Mi\u00eau \/ Gia Mi\u00eau Ngo\u1ea1i trang Qu\u1ef3nh L\u00e2m<\/p>\n

R<\/strong> Rama I Ramayana <\/em>Ran Ran R\u1ea1ch G\u1ea7m Xo\u00e0i M\u00fat R\u1ea1ch Gi\u00e1 Retord (Gm.) Rheinart (Ks\u1ee9) Rivi\u00e8re, H. Roh Tae Woo Rossard, Antonio Vicenti Roubaud, R. Rusk, D.<\/p>\n

S<\/strong> Sa \u0110ec Sa Hu\u1ef3nh (V\u0103n ho\u00e1) S\u1ea1 \u0110\u1ea9u (Ch\u00e0m) S\u1ea1 \u0110\u1ea9u (L\u00e0o)\/P\u2019ot\u2019isarat Sai Chakrap\u2019at Sailendra S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, Prey Kor S\u00e0i Thung S\u00e3i V\u00e3i <\/em>S\u00e1ch (s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c) \/ s\u00e1ch S\u1eafc b\u00f9a \/ n\u1eadu S\u1eafc b\u00f9a Salwen Sambhuvarman \/ Ph\u1ea1m Ch\u00ed \/ Ph\u1ea1n Ch\u00ed Samrong Sen S\u1ea7m Nghi \u0110\u1ed1ng S\u1ea7m N\u1ee9a, S\u1ea7m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, S\u1ea7m H\u1ea1 San Francisco (h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb) Sankah S\u00e1ng T\u1ea1o<\/em> Sarraut, A. Satyavarman shaman th\u1ea7y mo Sharpa (bu\u00f4n) Siem Reap Sihanouk N., Sihanoukville Shiite Singapore\/pour \/ H\u1ea1 Ch\u00e2u Siva\/Civa S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp So\u00e1i ph\u1ee7 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n S\u00f3c Tr\u0103ng Soma Song tinh <\/em>(truy\u1ec7n) S\u00f2ng (\u0111\u1ec1n), S\u00f9ng S\u01a1n s\u00f4ng B\u00e9 \/ \u0110\u1ea1 Glung, S\u00f4ng B\u00e9 Shinhapura S\u01a1n Nam (nh\u00e0 v\u0103n) S\u01a1n Nam, S\u01a1n Nam H\u1ea1 S\u01a1n Ng\u1ecdc Minh S\u01a1n Ng\u1ecdc Th\u00e0nh S\u01a1n ph\u00f2ng (Nha) S\u01a1n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n Tinh Thu\u1ef7 Tinh S\u01a1n Vi (V\u0103n ho\u00e1) Spellman (H\u1ed3ng y) Spratley \/ (\u0111\u1ea3o) Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa Sri Mara Stieng Sukarno Sultan S\u00f9ng Hi\u1ec1n h\u1ea7u S\u00f9ng Thi\u1ec7n Di\u00ean Linh Sunni Suryavarman I Suryavarman II S\u1eed k\u00ed <\/em>\u0110\u1ed7 Thi\u1ec7n, T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

T<\/strong> T\u00e1 (Ch\u00e0m) T\u00e1 Qu\u1ed1c (Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu) T\u1ea1 Quang C\u1ef1 T\u1ea1 Thi\u00ean Hu\u00e2n T\u1ea1 Thu Th\u00e2u T\u1ea1 Tri Hi\u1ec3n T\u1ea1 V\u0103n Ph\u1ee5ng \/ L\u00ea Duy Ph\u1ee5ng Tam \u0110\u1ea3o Tam Gi\u00e1c S\u1eaft Tam Gi\u00e1o Tam \u00cdch Tam ph\u1ee7 \/ \u01afu binh Tam Qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ed, Tam qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ed di\u1ec5n ngh\u0129a<\/em> Tam ti Tam V\u01b0\u01a1ng (lo\u1ea1n) T\u00e1m H\u00e0 T\u1ea1m \u01b0\u1edbc 16-9-1946 Taylor, K.W. T\u1ea3n Vi\u00ean (n\u00fai, th\u1ea7n), Ba V\u00ec T\u0103ng C\u1ed5 T\u0103ng l\u1ee5c T\u00e2n An T\u00e2n B\u00ecnh T\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u T\u00e2n L\u1ed9c T\u00e2n S\u1edf T\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam H\u1ed9i T\u00e2y (h\u1ed3) T\u00e2y \u00c2u L\u1ea1c T\u00e2y Ban Nha T\u00e2y \u0110\u00f4, T\u00e2y Kinh T\u00e2y Giai T\u00e2y Giang T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean \/ Cao nguy\u00ean Trung Ph\u1ea7n T\u00e2y K\u1ebft T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, \u201cc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng T\u00e2y S\u01a1n\u201d, qu\u00e2n \u00d3 T\u00e2y Vi\u1ec7t T\u00e2y Vu, T\u00e2y Vu V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea5n th\u01b0 <\/em>T\u1ea7n T\u1eadp san S\u1eed \u0110\u1ecba<\/em> T\u1eadp \u0110\u00ecnh (Trung Ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n) T\u1ec1 (lo\u1ea1n) T\u1ec1 ng\u00f4i (c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n) T\u1ebft M\u1eadu Th\u00e2n Thomas, A. T\u00edch Quang Ti\u00ean \u0110i\u1ec1n Ti\u00ean L\u00e3ng Ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n ca Ti\u1ec1n (s\u00f4ng) ti\u1ec1n: \u0111\u1ed3ng, k\u1ebdm, ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y Ti\u1ec1n H\u1ea3i Ti\u1ec1n Phong (x\u1ee9 u\u1ef7) Ti\u1ebfng D\u00e2n<\/em> Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 Ti\u1ebft T\u1ed5ng Tin L\u00e0nh T\u00edn phi\u1ebfu Ti\u00eau T\u01b0 Ti\u00eau V\u0103n Ti\u1ec3u \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai Tinh Thi\u1ec1u T\u0129nh H\u1ea3i Qu\u00e2n Toa \u0110\u00f4 To\u00e0 \u00e1n Stockholm To\u00e0 B\u1ed1 To\u00e0n Ph\u00f9 To\u00e0n Th\u1eafng (h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n) to\u00e1t (ti\u1ec3u, \u0111\u1ea1i) T\u00f4 \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u00f4 H\u1eadu T\u00f4 Hi\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh T\u00f4 L\u1ecbch (s\u00f4ng) T\u1ed1 H\u1eefu T\u1ed3i \u00d4i T\u00f4n \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1eafng T\u00f4n S\u0129 Ngh\u1ecb T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t (h\u1ecd) T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t B\u1eadt T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t D\u01b0\u01a1ng K\u1ef5 T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ti\u1ec1m T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t Thuy\u1ebft Tonkin\/Tonchino\/Tonkin\/Tonqeen\/Tonqium(n) T\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea3n T\u1ed1ng (h\u1ecd \u0110\u00e0ng Trong) T\u1ed1ng (tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i), d\u00e2n l\u01b0u vong, Nam T\u1ed1ng T\u1ed1ng B\u00ecnh T\u1ed1ng Cao T\u00f4ng T\u1ed1ng C\u1ea3o T\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Minh T\u1ed1ng H\u1eefu \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ed1ng H\u1eefu Th\u1eadn T\u1ed1ng Huy T\u00f4ng T\u1ed1ng Kh\u00e2m T\u00f4ng T\u1ed1ng L\u00ea Ch\u00e2n T\u1ed1ng Ph\u00fac \u0110\u1ea1m T\u1ed1ng Ph\u00fac Hi\u1ec7p T\u1ed1ng Ph\u00fac Th\u00f4ng T\u1ed1ng Ph\u00fac Tr\u1ecb T\u1ed1ng Ph\u00fac Trung T\u1ed1ng S\u01a1n, Qu\u00fd Huy\u1ec7n T\u1ed1ng S\u01a1n Qu\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n, Qu\u1eadn ch\u00faa, T\u1ed1ng th\u1ecb (v\u1ee3 Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac K\u00ec), T\u1ed1ng Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ee5 Long T\u1ee5ng T\u00e2y h\u1ed3<\/em> T\u01b0 Dung T\u01b0 L\u0103ng T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean T\u01b0 T\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 \u00c2n Hi\u1ebfu Ngh\u0129a T\u1ee9 Ki\u1ec7t T\u1ee9 Linh T\u1ee9 s\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n T\u1ee9 tr\u1ea5n \/ Nh\u1ea5t binh T\u1ee9c M\u1eb7c T\u1eeb B\u00e1 T\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1eeb Chung T\u1eeb Di\u00ean H\u00fac T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t B\u1ed3 La <\/em>T\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1o H\u1ea1nh T\u1eeb Vinh T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c Tuy\u00ean Quang Tu\u1ef3 (tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i) T\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u01b0\u1eddng Long T\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea1ch T\u01b0\u1ee3ng (n\u00fai) T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m, T\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e2m \u1ea4p<\/p>\n

Th<\/strong> Th\u00e1c \u0110\u00f4ng (ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng) Th\u1ea1ch Th\u1ea5t Th\u00e1i (t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi), Th\u00e1i Tr\u1eafng, Th\u00e1i Lan Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh (t\u1ec9nh, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u) Th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh h\u01b0ng b\u1ea3o (ti\u1ec1n) Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh Thi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c Th\u00e1i C\u00f4ng Tri\u1ec1u Th\u00e1i \u0110\u00ecnh Lan Th\u00e1i Khang Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean (x\u1ee9, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a) Th\u00e1i Phi\u00ean Th\u00e1i th\u00fa Th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng (Tr\u1ea7n, M\u1ea1c) Tham bi\u1ec7n, Tham bi\u1ec7n Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec9nh Tham t\u1ee5ng Thang Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Thang H\u1ea1 Thang Tr\u00f4ng Thanh (ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i) Thanh Chi\u00eam Thanh H\u00e0 Thanh H\u1ea3i V\u00f4 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng S\u01b0 Thanh Ho\u00e1, Tenehoa Thanh Mai Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 Thanh Ngh\u1ecb<\/em> Thanh Ni\u00ean C\u00e1ch M\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ed3ng Ch\u00ed H\u1ed9i Thanh Ni\u00ean Ti\u1ec1n Phong, Thanh Ni\u00ean Ti\u1ec1n Tuy\u1ebfn Thanh Ni\u00ean Xung Phong Thanh Tr\u00ec Thau (Th\u00e1i t\u1eed) \u201cTh\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba C\u00e1t Ti\u00ean\u201d Th\u00e0nh C\u00e1t T\u01b0 H\u00e3n Th\u0103ng Long th\u1eb1ng: C\u1eb7t\/C\u1ee9t, \u00c1i, H\u00e0m, Ch\u1ea1y, T\u1ea1o, th\u1eb1ng Suy \/ \u00f4ng Th\u00e2n L\u1ee3i Th\u00e2n (h\u1ecd) Th\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng ban Th\u1ea9m Khuy\u00ean Th\u1eadp b\u00e1t La H\u00e1n Th\u1ea5t S\u01a1n Th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1o T\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n Th\u1ea7y (ch\u00f9a) Th\u1ea7y C\u1ea3 Dairo The Young Turks Th\u1ebf L\u1ea1i Thi Thi N\u1ea1i Th\u1ecb Ho\u1ea3 Th\u1ecb Ngh\u00e8 Th\u1ecb T\u1ee9 \/ Thitu \/ Pagasa Th\u00edch \u0110\u1ea1i S\u00e1n, Th\u1ea1ch Li\u00eam Ho\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00edch \u0110\u00f4n H\u1eadu Th\u00edch Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ed9 Th\u00edch Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00edch T\u00e2m Ch\u00e2u Th\u00edch Tr\u00ed Quang (Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n B\u1ed3ng) Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba H\u1ed9i Thi\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c Thi\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh Thi\u00ean M\u1ee5 Thi\u00ean ph\u00fac tr\u1ea5n b\u1ea3o (ti\u1ec1n) thi\u00ean t\u00e1ng Thi\u00ean T\u00f4n Thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u \u2013 Phi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c phi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac Thi\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Thi\u00ean t\u1eed binh Thi\u1ec1n uy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp anh<\/em> Thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9t Thi\u1ebft l\u00e2m Thi\u1ebfu S\u01a1n Thi\u1ec7u Phong Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb Tho\u00e1t Hoan Thomson (T\u0111\u1ed1c) Th\u01a1 Nam K\u00ec, Th\u01a1 ti\u1ebfp theo Th\u01a1 Nam K\u00ec<\/em> Thu V\u1eadt Th\u1ee7 h\u1ed9 (l\u00ednh) Th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1 Thu\u1eadn L\u01b0u Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng Thu\u1eadn Th\u00e0nh Thu\u1eadn Th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ee5c (vua) Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 \/ thu\u1ed1c l\u00e0o, t\u1ea1m-ba-c\u00f4 thu\u1ed9c Thu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea3 k\u00ed t\u1ebf Thu\u1ef7 Kinh ch\u00fa<\/em> \u201cThu\u1ef7 thi\u00ean t\u1ef1\u201d Thu\u1ef7 X\u00e1 Thuy\u1ec1n Nh\u00e2n Th\u01b0 gia th\u01b0 nhi Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean Th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea1c (s\u1edf) Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u1ee9) th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\/h\u1ea1 ngu\u01a1n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cTh\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u1edbng\u201d<\/p>\n

Tr<\/strong> Tr\u00e0 Ki\u1ec7u Tr\u00e0 H\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u00e0 Lai \/ Jarai, Raglai Tr\u00e0 L\u00e2n Tr\u00e0 To\u1ea1i Tr\u00e0 To\u00e0n Tr\u00e0 Vang\/Vinh, trapeang Trai Lang Tr\u1ea1i\/Kinh Tr\u1ea1ng Qu\u1ef3nh,<\/em> Nguy\u1ec5n Qu\u1ef3nh Tr\u1ea5n Bi\u00ean (Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean) (Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh) Tr\u1ea5n \u0110\u1ecbnh (ch\u00e2u) Tr\u1ea5n Man (ch\u00e2u, lu\u1ef9) Tr\u1ea5n Ninh (x\u1ee9, ch\u00e2u) Tr\u1ea5n T\u00e2y Th\u00e0nh Tr\u1ea7n (h\u1ecd, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i) Tr\u1ea7n Anh Tr\u1ea7n Anh T\u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n B\u00e1 L\u1ed9c Tr\u1ea7n B\u00e1 Th\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng \/ Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Quang Tri\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n B\u1eedu Ki\u1ebfm Tr\u1ea7n C\u1ea3nh\/B\u1ed3, Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n C\u1ea3o (\u0111\u1ea7u L\u00ea s\u01a1) (cu\u1ed1i L\u00ea s\u01a1) Tr\u1ea7n Ch\u00e2n Tr\u1ea7n Chu Ph\u1ed5\/T\u1ea5n Tr\u1ea7n C\u00f4ng Ninh Tr\u1ea7n C\u00f4ng X\u00e1n Tr\u1ea7n C\u1ee5 Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ea7n Tr\u1ea7n Di \u00c1i Tr\u1ea7n Do\u00e3n Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ee5 T\u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea1i Lu\u1eadt Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1ee9c Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea1o T\u00e1i Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u00ecnh Long Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c Ho\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c Huy Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c L\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ea3o Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7p Tr\u1ea7n Hi\u1ebfn T\u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n H\u00fac \/ Ng\u1ef1 C\u00e2u V\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea7n Huy Li\u1ec7u Tr\u1ea7n \u00cdch T\u1eafc Tr\u1ea7n Kh\u00e1nh D\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n Kh\u00e1t Ch\u00e2n Tr\u1ea7n Kh\u1eafc Chung Tr\u1ea7n Ki\u1ec7n Tr\u1ea7n Kim Th\u1ea1ch Tr\u1ea7n L\u00e3m Tr\u1ea7n L\u00e3o (l\u00e3o?) Tr\u1ea7n L\u0103ng Tr\u1ea7n Li\u00ean Tr\u1ea7n Li\u1ec5n Tr\u1ea7n L\u1ee5c Tr\u1ea7n L\u1ef1u Tr\u1ea7n Minh T\u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n Nam Trung \/ Tr\u1ea7n L\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea7n Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n Ng\u1ecdc Li\u1ec5ng Tr\u1ea7n Ng\u1ed7i \/ Gi\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ebf Tr\u1ea7n Nguy\u00ean Di\u1ec7u Tr\u1ea7n Nguy\u00ean \u0110\u00e1n Tr\u1ea7n Nguy\u00ean \u0110\u1ec9nh Tr\u1ea7n Nguy\u00ean H\u00e3n Tr\u1ea7n Nguy\u00ean Huy Tr\u1ea7n (\/Nguy\u00ean) Khang \/ Tr\u1ea7n Thi\u00eam B\u00ecnh Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng, Gi\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0110i\u1ec1u ng\u1ef1 Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadt Du\u1eadt Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadt Hi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u1ebf \u0110\u1ebf Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u00f3 Duy\u1ec7t Tr\u1ea7n Phong Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u00fa Tr\u1ea7n Quang Di\u1ec7u Tr\u1ea7n Quang Kh\u1ea3i Tr\u1ea7n Quang Long Tr\u1ea7n Quang X\u01b0\u1edfng Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Ch\u1ea9n Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Ho\u00e0n Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Khang Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Ki\u1ec7t Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c T\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n \/ H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o V\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u00fd Kho\u00e1ng \/ Tr\u00f9ng Quang \u0110\u1ebf Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u00fd Nha Tr\u1ea7n T\u1ea5n Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n Thi\u00ean L\u1ea1i Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9 Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1eeba Tr\u1ea7n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Xuy\u00ean \/ Th\u1eafng T\u00e0i Tr\u1ea7n T\u00f4n Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim Tr\u1ea7n Tu\u00e2n Tr\u1ea7n Tung Tr\u1ea7n T\u1ef1 Kh\u00e1nh Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n \u0110\u1ed7 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e1p Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e0u Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n H\u1ecdc Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n H\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n H\u1eefu Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n K\u1ec9 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Lai Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n L\u0169 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n \u01a0n Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Th\u1ea1ch (CS) Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh (\u0110\u1ee9c C\u1ed1 Qu\u1ea3n) Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n T\u00ecnh Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Tr\u1ea1c Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Trung Tr\u1ea7n V\u00e0ng Sao (Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ednh) Tr\u1ea7n X\u00e1 Tr\u1ea7n Xu\u00e2n Tr\u1ea1ch Tr\u00e2u Canh Tr\u00e2u T\u00f4n Tri T\u00e2n t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed<\/em> Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \/ \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0n Tri\u1ec7u (tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i), Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 \/ V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf, Tri\u1ec7u M\u1ea1t \/ V\u0103n V\u01b0\u01a1ng Tri\u1ec7u Nh\u1eef Qu\u00e1t Tri\u1ec7u Qu\u00e1 Tri\u1ec7u Quang Ph\u1ee5c \/ Vi\u1ec7t V\u01b0\u01a1ng Tri\u1ec7u Ti\u1ebft Tri\u1ec7u T\u00fac Tri\u1ec7u X\u01b0\u01a1ng Trinh Minh Tr\u00ecnh (Tr\u1ea7n) Nguy\u00ean B\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh (Tr\u1ea7n) Nguy\u00ean \u0110\u1ec9nh Tr\u1ecbnh (h\u1ecd d\u00e2n, ch\u00faa) Tr\u1ecbnh B\u00e1ch Tr\u1ecbnh C\u00e1n Tr\u1ecbnh C\u0103n Tr\u1ecbnh C\u1ed1i Tr\u1ecbnh C\u00f4ng N\u0103ng Tr\u1ecbnh C\u00f4ng S\u01a1n Tr\u1ecbnh C\u01b0\u01a1ng\/Ch\u00f9 Tr\u1ecbnh Doanh Tr\u1ecbnh Duy Li\u00eau Tr\u1ecbnh \u0110\u00ecnh Th\u1ea3o Tr\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed3 Tr\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ed7 Tr\u1ecbnh Gi\u00e1c M\u1eadt Tr\u1ecbnh Giang\/Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ecbnh H\u00e0ng Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c Tr\u1ecbnh Kh\u1ea3 Tr\u1ecbnh Kh\u1ea3i Tr\u1ecbnh Kh\u1eafc Ph\u1ee5c Tr\u1ecbnh K\u00ec \/ \u0110\u00e0o Quang Huy Tr\u1ecbnh Ki\u1ec3m Tr\u1ecbnh L\u00e3m \/ Ho\u00e0ng Nh\u00e2n D\u0169ng Tr\u1ecbnh L\u1ec7, Tr\u1ecbnh L\u1ecbch, Tr\u1ecbnh Lu\u00e2n, Tr\u1ecbnh Ph\u1ea5t Tr\u1ecbnh Qu\u1ed1c (Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu) Tr\u1ecbnh S\u00e2m Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c Tr\u1ecbnh To\u00e0n Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u1ecdng T\u1eed Tr\u1ecbnh Tuy Tr\u1ecbnh T\u00f9ng, B\u00ecnh An V\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ecbnh Xu\u00e2n Tr\u1ecbnh Vi\u00ean Tr\u1ecdng Thu\u1ef7 Trotsky, L. tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Tr\u00fac L\u00e2m Trung l\u1eadp ch\u1ebf Trung H\u1eadu h\u1ea7u Trung ngh\u0129a ca<\/em> Trung Qu\u1ed1c \/ Trung Hoa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa Trung h\u01b0ng (L\u00ea) Tr\u1eebng Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng (h\u1ecd L\u00ea B\u00e1 Ng\u1ecdc), h\u1ecd \u0110\u00e0ng Trong Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 C\u1ea7n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 Nghi Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Chu Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng Da\/Gia Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u0103ng Qu\u1ebf Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng (C\u00f4ng) \u0110\u1ecbnh Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e1n Si\u00eau Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e1t Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Hi\u1ec3n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ed1ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1eefu Qu\u00fdnh Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1o Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ma Ni, (Ni s\u01b0) Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ma Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Minh Gi\u1ea3ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u01b0 T\u1ea3ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1t Khu\u00ea Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ee5 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00fac Loan, \u201cqu\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f3\u201d Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00fac Ph\u1ea5n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00fac Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Quy\u1ec1n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ea5n Sang Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ecb Ng\u1ecdc L\u00e3nh Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ecbch Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed Anh Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n H\u1ea1nh Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n H\u1ed5 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n S\u00e1ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e2u Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh \/ \u0110\u1eb7ng Xu\u00e2n Khu Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang Tr\u01b0\u1eddng K\u00ec \/ Nagasaki Tr\u01b0\u1eddng L\u01b0u Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa (qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o) \/ Nam Sa Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ti\u1ec1n \/ Tr\u00e0ng Ti\u1ec1n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u00e1c C\u1ed5 \/ EFEO T\u00f9ng Thi\u1ec7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/p>\n

U<\/strong> U Thant Um M\u01b0rup Ung B\u1ea3o To\u00e0n Ung Ch\u00e2u Ung V\u0103n Khi\u00eam Urdurgia Uy (T\u01b0 kh\u1ea5u) U\u1ef7 ban X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft Ngh\u1ec7 An (phong tr\u00e0o X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft Ngh\u1ec7 T\u0129nh) \u01afu binh \u1ee8ng Phong \u1ee8ng Thi\u00ean<\/p>\n

V<\/strong> Vachet, B. Vannier, P. \/ Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Ch\u1ea5n V\u1ea1n Gia B\u00e1 V\u1ea1n Ki\u1ebfp V\u1ea1n L\u1ea1i V\u1ea1n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng V\u1ea1n Xu\u00e2n V\u0103n Cao V\u0103n hi\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3o<\/em> V\u0103n Khu\u00f4ng V\u0103n Lang V\u0103n L\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Phong V\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed3n (T\u00e2y S\u01a1n) V\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed3n (th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3ng) V\u00e2n Nam (tr\u1ed1ng) (t\u1ec9nh), V\u00e2n Nam V\u01b0\u01a1ng Varenne (To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n) Vauban Versailles (Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc) V\u1ec7 Qu\u1ed1c \u0110o\u00e0n V\u1ecb Long V\u1ecb Xuy\u00ean Vial, P. Vi\u00ean Ki\u1ec7u \/ V\u00e2n Ki\u1ec1u Vi\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i lang Vi\u1ec7t (c\u1eeda) Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00ed<\/em> Vi\u1ec7t Ch\u1ee9t (ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef) Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n u linh t\u1eadp <\/em>Vi\u1ec7t Kh\u00ea Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em> (Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim), Vi\u1ec7t nam s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em> (T\u1eeb Di\u00ean H\u00fac), Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ebf ch\u00ed, Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c<\/em> Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00e1ch M\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh H\u1ed9i \/ Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \/ Vi\u1ec7t Qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c Gia \u0110\u1ed9c L\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam Quang Ph\u1ee5c H\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam Tuy\u00ean Truy\u1ec1n Gi\u1ea3i Ph\u00f3ng Qu\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Th\u01b0\u1eddng vijaya (\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh) Vijaya (n\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi) Vinh Li Ma V\u0129nh Khang V\u0129nh T\u1ebf V\u0129nh Long Vinitaruci \/ T\u00ec Ni \u0110a L\u01b0u Chi Viollis, A. Virapura V\u00f5 C\u1ea1nh V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p V\u00f5 Phi\u1ebfn V\u00f5 T\u00e1nh V\u00f5 Th\u00e0nh Minh V\u00f5 V\u0103n Ki\u1ec7t V\u00f5 V\u0103n L\u01b0\u1ee3ng V\u00f5 X\u00e1n Voltaire V\u1ecdng C\u00e1c \/ Bangkok, C\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n V\u1ecdng C\u00e1c V\u1ecdng Th\u00ea V\u0169 Ch\u00e2n V\u0169 C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c V\u0169 C\u00f4ng Tu\u1ea5n \/ \u201cBaoTan\u201d, Ti\u1ec3u Giao C\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0169 Duy Ch\u00ed V\u0169 \u0110\u00e1i\/\u201dC\u1ee9t\u201d V\u0169 \u0110\u00ecnh Ho\u00e8 V\u0169 \u0110\u1ee9c C\u00e1t V\u0169 \u0110\u1ee9c Cung (Long B\u00ecnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng) V\u0169 H\u1ea1nh V\u0169 H\u1ed3ng Khanh V\u0169 M\u1ecdng Uy\u00ean V\u0169 Nh\u01b0 T\u00f4 V\u0169 Qu\u1ed1c Th\u00fac V\u0169 Th\u1ea1nh V\u0169 th\u1eafng (binh) V\u0169 Th\u01b0 Hi\u00ean V\u0169 trung tu\u1ef3 b\u00fat <\/em>V\u0169 V\u0103n D\u0169ng, Chi\u00eau Vi\u1ec5n h\u1ea7u V\u0169 V\u0103n M\u1eadt V\u0169 V\u0103n Nh\u1eadm \/ V\u00f5 V\u0103n Nhi\u1ec7m V\u0169 V\u0103n Uy\u00ean V\u0169 Xu\u00e2n C\u1ea9n V\u1ee5 \u201cGi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7p B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh\u201d Vua L\u1eeda, Euil At Vua N\u00fai \/ S\u01a1n V\u01b0\u01a1ng Vua N\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0169ng Long \/ Neak Luong V\u0169ng T\u00e0u V\u01b0\u01a1ng An Th\u1ea1ch V\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u00e3ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u1eef Chu V\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00f4ng<\/p>\n

W<\/strong> White, Jh. Woodside, A.<\/p>\n

X<\/strong> Xa Kh\u1ea3 Tham x\u00e3 (ti\u1ec3u, \u0111\u1ea1i) X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i (\u0111\u1ea3ng Ph\u00e1p, Vi\u1ec7t) X\u00e3 t\u1eafc (th\u1ea7n) Xak Pakei Xi\u00eam La, Ti\u00eam \/ Ti\u00eam La, \u201cXi\u00eam\u201d, Xi\u00eam binh X\u00edt-ta-lin Xu\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0i Xu\u00e2n L\u1ed9c (\u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m, tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn) Xu\u00e2n Thu\u1ef7 X\u1ee9 Ch\u00e2u<\/p>\n

Y<\/strong> \u1ef6 Lan Yan Pu Nagara Yang Mun Yang Po Ku Vijaya Sri \/ \u0110\u1ee9c vua T\u00f4n Qu\u00fd Th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i Yang Prong Yavana\/Youn Y\u00ean B\u00e1y (x\u1ee9, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a) Y\u00ean Phi (t\u00e0u) Y\u00ean S\u1edf Y\u00ean T\u1eed Yeng Sary Yersin, A. Yogi Aoyagi Yoni Yuvaraya<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u1eady l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u1ed3ng L\u1ea1c, ti\u00ean \u00c2u g\u00ec h\u1ebft. S\u1ed1ng \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0103n minh th\u00ec h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng, hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i l\u1eeba m\u00ecnh, d\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, g\u1ed3ng x\u00e1c l\u00ean g\u00e2n che gi\u1ea5u m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m t\u1ef1 ti l\u00e2u d\u00e0i…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1207,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,152,153,9],"tags":[396],"class_list":["post-23910","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-hoc-thuat","category-lich-su","category-nghien-cuu","tag-ta-chi-dai-truong"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23910","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1207"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23910"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23910\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":71650,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23910\/revisions\/71650"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23910"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23910"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23910"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}