{"id":18550,"date":"2011-02-25T03:48:00","date_gmt":"2011-02-25T03:48:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/archives\/18550"},"modified":"2019-02-27T02:22:38","modified_gmt":"2019-02-27T02:22:38","slug":"doan-tau-thong-nhat-hay-la-quan-tu-di-hau-duc-tai-vat-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/18550\/doan-tau-thong-nhat-hay-la-quan-tu-di-hau-duc-tai-vat-1","title":{"rendered":"\u0110OÀN T\u1ea6U “TH\u1ed0NG NH\u1ea4T” (hay là “quân t\u1eed d\u0129 h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ea3i v\u1eadt” [1]"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\"nha<\/a> Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e2n<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Sans l\u2019arri\u00e8re-plan m\u00e9ditatif qu\u2019est la critique, les oeuvres deviennent des gestes isol\u00e9s, des accidents a-historiques, oubli\u00e9s d\u00e8s le lendemain.<\/em><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

– MILAN KUNDERA<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa th\u00ec ta d\u1ec5 li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng ngay t\u1edbi \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3\u201d<\/strong> v\u00e0 \u201cm\u00e3 l\u1ef1c\u201d<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u201cTr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3\u201d v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xe l\u1eeda th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 ng\u1eafn bao gi\u1edd; v\u00e0, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00ednh c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cm\u00e3 l\u1ef1c\u201d.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef \u201cTr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3 tri m\u00e3 l\u1ef1c\u201d.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i th\u1ea5y, c\u00e2u th\u01a1 hay nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea7u ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng (c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa 3 toa o\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y):<\/p>\n

Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u0103m th\u1eb3m xuy\u00ean nam b\u1eafc.<\/em>[3]<\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1edd c\u00e2u th\u01a1 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi \u201c\u0110o\u00e0n t\u1ea7u Th\u1ed1ng Nh\u1ea5t\u201d, ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1eeb sau ng\u00e0y Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u201cx\u00ecnh x\u1ecbch\u2026 h\u00fa\u201d cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay, \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (d\u1eabu bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng \u201cn\u00ean th\u01a1\u201d; nh\u01b0ng, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng). \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3<\/em> vi\u1ebft 7 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch (M\u1eaft th\u01a1<\/em> [\u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n 4 l\u1ea7n]; T\u1eeb c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/em>; H\u1ed3 Xu\u00e2n H\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e0i ni\u1ec7m ph\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c <\/em>[\u0111\u00e3 in 2 l\u1ea7n]; Ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bay<\/em> [\u0111\u00e3 2 l\u1ea7n in]; V\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb m\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/em>; B\u00fat ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ham mu\u1ed1n<\/em> v\u00e0 Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, con v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ea \u1ea5y<\/em>); \u0111\u00e3<\/em> bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n 7 cu\u1ed1n kh\u00e1c (Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p<\/em>; S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/em>; Theo v\u1ebft ch\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3<\/em>; Ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt<\/em>; Ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u00e2m linh<\/em>; Ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau<\/em>; Ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c<\/em>); v\u00e0, \u0111\u00e3<\/em> t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1ecbch, bi\u00ean t\u1eadp, vi\u1ebft gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u cho 9 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

Ri\u00eang cu\u1ed1n m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t (ra m\u1eaft v\u00e0o qu\u00fd I n\u0103m 2011), t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, con v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ea \u1ea5y (T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed)<\/em><\/strong>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u201csa m\u1ea1c ph\u00e1t ti\u1ebft\u201d (ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i Gi\u00e1ng) r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1, h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea7u \u201c3 toa \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t\u201d (t\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft hay c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m To\u00e0n).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay \u0111\u00e3 r\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n trong b\u1ea3n \u201cth\u00f4ng b\u00e1o\u201d[4]<\/a> khi \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea7u kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh:<\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng l\u1eafm, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 l\u1ecbch <\/em>s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng chung \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua <\/em>n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 <\/em>l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, n\u00ean \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ri\u00eang, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

V\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 c\u00e1i \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o\u201d, c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i, c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea7u. Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u201cr\u01a1i r\u1ee5ng\u201d xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea7u (locomotive\/\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432) \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay, r\u1ed3i sau khi \u201c\u0111\u00e3 qua l\u1eeda, n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d (m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef [c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 phim] Nga r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, nguy\u00ean v\u0103n \u201c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d\u044c, \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u044b\u201d {ti\u1ebfng Nga l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay}, nghe r\u1ea5t \u201ct\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa\u201d [m\u1ed9t \u201cbi\u1ec3u v\u1eadt\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga bao la v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Nga l\u1eebng l\u1eefng; m\u00e0, \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi t\u00f4i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea7u trong Anna Karenina<\/em> c\u1ee7a Lev Tolstoy, B\u00e1c s\u1ef9 Zhivago<\/em> c\u1ee7a Boris Pasternak\u2026 v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c phim \u201c\u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438\u201d], n\u00f3i l\u00ean c\u00e1i s\u1ef1 \u201cl\u00ean b\u1edd xu\u1ed1ng ru\u1ed9ng\u201d, \u201cra kh\u00f3i v\u00e0o l\u1eeda\u201d, b\u1ea7m gi\u1eadp v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi) th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft tinh l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 \u201ch\u00f3a\u201d, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u1ea4y l\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u1eed \u201cph\u00e2n t\u00e2m\u201d nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Hay l\u00e0, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111ang \u201cph\u00e2n t\u00e2m\u201d t\u00f4i?<\/p>\n

Xin h\u00e3y nghe ti\u1ebfp th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay (nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 in \u0111\u1eadm trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u\/\u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u1edf b\u00e0i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh):<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc g\u1ed3m 3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 <\/em>t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, th\u00ec t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trung t\u00e2m, ga \u0111\u1ebfn<\/strong> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ga \u0111i<\/strong> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

(\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec t\u00f4i c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc khi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra c\u00e1i t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201c\u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa\u201d trong \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay)<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u1eady, ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec3m. Nh\u01b0ng quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, theo t\u00f4i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 3 quan ni\u1ec7m: 1. t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh dung nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t <\/em>c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eedi g\u1eafm, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 (<\/em>v\u0103n d\u0129 t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o, thi d\u0129 ng\u00f4n ch\u00ed, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c); 2. t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <\/em>th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong n\u00f3 v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng n\u00f3. Theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y th\u00ec t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t <\/em>ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft; 3. t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 <\/em>v\u0103n b\u1ea3n + s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 \u00fd, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m d\u00f4i ngh\u0129a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, do \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. T\u1eeb 3 quan ni\u1ec7m tr\u00ean, t\u00f4i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ed3m 3 l\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn (ti\u1ec1n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 h\u1eadu v\u0103n b\u1ea3n), v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i l\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

C\u0169ng xin n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u0103ng Dung \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft chi ti\u1ebft trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 quay v\u00f2ng \u201c<-> t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 (ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n) <-> v\u0103n b\u1ea3n (th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a) <-> \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 (ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n) <-> t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m (th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3) <->\u201d trong cu\u1ed1n T\u1eeb v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt<\/em> (Nxb Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 1998), xin qu\u00fd v\u1ecb tham kh\u1ea3o \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c trong b\u00e0i \u201cTr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u0103ng Dung nh\u1eefng con ch\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh\u201d trong cu\u1ed1n Ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bay <\/em>(Nxb V\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u00f4ng tin, 2006) c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay, \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng li\u1ec7t k\u00ea 3 l\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp l\u1edbp c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, t\u1eeb t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 (v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p: ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc), v\u0103n b\u1ea3n (v\u1edbi phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc, thi ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac-k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc, ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc (v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, h\u1eadu\/gi\u1ea3i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, th\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n h\u1ecdc, n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n lu\u1eadn, h\u1eadu th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n lu\u1eadn, ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc). \u00d4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y sang c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 <\/em>s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh.<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o:<\/p>\n

Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ed5i thay, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean v\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang<\/strong> c\u1ea3. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u0169, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 <\/em>thay th\u1ebf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. V\u00e0, ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng quay theo qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o chung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, d\u00f9 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng sai bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00fac x\u1ea1.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

R\u1ed3i \u00f4ng t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi ra th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t:<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/em><\/strong>, t\u1ee9c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng\u201d hay \u201ct\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean\u201d (m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c ng\u1eef r\u1ea5t \u201c\u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay\u201d), xin m\u1eddi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb h\u00e3y t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u trong \u201c\u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea7u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn\u201d c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 500 \u201ch\u00e0ng gh\u1ebf\u201d n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi l\u1eddi th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o (d\u0103ng tr\u00ean 7 \u201ch\u00e0ng\u201d) \u1ea5y, tuy r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi khi\u1ebfn cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi e r\u1eb1ng l\u00ean c\u00e1i \u201ct\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa\u201d n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb \u201ct\u1ea9u h\u1ecfa\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cTr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3\u201d kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u201ctri m\u00e3 l\u1ef1c\u201d theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n. T\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u00fd ch\u00ed, tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m: c\u00e1i ch\u00ed\/tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432<\/em> c\u00f3 vision<\/em> v\u00e0 energy<\/em> (n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\/ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c) v\u01b0\u01a1n xa tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e9p, c\u00e1i d\u0169ng kh\u00ed b\u1ea5t h\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n: \u201cl\u1eeb l\u1eeb nh\u01b0 t\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

###<\/p>\n

\u201cH\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch ch\u00fa \u00fd! \u0110o\u00e0n t\u1ea7u Th\u1ed1ng Nh\u1ea5t s\u1eafp kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh\u2026\u201d V\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea7u ch\u1edf \u201ccon v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ea\u201d b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n b\u00e1nh. N\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean trong \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea7u 3 toa d\u00e0i ngo\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Toa th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/strong> mang t\u00ean PH\u00ca B\u00ccNH V\u0102N H\u1eccC L\u00c0 G\u00cc?<\/p>\n

Trong toa n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u00f4: Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n, \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, V\u1ecb th\u1ebf, Tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i l\u00f4 Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n<\/strong> c\u00f3 c\u0103ng ngay tr\u00ean c\u1eeda ra v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ng\u1eef th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eb3ng th\u1eebng:<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a <\/strong><\/em>[5]<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i th\u00edch c\u00e2u n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con-ng\u01b0\u1eddi-\u201cth\u00f4ng-minh\u201d (Homo sapiens sapiens<\/em> \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec7n nay), v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 bi h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1ea9y sinh t\u1eeb th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea5y. S\u1ed1ng trong c\u00f5i \u201cv\u00f4 minh\u201d kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec \u0111i tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n d\u1eef n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n la b\u00e0n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn h\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111i trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e8n\/\u0111u\u1ed1c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf Homo sapiens sapiens<\/em>, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cHomo definirus\u201d<\/em>! <\/em>Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e8n\/\u0111u\u1ed1c d\u1eabn l\u1ed1i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u00f2ng hang th\u1eb3m, tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi l\u1eafm! Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, khi m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi th\u1ea3nh th\u01a1i trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng bao la v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e8n\/\u0111u\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ee9t \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft. Khi \u0111\u00f3 \u201ccon-ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cCon Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, m\u1edbi l\u00e0 Homo sapiens sapiens sapiens <\/em>[6]<\/a>!<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, \u201ch\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 bao gi\u1edd \u0111u\u1ed1c l\u1eeda ph\u1ea3i d\u00e2ng cao.\u201d (th\u01a1 Ph\u1ea1m Ti\u1ebfn Du\u1eadt)<\/p>\n

\u201cNh\u01b0ng.\u201d (v\u0103n \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00e2n)<\/p>\n

Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eafm m\u00ecnh trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, con-ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e3y c\u1ed1 [tu\/luy\u1ec7n] m\u00e0 v\u1ee9t h\u1ebft \u0111\u00e8n \u0111u\u1ed1c \u0111i.<\/p>\n

B\u00f9i ng\u00f9i thay, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ta v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi Homo sapiens sapiens<\/em> \u201c\u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 y\u00eau d\u1ea5u\u201d (ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng dharma<\/em> c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n [\u201cc\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7\u201d] \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p l\u00ean cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t sapiens<\/em> n\u1eefa ngay \u0111\u00e2u), \u0111\u1ec3 xem \u201ccon v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ea\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a<\/em> ra sao, n\u01a1i \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea7u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

X\u00ecnh x\u1ecbch trong c\u00e1i l\u00f4 8 \u201ch\u00e0ng gh\u1ebf\u201d bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 gh\u1ebf ch\u1ee7? Xin \u0111\u00e0nh nh\u1eb7t-l\u00ean-nh\u1eefng-c\u00e2u-c\u00fa-theo-th\u1ee9-t\u1ef1 (\u201cb\u00e0i\u201d n\u00e0y, b\u00ean IT g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 SEQUENTIAL ACCESS) v\u1eady. T\u1eeb \u201caccess\u201d th\u1eadt l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t, n\u00f3 universal<\/em>. N\u00f3 k\u00edch n\u1ed5 cho c\u00e1i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u201cv\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3\u201d, khi m\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn L\u2019IT <\/strong>(\u201cc\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin\u201d [ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p]) v\u00e0 LIT<\/strong>[T\u00c9RATURE] (\u201cv\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d [ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p] \u2013 Nga: \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440, Anh: literature, Latin: litterae, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 \u201cth\u00e2n quen v\u1edbi ch\u1eef\u201d) g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1\/ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn<\/strong>; h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd d\u1ea5n s\u00e2u\/l\u00ean <\/em>v\u1edbi c\u00e1i bi\u1ec3u ngh\u0129a \u201cm\u1edf ra, \u0111i v\u00e0o\/l\u00ean, truy c\u1eadp\/nh\u1eadp\u201d. V\u1eady th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a \u201caccess\u201d (Ph\u00e1p: acc\u00e8s, Latin: aditus, Nga: \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f) v\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 h\u00e3y d\u00f9ng ngay t\u1eeb n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

V\u1eeba access, ngay h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00f3i l\u00ean:<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecnh c\u1edd m\u00e0 ch\u1eef <\/em>\u0110\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a L\u00e3o T\u1eed v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1eeba l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/em><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9c s\u00e1ng!<\/p>\n

Theo ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t [ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng, ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt], ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 khen ch\u00ea, b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea9m, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, t\u1eeb vi m\u00f4 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n t\u1ef1, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u v\u0103n, m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0129 m\u00f4 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u2026 Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u1edf ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y l\u00e0 k\u1ebb song sinh v\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f3 c\u00f2n ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh th\u00ec d\u1ec5. Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn <\/em>t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. M\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn <\/em>t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 <\/em>ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc. V\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i <\/em>h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc (t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 – t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m – ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc) n\u00e0y.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u1ea4y l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng\u201d.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf c\u00f2n c\u00e1i \u201ch\u1eb9p\u201d? N\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a \u201csequential access\u201d:<\/p>\n

[Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p, ngh\u0129a chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a <\/em>khoa h\u1ecdc v\u0103n h\u1ecdc] l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n h\u1ecdc g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi <\/em>v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ra \u0111\u1eddi tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf <\/em>b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 <\/em>xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. \u2026 Nh\u1edd m\u00e1y in v\u00e0 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, th\u01a1 v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t, \u0111\u1ebfn tay t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u2026 S\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4ng d\u1ea7n l\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <\/em>\u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng, sau m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh <\/em>c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. \u2026 V\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebb ra <\/em>d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn. \u2026 D\u01b0 lu\u1eadn t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, m\u00e0, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft, k\u00edch th\u00edch anh ta s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n k\u00edch th\u00edch n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t khi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ec1n nhu\u1eadn b\u00fat. \u2026 Ngh\u1ec1 v\u0103n ra \u0111\u1eddi. \u2026 T\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp <\/em>tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. \u2026 Vi\u1ec7c ra \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\u2026 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng. Ch\u00ednh t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/strong>. N\u00f3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 <\/em>quy\u1ec1n ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh. \u2026 Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, khi c\u00f3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh <\/em>quy\u1ec1n uy n\u1eefa. \u2026 Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c <\/strong><\/em>\u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/em><\/strong>. \u2026 Ai gi\u00e0u hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft h\u01a1n, ai c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c h\u01a1n th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tuy y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n uy v\u1eabn c\u00f2n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 quy\u1ec1n uy s\u1ea1ch. \u2026 M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00e1c cho ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t sinh ho\u1ea1t tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a <\/em>\u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u2026 Nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Trong th\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng sinh t\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eafc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00ec d\u00e1m n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 d\u00e1m ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh<\/strong>. \u2026 Ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, x\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u2026 Nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e2n danh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n anh ta, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u00e2n danh m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 n\u00e0o n\u00f3 m\u00e0 anh ta l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi anh ta c\u0169ng v\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 <\/em>tranh lu\u1eadn l\u1ea1i. Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh\u2026 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i theo \u0111\u00fang ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p, nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 m\u1edbi.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

V\u1eady th\u00ec th\u1ef1c ra c\u00e1i \u201caccess\u201d n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u201cr\u1ed9ng\u201d, c\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u201ch\u1eb9p\u201d? M\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i v\u00f2ng r\u1ed9ng\/h\u1eb9p \u1ea5y? C\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 \u201ct\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ee5c\u201d kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi h\u1ed9 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0, trong bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00eam v\u1ec1 s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a\u2026 \u201cnh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d (Homo sapiens sapiens<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Access xong l\u00f4 1, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eafc m\u1eafc [cho m\u00ecnh?]:<\/p>\n

V\u1eady th\u00ec v\u0103n h\u1ecdc (m\u00e0 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam), \u0111\u1ebfn bao gi\u1edd m\u1edbi access \u0111\u1eb7ng sang Homo sapiens sapiens sapiens<\/em>? (H\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n\/th\u01a1 [\u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3] \u0111\u00e3 access \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm\/\u0111o\u00e1n xem)<\/p>\n

\u201cV\u0103n\u201d hay \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d s\u1ebd access sang tr\u01b0\u1edbc?<\/p>\n

\u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d \u0111\u1ebb ra \u201cv\u0103n\u201d, hay \u201cv\u0103n\u201d \u0111\u1ebb ra \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d?<\/p>\n

Access v\u00e0o l\u00f4 th\u1ee9 2, \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong>, th\u00ec c\u00f3 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

Ti\u00eau ng\u1eef l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ferdinand de Saussure:<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebb ra \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng <\/em>[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i gi\u1eadt m\u00ecnh! Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u00f4ng Saussure c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi minh tri\u1ebft<\/em> (wisdom):<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i kh\u00f3 l\u00f3 c\u00e1i kh\u00f4n<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u00f3<\/em> (\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng) c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e1i kh\u00f4n<\/em> (ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p [\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u minh tri\u1ebft Vi\u1ec7t giang h\u1ed3<\/em> r\u1ea5t l\u00fd th\u00fa: \u201cnh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf nh\u00ec mi\u1ebfng\u201d]).<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0, Saussure \u0111\u00e2u h\u1eb3n thi\u1ebfu minh tri\u1ebft. V\u1eady Saussure v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec? Hay l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ecf xi\u00ean g\u00ec nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc? C\u00f3 khi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p: con-ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i \u201ckh\u00f4n\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ed3i khi g\u1eb7p \u201ckh\u00f3\u201d m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u201cmi\u1ebfng\u201d m\u00e0 g\u1ee1? Th\u1eadt m\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4i th\u00ec, c\u1ee9 access ti\u1ebfp xem sao:<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Theo t\u00f4i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 <\/em>t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cb\u1ea7u\u201d l\u00ean nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, g\u00e2y th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ga \u0111i m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ga \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

R\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd.<\/p>\n

V\u0103n h\u1ecdc, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, l\u00e0 <\/em>ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, do \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <\/em>s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb.<\/em><\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <\/em>s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt-li\u1ec7u-ch\u1eef h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, v\u00f4 v\u00e0n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. S\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng khai th\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m ra c\u00e1i m\u1edbi, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. M\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 neo v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian khi n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd m\u00e8m c\u0169, hay n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c, c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng tin. M\u1ed7i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111i qua, soi m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi, c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho m\u00ecnh.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd th\u00f4i. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng t\u1eebng nghe m\u1ed9t Nobel V\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3: ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t m\u1edbi c\u00f2n \u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean con t\u1ea7u v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a thi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u00ean \u0111i l\u1eadu v\u00e9, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u1ed5 kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

N\u00e0o, h\u00e3y access ti\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i r\u1ea5t \u201csequential\u201d:<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u00e0 <\/em>c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <\/em>ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. \u2026 N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn <\/em>h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. \u2026 Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt khi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 <\/em>t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i c\u1ea3m. <\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u00f2n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh <\/em>kh\u00f4ng v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra l\u00e0 <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh hay m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra l\u00e0 <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 ch\u01a1i, m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh <\/em>b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 <\/em>qua h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u00f3a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u theo \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, n\u00ean <\/em>h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. C\u00f2n n\u1ed9i dung, x\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u00f3a th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t thai th\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 <\/em>ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1edf trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, t\u1ee9c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u00f3a, c\u00f2n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 v\u1ecb, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ngo\u00e0i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu vai tr\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham d\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y th\u00ec v\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1eafng, kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng l\u1eb7ng, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i h\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 \u0111a ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 \u1ea9n \u00fd, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ho\u00e0i nghi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

V\u00e2ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n, v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i \u00f4ng Saussure \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u1edbi l\u1eddi ngh\u1ecbch nh\u0129 \u1ea5y? C\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebb ra c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y? N\u00e0o th\u00f4i, h\u00e3y r\u00e1ng xem \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay \u201ct\u00fam l\u1ea1i\u201d:<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua 3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n. <\/em>\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 <\/em>s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, n\u01a1i ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3, nh\u1eefng <\/em>ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n. <\/em>Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <\/em>c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, c\u00f3 <\/em>t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb. Ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <\/em>ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac mang l\u1ea1i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ecm. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00ec ch\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u1ea5t t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, gi\u1ea3i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh <\/em>li\u00ean v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. V\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh <\/em>li\u00ean ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc. \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 <\/em>t\u00ednh quan h\u1ec7. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, <\/em>cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n <\/em>kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 \u00fd. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 \u00fd do v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 \u00fd do v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 \u00fd do s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 \u00fd do <\/em>h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 <\/em>ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc. V\u00e0, th\u1eadt ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1n l\u00e2u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u00e0y.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00a0<\/em>Access \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m h\u1ebft m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y Saussure kh\u00f4ng sai; c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea7m khi d\u1eaft m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf XX ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5y S\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft c\u00e1ch nay m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u00e0o l\u00f4 n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0, minh tri\u1ebft v\u1eabn \u0111\u00fang. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang! Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 sao??<\/p>\n

\u201cTa\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ecbch\u201d \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a??<\/p>\n

Ng\u1eabm k\u1ef9, th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0110en\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ctr\u1eafng\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t? Kh\u00f4ng!<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00e1i chung l\u00e0 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee9 ch\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i \u201cm\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n\u201d.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n ngh\u0129 n\u1eefa d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed5 tung l\u00ean m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ea3 nh\u1ebd \u201ck\u1ebb gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i\u201d \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i, hay \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i? Sao??<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0, n\u1ebfu \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i\u201d kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u201cg\u00e2y h\u1ea1i\u201d, khi\u1ebfn k\u1ebb kia c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda, b\u1ecb thua thi\u1ec7t, b\u1ecb \u201ck\u00e9m mi\u1ebfng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d hay \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng tham-s\u00e2n-si c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec\u2026 \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u201cnguy\u00ean c\u00e1o\u201d l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n, c\u00f2n \u201cb\u1ecb c\u00e1o\u201d l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt, \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i\u201d c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00f2ng ph\u1ea1m\u201d!<\/p>\n

V\u1eady th\u00ec, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/em> hay tranh lu\u1eadn<\/em> \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a? M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eddi lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1i b\u1ea5t minh? V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ee5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u00e8m\u201d l\u00e0m l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft? C\u00e1i \u201c\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u201d \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1i d\u1ed9t khi mang t\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa v\u00e0o ch\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam?<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng:<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1edf tr\u00ean, n\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng \u201ccon m\u1eaft d\u1ea1i d\u1ed9t\u201d th\u00ec th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i g\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng nhu\u1ed1m m\u1ea7u d\u1ea1i d\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e3 ai tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho h\u1ebft ngh\u0129a d\u1ea1i kh\u00f4n; trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00f4n:<\/p>\n

D\u1ea1i ch\u1ed1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5y d\u1ea1i kh\u00f4n<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai l\u00e0m l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00ec \u201cth\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d l\u1ea5y g\u00ec l\u00e0m b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o l\u00e0m l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 v\u00f4 b\u1ed5, th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 b\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4i th\u00ec, nhan s\u1eafc ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau n\u1eb1m trong m\u1eaft k\u1ebb si t\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

H\u00e3y access v\u00e0o file \u201cy\u00eau\u201d! Y\u00eau c\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u00ec s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i \u1ea5y \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd, ki\u00eau sa, \u201cc\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cng\u1eadm \u0111\u00e1 l\u1ea5p bi\u1ec3n\u201d nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay g\u1ecdi, c\u00f3 trong t\u1eadp Ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bay<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t:<\/p>\n

Cho hay t\u1ea5t th\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ec1u m\u00e2y n\u1ed5i
\n<\/em>C\u00f2n v\u1edbi non s\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat t\u00ecnh <\/em>[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

V\u1eady nh\u00e9!<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft ra \u0111\u1ebfn 4.514 ch\u1eef (word) nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi access \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 l\u00f4 trong Toa 1, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u00f4i v\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 b\u01a1 ph\u1edd. Ngh\u1ec1 ch\u1eef n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 \u201c\u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u1ea5t g\u1ed7\u201d.<\/p>\n

Th\u01b0a r\u1eb1ng, \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea7u c\u00f3 31 l\u00f4 c\u1ea3 th\u1ea9y, n\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 l\u1ea7n m\u00f2 theo ki\u1ec3u \u201cb\u00fat k\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch\u201d (t\u00ean m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n hi\u1ebfm hoi c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Ch\u00ed Hoan) th\u1ebf n\u00e0y th\u00ec s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 69.967, c\u00f2n \u0111\u00fang 33 ch\u1eef l\u00e0 tr\u00f2n 7 v\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu in th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch s\u1ebd v\u00e0o c\u1ee1 300 trang! \u041d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u00e0ng c\u1ea3m ph\u1ee5c s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1i \u201ch\u1eadu \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ea3i v\u1eadt\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay.<\/p>\n

Ai mu\u1ed1n access ti\u1ebfp xin gi\u01a1 tay? Ha, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00fd v\u1ecb xu\u00f4i tay, c\u00fai m\u1eb7t r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eafc c\u00e1c v\u1ecb nghe v\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2y l\u1eddi v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Trang T\u1eed \u0111ang an \u1ee7i: c\u00e1i s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc\/tri th\u1ee9c th\u00ec v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111u\u1ed5i theo c\u00e1i v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, nguy thay!!<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean!<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ng\u00f4n n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi bu\u00f4ng xu\u00f4i\/t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1i s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5 x\u00fay \u201cv\u00f4 h\u1ecdc\u201d \u1ea5y, ai ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u201c\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f\u201d nh\u01b0 V.I Lenin \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1n truy\u1ec1n, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n ra hay th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u1ebd \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e2u. N\u1eaby gi\u1edd, thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd, ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng: kh\u00f4ng sao.<\/p>\n

Logic h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u00ec l\u00e0 th\u1ebf, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta v\u1eeba \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt \u201csequential access\u201d. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i IT n\u00e0y, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u201cbinh ph\u00e1p T\u00f4n T\u1eed\u201d n\u00e0o ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch access kh\u00e1c, r\u1ea5t universal, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 RANDOM ACCESS (\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\/acc\u00e8s al\u00e9atoire), ki\u1ec3u m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 minh tri\u1ebft<\/em> \u201cd\u00e2n gian\u201d <\/em>g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e2u ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea5y\u201d, \u201cvui \u0111\u00e2u ch\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea5y\u201d, \u201ct\u00f9y h\u1ee9ng ng\u1ef1a \u00f4\u201d.<\/p>\n

N\u00e0o, h\u00e3y access l\u00f4 3, Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Ti\u00eau ng\u1eef treo \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi ranh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 h\u01a1n ta t\u01b0\u1edfng <\/em>[9]<\/a>
\nV\u00e2ng, ai c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

\u1ea4y th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean Inrasara \u0111\u00e3 v\u0103ng ra c\u00e1i \u201cv\u0103n t\u1ebf th\u1eadp lo\u1ea1i\u2026 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh\u201d[10]<\/a> (G\u1ed3m: Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u00e1n<\/em>, kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o, ch\u1ec9 b\u00ecnh t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh may r\u1ee7i. Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9n giai tho\u1ea1i<\/em>, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9n v\u00e0o c\u01a1 man giai tho\u1ea1i c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi, r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea3m. Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh chung chung<\/em>, tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9, v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 ph\u1ea1t, l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ecdi nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, m\u1ecdi t\u1eadp th\u01a1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb tr\u1eadt. Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh h\u0169 n\u00fat<\/em>, l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u00ean h\u1ea1; cho d\u00f9 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 cao t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u, c\u1ee9 l\u1ea5y chu\u1ea9n m\u00ecnh ra \u0111o. Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh n\u00fap b\u00f3ng<\/em>, n\u00fap b\u00f3ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n danh. Nh\u00e2n danh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ch\u00e2n l\u00ed, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nh\u00e2n danh t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i l\u1edbn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 \u201cph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng\u201d ra m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n danh. Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i<\/em>, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh c\u1ea3 \u1edf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 khen ch\u00ea, b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c hay c\u00e1o gi\u00e1c. Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh du k\u00edch<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n t\u00ednh th\u00f9 v\u1eb7t, nh\u00e2n v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1 sang v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1. Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh quan ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>, l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh h\u00e3nh ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb \u0111ang n\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ed trong tay, bao gi\u1edd v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng \u0103n n\u00f3i \u1edf th\u1ebf \u0111\u00fang, th\u1ebf th\u1eafng. Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng hai<\/em>, n\u00f3i theo v\u00ec \u0111ang k\u00ec \u0103n theo, n\u00f3i theo \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f2n \u0103n theo l\u00e2u d\u00e0i h\u01a1n. Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh li\u1ebfc nh\u00ecn<\/em>, v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1eb7t ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng hai, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft \u0111i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng chung quy n\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u00f3i n\u1ecbnh b\u1ee3, u\u1ed1n ng\u00f2i b\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm ch\u00e1c), m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 chia th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i: Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh b\u00e1o ch\u00ed<\/em> & Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/em>.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Inrasara tr\u1ecdng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u201cdi\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i\u201d c\u00f2n \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u201cquy n\u1ea1p\u201d trong l\u00f4 n\u00e0y. Hai c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabu l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t chi\u00eau \u201csong ki\u1ebfm h\u1ee3p b\u00edch\u201d trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, song ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u1edf tay ki\u1ebfm kh\u00e1ch. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ta th\u1ea5y Inrasara c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u201cthu\u1eadt ng\u1eef\u201d thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 thu\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t, c\u00f2n \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay th\u00ec d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t khi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u00fac t\u00edch. Ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y Inrasara thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u201ct\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn\u201d n\u00ean g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh b\u00e1o ch\u00ed<\/em>, \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay ng\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u201ctham m\u01b0u\u201d n\u00ean h\u1ee3p c\u1ea1 v\u1edbi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/em>, v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u00f4 n\u00e0y, ta g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef quen thu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 \u201cd\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean\u201d, \u201ctr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng\u201d, \u201csang ngang\u201d r\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay.<\/p>\n

L\u00f4 4: V\u1ecb th\u1ebf<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u201cv\u1ecb\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ebf\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i m\u00f9i \u201ctranh gi\u00e0nh\u201d. C\u00e1i m\u00f9i \u1ea5y tanh t\u01b0\u1edfi kh\u00f3 ng\u1eedi, v\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u00f4i quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o l\u00f4 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

L\u00f4 5: Tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>C\u00e1i t\u00ean kh\u00e1 mang \u201ck\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u1eaby g\u1ecdi\u201d (t\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a W. Iser, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn). Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u201ctr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y\u201d \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 display hay performance. V\u1eady n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u0103n h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f9y theo m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y di\u1ec5n tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/em>[11]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

l\u00e0 m\u1ea5y c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u00e1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y nh\u1ec9?<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 quen thu\u1ed9c khi ta g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3. \u0110i trong h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thi ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a-l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc, h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch\u2026 N\u00f3i chung, v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y g\u1eb7p r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c \u00f4ng T\u00e2y r\u00e2u x\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 gi\u00e0 l\u1eabn tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec1u uy\u00ean th\u00e2m, qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1c n\u00ean \u1eaft kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ea5y t\u00ean An Nam y\u1ebfu b\u00f3ng v\u00eda. \u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00fat \u00eam th\u00ec nghe l\u1ecfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua 3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: 1) ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb <\/em>t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, 2) t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n <\/em>t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 3) t\u1eeb <\/em>ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua hai l\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh (paradigme) nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u: t\u1eeb t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 sang t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m sang \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 quan ni\u1ec7m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec k\u1ecbch toa, c\u00e1i toa gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u201cl\u00e0 g\u00ec\u201d.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i \u201cl\u00e0 g\u00ec\u201d ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u201cn\u1ea1p\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay. Ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u201clocal h\u00f3a\u201d \u2013 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1t thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u201cl\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng\u201d, h\u00f3a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u201cth\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o g\u1ecdi: x\u00fang x\u00ednh c\u00e1i \u00e1o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft\/s\u00e1ch v\u1edf gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u\/T\u00e2y rau mu\u1ed1ng\/T\u00e2y gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7y\/b\u1ecdn \u0103n b\u01a1 th\u1eeba s\u1eefa c\u1eb7n\/x\u00e2y l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i tr\u00ean m\u00e2y\/\u0103n c\u1ee9t T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

Toa th\u1ee9 hai:<\/strong> PH\u00ca B\u00ccNH V\u0102N H\u1eccC VI\u1ec6T NAM, NH\u00ccN NGHI\u00caNG T\u1eea PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P<\/p>\n

Sau khi \u0111i qua Toa 1 s\u1ef1c n\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa x\u1ecbn (v\u00e0 c\u1ea3\u2026 h\u00f4i n\u00e1ch) \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cm\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec7t Qu\u1eafc\u201d, \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cch\u00ednh danh\u201d, access \u0111\u1ebfn Toa 2 th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee9 nhung nh\u00fac trong 13 l\u00f4.<\/p>\n

Xin li\u1ec7t k\u00ea t\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u00f4 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3: S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u00f3a-l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc m\u00e1c x\u00edt, S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh, Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc, Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh thi ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc, Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc, Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u00f2ng tr\u00e0nh v\u00e0\/m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Soi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ea7n n\u1ea5y c\u00e1i l\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i \u201cnh\u00ecn nghi\u00eang\u201d<\/strong> nh\u1ec9?<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1i \u201cth\u00f4ng b\u00e1o\u201d l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n tr\u1ea7n:<\/p>\n

Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1ecbp. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i tr\u00ean chuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u t\u1ed1c h\u00e0nh <\/em>[\u0111\u1ea5y nh\u00e9, l\u1ea1i \u201ct\u1ea7u\u201d – \u0110T] \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111u\u1ed5i b\u1eaft th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 <\/em>n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp, m\u00e0 <\/em>g\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t s\u00f3ng, c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0a qua th\u00ec c\u00e1i sau \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f4 t\u1edbi, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed n\u1ea3y sinh c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. Do v\u1eady, kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau, \u0111an c\u00e0i v\u00e0o nhau t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed3n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, m\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ea3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u1edf n\u01a1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c chung v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, n\u00ean c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ecdn. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, khi ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u201cd\u00e1n nh\u00e3n\u201d t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean n\u00e9t tr\u1ed9i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. T\u00f4i n\u00f3i <\/em>nh\u00ecn nghi\u00eang<\/strong> t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1eb3n kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh cho nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t.<\/em>[12]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

V\u1eady \u201ccon v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ea An Nam\u201d c\u00f3 t\u1eeb bao gi\u1edd<\/strong>?<\/p>\n

S\u01a1 khai, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i \u201ct\u1ef1a\u201d c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u01a1, m\u1ee5c \u201cV\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 ch\u00ed\u201d trong c\u00e1c s\u01b0u kh\u1ea3o, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i \u201clu\u1eadn\u201d v\u1ec1 Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u<\/em>, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 th\u01a1, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i d\u1ea1ng k\u1ef3 b\u00fat, tuy\u1ec7t b\u00fat. Khi \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3\u201d.<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Th\u01a1 M\u1edbi, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 k\u1ecbch n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 \u0110\u00f4ng-T\u00e2y\/Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn. Th\u01a1 M\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi th\u01a1 l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n L\u01b0u Tr\u1ecdng L\u01b0, Ph\u1ea1m Huy Th\u00f4ng, Th\u1ebf L\u1eef, Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00ednh; \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng v\u1edbi Xu\u00e2n Di\u1ec7u, Huy C\u1eadn, V\u0169 Ho\u00e0ng Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0110inh H\u00f9ng, B\u00edch Kh\u00ea, Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n H\u1ea1nh; \u0111\u00e3 si\u00eau th\u1ef1c v\u1edbi H\u00e0n M\u1eb7c T\u1eed; \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ec1n phong v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Sanh. V\u1edbi T\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c V\u0103n \u0111o\u00e0n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n v\u1edbi Kh\u00e1i H\u01b0ng (H\u1ed3n b\u01b0\u1edbm m\u01a1 ti\u00ean, N\u1eeda ch\u1eebng xu\u00e2n<\/em>), Nh\u1ea5t Linh (\u0110o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t<\/em>); r\u1ed3i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1eb9p<\/em> c\u1ee7a Kh\u00e1i H\u01b0ng v\u00e0 B\u01b0\u1edbm tr\u1eafng<\/em> c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t Linh. R\u1ed3i ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 T\u1ea5t T\u1ed1, Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Hoan, V\u0169 Tr\u1ecdng Ph\u1ee5ng, Nam Cao. R\u1ed3i k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u0110o\u00e0n Ph\u00fa T\u1ee9 c\u0169ng \u0111i qua l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n sang t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng. S\u00e1ng t\u00e1c r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 <\/em>d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 <\/em>ph\u00f3ng t\u00e1c, th\u00ec con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua <\/em>d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 <\/em>kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u. \u2026 Nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u00f9a d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt, ph\u00f3ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o. C\u00f2n t\u1eeb 1932 tr\u1edf \u0111i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a.<\/em>[13]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

V\u1eady ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng <\/strong>ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay cho \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1i Toa 2 n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n

Theo \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a con \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n ph\u1ed1i giao thoa v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y. C\u00f2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda ch\u00e2u \u00c2u cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. H\u1ed9i h\u1ecda \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng coi tr\u1ecdng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\u2026<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecda s\u1ef9 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm b\u1eaft ngay <\/em>\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 <\/em>b\u00e2y gi\u1edd m\u1ed9t phong c\u1ea3nh (thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean hay t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n) \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0a ngay c\u00e1i \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em> t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o khung v\u1ea3i, v\u0129nh c\u1eedu h\u00f3a c\u00e1i gi\u00e2y l\u00e1t n\u00e0y.<\/em>[14]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

C\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a W. Dilthey, thuy\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a H. Bergson.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u201ct\u00e2y\u201d, v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 cao tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec1 cao \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ec1 cao s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp th\u1ea7n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n \u201cta\u201d.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i ph\u00ea \u0111i\u1ec3m trung \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 t\u00f4i coi l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a con ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eeba m\u1edbi sinh th\u00e0nh.<\/em>[15]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

C\u00e1c \u201cc\u00e2y ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh\u201d n\u1ed5i l\u00ean l\u00e0 T\u1ea3n \u0110\u00e0, Phan Kh\u00f4i, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eedu, V\u0169 Ng\u1ecdc Phan, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00ednh, Xu\u00e2n Di\u1ec7u, Th\u1ebf L\u1eef, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft tinh \u1edf Ho\u00e0i Thanh v\u1edbi Thi nh\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i anh \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y th\u1eadt oanh li\u1ec7t! Ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u201ch\u1eadu-\u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec con t\u1ea7u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00ean, m\u1edbi kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebft ch\u00ecm.<\/p>\n

Li\u1ebfc qua l\u1edbp l\u1edbp c\u00e1c l\u00f4 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn t\u00f2a ngang d\u1eaby d\u1ecdc nh\u1ee9c nh\u1ed1i con m\u1eaft [counter\/hyper-th\u01a1]<\/em>, t\u00f4i b\u1ed7ng mu\u1ed1n access m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u00f4 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1ea3n l\u1ec1. Tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c \u201c\u0103n l\u00f4ng \u1edf l\u1ed7\u201d x\u00fai d\u1ee5c t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1eeda l\u00f4 s\u1ed1 6, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00ean: S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh<\/strong>. (T\u1ea1i sao t\u00f4i access v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec, ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Ch\u00faa [Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf] m\u1edbi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c)<\/p>\n

Ngay t\u1eeb c\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay. C\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201ch\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/p>\n

Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef <\/em>paradigme hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch thu\u1ed9c chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0o v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y ra sao, nh\u01b0 <\/em>h\u1ec7 chu\u1ea9n, h\u1ec7 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m, m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh, h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu, khung m\u1eabu\u2026 \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 <\/em>h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh v\u00ec <\/em>paradigme v\u1ed1n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a F. de Saussure, sau \u0111\u00f3 khi ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201ckhoa h\u1ecdc hoa ti\u00eau\u201d cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec <\/em>paradigme m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi nh\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. D\u1ecbch<\/em> h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc tri th\u1ee9c.<\/em>[16]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

C\u00e1i ti\u00eau ng\u1eef, d\u00e0i th\u00f2n, l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Thomas Kuhn:<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

V\u1eady b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. N\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u201cc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3\u201d r\u1ed3i, c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00ec n\u1eefa \u0111\u00e2y? C\u1ee9 \u201cc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng\u201d th\u1ebf n\u00e0y th\u00ec ch\u1ebft c\u1ea3 n\u00fat! \u1edc, t\u00f4i ch\u1ee3t hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u1ecd s\u1ee3 \u201cch\u1ebft\u201d, v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 x\u01a1 c\u1ee9ng. M\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ri\u00eang g\u00ec \u201cta\u201d m\u1edbi b\u1ecb x\u01a1 c\u1ee9ng, \u201ct\u00e2y\u201d c\u0169ng x\u01a1 c\u1ee9ng l\u1eafm n\u00ean m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i h\u00f4 l\u00ean: \u201cChange we can!\u201d. Tr\u1eddi \u01a1i, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u00e8m bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e0ng x\u01a1 c\u1ee9ng c\u00e0ng ch\u00f3ng ch\u1ebft. V\u1eady th\u00ec h\u1ee1i nh\u1eefng ai \u0111ang c\u0103m t\u1ee9c b\u1ecdn x\u01a1 c\u1ee9ng, b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7, h\u00e3y c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, cho h\u1ecd x\u01a1 c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

M\u1edbi mong \u201cc\u00f9ng t\u1eafc bi\u1ebfn\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t:<\/p>\n

Thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh\u2026 l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u1eb7p ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 n\u1ed9i dung\/h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c.<\/em>[17]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1ea5y l\u00e2u th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i thay t\u1eeb ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc<\/em> (t\u1eeb t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f3a mang t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec3n khai ra c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u00f3a-l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, m\u00e0 sau r\u1ed3i v\u1ee1 m\u1ea3nh trong l\u00f2ng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ed5i M\u1edbi [1986] n\u00f3 v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh n\u00ean n\u1ec1n ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn d\u00e0i t\u1eeb kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb [nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf bao c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, g\u00f3p \u00fd v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7] \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc [vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i quan ni\u1ec7m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9], mang l\u1ea1i cho ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh), \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh thi ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc<\/em> (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb 1987, \u0111\u00e3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a ra hai quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh & h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quan ni\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh thi ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh Th\u01a1 M\u1edbi) v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc<\/em> (ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u1edbi thi ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc n\u00ean c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n tr\u00f9ng nhau, bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u1eb7p ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 n\u1ed9i dung\/h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra th\u00e0nh c\u1eb7p ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u\/phong c\u00e1ch, m\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb c\u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i sang c\u00e1i th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch access t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 sang c\u00e1ch access t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb v\u0103n b\u1ea3n).<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean:<\/p>\n

\u1ede ngay trong c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh<\/strong>. V\u00ed nh\u01b0, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1eefu th\u1ee9c, c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, khi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u1ed9t m\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3. M\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ecm c\u1ee7a t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng tr\u00f4i. Mu\u1ed1n n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. Chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, h\u1eefu th\u1ee9c, b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i sang con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c, b\u00ean trong, b\u1ec1 s\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 hai, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian m\u1edbi, \u0111a chi\u1ec1u cho t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/em>[18]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u0110o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc<\/em> m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m B\u00fat ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ham mu\u1ed1n<\/em> (Nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c, 2009), d\u00f9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1945.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh ghi d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a bao ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y\/v\u01a1i d\u0169ng kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Ch\u00e2u \u201ch\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1eddi ai \u0111i\u1ebfu cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc minh h\u1ecda\u201d;<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng Ng\u1ecdc Hi\u1ebfn \u201cv\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d, \u201cv\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh\u201d, \u201cv\u0103n h\u1ecdc [ch\u01b0a] b\u01b0\u1edbc qua l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec1n\u201d, \u201cv\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00e1n b\u1ed9\u201d, \u201cv\u0103n h\u1ecdc quan ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d, \u201cv\u0103n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea3i\u201d, \u201cv\u0103n h\u1ecdc xi r\u00f4\u201d;<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 L\u1ea1i Nguy\u00ean \u00c2n \u201cph\u00ea b\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n uy\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cph\u00ea b\u00ecnh xu ph\u1ee5\u201d;<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean Ng\u1ecdc \u201cth\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc\u201d;<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 L\u00ea Ng\u1ecdc Tr\u00e0 \u201cnghi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c\u201d;<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u0103ng M\u1ea1nh \u201cphong c\u00e1ch\u201d, \u201ct\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt\u201d;<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u00ecnh S\u1eed \u201ch\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quan ni\u1ec7m\u201d;<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 thi ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc, \u201cphong c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch chu\u1ea9n\u201d, \u201c\u201cd\u1ed3n n\u00e9n>\u1ea9n \u1ee9c >th\u0103ng hoa\u201d, \u201csi\u00eau m\u1eabu\u201d, \u201cm\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m Oedipe\u201d;<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Phan Ng\u1ecdc \u201cphong c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn\u201d\u2026<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i h\u1ebft qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i, theo \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh n\u1eefa l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch access t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc<\/em>. Tuy tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ph\u00ea \u0111i\u1ec3m trung \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 access t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u201ct\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 – t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m – ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc\u201d.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc tham gia v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc qua th\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n h\u1ecdc, m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac\u2026, nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 m\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/strong>.<\/em>[19]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

V\u00e0 c\u00e1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn, tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh c\u0169, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a-th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, m\u1edf th\u00eam nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi cho t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/strong>.<\/em>[20]<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

V\u1eady l\u00e0, thi\u1ec3n ngh\u0129, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 access \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 access to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Toa 2, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea7u, n\u1ebfu trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i th\u00ec c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ck\u1ef3 h\u1ea1m\u201d (flagship\/\u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0430\u043d). Xin c\u1ea3m \u01a1n tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y! \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m th\u00eam c\u00e1c l\u00f4 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb, \u201cas you like it.\u201d[21]<\/a><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean:<\/p>\n

\u201cChange we need!\u201d Nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay v\u1eeba nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 qua, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, \u201c\u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn r\u1ed3i\u201d (l\u1eddi T\u1eeb Chi). Ri\u00eang trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c th\u00ec th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i m\u00e3i \u1edf ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em> (postmodernism) khi m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n (t\u1ee9c c\u0169ng s\u1eafp \u201cti\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn\u201d m\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i) bi\u1ebft bao d\u00f2ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu-h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em> (post-postmodernism) n\u1ed5i l\u00ean t\u1eeb h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, r\u1ed3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a si\u00eau hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em> (metamodernism), ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em> (remodernism), tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch<\/em> (altermodern) hay ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u1eadu-thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7<\/em> (post-millennialism); cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t<\/em> (stuckism), ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/em> (maximalism), ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u m\u1edbi<\/em> (neo-minimalsm), ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ecb lai m\u1edbi<\/em> (neo-futurism), ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u00fd ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi<\/em> (neo-conceptualism), ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u1eadu tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em> (post-abstractionism), ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng<\/em> (simulationism), tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nh\u1ecf<\/em> (small art), hay l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u1edbi<\/em> (neo-classicism), ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/em> (natural classicism)\u2026<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u, d\u00f9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn postmodernism<\/em> l\u00e0 stuckism. <\/em>H\u1ecd tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3:<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a H\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, trong khi b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch non n\u1edbt s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 h\u00f3m h\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00f5 c\u1ee5t ngu ng\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi t\u1eebng l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 khi\u00eau kh\u00edch (nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Dada) \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n lanh nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch khai th\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Stuckist k\u00eau g\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; d\u00e1m di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng trong nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc m\u00e0u nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y; v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng l\u00e1u l\u1ec9nh! <\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Stuckist t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00ec h\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, g\u00e2y s\u1ed1c v\u00e0 d\u1ee5 kh\u1ecb. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Stuckist kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn t\u1edbi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn lui m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Stuckist \u0111\u1ec1 cao qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u01a1n th\u00f3i kh\u00f4n lanh, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u01a1n tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u1ed9i dung h\u01a1n r\u1ed7ng tu\u1ebfch, tr\u00e0o l\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n tinh qu\u00e1i.<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u00dd ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 lu\u00f4n kh\u00f4n lanh<\/strong>, b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Stuckist l\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n sai<\/strong>.<\/em>[22]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb l\u00ean C\u1ee5c \u0110i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean stuckist danh d\u1ef1: Katsushika Hokusai, Utagawa Hiroshige, Vincent van Gogh, Edvard Munch, Karl Schmidt-Rotluff, Max Beckman, Kurt Schwitters.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, xin h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: \u201cNh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Stuckist l\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n sai\u201d! D\u00f9 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng postmodernism (v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd ch\u1ed1ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3) nh\u01b0ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea5y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1ecd b\u1ecb g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi postmodernism, hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i h\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng b\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a postmodernism. N\u1ebfu postmodernism kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1eefa th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ra \u0111i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi postmodernism. V\u1eabn c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi ai \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 hai m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng xu.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t ai c\u1ea3, m\u00e0 ai ai c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ebf m\u1edbi kh\u00f3!<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00f4i, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u201cism\u201d<\/strong> kh\u00e1c (v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp kh\u00e1c), nh\u01b0 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

\u2013 V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111a chi\u1ec1u<\/em> (\u201cmultidimensionality\u201d)<\/p>\n

\u2013 Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/em> phi th\u1ef1c<\/em> (\u201cultrarealism\u201d)<\/p>\n

\u2013 Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/em> \u1ea3o th\u1ef1c<\/em> (\u201cinfinite realism\u201d)<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c access t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/strong>, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng xin m\u1ea1o mu\u1ed9i ngh\u0129 [ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i] r\u1eb1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch access kh\u00e1c. Xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n v\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n

\u2013 L\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/em> (\u0111\u1ec3 access Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u<\/em> b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, v.v\u2026).<\/p>\n

\u2013 \u0110\u1ecba d\u01b0 h\u1ecdc<\/em> (\u0111\u1ec3 access nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ki\u1ec3u Finnegans Wake<\/em> c\u1ee7a James Joyce, v.v\u2026).<\/p>\n

\u2013 D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc<\/em> (ch\u1eafc ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng nghe c\u00e2u \u201cc\u00e1i l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00e8o\u201d, v.v\u2026). Xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i th\u00eam l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c\/m\u1edbi n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh t\u00e2n-d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Sinh tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc<\/em> (\u0111\u1ec3 access c\u00e1c kinh Ph\u1eadt, hay c\u1ea3 Henry Miller, v.v\u2026).<\/p>\n

\u2013 Kh\u00f4ng gian h\u1ecdc<\/em> (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u00fac ch\u00fang ta access c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i h\u00e0nh tinh, v.v\u2026).<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i khi m\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u00e3n n\u1edf.<\/p>\n

K\u1ecbch Toa 2.<\/p>\n

Toa th\u1ee9 ba<\/strong>: PH\u00ca B\u00ccNH V\u0102N H\u1eccC VI\u1ec6T NAM, NG\u01af\u1edcI \u0110\u1eccC \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C\/B\u1eca \u0110\u1eccC<\/p>\n

G\u00e2y t\u00f2 m\u00f2 nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc [Vi\u1ec7t Nam] ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 c\u00e1i toa n\u00e0y. V\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1edf \u201cNG\u01af\u1edcI\u201d. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mang trong m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecb phi, r\u1ea5t kh\u00eau g\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfu k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 danh s\u00e1ch 13 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i: Ho\u00e0i Thanh \u201ct\u00f4i l\u1ea5y h\u1ed3n t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u h\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, Tr\u1ea7n Thanh M\u1ea1i \u201cl\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m\u201d, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eedu ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1ch quan, \u0110inh Gia Trinh v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc, Thanh L\u00e3ng ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc theo th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, V\u0103n T\u00e2m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, Ho\u00e0ng Ng\u1ecdc Hi\u1ebfn tri\u1ebft l\u00fd hai b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n, Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u0103ng M\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, Phan Ng\u1ecdc t\u1ea5m hu\u00e2n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i, Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u00ecnh S\u1eed \u201ch\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quan ni\u1ec7m\u201d, \u0110\u1ed7 \u0110\u1ee9c Hi\u1ec3u \u201c\u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc\u201d, \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u01a1.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean \u1edf Toa 2. Ri\u00eang Ho\u00e0ng Ng\u1ecdc Hi\u1ebfn (1930\u20132011) th\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i d\u00e0i (bu\u1ed3n thay l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ecdc) l\u00e0 \u201cN\u1ed7i \u0111au [\u0111\u00e1u] c\u1ee7a tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c (hay l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng g\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 t\u1eed)\u201d[23]<\/a>. C\u00e1i t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i ngay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c: th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0110o\u00e0n t\u1ea7u Th\u1ed1ng Nh\u1ea5t do \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay k\u00e9o \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1i d\u0169ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u201cl\u1eeb l\u1eeb <\/strong>nh\u01b0 t\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa\u201d, khi chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Toa 3 n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201ch\u00e0ng h\u00f3a\u201d c\u1ef1c kh\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e2u y\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5y, hay b\u00f2 l\u1ee3n \u00e9p sao ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 t\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3 \u0111i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ray s\u1eb5n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh (programmed), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed1i r\u1ebd ngang r\u1ebd t\u1eaft, c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn-t\u1eeb-ga-\u0111i-v\u1ec1-ga-\u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ngang ng\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i, ho\u1eb7c toi m\u1ea1ng. Ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed7i c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh\/\u0111\u1eb7t bom kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1, hay l\u1eeba c\u00e1ch b\u1ebb ghi. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng suicide bomber ki\u1ec3u \u201cH\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u1ef1c \u0111oan\u201d.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u201cl\u00f4 h\u00e0ng\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i theo c\u00e1i m\u1ea1ch \u201cph\u00ea b\u00ecnh t\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa\u201d (\u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch access m\u1edbi cho v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh t\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa<\/em>). C\u00e1i m\u1ea1ch \u1ea5y lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 cu\u1ed1i, lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 hai h\u00e0ng rail, lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn ngay ng\u1eafn. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u201c\u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eeba, \u0111u\u00f4i th\u1eb9o\u201d. Ai \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ngay ng\u1eafn, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ai v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111au.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00eau l\u00ean oai o\u00e1i, m\u1ea1t s\u00e1t \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi vui m\u1eebng, c\u1ea3m \u01a1n v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u201cu\u1ed1n n\u1eafn\u201d cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vu\u00f4ng v\u1eafn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec, \u201cim l\u1eb7ng l\u00e0 v\u00e0ng\u201d; nh\u01b0ng, v\u1ee3 con hay h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 (ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ecdc tr\u00f2\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd) th\u00ec ch\u1eedi \u1ea7m l\u00ean, tr\u1eebng tr\u1ed9, d\u1ecda n\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 ai l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa bao gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec sao?<\/p>\n

V\u00ec con t\u1ea7u lu\u00f4n b\u0103ng b\u0103ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng (v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng) nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y: n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec sao n\u1eefa?<\/p>\n

Khu\u00f4n h\u00ecnh n\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o cong l\u00e0 cong, ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o th\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 th\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea5u di\u1ebfm b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec: n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh \u00fd<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e3 ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh \u00fd, hay th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00fd, th\u00ec c\u00f2n g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i e ng\u1ea1i n\u1eefa \u0111\u00e2u. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt l\u00f2ng th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n n\u00f3i \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a Kh\u1ed5ng-M\u1ea1nh. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u1eabm ngh\u0129 cho k\u1ef9 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m t\u01b0, quan s\u00e1t cho tinh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi, th\u00ec t\u00f4i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9 Kh\u1ed5ng-M\u1ea1nh \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng-M\u1ea1nh, hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng-M\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ai \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebb ra (m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u201cpseudo-Confucianism\u201d) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Kh\u1ed5ng-M\u1ea1nh nguy\u00ean \u1ee7y.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 phong c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay c\u00f3 c\u00e1i c\u1ed1t c\u00e1ch Nho gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n Kh\u1ed5ng-M\u1ea1nh. M\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n Kh\u1ed5ng-M\u1ea1nh th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng hay khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, ph\u1ea3i theo n\u1ebft x\u01b0a t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a Nghi\u00eau-Thu\u1ea5n, hay theo nh\u1eefng l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a tam c\u01b0\u01a1ng (qu\u00e2n-th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5-t\u1eed phu-ph\u1ee5), ng\u0169 th\u01b0\u1eddng (nh\u00e2n-l\u1ec5-ngh\u0129a-tr\u00ed-t\u00edn). Theo, th\u00ec n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e2n t\u1eed; ch\u1ed1ng, \u1eaft ph\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n Kh\u1ed5ng-M\u1ea1nh \u201cx\u1ecbn\u201d trong \u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cqu\u00e2n t\u1eed d\u0129 h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ea3i v\u1eadt\u201d. L\u00e0 sao?<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ee5c Hy vi\u1ebft: Kh\u00f4n ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy\u1ec7n (do Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed vi\u1ebft) \u1edf qu\u1ebb Kh\u00f4n d\u1eady r\u1eb1ng: ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e2n t\u1eed d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n m\u00e0 x\u1eed, th\u00ec s\u1ebd ch\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mu\u00f4n v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i \u0111\u1ee9c \u1ea5y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1ee3i t\u1eabn m\u00e3 chi trinh\u201d (l\u1eddi So\u00e1n c\u1ee7a V\u0103n V\u01b0\u01a1ng): c\u00f3 c\u00e1i n\u1ebft b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xa t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u1ef1a c\u00e1i. Th\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3 tri m\u00e3 l\u1ef1c\u201d.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i \u0111\u1ee9c \u1ea5y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u201cti\u00ean m\u00ea h\u1eadu \u0111\u1eafc\u201d (l\u1eddi V\u0103n V\u01b0\u01a1ng)\/\u201cti\u1ec1n h\u1ed1i h\u1eadu minh\u201d: tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bu\u1ed3n \u0111au v\u00e0 l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn \u1ea5y m\u00e0 sau s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadt nguy\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i \u0111\u1ee9c \u1ea5y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc t\u00e1ng b\u1eb1ng, t\u00e2y nam \u0111\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng\u201d (l\u1eddi So\u00e1n c\u1ee7a V\u0103n V\u01b0\u01a1ng): t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ecb k\u1ebb h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i (\u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c S\u01a1n\/C\u1ea5n) gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1 k\u1ef5, m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i (\u0111\u00f4ng nam thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ecba\/Kh\u00f4n) y\u00eau k\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ebb Kh\u00f4n m\u1eb7t m\u0169i vu\u00f4ng v\u1eafn, t\u00ednh nhu thu\u1eadn, tr\u1ecdng h\u1eadu, \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u0129nh, ung dung.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t trong hai \u0110\u1ea1i Kh\u00ed (C\u00e0n v\u00e0 Kh\u00f4n) c\u1ee7a Tr\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay l\u00e0m t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng c\u00f2n mang tinh th\u1ea7n Platon. V\u1eady t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Platon l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Platon l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m. Trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra hai quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m. Trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng sinh ra v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t \u0111i, thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n; c\u00f2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi phi c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh phi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u00fd ni\u1ec7m. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch quan m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebft, sinh ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebft. T\u1eeb quan ni\u1ec7m tr\u00ean Platon \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i” v\u00e0 “kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i”. “T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i” theo \u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u00e1i nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 si\u00eau t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. C\u00f2n “kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i” l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u00e1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1ee9 hai so v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. \u2026 Theo Platon tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i: Tri th\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t. Lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ef1\u01a1c nh\u1edd h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng. Lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd v\u00e0o nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh, l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n \u0111\u00fang sai kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n l\u00ed.<\/em>[24]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u0110\u1ecdc xong \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 Platon m\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u1ee9 ngh\u0129 n\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay v\u1eady. V\u1eady n\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay c\u0169ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Platonist<\/em>.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m n\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, xin m\u1eddi c\u00e1c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb access v\u00e0o c\u00e1i Toa 3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

###<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u201ccon v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ea\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111a th\u00ea\u201d (t\u1ea5t \u0111a mang, t\u1ea5t\u2026). Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u201ccon v\u1eadt [l\u1ef1c] l\u01b0\u1ee1ng\u201d \u1ea5y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi [t\u1ed1i] \u0111a\u201d \u1ea5y, tin ch\u1eafc n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng. N\u1ebfu \u201ccon v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ea\u201d m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang access \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng tr\u1ecdng n\u1ec3, th\u00ec \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111a th\u00ea\u201d l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c y\u00eau m\u1ebfn. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t CH\u00cdNH DANH, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cho v\u0103n phong <\/strong>c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \u0111\u00e3 [\u0111\u1ed7] \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2m th\u00fay th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ecdng v\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111ao to b\u00faa l\u1edbn. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean, m\u1eddi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb chi\u00eam l\u1ea1i. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 c\u1ee9 b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n, r\u1ee7 r\u1ec9, nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m s\u1ef1; mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i tinh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7y ra \u0111\u1ea5y m\u00e0 ai \u0111\u1ecdc c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. M\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00ec d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y g\u00ec, m\u00e0 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat, c\u00e0ng v\u00e0o s\u00e2u l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00e3 m\u1ea5y ai tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi luy\u1ec7n cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ee9c<\/strong> c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00e0i<\/strong> \u0111\u00f3?<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ai \u201cch\u1eef \u00edt c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u00edt N\u00e0ng Th\u01a1\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u00e0i n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i xin c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi th\u01b0a r\u1ed1t: nh\u1eefng g\u00ec hay ho\/t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 g\u00ec d\u1edf\/k\u00e9m l\u00e0 mea culpa mea maxima culpa<\/em>. L\u1ea1y Ch\u00faa! Xin c\u1ea3m \u01a1n, c\u00e1c s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa!<\/p>\n

18\/1-18\/2\/11<\/strong><\/p>\n

_________<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa Th\u00edch:<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> L\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ebb Kh\u00f4n trong Kinh D\u1ecbch<\/em>.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Milan Kundera, \u201cL\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u\u201d cho La Litt\u00e9rature contre elle-m\u00eame <\/em>c\u1ee7a Fran\u00e7ois Ricard – Montr\u00e9al Bor\u00e9al, 1985. Xin tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00eam l\u1eddi d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u n\u00e0y: \u201cWithout the meditative background that is criticism, works become isolated gestures, ahistorical accidents, soon forgotten.\u201d T\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i n\u1ec1n tr\u1ea7m t\u01b0 m\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1\u00a0ngo\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5y ch\u1ed1c m\u00e0 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean.\u201d<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Xem Th\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng<\/em> do Nam Tr\u00e2n bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay, \u201c\u0110\u00f4i l\u1eddi th\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d, Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, con v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ea \u1ea5y <\/em>(Nh\u00e3 Nam & Nxb H\u1ed9i Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, 2011).<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay, \u201cNh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n\u201d, s\u0111d, <\/em>tr.17.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Xin tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat v\u1ec1 Homo sapiens sapiens sapiens<\/em> t\u1ea1i: http:\/\/www.halexandria.org\/dward190.htm<\/em><\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay, \u201c\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d, s\u0111d, <\/em>tr.25.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh, \u201c\u0110\u00e1p T\u1ed1 Nh\u01b0\u201d.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay, \u201cPh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d, s\u0111d, <\/em>tr.37.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Inrasara, \u201cKh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi cho ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc\u201d – T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed S\u00f4ng H\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>, s\u1ed1 1, 2011.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay, \u201cTr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y\u201d, s\u0111d, <\/em>tr.59.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay, \u201c\u0110\u00f4i l\u1eddi th\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d, s\u0111d.<\/em><\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay, \u201cS\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u201d, s\u0111d, tr.88-89.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay, \u201cPh\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d, s\u0111d, tr.102.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Nt, tr.103-104.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay, \u201cS\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh\u201d, s\u0111d, tr.102.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Nt, tr.169.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Nt, tr.174.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Nt, tr.175.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Nt, tr.176.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n t\u00ean v\u1edf k\u1ecbch \u201cXin t\u00f9y th\u00edch\u201d c\u1ee7a William Shakespeare.<\/em><\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> \u201cStuckism ch\u1ed1ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u00dd ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a H\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d, Phan Nhi\u00ean H\u1ea1o d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u – talawas<\/em>, 2008.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem t\u1ea1i trang m\u1ea1ng Da M\u00e0u<\/em> (http:\/\/damau.org\/archives\/18138<\/a><\/em>).<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> Ngu\u1ed3n: http:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Platon<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Theo \u0110\u1ed7 Lai Th\u00fay, ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi …. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i tr\u00ean chuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u t\u1ed1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111u\u1ed5i b\u1eaft th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp, m\u00e0 g\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau … nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t s\u00f3ng, c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0a qua th\u00ec c\u00e1i sau \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f4 t\u1edbi … t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":799,"featured_media":18557,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,136,24,9,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18550","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-gioi-thieu-tac-gia","category-ly-luan","category-nghien-cuu","category-phe-binh"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18550","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/799"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18550"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18550\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18551,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18550\/revisions\/18551"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/18557"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18550"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18550"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18550"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}