{"id":21134,"date":"2011-08-31T00:05:00","date_gmt":"2011-08-31T00:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/archives\/21134"},"modified":"2022-02-23T22:48:14","modified_gmt":"2022-02-23T22:48:14","slug":"van-hoc-dan-than-hom-nay","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/21134\/van-hoc-dan-than-hom-nay","title":{"rendered":"V\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u1ea5n thân hôm nay"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Trong \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt n\u00f3ng\u201d \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0i n\u0103m, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a x\u00fac c\u1ea3m k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc\/trong c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u1eefa trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai g\u1ea7n, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lan truy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng. Kh\u00f4ng gian ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y: t\u1eeb c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1edbi c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, t\u1eeb trang m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i facebook t\u1edbi blog c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang: nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb \u00edt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Kh\u00f4ng gian s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a th\u1eadt n\u00f3ng h\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t y\u00ean t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1m nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb mu\u1ed1n theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u201cngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do\u201d nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

D\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, n\u00f3i chung, d\u00f9 ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n hay kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d. T\u1eeb Th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111ang \u00e1m \u1ea3nh ch\u00fang ta. V\u00e0 trong v\u00f4 v\u00e0n c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u1eddi m\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn lao, c\u00f3 t\u1eeb Ch\u00ednh Tr\u1ecb. N\u00f3 h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1. N\u00f3 ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n. N\u00f3 cao v\u1ecdng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1ea1o b\u00e1ng. N\u00f3 n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng l\u00fac hai c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c\/\u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn: s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 \u00edch c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00fac n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft. C\u1ea3 hai c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c\/\u00fd th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3: n\u1ed7i ch\u00e1n ch\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm t\u00f2i, bi\u1ebfn ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nhanh ch\u00f3ng (v\u00e0 hi v\u1ecdng v\u00e0o t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n (l)\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, hay l\u00e0 khao kh\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft, \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi con m\u1eaft \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec k\u00ec v\u1ecdng hay tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i \u1edf v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ee3i nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 th\u00f4i th\u00fac ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edb t\u1edbi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Jean Paul Sartre v\u1ec1 \u201cv\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p sau th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac, \u1edf kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i h\u00fat ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft\/ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda n\u1ed7i h\u01b0 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Dadaism th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, hay so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u01b0 v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n, k\u1ec1 c\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng Dada mang m\u00e0u s\u1eafc Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sau nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n.<\/p>\n

Sartre \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i cho th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft th\u00e2n mu\u00f4n thu\u1edf: V\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Vi\u1ebft l\u00e0m g\u00ec? Vi\u1ebft cho ai? \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i khi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi n\u00f3, th\u01a1 ca nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u201c\u0111\u00e3 ngay t\u1ee9c th\u00ec r\u00fat ra kh\u1ecfi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef – c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5; anh ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t ch\u1ecdn l\u1ea5y t\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u01a1, t\u01b0 th\u1ebf coi c\u00e1c t\u1eeb l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cnh\u00ecn ng\u1eafm c\u00e1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 t\u01b0\u201d v\u00e0 b\u00ean kia, v\u0103n xu\u00f4i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n xu\u00f4i, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u201cd\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb\u201d, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, \u201cph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb\u201d. T\u00ednh v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a v\u0103n xu\u00f4i trao cho n\u00f3 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh hay ni\u1ec1m ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi, s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea7m t\u01b0 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, g\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n. \u201cNh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u201cd\u1ea5n th\u00e2n\u201d bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng: anh bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng b\u00f3c l\u1ed9 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00f3c tr\u1ea7n khi c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. Anh ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1i m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd n\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d[1]<\/b><\/a>.<\/i> C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. <\/i>Kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n. \u201cNgh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u0103n xu\u00f4i li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 duy nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u0103n xu\u00f4i c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a: d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Khi c\u00e1i n\u00e0y b\u1ecb uy hi\u1ebfp, th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia c\u0169ng b\u1ecb uy hi\u1ebfp. V\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f2i b\u00fat th\u00f4i th\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00f2i b\u00fat bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7m s\u00fang. V\u1eady \u0111\u00f3, d\u1eabu anh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o, d\u1eabu anh \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 ki\u1ebfn g\u00ec, th\u00ec v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn n\u00e9m anh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn; vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 do; n\u1ebfu anh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, thu\u1eadn t\u00ecnh hay b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, th\u00ec t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 anh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n.\u201d[2]<\/b><\/a> <\/i><\/p>\n

L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 do, b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Sartre d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong b\u1ed9 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u00ean M\u00f9a Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ed9ng<\/i><\/b> c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ed9ng Gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u201cgi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\u201d ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n sinh, t\u1eeb Sartre. Trong nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc h\u01b0ng ph\u1ea5n (kh\u00edch) c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 khao kh\u00e1t t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb theo \u0111\u00f2i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecd t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00fa ng\u00e3 cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng khi nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng; tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n si\u00eau th\u1ef1c A. Breton (v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 si\u00eau th\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Sartre ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tan v\u1ee1 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n t\u00ednh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a si\u00eau th\u1ef1c trong kh\u1ed1i v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 m\u00e0 t\u00f4i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u00edch \u0111\u1ecdc, Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u0103ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng, trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y tr\u00ean Litviet.com (trang v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Phan Nhi\u00ean H\u1ea1o) c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i \u201cH\u01a1n l\u00fac n\u00e0o h\u1ebft, th\u01a1 h\u00f4m nay ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, tung h\u00f4 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u, c\u0103ng bi\u1ec3u ng\u1eef, treo b\u0103ng r\u00f4n.\u201d[3]<\/a> Nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef n\u00e0y v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01a1 ca xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi d\u1eady s\u1ef1 d\u00e8 ch\u1eebng khi nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 th\u01a1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, b\u1edfi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi sinh. T\u00f4i thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sinh sau \u0110\u1ed5i M\u1edbi, ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim,… d\u00f9 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng hay chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i \u0111em l\u1ea1i, t\u00f4i h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng, n\u1ed7i \u0111au x\u00f3t, gi\u1eadn d\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u00f3ng ma c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u00f4i y\u00eau c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec t\u1ef1 do, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i c\u0169ng y\u00eau nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi cu\u1ed9c. \u00dd th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i (l)\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Sartre d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u0169ng b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng. S\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed5 v\u0169, m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i ph\u1ea5n kh\u00edch, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 g\u1eafn v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft th\u00e2n v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 \u201cphong tr\u00e0o\u201d hay l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00fat gi\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng khi b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3, t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u1ee7a anh\/ch\u1ecb ta \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i: h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. V\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi sinh \u201cngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

V\u1eady n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tin t\u01b0\u1edfng hay k\u00ec v\u1ecdng m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 l\u00ed do t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tuy\u00ean hu\u1ea5n\/gi\u00e1o th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Trong su\u1ed1t 30 n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 m\u1ea5y th\u1eadp ni\u00ean h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n [v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i \u1edf t\u1eebng qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nhau] t\u1eeb sau \u0110\u1ed9c L\u1eadp (1945), v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nghi\u1ec5m nhi\u00ean b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan ni\u1ec7m v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat [ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n] nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i \u0111au k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, m\u1ed9t v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng li\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng, hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eb9n th\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ch\u00fat h\u00e0o s\u1ea3ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 qua, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ee9c \u00e1p ch\u1ebf k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u1edbi v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau \u0111\u00f3 , th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 h\u00f4m nay. B\u1edfi s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y \u2013 s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1edf h\u1eefu\u201d, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ed5i M\u1edbi \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c thi kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u201cchim, hoa, c\u00e1, g\u00e1i\u201d trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u \u201c\u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p\u201d, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n t\u01b0 l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng sau \u0110\u1ed5i M\u1edbi \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u01b0 L\u00ea Minh Khu\u00ea, Nguy\u00ean Ng\u1ecdc, B\u1ea3o Ninh v\u00e0 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p, Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0i\u2026 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng trong tham v\u1ecdng n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, ph\u1ea3n t\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb\/\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n t\u1ec9nh. C\u00e1i t\u1ef1 do \u201cphi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u201d kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ed1i t\u1eeb. B\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t trong hai con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng: ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i \u201c\u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o\u201d m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u201cv\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay\u201d, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1n ng\u1eef n\u01a1i ng\u00f5 c\u1ee5t. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i kh\u00e1c n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng: ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ph\u00e1 ph\u00e1ch, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edd m\u1ecbt, m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, b\u1ea5t t\u00edn.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb: ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c \u201cthu\u1ea7n t\u00fay\u201d \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh, \u0111a nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i, s\u1ef1 tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u v\u00e0 lan t\u1ecfa t\u1edbi t\u1eebng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb n\u01a1i n\u00e0y t\u1edbi n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb; ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i xa h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201cch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u\u201d ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft tr\u1ebb th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, (b\u1ecb cho l\u00e0) h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft m\u1ecdi bi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec7t h\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i cu\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t? \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u00c2u M\u0129 \u2013 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i r\u1ea5t xa ch\u00fang ta trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00ed gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 l\u00ed gi\u1ea3i l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc – l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c \u0111i v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed5 v\u0169 hay ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i th\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng hay kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft, d\u00f9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebfn v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tuy\u00ean hu\u1ea5n\/gi\u00e1o. Sartre, trong khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u201cn\u1ed7i \u00e1m \u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u00e2n h\u1eadn\u201d v\u1edbi <\/i>Flaubert, \u201c<\/i>ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n\u201d, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u1eb1m ngay trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tham gia c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 r\u00fat h\u1ebft v\u00e0o c\u00f5i c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n ri\u00eang t\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi hay k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n h\u00f4m nay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i bi k\u1ecbch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, v\u1edbi \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201cd\u00f9ng c\u00e1n b\u00fat l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f2n xoay ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9\u201d. Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1eeb \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3. V\u1eady khi \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00ec c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3: v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? V\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n: kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n, tuy\u00ean gi\u00e1o. V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n vang \u00e2m c\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef truy t\u00ecm hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u1eb1m ngay trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, hay n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u201cv\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay\u201d m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u201cch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d. T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a Sartre trong ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00f3i tr\u00ean: \u201cN\u1ebfu n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i quay ra tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n hay thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, th\u00ec x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd r\u01a1i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o b\u00e3i \u0111\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i t\u1ee9c th\u00ec, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i s\u00e2u b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh m\u00e0ng v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u1edbp ch\u00e2n b\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec qu\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng: th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u201d[4]<\/b><\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

***<\/i><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m y\u1ebfu \u1edbt c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc trong s\u1ef1 l\u00ean \u00e1n, t\u1ed1 kh\u1ed5, c\u1ed5 v\u0169, h\u00f4 h\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng? T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, h\u01a1n l\u00fac n\u00e0o, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f4m nay c\u1ea7n ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 l\u00ed gi\u1ea3i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u00f4 h\u00e0o, c\u1ed5 v\u0169, k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft: vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a. S\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay l\u00e0m v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang ch\u1ee9a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u00fd \u1edf tr\u00ean, r\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng (c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh) ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi ngay trong v\u1ebb hoang mang, b\u0103n kho\u0103n mu\u00f4n thu\u1edf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00f9i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u0103ng gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb: n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ban ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng, m\u00e0 loanh quanh, l\u1ea1i quay v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i hay c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u00f4i b\u0103n kho\u0103n r\u1eb1ng li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi thi\u1ebft th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, khi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chung chung, m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, b\u00e1nh v\u1ebd?<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, s\u1ebd m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nhau. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u00e1m \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i c\u00e1i huy\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng h\u00fat ch\u1ebft m\u1ecdi k\u1ebb vi\u1ebft nh\u1ee1 mi\u1ec7ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng bi k\u1ecbch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e3n ti\u1ec1n. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u00e1m \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c lo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 khi, v\u00ec l\u00ed do n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, anh\/ch\u1ecb ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ng\u1ee5y bi\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 c\u1ea3m, v\u00f4 can hay l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 mua vui nh\u1ea1t nh\u1ebdo c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129: h\u01a1n l\u00fac n\u00e0o, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00f4m nay c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u0169 vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 g\u00ec, cho ai, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi n\u00f3, \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, vi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec, vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gian x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00f4m nay d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1c quan, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 mang ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho n\u1ed7i tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, s\u1ef1 m\u00f2n ru\u1ed7ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n c\u00e3i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp nh\u1eb1ng, n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea5t t\u00edn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi ch\u01b0a h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang ch\u1edd m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u00e3i m\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng t\u1edbi, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3 t\u1edbi, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ti\u1ebfp theo. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1 cao h\u01a1n, sau giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng bao c\u1ea5p, duy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng theo ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0ng h\u00f4m nay, c\u1ea3 hai c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/i>, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft g\u00ec<\/i> \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf n\u00ean thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 b\u1ebf t\u1eafc. T\u1ea1i sao t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i bi quan nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? Vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/i> \u01b0? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p t\u1eebng v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1eb1ng v\u00e9 ch\u1ee3 \u0111en hay h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp l\u1eadu nay \u0111\u00f4i l\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ung dung t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p\u2026 Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hi v\u1ecdng n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7t Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc lu\u00f4n \u0111i sau v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nhu c\u1ea7u \u201cc\u00e1ch t\u00e2n\u201d v\u00e0 khao kh\u00e1t s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi c\u00f9ng n\u1ed7i ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed1t, hoang mang \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea7y nhu c\u1ea7u di\u1ec5n ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, ho\u1eb7c d\u1ec5 tr\u1edf n\u00ean xa l\u1ea1, ho\u1eb7c d\u1ec5 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1eb1n c\u1ed7i. C\u00f2n vi\u1ebft g\u00ec<\/i>? C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 l\u1ebd r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd ch\u00e1n ng\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c quanh qu\u1ea9n m\u00e3i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u1ed7i th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi k\u1ecbch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 tham d\u1ef1 s\u00e2u v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00e1i t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf nh\u1ecdc nh\u1eb1n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft h\u00f4m nay ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi – h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch M\u1ea5t Ng\u00f4n Ng\u1eef. Bi – h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 di ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i hoang mang trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft v\u0103n v\u1eeba b\u1ecb tr\u00ec n\u00edu b\u1edfi n\u1ebfp c\u0169 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 g\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

Trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef (m\u1edbi), t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1edbm m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cl\u1ed9t x\u00e1c\u201d, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi. V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, \u0111\u1ea7y phong tr\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng nh\u1eadp nh\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3n t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ed5 v\u0169 c\u00e1i m\u1edbi, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 cu\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1i phi ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh Inrasara g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, thi\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9, thi\u1ebfu k\u0129 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong nh\u1eefng li\u1ec7t k\u00ea, d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i s\u01a1 s\u00e0i v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d.<\/p>\n

V i\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y cao v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y: v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc – Nam, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u1ea3 n\u1ed7i \u00e1m \u1ea3nh s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ea7n, L\u00ea \u0110\u1ea1t, Ho\u00e0ng C\u1ea7m hay Thanh T\u00e2m Tuy\u1ec1n, B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng, T\u00f4 Th\u00f9y Y\u00ean\u2026 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 \u2013 qua. N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f3, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 c\u0169, ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh k\u00ed \u1ee9c. Nh\u1eefng k\u00ed \u1ee9c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00e1u th\u1ecbt khi nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chung nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00f4i khi, nh\u1eefng quan ho\u00e0i v\u1ec1 Hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf b\u1ecb di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c hay kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng \u2013 khi h\u1ecd bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1ch m\u00ecnh \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00f9i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 xa r\u1eddi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, c\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec1u khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng b\u00e1o ch\u00ed hay \u201cth\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu b\u00e1o ch\u00ed\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. L\u00e0 l\u1ed7i t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft hay t\u1eeb k\u1ebb di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i? Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u01b0a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 xa l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 c\u1eb1n c\u1ed7i, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 b\u00f3 h\u1eb9p n\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef – t\u1ef1 n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 trung th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 ca, c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u00f3 h\u1eb9p t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 trung th\u1ef1c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong l\u00fac n\u00e0y, khi t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ng\u1ee3i ca hay h\u00f4 h\u00e0o v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng mang nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, (m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng c\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111en c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n t\u01b0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3), t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb l\u1ea1c lo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng chung. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n danh \u201cv\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay\u201d nh\u1ea1t nh\u1ebdo. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201chi v\u1ecdng\u201d v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng (d\u00f9 d\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb h\u00f4m nay, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ed3i, m\u1ed9t di ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i \u0111au, m\u1ed9t hi sinh kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1eebng) nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 hi v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111a nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb theo c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ed7i hoang mang khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00e1i g\u00ec ch\u01b0a t\u1edbi, th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3m nguy c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u1eddi ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i khi v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb h\u00fat v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng m\u00e0 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, th\u1eddi m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft \u0111i theo. Trong v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u1ea7n b\u0103ng gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u1eeb phi, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i \u00fd c\u1ee7a Sartre, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

08\/2011<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e3 Thuy\u00ean<\/b><\/p>\n

\n

[1]<\/a> V\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/i>? Jean Paul Sartre, Nguy\u00ean Ng\u1ecdc d\u1ecbch, nxb H\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, 2002).<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> V\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 g\u00ec, s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Litviet.com<\/p>\n

link: Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u0103ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u2013 Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ngh\u0129 g\u00ec, l\u00e0m g\u00ec m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u00e0y<\/a><\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> V\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 g\u00ec? S\u0111d.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u1eeb Th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111ang \u00e1m \u1ea3nh ch\u00fang ta. V\u00e0 trong v\u00f4 v\u00e0n c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u1eddi m\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn lao, c\u00f3 t\u1eeb Ch\u00ednh Tr\u1ecb. N\u00f3 h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1. N\u00f3 ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n. N\u00f3 cao v\u1ecdng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1ea1o b\u00e1ng. N\u00f3 n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng l\u00fac hai c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c\/\u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1004,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,138],"tags":[419],"class_list":["post-21134","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-tieu-luan","tag-nha-thuyen"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21134","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1004"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21134"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21134\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":72062,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21134\/revisions\/72062"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21134"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21134"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21134"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}