![\"poetry-dante-and-virgil\"](\"http:\/\/damau.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/10\/poetry-dante-and-virgil.jpg\" "\\"poetry-dante-and-virgil\\"")
<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Thi ca \u201cch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.\u201d M\u1ecdi sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u mang s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u2013 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m b\u1ebfp trong nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n g\u1eedi cho ai \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n m\u00f3n x\u00e0 l\u00e1ch cua th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 Nancy Reagan th\u00ec chuy\u1ec7n \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n
Thi s\u0129 mang m\u00e0u s\u1eafc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, trong m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, t\u1eeb thu\u1edf xa x\u01b0a t\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Enheduanna, thi s\u0129 x\u1ee9 Sumer, n\u1eef th\u1ea7y c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u1eef th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng Inanna, l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. Nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Trung qu\u1ed1c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u00e1t d\u00e2n gian \u2013 Kinh Thi ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u2013 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. (Nixon c\u00f3 nghe Bob Dylan, Joan Baez hay Pete Seeger kh\u00f4ng? George Bush c\u00f3 nghe Billy Bragg, Tracy Chapman hay nh\u1ea1c rap kh\u00f4ng?)<\/p>\n
Homer c\u0169ng mang m\u00e0u s\u1eafc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. (George Bush th\u0103m nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh Troy). Cu\u1ed1n Bhagavad Gita (m\u00e0 J. Robert Oppenheimer nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi khi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00e1i bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u1ed5 trong sa m\u1ea1c New Mexico) \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u00f2n mang s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u1eefng v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Aeschylus, Sophocles v\u00e0 Euripedes \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hy l\u1ea1p. Dante, Shakespeare v\u00e0 Milton t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. (N\u1ebfu Dante vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea9y ai xu\u1ed1ng t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c?)<\/p>\n
S\u1ef1 th\u0103ng hoa c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u00e2n tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Umayyad l\u01b0u vong b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t trong cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c Damascus c\u1ee7a Abbasids. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e1t rong n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. (R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c t\u00e0n s\u00e1t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh Albigesian, m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec d\u00f2ng th\u01a1 h\u00e1t rong t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n.)<\/p>\n
[Th\u01a1] Chaucer d\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, [Th\u01a1] \u0110\u1ed7 Ph\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, [th\u01a1] Shikibu ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. [Th\u01a1] Andrew Marvell, William Blake, Shelley, Keats, Byron, Whitman, Rub\u00e9n Dar\u00edo, Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed, Yosano Akiko. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u00edt nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang b\u00e0n t\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 thi ca b\u00e0y t\u1ecf hay ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh – ho\u1eb7c r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng g\u1ee3i \u00fd – m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea3 ph\u00e1i, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 giai c\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ng\u1ea3 theo qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n
L\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho Phe T\u1ea3. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hay C\u1ed9ng S\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n
S\u1ef1 r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n tr\u00e0n lan c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7n Th\u1ef1c X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 Ngh\u0129a nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n dung hay t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Lenin, Stalin, Mao\u2026 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p th\u00eam nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tranh t\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c b\u00edch ch\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n vai u th\u1ecbt b\u1eafp trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef m\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecf, m\u1eaft s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 sao nh\u00ecn \u0111\u0103m \u0111\u0103m v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129 r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n dung v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc l\u0103ng m\u1ed9, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt b\u00edch ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, tranh t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd tr\u00ean l\u1ecbch, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n, n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n (kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n hay nh\u1ea5t) c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7n Th\u1ef1c X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i Ch\u1ee7 Ngh\u0129a (hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 phong tr\u00e0o hay khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a phe T\u1ea3) ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 xo\u00e0ng x\u0129nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n
Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 n\u00ean ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Norman Rockwell v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean n\u00fai Rushmore kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 n\u00ean ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a McGuffey? \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n khoa v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u0103ng?<\/p>\n
C\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t Norman Rockwell th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Diego Rivera, m\u1ed7i Davis Siqueiros, th\u00ec c\u00f3 Walter Crane, hay m\u1ed9t Sue Coe; m\u1ed7i Edgar Guest v\u00e0 Joyce Kilmer th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Thomas McGrath, m\u1ed9t Muriel Rukeyser, m\u1ed9t Hugh MacDiarmid.<\/p>\n
C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thi ca ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 – r\u1eb1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thi ca ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00ean nghe nh\u01b0 b\u00edch ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ng\u1eaft th\u00e0nh d\u00f2ng, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u v\u00e8 ng\u00e2n nga v\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7u \u2013 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi thi ca.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 th\u01a1 t\u00ecnh d\u1edf, th\u01a1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o d\u1edf, th\u01a1 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c-d\u1edf. R\u1ed3i ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n\u2026 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi thi ca kh\u00f4ng? Nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m thi\u1ec7p Hallmark s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Dante v\u00e0 Shakepeare v\u00e0 Shelley v\u00e0 Wordsworth \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n
B\u00e1o ch\u00ed t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n; thi ca ph\u00f4 b\u00e0y ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh – k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Phe T\u1ea3 – c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u1edbi t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng La-Hy v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta khi vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c), l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh n\u00ean d\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n
Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai tr\u00e1i khi d\u00f9ng, trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1, nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef nh\u01b0 \u201ct\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a,\u201d \u201cgiai c\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng,\u201d \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c,\u201d \u201cc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng,\u201d v\u00e2n v\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1ea5y trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng t\u1eebng ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i n\u00f3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 tha h\u00f3a t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em cho n\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n v\u0103n hay b\u00edch ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t m\u1edb tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, r\u1ed3i r\u00e1p n\u1ed1i ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh khung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u2013 nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u01a1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c nh\u1ed3i da th\u00fa. S\u1ebd kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 t\u00ecnh n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ph\u1ea3i l\u00f2ng ai, ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n c\u00e2y.<\/p>\n
T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd tham gia cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfn, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t trong \u00e1o gi\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u0111ang s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed1 tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n nh\u00e0, h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n ti\u1ec1n thu\u1ed1c trong khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng tr\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 hay nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 thi ca ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea3 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh tham gia nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 sinh s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n
Thi ca c\u1ee7a T\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n song h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u ho\u1eb7c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. (D\u00f9 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 m\u00e0 t\u00f4i n\u00eau t\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb T\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1t X\u00edt, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.)<\/p>\n
1. Thi ca gi\u00e0u \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, thi ca g\u00e2y t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c quan (h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn tri th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat c\u1ee7a h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n). Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 Pablo Neruda (r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng), Paul \u00c9luard, Lorca, Yosano Akiko, Mahmoud Darwish, Dale Jacobson, Ren\u00e9 Depestre. \u0110\u00f4i khi nghi\u00eang qua khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng si\u00eau th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u00c9luard, Lorca v\u00e0 Depestre.<\/p>\n
2. Thi ca c\u00f3 \u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u00edt h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ho\u1eb7c \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, g\u00e2y t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Bertolt Brecht, Mayakovsky, Sol Funaroff, Langston Hughes, C\u00e9sar Vallejo (trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Take This Cup From Me.)<\/p>\n
3. Thi ca t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u tr\u1ea7m l\u1eafng h\u01a1n, ri\u00eang t\u01b0 h\u01a1n, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp – ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi – h\u01a1n l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 g\u1ed3m Nazim Hikmet, Otto Ren\u00e9 Castillo, Roque Dalton, Claribel Alegr\u00eda, Maria Aliger, Anna Swir, Joy Harjo (\u0111\u00f4i khi), Carl Sandburg, Luis J. Rodr\u00edguez (th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean), Faiz Ahmed Faiz.<\/p>\n
4. Thi ca b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng d\u00e2n ca. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Brecht (\u0111\u00f4i khi), Thomas McGrath (\u0111\u00f4i khi), Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed, Hugh MacDiarmid (th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng,) Langston Hughes, Naomi Replansky (\u0111\u00f4i khi.)<\/p>\n
5. Thi ca \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u ca t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n (d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u2013 th\u01a1 14 c\u00e2u hay th\u01a1 t\u1ee9 tuy\u1ec7t\u2026) V\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Thomas McGrath (r\u1ea5t ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u), Louis Aragon, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez, Rafael Alberti, Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng, William Blake (trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ng\u1eafn), Rub\u00e9n Dar\u00edo, Yannis Ritsos, Nancy Morej\u00f3n, Don Gordon, Olga Cabral, Nelly Sachs.<\/p>\n
6. Thi ca truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tu t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, thi ca c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb c\u1ef1c l\u1ea1c. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i 2 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef cao nh\u00e3 h\u01a1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 William Blake (trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u201cti\u00ean tri\u201d), L\u00e9opold Senghor, Walt Whitman, Kenneth Fearing, Yannis Ritsos (trong v\u00e0i b\u00e0i th\u01a1 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng), Anuradha Mahapatra, Joy Harjo (\u0111\u00f4i khi), Dennis Brutus, Janice Mirikitani, Muriel Rukeyser.<\/p>\n
7. Thi ca truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn hay ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tri th\u1ee9c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 W.H. Auden, Edwin Rolfe, Jack Beeching.<\/p>\n
8. Thi ca mang t\u00ednh t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u1ec1 gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 g\u1ed3m Agostinho Neto, Javier Heraud, Leonel Rugama, Zoe Anglesey (r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng), Yannis Ritsos (\u0111\u00f4i khi), Anna Swir (\u0111\u00f4i khi), Nazim Hikmet (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 d\u00e0i-c\u1ea3-m\u1ed9t-cu\u1ed1n-s\u00e1ch: Human Landscapes From My Country.)<\/p>\n
9. Thi ca g\u00e2y t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i, ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm, ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i hay ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 g\u1ed3m Kenneth Patchen (r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng), Thomas McGrath (\u0111\u00f4i khi,) Kenneth Fearing (th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng,) Mayakovsky (th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.)<\/p>\n
Hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 n\u00e0o n\u00eau t\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay theo m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch hay v\u0103n phong ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft ra th\u1ee9 thi ca k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh hay nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, danh s\u00e1ch k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf hay \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n
Xin x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n
C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201c\u0111\u00fang theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u201d ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean th\u1ef1c thi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, (v\u00e0 \/ ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c).\u201d N\u00f3i \u201c\u0111\u00fang theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u201d \u0111\u00f4i khi g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 nghe nh\u01b0 \u201cquy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u201d (s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb-political right) (c\u00e1i m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 sai v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.) Th\u00e0nh ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra r\u01a1i v\u00e0o th\u00f3i quen n\u00f3i \u201c\u0111\u00fang theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u00edt g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n
L\u00e0m th\u01a1 v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea3 ph\u00e1i, v\u1ec1 giai c\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, hay v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 n\u00ean l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c r\u1eb1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 hay v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 thi ca ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea3 ph\u00e1i, ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 thi ca xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc h\u01a1n lo\u1ea1i th\u01a1 m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ra kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i th\u01a1 m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn h\u1eefu khuynh (t\u00f4i gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.)<\/p>\n
Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean ng\u1ea1i ng\u1ea7n khi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u2013 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb Olympus, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh x\u00e1c:<\/p>\n
Th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Carl Sandburg hay h\u01a1n th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Ezra Pound. Th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Miriel Rukeyser hay h\u01a1n th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a T.S. Eliot.<\/p>\n
Th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Thomas McGrath hay h\u01a1n th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Robert Lowell. Th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Langston Hughes hay h\u01a1n th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Wallace Stevens. Th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Gwendolyn Brooks hay h\u01a1n th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Marianne Moore.<\/p>\n
Th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Mayakovsky hay h\u01a1n th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Akhmatova hay Mandelstam. Th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Brecht hay h\u01a1n th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Rilke. Th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Otto Ren\u00e9 Castillo v\u00e0 Leonel Rugama hay h\u01a1n th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Octavio Paz.<\/p>\n
Th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Etheridge Knight hay h\u01a1n th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a John Berryman. Th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Sharon Doubiago, Joy Harjo, Dale Jacobson, Luis Rodr\u00edguez v\u00e0 Nellie Wong hay h\u01a1n th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Jorie Graham ho\u1eb7c Marvin Bell, C. K. Williams, Billy Collins ho\u1eb7c Sharon Olds.<\/p>\n
Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp cai tr\u1ecb (ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hay v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng) ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc hay kh\u00f4ng. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m thi ca c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 thi ca c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e1t sinh, t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u201cv\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n
Ch\u00fang ta thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb s\u1ed1ng \u2013 h\u00edt th\u1edf, thay \u0111\u1ed5i, l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u2013 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c (c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 thi ca ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb n\u00f3) l\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a ra.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Ngu\u1ed3n: http:\/\/www.pemmicanpress.com\/articles\/daggett-political-poetry.html<\/a><\/p>\n