{"id":16558,"date":"2010-10-28T01:50:00","date_gmt":"2010-10-28T01:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/archives\/16558"},"modified":"2022-02-23T11:05:34","modified_gmt":"2022-02-23T11:05:34","slug":"so-thao-bai-su-khac-cho-viet-nam-chuong-xvi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/16558\/so-thao-bai-su-khac-cho-viet-nam-chuong-xvi","title":{"rendered":"S\u01a1 th\u1ea3o: B&agrave;i S\u1eed Kh&aacute;c cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam &ndash; Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XVI"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>CH\u01af\u01a0NG XVI:<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG SUY S\u1ee4P C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ebe QU\u1ed0C \u0110\u1ea0I NAM<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3ng s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua: T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c (ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u 1847-1883) cho n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 to\u00e0n nh\u1eefng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n n\u1ed9i tr\u1ecb, l\u00fang t\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn suy s\u1ee5p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9. Tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p k\u00e9o d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00e1y x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1eeb tr\u00ean tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang khi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 l\u00fac h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u00f9n b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n g\u00e2y l\u00fang t\u00fang cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00f2ng ch\u00e9o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cai tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t Nam sang \u0110\u1ea1i Nam kh\u00f4ng mang m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch hu\u00eanh hoang r\u1ed7ng tu\u1ebfch, \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng vua kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tinh th\u1ea7n \u00f4ng th\u1ee5 nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ban ph\u00e1t cho th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf, tuy c\u00f2n xa v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c bao tr\u00f9m di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea5u th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn. Khi Minh M\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i (1820) s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n (\u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf) l\u00e0 620 246 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, qua 20 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh 970 516 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u00f3 h\u1eb3n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cai tr\u1ecb s\u00edt sao do t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. C\u1ee9 theo \u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi con \u00f4ng (Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb 1847) d\u00e2n t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 tri\u1ec7u: 1 024 388 \/ 1 029 501. Tuy \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u00ec thi\u00ean tai thu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1 tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng (1820, 1839, 1849 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft\u201d&#8230;) nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean r\u1ea5t cao. L\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng d\u1eabn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p cai tr\u1ecb mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ban th\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 100 \/ h\u01a1n 100 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng 5 \u0111\u1eddi \/ \u201cng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3: Trong 20 n\u0103m c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, Minh M\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 18 l\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng, trong khi v\u1edbi Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 7\/7 c\u00f2n T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 73\/36! V\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft n\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c quan cho ngay v\u00e0o s\u1eed c\u00e1i gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 v\u1ebb hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eddi \u0110inh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tri\u1eb9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eed gia h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng!<\/p>\n<p>C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Minh M\u1ea1ng trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cai tr\u1ecb \u1edf Nam K\u00ec sau lo\u1ea1n L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e3 giao cho Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u0103ng Qu\u1ebf \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y khi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1 v\u1ec1 danh x\u01b0ng v\u1edbi to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ti\u1ec7n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c trong v\u00f9ng. H\u01a1n 630 075 m\u1eabu (1836) t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft xong d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ebf m\u00e1 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau. Tr\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00f3, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea9n hoang c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea1t (1839) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. H\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u1ea9n hoang n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a v\u1edbi Tr\u1ea7n, L\u00ea m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c v\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh s\u00e2u s\u00e1t v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n khai th\u00e1c v\u1edbi binh l\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u00f9 ph\u1ea1m th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Tr\u1ea5n T\u00e2y \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ea1i Nam ho\u00e1, hay quanh c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng k\u1ec1 c\u1eadn (H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean, An Giang) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 cho \u0111\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef. V\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c khai kh\u1ea9n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc (1840), ra th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n<p>N\u0103m 1850 Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9 Nam K\u00ec Nguy\u1ec5n Tri Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb cho d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o to\u00e0n v\u00f9ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khai hoang \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 n\u01a1i m\u01b0u sinh. L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u00e0i b\u00e1c l\u00fac m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a ra, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea5y \u201cch\u01b0a ti\u1ec7n\u201d nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng quan Ch\u00e1nh b\u00e0n v\u1edbi \u00f4ng Ph\u00f3 Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n \u201cl\u00e1ch\u201d l\u1ec7nh tr\u00ean, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1edf hai t\u1ec9nh An Giang, H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra n\u0103m 1853, cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n (c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh) m\u1ed9 d\u00e2n khai kh\u1ea9n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169: 50 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ed9i, 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t C\u01a1 r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n sang th\u00e0nh \u1ea5p, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh. Su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9i, Qu\u1ea3n c\u01a1 s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh \u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u1ed5ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u0103m sau (1854) Nguy\u1ec5n Tri Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp 21 C\u01a1 trong 124 \u1ea5p cho ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi, ri\u00eang t\u1ec9nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, theo l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 3 000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh tr\u1eeb gi\u00e0 y\u1ebfu b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt&#8230; th\u00ec c\u00f2n 2 515 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda V\u0129nh Long th\u00ec m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft n\u0103m 1867 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 6 C\u01a1, 109 \u0111\u1ed9i n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng, \u1ea5p v\u1edbi 2 186 tr\u00e1ng h\u1ea1ng, 1 279 l\u00ednh, t\u00f9 tr\u1ed1n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn cho \u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 b\u1ed9 C\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i danh ti\u1ebfng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f2n l\u01b0u d\u1ea5u l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u1edf ph\u00eda nam v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n: Kinh l\u00ed \u0110\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n Nam K\u00ec.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p dinh \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 thi h\u00e0nh \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u00ec nay ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ri\u00eang \u1edf Nam K\u00ec m\u00e0 danh x\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Dinh \u0111i\u1ec1n s\u1ee9 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y mu\u1ecdn h\u01a1n \u1edf v\u00f9ng Nam Trung K\u00ec (1865), t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c. Khi Ba t\u1ec9nh Mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n ra B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn li\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c dinh \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm Ba t\u1ec9nh Mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y, H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean, An Giang t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 149 th\u00f4n \u1ea5p. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 500 l\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3n Ch\u00ed Ho\u00e0 (25-2-1861) d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Qu\u1ea3n c\u01a1 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n L\u0169. Ch\u00e1nh qu\u1ea3n Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u01b0\u1eddng Xu\u00e2n ch\u1eadn qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf r\u1ea1ch B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u00e1ng 4-1861. V\u00e0 n\u1ed5i danh d\u00e0i l\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf l\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3n c\u01a1 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ecbnh ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh \u1edf G\u00f2 C\u00f4ng (ch\u1ebft 20-8-1864), m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u1ee7a T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c, ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 do c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam l\u00f2ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu r\u00fat \u0111i t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng quan vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3n c\u01a1 kh\u00e1c, tuy c\u0169ng l\u00e0 d\u00e2n dinh \u0111i\u1ec1n nh\u01b0ng mang th\u00eam b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c trung trinh Kh\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ee5c: Qu\u1ea3n c\u01a1 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh, ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o L\u00e0nh \/ \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi, c\u00f3 t\u00ean v\u0103n hoa l\u00e0 B\u1eedu S\u01a1n K\u00ec H\u01b0\u01a1ng. Danh ti\u1ebfng can \u0111\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n khi\u1ebfn c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh ho\u00e1 h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3n T\u1ea1 Tri Hi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 4 l\u00f3ng tay! C\u00f2n T\u1ee9 Ki\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd \u1edf Cai L\u1eady (14-2-1874) c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u00e2n dinh \u0111i\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng hay ch\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00ecnh th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u00fac b\u00e1ch khi\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn qu\u00e1 khu v\u1ef1c c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 quen thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1ea7m m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c r\u1eebng n\u00fai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. C\u00e1c n\u0103m 1875, 1876 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Nha S\u01a1n ph\u00f2ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng khai th\u00e1c ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng ta th\u1ea5y \u1edf B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00f4ng s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng Langbiang nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c quan \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00f2n ph\u00eda b\u1eafc th\u00ec c\u00e1c S\u01a1n ph\u00f2ng s\u1ee9 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p d\u1eef d\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n dai nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u00e0y nay, khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hay nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ea1c nh\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft ng\u00e2m nga thi ph\u00fa, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 do n\u1eb1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, tuy kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh v\u0103n minh kh\u00f3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn. <em>Th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c <\/em>c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi vinh quang nh\u1ea5t. Quy\u1ec3n s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n, quy\u1ec3n <em>Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c,<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c ra l\u1ec7nh bi\u00ean t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n sau th\u1eddi m\u1ea5t L\u00ea. B\u1ed9 <em>\u0110\u1ea1i Nam nh\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ed <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t. V\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp trong <em>\u0110\u1ea1i Nam h\u1ed9i \u0111i\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7.<\/em> C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng khu v\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ec3n l\u1ef1a th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c hay m\u1edf c\u00e1c \u00e2n khoa, ch\u1ebf khoa. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee9ng tr\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ea5t c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00f9 c\u00f3 khi b\u1ecb ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch, c\u00f3 khi b\u1ecb m\u1eafng ch\u1eedi th\u1eadm t\u1ec7 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 sau m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng \u201cd\u1ea1y\u201d h\u1ecd c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m quan, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00ednh tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 khoa b\u1ea3ng hay \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4ng ngh\u00ecn ngh\u1ecbt \u1edf t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh, huy\u1ec7n t\u1ed5ng \u2013 nh\u1eefng <em>v\u0103n th\u00e2n, h\u00e0o m\u1ee5c<\/em>, g\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 h\u00f2 reo b\u00e3i thi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0m t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh r\u1ed1i ren th\u00eam (1864, 1874). \u0110\u1ea1o ngh\u0129a l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb kinh s\u00e1ch tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ch\u00ea bai ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u00f4m \u1ea5p khi b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. C\u1ee9 ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t anh T\u00fa t\u00e0i m\u00f9, v\u0103n th\u01a1 tri\u1ebft l\u00ed th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh qu\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh qu\u0103ng ra gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng: \u201c\u0110\u00e2m m\u1ea5y th\u1eb1ng gian b\u00fat ch\u1eb3ng t\u00e0&#8230;\u201d L\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00ecn \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngang ng\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng khoan nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong tinh th\u1ea7n T\u1ed1ng Nho nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tung ra theo \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00ed d\u1eaft d\u1eabn ng\u00e2m nga h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y: \u201cTrai th\u1eddi trung hi\u1ebfu l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u&#8230;\u201d th\u00ec n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ee3p t\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00e0i b\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c khi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch t\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0110e do\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ph\u00eda kh\u00e1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/strong><em> <\/em><\/p>\n<p>Th\u1ebf suy s\u1ee5p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u?<\/p>\n<p>Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVII, XVIII, \u0110\u00e0ng Trong v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i tho\u00e1t n\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u00ec Tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec1n k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc (qu\u00e2n Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng, ch\u00faa S\u00e3i, ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n) m\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e0u \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c d\u1ed1c to\u00e0n l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u. B\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t. Anh, Ph\u00e1p, H\u00e0 Lan mang t\u00ednh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c C\u00f4ng ti \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n th\u00ec lo nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o c\u00e1c x\u1ee9 s\u1edf gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n, n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n: \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai, v\u00f9ng qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n M\u00e3 Lai \u00c1. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i trong l\u00fac \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c loay hoay tranh chi\u1ebfn th\u00ec \u00c2u M\u0129 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7. T\u1eeb 1783, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u1ea1y th\u1eed t\u00e0u h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba. Hoa K\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 R. Fulton l\u00e0m t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1nh qu\u1ea1t xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c (1800) v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u00e0u thu\u1ef7 ch\u1ea1y m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 (1807).<\/p>\n<p>Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 \u201cnghe n\u00f3i\u201d hay th\u1ea5y t\u1eadn m\u1eaft c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 qua nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ph\u1ee5 gi\u00fap cho m\u00ecnh (gi\u00e1o s\u0129 th\u1ea3 khinh kh\u00ed c\u1ea7u) trong khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf thu\u1ef7 qu\u00e2n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, g\u00e2y kinh ng\u1ea1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt v\u1edbi Jh. Barrow nh\u00e2n chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i 1792. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ec1n m\u1ea5y n\u00ean Gia Long \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t. H\u1eb3n l\u00e0 \u00f4ng tuy c\u00f3\u201ds\u1ee3\u201d \/ \u201ck\u1ecb\u201d nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng Ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn Ta, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u201c\u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ec v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3. Ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh lu\u1ef9 Vauban x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, c\u00f3 l\u00fac r\u1ea5t xa v\u1ec1 sau (B\u1eafc Ninh 1841). Ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb l\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 s\u00fang \u0111\u1ed3ng, gang, s\u1eaft \u0111\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh lu\u1ef9, c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 xung y\u1ebfu, v\u00e0o l\u00fac t\u00e0u T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eafn ch\u00ecm thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee9 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ebf m\u00f4n to\u1ea3 c\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua \u0111\u1eddi sau nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edbng su\u1ea5t b\u1edfi Gia Long, tuy l\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau, tuy t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp theo c\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u1ea5y c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn h\u01a1n, g\u00e2y n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1 kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d4ng vua m\u1edf \u0111\u1eddi m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u th\u00ec c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0u bu\u1ed3m, v\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u, th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n \u00f4ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft \u2013 r\u1ed3i b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p, ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00f4ng x\u00e1o tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1edf theo c\u00e1c kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang l\u1edbn, b\u1eafn \u0111\u1ea1n n\u1ed5 m\u1ea3nh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5y c\u1ee5c s\u1eaft \u2013 hay \u0111\u00e1, bay r\u1edbt c\u00e1i \u201c\u00ecnh\u201d n\u1eefa. L\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb s\u00fang tay, n\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed3i b\u1eb1ng b\u00f9i nh\u00f9i, m\u1ed5 c\u00f2 \u0111\u00e1 l\u1eeda. Trong tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn 14-4-1847 \u1edf v\u1ecbnh \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, hai chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 sau m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eafn ch\u00ecm c\u1ea3 h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ea1i Nam v\u1edbi 5 chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng: Kim B\u1eb1ng, Ph\u1ea5n B\u1eb1ng, Linh Ph\u1ee5ng, Th\u1ecd H\u1ea1c, V\u00e2n B\u1eb1ng mang c\u00e1c t\u00ean oai v\u00f5, linh thi\u00eang, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ni\u1ec1m h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Gia Long! N\u0103m 1861, Kh\u00e2m sai Nam K\u00ec nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i: \u201cT\u00f4i v\u1ed1n nghe t\u00e0u T\u00e2y \u0111i mau nh\u01b0 bay, s\u00fang T\u00e2y b\u1eafn th\u1ee7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1, xa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i d\u1eb7m, t\u00f4i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a tin. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb, t\u00e0u T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 5 chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a ta ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd t\u00f4i quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9c B\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, m\u1edbi tin l\u00e0 th\u1eadt\u201d. Ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y t\u1eadn m\u1eaft, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi v\u00ec tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn v\u00f5 quan v\u1eabn theo l\u1ed1i c\u0169. N\u00f3i g\u00ec t\u1edbi l\u00ednh v\u00e0 s\u00fang, quan (Phan Huy Th\u1ef1c, quan Kh\u00e2m thi\u00ean gi\u00e1m) kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thi\u00ean l\u00ed k\u00ednh. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 d\u1ecbp cho Minh M\u1ea1ng d\u1ea1y b\u1eafn s\u00fang, lu\u00f4n th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u201ccoi ch\u1eebng c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u00f2!\u201d Ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c cho c\u00e1c quan x\u1ee9 B\u1eafc th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, ph\u1ea3i thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam! \u00d4ng quan v\u00f5 c\u1ee7a Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111i c\u00e1ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a. Gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1846, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh l\u1eadp c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eb1ng nh\u1eb1ng trong chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c thi v\u00f5, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf k\u00ec thi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 64 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00f5 c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac b\u1eafn s\u00fang th\u00ec \u201cph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00fang c\u00e1ch\u201d. Ch\u00ednh Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn ra l\u00ed do k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi: \u201cMang n\u1eb7ng, c\u1ea7m c\u00f4n, m\u00faa gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e2m b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn th\u00ec c\u00f2n d\u1ec5 c\u1ed1 s\u1ee9c\u201d nh\u01b0ng b\u1eafn s\u00fang th\u00ec \u201c\u0111i\u1ec3u sang nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m, l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1eb9p l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>D\u00f9 sao th\u00ec th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u201cthi\u00ean l\u00ed k\u00ednh\u201d (\u1ed1ng d\u00f2m) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00e3 th\u1ea5y n\u0103m 1837 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng treo c\u1edd hi\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n tin tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng l\u1ed1i s\u00e9maphore c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1783. \u0110\u00e3 th\u1ea5y lo\u00e1ng tho\u00e1ng trong tay vua quan nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea9u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u00fang l\u1ee5c, s\u00fang \u201cb\u1eafn li\u00ean ch\u00e2u\u201d, kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 s\u00fang m\u00e1y nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u00fang hai n\u00f2ng, xoay n\u00f2ng&#8230; Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m \u201cs\u0129 vi b\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7\u201d, Minh M\u1ea1ng ng\u1edd ngh\u1ec7ch b\u1ea3o Chaigneau coi s\u00f3c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u m\u1edbi. Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 cho \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u m\u00e1y ch\u1ea1y th\u1eed tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng H\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec l\u00e0m ki\u1ec3u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, khi\u00eang t\u00e0u l\u00e0m xong tr\u00ean b\u1edd \u0111\u1ea9y xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft kho\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u00e2u t\u00e0u \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n kh\u1ecfi va ch\u1ea1m b\u1ec3 n\u1ed3i n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y. D\u00f9 sao th\u00ec c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a S\u1edf V\u0169 kh\u1ed1 c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y qua ch\u1ea1y l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng (n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u 1839), ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00e2u h\u01a1n. Th\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, Minh M\u1ea1ng cho l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfp t\u00e0u kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n 11 000 quan chi ph\u00ed d\u00f9 b\u1ecb vua ch\u00ea l\u00e0 m\u1eafc, c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf t\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn l\u1eafm. Cho n\u00ean ti\u1ebfp theo ti\u1ec7n h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t mua t\u00e0u (\u201ct\u00e0u l\u1edbn\u201d Y\u00ean Phi) lo\u1ea1i second hand (7\u00e2l. 1840) n\u00ean c\u00f3 h\u01b0 hao, ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa m\u1edbi ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n \u201cc\u00f3 m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ed1t l\u1eeda\u201d \u0110i\u1ec7n Phi, gi\u00e1 t\u1edbi 280 000 quan (1843) cho th\u1ea5y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 cho trang b\u1ecb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, v\u0169 kh\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 d\u1ecbp cho c\u00e1c quan, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u1edf hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi: \u201c\u0110em nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc xa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng (v\u00f4 s\u1ed1)\u201d. Hai n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1 Hu\u1ebf (12 780 000 quan) ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 mua 45 chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u T\u00e2y kia m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n khi \u0111i s\u1ee9 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec x\u1ee9 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai th\u1ee9 thu\u1ebf th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t! Ch\u1eafc \u00f4ng Ch\u00e1nh s\u1ee9 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u1ee9 s\u1edf kh\u00e1c. \u1ea4y th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ee7y chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eadt l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n m\u1edbi c\u1ea3. S\u00fang m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khen l\u00e0 theo l\u1ed1i \u00c2u T\u00e2y, \u0111\u00fac th\u00eam th\u00ec l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Tr\u00e1ch sao s\u00fang kh\u00f4ng to\u00e1c n\u00f2ng n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i van v\u00e1i khi ch\u00e2m l\u1eeda!<\/p>\n<p>V\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chung nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i s\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng s\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 khi m\u1edbi nghe qua \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00e0i b\u00e1c ngay. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 khi Vi\u1ec7n C\u01a1 m\u1eadt v\u00e0 S\u1edf Th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1edf s\u1edf bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u1edf ba c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, Ba L\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3 S\u01a1n th\u00ec tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecdp b\u00e0n th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 t\u1edbi t\u00e1m \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh! T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng d\u1eabn kh\u00e1c. B\u1edfi v\u1eady t\u00e0u m\u1edbi mua v\u1ec1 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i m\u01b0\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, quan c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c tr\u00ean cao. K\u0129 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, l\u00e0m sao h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp thu n\u1ed5i v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n theo m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c? Ngay t\u1eeb 1819, Jh. Barrow \u0111\u1ebfn Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c kh\u1ea9u th\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 g\u1ed7 m\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 nghe quan T\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n than phi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh v\u0169 kh\u00ed k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u1ebf c\u00f2n n\u00f3i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 sau. Ph\u00e1p theo hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc 1874 t\u1eb7ng 5 chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u m\u00e1y, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00e8m theo, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169ng loay hoay kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m sao. Philastre l\u00e0m \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec7n \u1edf Hu\u1ebf trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1878-79, ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5: \u201cCh\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 An Nam nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2000 kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1m d\u00f9ng d\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ecbu ch\u0103m s\u00f3c n\u00f3. Ngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau n\u1eefa l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang n\u00e0o c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c&#8230; C\u00e1c t\u00e0u thu\u1ef7 c\u0169ng th\u1ebf&#8230;\u201d<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0 tuy v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong tranh chi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u2013 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1i, l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua. V\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t. Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd m\u1edbi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng domino. \u201cCh\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (Vi\u1ec7t Nam) b\u1ecb k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ea t\u00edn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebb l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u1eefng m\u00ea t\u00edn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i c\u1edb vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i g\u00ec khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y (P. Philastre)\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho Gia Long m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 kinh s\u00e1ch Kh\u1ed5ng Nho, t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ed1ng (l\u1eddi Phan Huy Th\u1ef1c), v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn khoa c\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Minh M\u1ea1ng th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00eda Nam b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111u\u1ed5i theo, l\u00e0m m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0ng Trong t\u1eebng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1. T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c S\u01a1n-H\u01b0ng-Tuy\u00ean L\u00ea V\u0103n \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng s\u0129 t\u1eed B\u1eafc d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed7 cao ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec th\u00f3i quen luy\u1ec7n thi c\u1ee7a n\u1ebfp nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec h\u1ecdc r\u1ed9ng. Minh M\u1ea1ng c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y ra: \u201cS\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c qu\u00fd \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ph\u00e1t minh ngh\u0129a l\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3p nh\u1eb7t n\u00f3i theo l\u1eddi c\u0169. C\u1eed nghi\u1ec7p n\u01b0\u1edbc ta x\u01b0a nay ch\u1ec9 c\u1ed1t h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c s\u00e1ch c\u0169&#8230; chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng&#8230; cho l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebf th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 chen v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 \u00d4 Ch\u00e2u\u201d nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i Minh M\u1ea1ng khi h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u con, \u0111\u00e3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 Tr\u0103m tr\u1ee9ng! Th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn do qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 t\u00f4 v\u1ebd trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u201cNg\u00e0n n\u0103m v\u0103n v\u1eadt\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebb th\u00ec nu\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec b\u1ebd b\u00e0ng. T\u00f9ng Thi\u1ec7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 Nho Gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi k\u1ec1m th\u00fac m\u1edbi, khi b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m Th\u0103ng Long \u0111\u00e3 m\u01a1 m\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t H\u1ed3 Xu\u00e2n H\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng. C\u00f2n Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i nh\u1eadn phong \u0111\u00f3 (1842) th\u00ec l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi t\u00e1n t\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc, ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 s\u00f4ng T\u00f4 L\u1ecbch, v\u1ec1 h\u1ed3 G\u01b0\u01a1m, h\u1ed3 T\u00e2y trong l\u00fac ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1eadn m\u1eaft th\u00ec th\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ng\u00f2i n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1i ao \u0111\u1ea7m nh\u1ecf. \u1ea2o t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi n\u00e0o th\u00ec c\u0169ng v\u1eady th\u00f4i!<\/p>\n<p>V\u1eady m\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1, c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n l\u01b0\u1ee3m l\u1eb7t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u00f4ng quan \u0111i s\u1ee9 v\u1eabn mang v\u1ec1 cho Gia Long, Minh M\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ecba m\u00e0 \u00f4ng cha h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a c\u00f3. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ea1i Nam l\u1edbn r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. <em>V\u0103n nh\u01b0 Si\u00eau Qu\u00e1t v\u00f4 Ti\u1ec1n H\u00e1n, Thi \u0111\u00e1o T\u00f9ng Tuy th\u1ea5t Th\u1ecbnh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. <\/em>H\u01a1i d\u00f3c nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng. Trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa l\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Nh\u00e2n), c\u00f2n bao nhi\u00eau l\u00e0 Phi\u00ean (Mi\u00ean), l\u00e0 Man (Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng; Ch\u0103m h\u1ea1 c\u1ea5p \u201cphi\u00ean\u201d v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc). Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng Di Man th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa, trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c t\u1eeb \u00f4ng vua ch\u1ec5m ch\u1ec7 tr\u00ean cao, trong cung c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4ng quan quay cu\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u0103n, \u0111\u1ed1i s\u00e1ch, xu\u1ed1ng th\u00eam n\u1eefa t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe gi\u1ea3ng Th\u1eadp \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Vua. \u201cTi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng kinh dinh vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ea1 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Di&#8230; Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3ng Mao gian gi\u1ea3o, tr\u00ed tr\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng ta&#8230; (1824)\u201d C\u00e1c quan kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n. Vua quan cho r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh tuy ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u0103n minh h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Hoa c\u00f2n b\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i di Thanh cai tr\u1ecb, \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e2y lan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n Thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u l\u01b0u vong, \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i c\u1eeda Hi\u1ec3n Nh\u00e2n k\u00eau c\u1ea7u Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb b\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3ng Mao \u0111\u1eebng b\u1ee9c hi\u1ebfp Thanh tri\u1ec1u!<\/p>\n<p>Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn l\u1eddi Kh\u00e2m s\u1ee9 Rheinart (18-9-1875) v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o: \u201cL\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang t\u01b0, l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng theo s\u1edf th\u00edch, s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch li \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0m cho qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang l\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 cao c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n s\u0129, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u1eebng mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00fd, mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n cao minh tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1m qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eafm m\u00ecnh trong ngu d\u1ed1t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u T\u00e2y s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea5t uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u \u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 d\u1ed3n m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 xua \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u00fang ta\u201d. \u0110\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu ri\u00eang trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, A. Woodside ng\u00e0y nay th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng: \u201cQuan ch\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam xem gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa, v\u00e0 d\u00e2n qu\u00ea Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1\u201d. Ch\u1eafc \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb s\u0129 phu c\u00f3 quan ch\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eadc v\u0103n th\u00e2n t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u kinh s\u00e1ch, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u201cH\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t\u201d trong giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau, c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 khi h\u1ecd n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n b\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Phan Kh\u00f4i thu\u1eadt chuy\u1ec7n cha \u00f4ng (\u00c1n s\u00e1t) khi th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ecdc l\u1edfm ch\u1edfm c\u1ee7a Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh mang t\u1eeb Nh\u1eadt v\u1ec1, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean: <em>\u201cC\u1eedu b\u1ea5t ki\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n, qu\u00e2n d\u0129 tr\u1ecdc!\u201d<\/em> Lo\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chuy\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfu l\u00e2m trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, h\u01a1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ebf ri\u1ec5u v\u1ec1 \u201cti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y ba r\u1ecdi\u201d g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cTrong c\u00e1i x\u1ee9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a phong t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 kh\u00e9p m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o nghi l\u1ec5 c\u00f2n h\u01a1n Trung Hoa \u1ea5y&#8230; (G. Aubaret)\u201d, s\u1ef1 m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i kinh s\u00e1ch d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f9a. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn tan t\u00e0nh 1847, khi c\u00f2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u0103ng Qu\u1ebf n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu h\u1ecd (Ph\u00e1p) khai h\u1ea5n tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec h\u1ecd tr\u00e1i, ta ph\u1ea3i, vi\u1ec7c d\u1eb9p tr\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3!\u201d<em> <\/em>T\u1eeb tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u1ea1c lo\u00e0i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3, vua quan kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1.<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 ra c\u00e1ch dung h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb n\u1ed9i th\u00f9 c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn d\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 v\u00e2y c\u00e1nh s\u1eebng s\u1ecf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 <em>c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3 Gia T\u00f4.<\/em> Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o n\u00f3i chung, lan tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o v\u00e0i \u00f4ng vua: Constantin I (La M\u00e3), Louis IX (Ph\u00e1p), Ferdinand d\u2019Aragon v\u00e0 Isabelle de Castille (Spain)&#8230; nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh c\u00f2n nh\u1edd tinh th\u1ea7n n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3, trong m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 thua ph\u00e1i H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb sa m\u1ea1c s\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e1 c\u1eb1n c\u1ed7i h\u01a1n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ch\u1eef \u201csoldat\u201d c\u1ee7a Alex. de Rhodes d\u00f9ng c\u00f2n g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh, \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng x\u00f3a h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt c\u1ee7a \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1o\u201d, ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o b\u00e0i b\u00e1c l\u0169 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1edd qu\u1ef7 ma, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 \u00f4ng vua \u0111ang L\u1ea1y X\u00e1c. Trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng cho l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i, l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o khi g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201cb\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y trong s\u1ef1 l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129.<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u00e3 va ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong x\u1ee9 s\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ebfn rao gi\u1ea3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e2n tr\u1ea7n r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fac B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c tr\u00f4ng ch\u1edd n\u01a1i \u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ea1y ma qu\u1ef7 tr\u00ean b\u00e0n th\u1edd. V\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u00f4ng Minh M\u1ea1ng, Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb, T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t tr\u1eeb \u201ct\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d th\u00ec LM. Marchand hi v\u1ecdng n\u01a1i L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i (1833), c\u00f2n Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pellerin, ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi v\u1ecdng r\u1ed3i th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u1edbi v\u1ee5 H\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o (1851), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i \u201ch\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111ang tr\u1ecb v\u00ec m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o, hay \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p\u201d&#8230; V\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 xen l\u1eabn v\u00e0o nhau, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u201cch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a\u201d ti\u1ebfp theo cho nh\u1eefng phe ph\u00eda \u0111i v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00e0u bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 l\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eb9 tay v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 (ch\u1eafc c\u0169ng s\u1ee3!) \u2013 Minh M\u1ea1ng c\u0169ng t\u1eebng e d\u00e8 v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 nh\u01b0 c\u00f3c b\u1eaft b\u1ecf d\u0129a, v\u1eeba tho\u00e1t ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 ra \u0111\u00e3 quay l\u1ea1i (Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Lef\u00e8vre mang t\u1ed9i t\u1eed h\u00ecnh hai l\u1ea7n 1845, 1846 v\u1eabn l\u00e9n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh).<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 can \u0111\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1eeb h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng xa x\u00f4i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eadp nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eefa. K\u1ebb th\u00f9 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gieo r\u1eafc s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh k\u1ebft t\u1ee5 ngay \u1edf b\u00ean trong. Theo J.B. Chaigneau th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 300 000 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u1edf B\u1eafc v\u00e0 60 000 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u1edf Nam. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng h\u01a1n: N\u0103m 1850, c\u00f3 8 Gi\u00e1o khu (m\u1ed9t \u1edf Mi\u00ean) th\u00ec 6 Gi\u00e1o khu l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba sai Paris. S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00ec s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f9n \u0111\u1ea9y, xua \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e1ng b\u00faa r\u00ecu xu\u1ed1ng ngay ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cb\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1o\u201d. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201ct\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u00f9n ng\u1ee5t th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u1ea9n khu\u1ea5t ngay n\u01a1i \u00f4ng quan th\u1ecb v\u1ec7 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vua, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4n th\u1ea5t ch\u1ef1c ch\u1edd l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba, l\u00e0 x\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 an b\u00ecnh. M\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c, s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 do l\u1ed1i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u1eb1ng binh l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d, b\u00ean trong l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ph\u1ea3i khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o h\u1ebft. V\u00e0 tuy d\u00e2n Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh ng\u00f4ng ngh\u00eanh, chuy\u1ec7n \u201c\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u00e0ng kh\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1y, tung h\u00f4\u201d, chuy\u1ec7n quan huy\u1ec7n tr\u1ea5n nh\u1eadm s\u00e2u trong thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Tr\u1ea5n T\u00e2y h\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch: \u201cTao th\u00ec ch\u00e9m tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2u sau\u201d, r\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng th\u1ea5u tai tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd m\u00ecnh h\u01a1n \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc. Minh M\u1ea1ng lo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u l\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh trong l\u00fac d\u00e2n Ngh\u1eb9 tha h\u1ed3 c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng l\u00ed cho m\u00ecnh. Quan \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u00ec c\u00f3 khi ph\u1ea3i n\u1ec3 nang, d\u1ef1a d\u1eabm c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u00ean C\u1ea3 X, T\u1ed5ng Y v\u00ec nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu Th\u1eadn t\u00e2u: \u201cD\u00e2n m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng do h\u00e0o m\u1ee5c khu x\u1eed, ch\u00fang l\u00e0m b\u1eady th\u00ec d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u theo\u201d. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec th\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc m\u00e0 Gia Long l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf Ngh\u1ec7 An n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n Nh\u00e2n can. Cho n\u00ean m\u1ea7m lo\u1ea1n \u1edf B\u1eafc v\u1eabn d\u1eb1ng dai c\u1ea3 khi Nguy\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00eam b\u1eadn t\u00e2m n\u1ed1ng sang Cao Mi\u00ean. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng l\u00ed theo-\u0111\u1ea1o bao che ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn l\u1ec7nh quan. V\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean b\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e0n d\u01b0 nhen nh\u00fam. D\u00f2ng d\u00f5i nh\u00e0 L\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 cho \u0111\u00e0y h\u1ebft v\u00e0o Nam th\u00ec ai l\u00e0m vua L\u00ea c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o s\u0129 g\u1ee3i \u00fd m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n (Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Retord v\u00e0 T\u1ea1 V\u0103n \/ L\u00ea Duy Ph\u1ee5ng) l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n sau c\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u01b0\u1edbng su\u1ea5t. T\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee9ng minh phe ph\u00eda, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u1eefng k\u00eau g\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh khi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu thua thi\u1ec7t, c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea7u ho\u00e0&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u1eadn trong s\u00e2u k\u00edn, s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t xung \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i thua th\u1eadt c\u1ea7m ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda d\u00f9 c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia ng\u00e0y nay vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1eeba qua m\u00e0 tha h\u1ed3 ch\u1eedi m\u1eafng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c v\u0103n ho\u00e1, ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng mang m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng to\u00e0n v\u00f9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, t\u00e0n t\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, th\u00ec t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn suy s\u1ee5p, d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \/ Cao Li v\u1edbi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, Nh\u1ea1t B\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 Trung Hoa v\u1edbi Hung N\u00f4, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, Kim, Thanh) b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ee9c k\u1ec1m k\u1eb9p b\u00ean trong ch\u1ec9 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00eang ng\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ef1a qu\u1eady, than v\u00e3n, xi\u00eang x\u1ecf, hay c\u00f9ng l\u1eafm l\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb gi\u00e1o m\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ti\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 d\u1eb1ng dai<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ea1i Nam an t\u00e2m, tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n \u2013 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o, trong kh\u00f4ng gian l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 th\u1ee5 nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ngay s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1 m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng vua \u0111ang \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn cho khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1 th\u00ec s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1eb1ng dai l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh suy s\u1ee5p.<strong><em> <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u0103ng n\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n ra khi Minh M\u1ea1ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea5t Cao Mi\u00ean m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ed0c Nha kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft cai tr\u1ecb theo l\u1ed1i \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n\u201d (l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c duy\u1ec7t tuy\u1ec3n: ki\u1ec3m k\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, thu thu\u1ebf, l\u00e0m b\u00e1o c\u00e1o&#8230;) trong l\u00fac \u00e1p l\u1ef1c Xi\u00eam La b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh, b\u00ean trong c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 t\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n, bao v\u00e2y nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, l\u1ebb loi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u01b0u quan c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng T\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ee7. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Minh Gi\u1ea3ng lui qu\u00e2n, t\u1ef1 t\u1eed r\u1ed3i qu\u00e2n Hu\u1ebf \u0111ang r\u00e1ng k\u00e9o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u1eeda v\u1eddi nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e2n Xi\u00eam c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea5t Mi\u00ean, th\u00ec ti\u1ebfng s\u00fang \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ea1i Nam.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i, s\u1ef1 k\u00eau g\u00e0o can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u201cd\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa\u201d \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i Nam vang v\u1ecdng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u cho n\u00ean tuy l\u1ebb loi nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u M\u0129 Constitution xin th\u1ea3 GM. Leb\u00e8vre n\u0103m 1845. Tuy nhi\u00ean vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai H\u1ed9i Truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o Paris \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea1o-\u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft th\u1ea5y \u1edf v\u0103n th\u01b0 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 Phan Th\u00fac Tr\u1ef1c n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c xin tha gi\u00e1o s\u0129 n\u0103m 1838 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e2u \u201cCh\u00faa \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng v\u1ea5n\u201d, c\u00f3 tr\u00edch l\u1eddi th\u01b0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn: \u201cT\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc sai th\u1ea7y d\u00f2ng v\u00e2ng m\u1ec7nh Ch\u00faa \u0111i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o&#8230;\u201d N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p g\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eady qua chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, ch\u1eadm ch\u00e2n h\u01a1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn h\u01a1n. Cu\u1ed9c b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 1847 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t cho th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1i b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 \u1edf Hu\u1ebf c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, b\u00e0i x\u00edch \u201ct\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n c\u00f3 hi v\u1ecdng tr\u00f4ng ng\u00f3ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, c\u1ea3 \u1edf nh\u1eefng phe ph\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 tranh chi\u1ebfm n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p H\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o gi\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i v\u1edbi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c (1851). Cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t Ph\u00e1p Vi\u1ec7t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao khi Napol\u00e9on III quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng s\u00fang l\u1ebb loi c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Catinat b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 S\u01a1n Ch\u00e0 trong th\u00e1ng 9-1856, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec5n chinh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f3 \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Rigault de Genouilly (15-7-1857).<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhau th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh. Ng\u00e0y 1-9-1858, t\u00e0u Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a l\u00ednh T\u00e2y Ban Nha t\u1eeb Manille sang, b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ed3n lu\u1ef9 ch\u1ef1c ch\u1edd n\u1ed9i gi\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng. Th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, t\u01b0\u1edbng xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kinh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean De Genouilly ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t to\u00e1n qu\u00e2n gi\u1eef c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm m\u00e0 r\u00fat t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Nam K\u00ec (9-2-1859). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y s\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng, t\u00e0u l\u1edbn tha h\u1ed3 tung ho\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i lo c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 b\u1ed9 C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Trung c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1edbi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c. Qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i ven bi\u1ec3n, v\u00e0o c\u1eeda C\u1ea7n Gi\u1edd, ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean Nh\u00e0 B\u00e8, theo d\u1ecdc s\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 trong hai ng\u00e0y l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (17-2-1859). C\u00f3 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ee7 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p coi nh\u1eb9 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a cho cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7t Nam dai d\u1eb3ng, nhi\u1ec1u khu\u1ea5t kh\u00fac nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi trong l\u00fac n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u00e0ng tan n\u00e1t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf g\u00e2y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y th\u00ec th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u0129 di\u1ec7n, s\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n quanh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn hay ho\u00e0 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Chi\u1ebfn th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t to\u00e1n qu\u00e2n nh\u1ecf Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 binh l\u00ednh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Hu\u1ebf c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, xa ph\u00eda nam th\u00ec \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3n\u201d Ch\u00ed Ho\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Tri Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng tan n\u00e1t (25-2-1861). T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Qu\u00e2n v\u1ee5 L\u00ea \u0110\u00ecnh L\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1eed tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh bi quan: \u201cGi\u1eb7c tr\u0103m th\u1ee9 kh\u00e9o gi\u1ecfi, \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng tinh x\u1ea3o, chi\u1ebfm Tr\u00e0 S\u01a1n \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao, quan s\u00e1t r\u1ed9ng, ta ng\u0103n n\u00fai m\u1eafc s\u00f4ng, qu\u00e2n kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t, quen th\u00f3i s\u1ee3 gi\u1eb7c, g\u1eb7p gi\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y&#8230;\u201d \u0110\u00e3 k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 Nghi, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Qu\u00e2n v\u1ee5 Nam K\u00ec (1861), th\u00ec n\u00ean ghi th\u00eam ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 trong <em>Th\u01a1 Nam K\u00ec.<\/em> (T\u00e0u T\u00e2y) \u201ct\u00e0u kh\u00f3i m\u00e1y t\u00e0i, Ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0o T\u1eafc Ngh\u0129a ch\u1eb3ng n\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ngang\u201d \/ \u201cGi\u1eb7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1n ph\u00e1o nan c\u1eeb, Quan qu\u00e2n th\u1ea7m l\u1eafc b\u1ea5y ch\u1eeb nan toan\u201d. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng n\u00ean nh\u00ecn ra m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e0ng quan, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi: Khi \u201cT\u00e2y \u0111\u0103ng dinh th\u00e0nh\u201d th\u00ec \u201cd\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u1eafp d\u00e0nh, \u0110em nhau coi gi\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh d\u1ea7m xu\u00e2n, Li\u1ebfc xem gi\u1eb7c l\u1ea1 tr\u01b0ng tr\u01b0ng, \u0110o\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb lu\u1ef5 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9t s\u01b0\u01a1ng <em>(kh\u00f3c!)<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c ra D\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o s\u0129 phu l\u1eadp ngh\u0129a \u0111o\u00e0n, sai quan m\u1ed9 h\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00f5ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh (12-4-1861) v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p b\u1ef1c d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3 n\u01a1i xa nh\u01b0 Kh\u00e1nh Ho\u00e0, B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu Hu\u00e2n, Nguy\u1ec5n Trung Tr\u1ef1c, chung s\u1ee9c v\u1edbi Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ecbnh&#8230; Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 Nghi d\u1ef1 to\u00e1n t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0 th\u00ec s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t th\u00eam. Qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi Trung Hoa n\u00ean de Genouilly \u0111\u01b0a th\u01b0 xin ho\u00e0 (20-6-1859), ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f2i t\u1ef1 do truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng. B\u00e0n c\u00e3i ch\u01b0a xong th\u00ec ba th\u00e1ng sau, li\u00ean quan Anh Ph\u00e1p k\u00ed ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi Trung Hoa, c\u00f3 th\u00eam ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c, de Genouilly ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1nh. H\u1ecd c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 Ch\u00ed Ho\u00e0, chi\u1ebfm th\u00eam \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1eddng (14-4-1861), Bi\u00ean Ho\u00e0 (16-12-1861), B\u00e0 R\u1ecba (7-2-1861), V\u0129nh Long (23-3-1862). Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf kh\u00e1c, hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u00e2m tu\u1ea5t 5-6-1862 k\u00ed nh\u01b0\u1eddng ba t\u1ec9nh Mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam K\u00ec v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u1edbng lu\u1ef5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0103n th\u1ea7n Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n (1796-1867), ch\u1ecbu n\u1ea1n theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ed9i nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb ghi ngay v\u00e0o s\u1eed Nguy\u1ec5n v\u1edbi l\u1eddi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c k\u1ebft \u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00ed l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng sao Phan d\u00e1m l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u1edf Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, \u201cs\u1edf Th\u1ee7 D\u1ea7u M\u1ed9t, t\u1ec9nh Bi\u00ean Ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d, l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, n\u00ean \u201ch\u00e3y t\u1ea1m cho b\u1ecdn kia qu\u1ea3n nh\u1eadn c\u01b0 tr\u00fa\u201d, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 sau k\u00ed k\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1ng ngh\u1ecb ngay, l\u1ea1i b\u1ed5 hai s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf g\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u201cn\u0103n n\u1ec9\u201d? \u00cdt ra th\u00ec ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong quan ni\u1ec7m giao k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gi\u1eefa Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng khi k\u00ed m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u00ed xong th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh, c\u00f2n ph\u00eda Vi\u1ec7t th\u00ec coi \u201ck\u00ed\u201d ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh cho th\u1ea5y \u1edf tr\u00ean. T\u1eeb kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p cho l\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef cam k\u1ebft, c\u00f2n T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00ec c\u1ee9 tr\u00f4ng ch\u1edd Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n \u201cn\u0103n n\u1ec9\u201d&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Phan \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0m quan gian kh\u1ed5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ea1o v\u00ec c\u00f9ng kh\u1ed5 \u2013 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef th\u00f3i quen \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. Phan \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m quan gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p k\u00e8n c\u1ef1a nhau, c\u1ea3 k\u1ebb d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u0169ng xoi m\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean t\u1eebng li t\u1eebng t\u00ed, ho\u1eb7c d\u1ef1a th\u1ebf lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p vua n\u01b0\u1edbc (nh\u01b0 vai tr\u00f2 gi\u00e1n quan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n Khoa \u0111\u1ea1o), ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb l\u00e0 ng\u00f4ng ngh\u00eanh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng nho gia. L\u00e0m quan d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00faa r\u00ecu s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng vua t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u00ecn x\u00e9t c\u00f4ng t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi tay b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u1eaft b\u1ebb l\u1eabn nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phe c\u00e1nh, ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t c\u00f4ng t\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Minh Gi\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t \u00f4m g\u1ed1i Minh M\u1ea1ng trong l\u1ec5 m\u1eebng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng Tr\u1ea5n T\u00e2y, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 khi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, bu\u1ed3n ch\u1ebft [t\u1ef1 t\u1eed?] l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ecbu gian tru\u00e2n \u1edf c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xin ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i. Trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u00f4ng quan (ch\u1ed3ng H\u1ed3 Xu\u00e2n H\u01b0\u01a1ng) ch\u1ec9 tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0i tr\u0103m quan l\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u1eed h\u00ecnh, t\u1ea1i sao Phan d\u00e1m c\u1ea3 gan c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea5t Ba t\u1ec9nh d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng, v\u1eadt l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u1eaft c\u1ea3 S\u00e1u t\u1ec9nh? Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 r\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb vua m\u1eafng, v\u00e0 d\u00e0i d\u00e0i sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd c\u1eady \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh chu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng chu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i m\u00e0 v\u00ec d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eaft T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ai kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3: \u201cPhan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 hu\u1ed1ng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c!\u201d S\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u n\u1ebfu ta nh\u00ecn gh\u00e9p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng k\u00ed t\u00ean m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay l\u1ea1i \u00edt b\u1ecb h\u00e0i t\u00ean ch\u1eedi b\u1edbi: Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 H\u00e0n l\u00e2m L\u00e2m Duy Hi\u1ec7p\/Thi\u1ebfp\/Ngh\u0129a, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m Ph\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed qu\u00e1n, h\u1eb3n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 g\u00f3p \u00fd v\u1edbi \u00f4ng T\u1ed5ng t\u00e0i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c xin in l\u1ea1i (1856) \u201cnguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n\u201d <em>\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00ed to\u00e0n th\u01b0 <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea3n Ch\u00ednh Ho\u00e0\u201d c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n uy v\u0103n b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c b\u00e2y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d4ng L\u00e2m Duy Nhi\u1ec1u-t\u00ean kia c\u0169ng l\u00e0 d\u00e2n khoa b\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0 ai, v\u1eady m\u00e0 l\u00e0m quan l\u1ecdng c\u1ecdng, v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ecb vua m\u1eafng v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t Ngu\u1ef5 T\u00e2y. \u1ea4y th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb ho\u00e0 trong l\u00fac c\u00e1c quan kh\u00e1c tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n xa c\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 sinh ho\u1ea1t: C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 d\u00e2n Minh H\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ec3 l\u1ec3 Tr\u00ecnh Chu, Di H\u1ea1 ch\u1ebft c\u1ee9ng trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i giao ti\u1ebfp th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt, tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n ra to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1ef9 tre l\u00e0ng, \u00f4ng th\u1ea7n g\u1ed1c \u0111a. Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i d\u00e2n Nam K\u00ec ng\u1ed3i t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 m\u00e0 v\u1eabn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin t\u1ee9c xa v\u00ec l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ee5 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1. L\u00e2m Duy Hi\u1ec7p khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 V\u00f9ng, t\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn T\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u vong, Minh Thanh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ecb (h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u00f4ng b\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n), nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh tay c\u1ee7a anh em T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i \u0111ang tranh gi\u00e0nh ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra ngo\u00e0i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t, ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1eed \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Tri Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e2u thua \u0111\u00f3 tuy \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 Phan-L\u00e2m, mang ti\u1ebfng \u201cm\u00e3i\/m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c\u201d v\u1ec1 sau, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi cu\u1ed9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng-c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i th\u1ebf ho\u00e0 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u l\u01b0\u1ee1i n\u00ean Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n len l\u00e1ch qua T\u00e2y \u0111i chu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n m\u1ea5t th\u00eam Ba t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng l\u1ea5y th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh tr\u00e1nh quy\u1ec1n vua, \u0111\u1ec1n n\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 d\u1ecdc bi\u1ec3n bao v\u00e2y vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf g\u1ea1o Nam K\u00ec cho Kinh th\u00e0nh, ch\u1eadn c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ec1n Thanh b\u00e1n v\u0169 kh\u00ed cho Hu\u1ebf, c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u201cs\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn\u201d qu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 nh\u01b0 khi h\u1ecd khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m Ph\u00f9 L\u00ea \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u00ec v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m T\u1ea1 V\u0103n Ph\u1ee5ng&#8230; T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n k\u00ed k\u1ebft hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0\u1eddng Ba t\u1ec9nh Mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam K\u00ec. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y, th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e1i J. Dupuis l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng cho vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfm B\u1eafc K\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng xa v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c bu\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n k\u00ed c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n<p>Khi s\u1ef1 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn Aubaret \u2013 Phan v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ed9c Ba t\u1ec9nh Mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra th\u00ec So\u00e1i Ph\u1ee7 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, do \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfm Ba t\u1ec9nh Mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y cheo leo l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1eeba Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft gi\u1eef, hay do b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u201cl\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1t\u201d trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Ph\u00e1p t\u1eebng l\u01b0u \u00fd t\u1edbi Cao Mi\u00ean t\u1eeb 1856, t\u1eeb khi H. Mouhot th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Siem Reap, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 Angkor, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 trung gian c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Miche, h\u1ecd k\u00ed hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 v\u1edbi Norodom (Oudong 8-1863) th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ba t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi Nam Vang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi Vial \u0111\u00f2i l\u1ea5y 3 t\u1ec9nh Mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y, c\u00e1c quan c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng: \u201cBa t\u1ec9nh \u1ea5y cheo leo c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt \u0111\u00f3, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh xin tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t, hay ch\u1ecbu nh\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t theo l\u1ed1i \u201ctay tr\u00ean\u201d trong l\u00fac phe m\u00ecnh th\u00ec l\u1ea1i \u0111ang \u1edf th\u1ebf d\u01b0\u1edbi tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi: Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef 3 t\u1ec9nh Mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y th\u00ec tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, Bi\u00ean Ho\u00e0, xo\u00e1 n\u1ee3, b\u1ecf ba th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i\u1ebfm \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, Qu\u1ea3ng Y\u00ean, Ba L\u1ea1t! Ngay c\u1ea3 khi bi\u1ebft Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u201c\u0111\u01b0a th\u01b0 h\u1ecfi th\u0103m\u201d v\u00e0 khi bi\u1ebft Paris b\u1ecb v\u00e2y, Napol\u00e9on III b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Nam K\u00ec r\u00fat v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t cho vua \u0110\u1ea1i Nam!<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1 khi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng Mekong. Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Doudart de Lagr\u00e9e theo l\u1ec7nh So\u00e1i ph\u1ee7 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n ra \u0111i th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng (1866), \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 L\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xi\u00eam, ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t Cao Mi\u00ean ph\u00eda nam. Tuy nhi\u00ean qua hai n\u0103m d\u00e0i ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c V\u00e2n Nam, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng thu\u1ef7 l\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Trung Hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eaft t\u1edbi, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfm B\u1eafc K\u00ec l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 tay So\u00e1i ph\u1ee7 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n qua s\u1ef1 ngang ng\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n<p>Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf l\u1ea1i \u0111ang \u1edf th\u1ebf l\u00fang t\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00fac n\u00e0o h\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ra bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u01b0\u1edbp. Cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c \u1ed5 gi\u1eb7c bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 dung ch\u1ee9a c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, khi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n xa t\u00edt n\u01a1i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi L\u00e0o, Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 \u1ea9n th\u00e2n v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp T\u1ec1 Ng\u00f4i, m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ef7 qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y S\u01a1n c\u0169. C\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0u v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u00ea m\u01b0\u1edbn \u2013 b\u1ea1o d\u1ea1n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u1ee7a, b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. L\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m T\u00e0u \u00d4 c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 m\u1edbi theo m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f3i k\u00e9m, theo c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t. Ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3n c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m Ph\u00f9 L\u00ea d\u1ec5 t\u00ecm ch\u1ed7 \u1ea9n n\u1ea5p khi b\u1ecb truy \u0111u\u1ed5i trong \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda bi\u1ec3n, Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh ti\u1ebfng \u201cm\u01b0\u1edbn\u201d qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec5u tr\u1eeb (1865) hay ghi h\u1eb3n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc 1874. Tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd qu\u00e2n Thanh sang \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p khi\u1ebfn T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i nh\u1ee5c trong \u0111\u1eddi. T\u1eeb khi Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh Thi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c (1851-1864) tan r\u00e3, c\u00e1c t\u00e0n qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00e0n sang ph\u00eda nam, qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o d\u1eb9p y\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n C\u1edd \u0110en c\u1ee7a L\u01b0u V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac, C\u1edd V\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng S\u00f9ng Anh v\u00e0 C\u1edd Tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a B\u00e0n V\u0103n Nh\u1ecb.<\/p>\n<p>Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee7 d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nu\u00f4i th\u00eam nh\u1eefng to\u00e1n gi\u1eb7c ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng. H\u1ecd chi\u00eau m\u1ed9 phe n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t phe kia nh\u01b0 d\u00f9ng to\u00e1n C\u1edd \u0110en L\u01b0u V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac ch\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi C\u1edd V\u00e0ng Ho\u00e0ng S\u00f9ng Anh, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e0ng lu\u1ef5 th\u00eam v\u00ec L\u01b0u V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c g\u1eb7p J. Dupuis k\u00e9o C\u1edd V\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 phe m\u00ecnh, ngang ng\u1ea1nh d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng ch\u1edf v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u00ean V\u00e2n Nam, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 k\u00eau c\u1ea7u S\u00e0i G\u00f2n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf Nam K\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n n\u1eafm gi\u1eef n\u00ean h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 ch\u00fat ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, th\u00eam m\u1ed1i l\u1ee3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi J. Dupuis khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Hu\u1ebf mong mu\u1ed1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed ra B\u1eafc l\u00e0 F. Garnier, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Mekong n\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n kia th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng che gi\u1ea5u. Xung \u0111\u1ed9t x\u1ea3y ra, ng\u00e0y 20-11-1873 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc 188 binh s\u0129 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 24 ng\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u1edbi 8 h\u1ecdng s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng 700 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c Hu\u1ebf v\u00e0 vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0i ba nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi: Nguy\u1ec5n Tri Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng qu\u00e2n binh Vi\u1ec7t y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i: ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i u\u00fd v\u00e0 15 l\u00ednh h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu \u00fay v\u00e0 7 l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh Ninh B\u00ecnh, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eafc th\u1eafng!<\/p>\n<p>F. Garnier b\u1ecb C\u1edd \u0110en gi\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 21-12-1873. Ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u00e1p tu\u1ea5t 1874 k\u00ed \u1edf Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh tuy tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm, cho th\u1ea5y T\u00e2y Ban Nha b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n khai m\u00e0o cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9, cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd l\u1ea5n ra B\u1eafc K\u00ec v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n m\u1edf th\u00f4ng l\u1ed9 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng thua thi\u1ec7t t\u00ed n\u00e0o. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean x\u1ee9 B\u1eafc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t n\u01a1i \u1ea5y, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u. Nam K\u00ec \u1edf xa, khi b\u1ecb x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m th\u00ec c\u00f3 quan \u0110\u1ed1c h\u1ecdc Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n Ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n t\u00f2ng chinh c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t \u0111i v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n l\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u1ec3 Nam K\u00ec t\u1ef1 lo l\u1ea5y nh\u01b0ng khi qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf ngay tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u201cc\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i l\u1ec7nh tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh n\u1eefa. Sau khi k\u00ed ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc 1862, nh\u00f3m Tr\u1ea7n T\u1ea5n, \u0110\u1eb7ng Nh\u01b0 Mai \u1edf Ngh\u1ec7 An n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, gi\u1ebft gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n (1866), k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn 1874. Nh\u00f3m T\u00fa t\u00e0i Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady s\u00e1t t\u1ea3 (1868).<\/p>\n<p>T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc 1874. F. Garnier sau khi chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 phong ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, h\u1ecd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 H\u1ed3 V\u0103n V\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ed1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u So\u00e1i ph\u1ee7 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 (b\u1ecb b\u1eaft 1875). Cho n\u00ean ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, vi\u1ec7c xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam, trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng th\u1eddi c\u01a1. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd ghi l\u1ea1i sau \u201cChuy\u1ebfn \u0111i B\u1eafc K\u00ec n\u0103m \u1ea4t h\u1ee3i (1875)\u201d v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00e0n s\u00e1t gia \u0111\u00ecnh Tu\u1ea7n v\u0169 Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1 qu\u1eaft c\u1ee7a LM. Tr\u1ea7n L\u1ee5c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Ph\u00e1t Di\u1ec7m x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 sau. Ngay trong s\u1ef1 giao thi\u1ec7p \u1edf b\u1eadc cao nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n tho\u1ea3 t\u1eeb c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Hu\u1ebf k\u00ed hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1ebf y\u1ebfu n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y m\u1eb7n m\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Nam K\u00ec Lafont cho n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c Ph\u00e1p (21-3-1878) bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<p>Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n, nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y cu\u1ed9c tranh ch\u1ea5p c\u00f2n \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f2i t\u1ef1 do t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 cho T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc K\u00ec h\u01a1n Nam K\u00ec v\u00ec d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n h\u01a1n cho h\u1ecd. Vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh an b\u00ecnh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c to\u00e1n gi\u1eb7c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t, d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n, gi\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ta, t\u00e0u m\u00e0 ki\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m qu\u00e2n th\u1ed5 ph\u1ec9 Trung Hoa, qu\u00e2n Thanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hu\u1ebf k\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, nay nh\u00e2n ti\u1ec7n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1eafc Kinh hi v\u1ecdng l\u00e0 con c\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eb1ng co v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng b\u1ecb ch\u1eadn \u1edf Lao Kay b\u1edfi to\u00e1n qu\u00e2n C\u1edd \u0110en L\u01b0u V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac m\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n nh\u1edd c\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111i. C\u1ea3 hai bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn L\u01b0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 l\u00fac T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c d\u1eabn d\u1ee5 trao ch\u1ee9c quan \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ee9ng \u0111i.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 l\u1ea1i x\u1ea3y ra v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfm H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai (25-4-1882), do H. Rivi\u00e8re l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 s\u1ef1 toan t\u00ednh ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a So\u00e1i ph\u1ee7 Nam K\u00ec v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Paris. R\u1ed3i c\u0169ng l\u0103p l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n c\u0169, l\u00e0 H. Rivi\u00e8re b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n C\u1edd \u0110en gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft (19-5-1883). Gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u1edf ngay ch\u00ednh n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 B\u1eafc K\u00ec l\u00e0m Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed5 ba n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ea5y th\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn khi J. Ferry th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (3-3-1883) th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1eafc K\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft h\u01a1n. L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn d\u1eaft d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh to\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft lu\u00f4n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u \/ phi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p b\u1ee9c b\u00e1ch, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 lo t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ngo\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i trong m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ed9 c\u0169ng cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed9n r\u1ed3i. H\u1ecd li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi Anh, M\u0129, T\u00e2y Ban Nha ch\u1ec9 qua thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba H\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Anh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 khi l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha (1879), h\u1ecd g\u1eedi ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edd hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n th\u00ec b\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p ch\u1eadn l\u1ea1i \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 (1875) \u00dd \u0111\u01b0a th\u01b0 b\u00e0n vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec \u00f4ng quan Th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ta l\u1ea1i h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf ngay. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t: Ng\u00e0y 6-9-1882 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n nh\u00e0 Thanh c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 m\u1eadt vi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p>Thanh tri\u1ec1u l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd v\u1ed1n ph\u1ea3i lo l\u1eafng chuy\u1ec7n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 uy hi\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y n\u00ean m\u00f9 t\u1ecbt chuy\u1ec7n ph\u00eda nam. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Nam K\u00ec qua T\u1eeb Di\u00ean H\u00fac, Tri ph\u1ee7 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh (Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y), ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng qua L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n cu\u1ed1i 1870, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 quy\u1ec3n <em>Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c <\/em>(1877), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng B\u1ed1 ch\u00e1nh Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec5n chinh ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1883. S\u1ef1 l\u1ea5n l\u01b0\u1edbt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c lo ng\u1ea1i cho v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh l\u1ea5y c\u1edb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7t Nam y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1eb9p th\u1ed5 ph\u1ec9, li\u1ec1n cho qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn ra ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u01b0u th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p>Gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1882 qu\u00e2n Thanh d\u00e0n ra d\u1ecdc bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, 3 doanh qu\u00e2n V\u00e2n Nam \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o t\u1ec9nh H\u01b0ng Ho\u00e1, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1883 th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 20 ng\u00e0n qu\u00e2n Thanh x\u00e2m nh\u1eadn th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi T\u1eeb Di\u00ean H\u00fac \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf B\u1eafc Ninh. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u00e0nh nhau v\u00f9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u00e0 Thanh mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec d\u01b0 \u00e2m v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam \/ \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t x\u01b0a. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00ean gi\u00e0nh v\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du B\u1eafc K\u00ec v\u00ec l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng m\u1ecf. Do \u0111\u00f3 H. Rivi\u00e8re chi\u1ebfm m\u1ecf than \u0110\u00f4ng Tri\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y 12-3-1883, l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00f3, lu\u00f4n ti\u1ec7n gi\u1eef v\u00f9ng l\u00faa g\u1ea1o n\u00ean cho qu\u00e2n h\u1ea1 Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh (28-3-1883). S\u1ef1 tranh ch\u1ea5p n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7n binh t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0a sang, qua nh\u1eefng gi\u1eb1ng co tranh c\u00e3i ngh\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m quen thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y v\u1ec1 sau khi cu\u1ed9c tranh ch\u1ea5p mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, lan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n<p>Qu\u00e2n Vi\u1ec5n chinh Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng Bouet t\u1eeb Nam K\u00ec ra \u0111\u00e1nh B\u1eafc K\u00ec c\u00f2n \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Courbet v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n Harmand th\u00ec k\u00e9o \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o Hu\u1ebf qua c\u1eeda Thu\u1eadn An (20-8-1883) nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c b\u0103ng h\u00e0, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Nam K\u00ec c\u00f9ng T\u1ed5ng tr\u00fa s\u1ee9 Hu\u1ebf. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf \u0111ang l\u00fang t\u00fang v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n ng\u00f4i sau khi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c m\u1ea5t (19-7-1883) n\u00ean k\u00ed ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc Harmand (25-8-1883) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n thua thi\u1ec7t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 g\u00e2y th\u00eam ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. B\u1eafc K\u00ec r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y th\u00ec Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Thanh m\u00e0 qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u0169 kh\u00ed m\u1edbi, l\u1ea1i quen thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00eam c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quan Vi\u1ec7t y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p. C\u00f3 th\u00eam vi\u1ec7n binh, Courbet chi\u1ebfm S\u01a1n T\u00e2y (16-12-1883), B\u1eafc Ninh (13-3-1884), H\u01b0ng Ho\u00e1 (12-4-1884) \u0111em s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khinh kh\u00ed c\u1ea7u d\u00f2 la h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n k\u0129 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap l\u1eadp ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc Founier (11-5-1884) bu\u1ed9c Thanh ch\u1ecbu d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. R\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. Qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i sa l\u1ea7y \u1edf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du B\u1eafc K\u00ec v\u00ec c\u00e1c to\u00e1n qu\u00e2n ch\u01b0a ch\u1ecbu r\u00fat lui, n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn B\u1eafc L\u1ec7 (23-6-1884) khi\u1ebfn r\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9ng Paris. Quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m gi\u1eef B\u1eafc K\u00ec t\u0103ng l\u00ean, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o Ph\u00fac Ch\u00e2u (23-8-1884), phong to\u1ea3 \u0110\u00e0i Loan n\u00ean cho d\u00f9 n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c J. Ferry b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00ec thua \u1edf L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n (28-3-1885), Ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn k\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean T\u00e2n (4-4-1885) gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n<p>Trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ho\u00e0 ho\u00e3n sau ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc Fournier, Ph\u00e1p y\u00ean t\u00e2m v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc l\u1ea1i quay v\u1ec1 k\u00ed ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc Paten\u00f4tre (6-6-1884) \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc Harmand cho nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a phe ch\u1ee7 chi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t Thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 kinh th\u00e0nh (4-7-1885). H\u00e0m Nghi b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y ra T\u00e2n S\u1edf (Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ed3ng Kh\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh m\u1edbi tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX v\u00ec c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. Trong \u0111\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh tr\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac h\u1ecd c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed5 s\u1ee5p m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn suy t\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea3ng v\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 co c\u01b0\u1ee1ng, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m qu\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, nho s\u0129 B\u1eafc H\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vua L\u00ea th\u00ec c\u00f3 Gia Long, ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 xa, h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng suy suy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0m d\u00e2n, l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Kinh S\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng danh v\u1ecdng h\u1ecd \u0111ang \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m l\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n tinh th\u1ea7n trung qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t L\u00ea\/Nguy\u1ec5n nh\u1ecf nh\u00edt tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia nay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh to r\u1ecdng v\u00ec k\u1ebb ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u00e2n b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n, nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh tr\u00ean cao, \u0111\u00e3 khai th\u00e1c m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Kinh S\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a. V\u1edbi l\u1eddi h\u00f4 h\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1edbi: \u201cPhan L\u00e2m m\u00e3i\/m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00ed d\u00e2n\u201d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u201cd\u00e2n\u201d c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 thay cho m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d quen thu\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ea9y l\u1eb9ch h\u01b0\u1edbng trung qu\u00e2n c\u0169 tuy v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a d\u00e1m r\u1eddi b\u1ecf n\u00f3. L\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd n\u00ean d\u00f9 con ch\u00e1u nh\u00e0 L\u00ea b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0y h\u1ebft v\u00e0o Nam, T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c cho v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea c\u0169 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m nghe theo, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng vua L\u00ea m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t anh Cai t\u1ed5ng (V\u00e0ng) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 tr\u1ee3 n\u00f3i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed1n chui tr\u1ed1n nh\u1ee7i v\u00ec theo \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00ec t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vua L\u00ea&#8230; Con cu\u1ed1c\/\u201dqu\u1ed1c\u201d \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u00e8o Ngang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m nu\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc H\u00e0 x\u01b0a. S\u1ef1 c\u0103m gh\u00e9t nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t trong v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p th\u00f9 h\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u00eau b\u00e0i ch\u1ed1ng phong ki\u1ebfn, nh\u1eadp nho\u00e0 trong t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc hung h\u0103ng, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba-ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>R\u1ed3i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u1ea1i n\u1ea3y ra b\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u1ec9nh cao ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c y\u1ebfu \u1edbt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng than th\u1edf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ch\u00ednh v\u00ec s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb t\u1eeb Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb. Kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n \u00f4ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i nh\u1edd Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u0103ng Qu\u1ebf nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111o\u00e1n \u2013 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c cho \u00f4ng l\u00e0 con \u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t ng\u00f4i \u2013 H\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o \u2013 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00ec s\u1ef1 hoang mang t\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3y ra. C\u00e1c vua \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1eeba l\u00ean ng\u00f4i th\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c \u00f4ng quan \u1edf Vi\u1ec7n C\u01a1 m\u1eadt h\u1ee5c h\u1eb7c nhau nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c! Ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n th\u00ec con ch\u00e1u Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u00f4ng T\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c v\u00ec t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c suy t\u00e0n do chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. C\u00e1c \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00ean kia ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y d\u1ea1ng l\u1ea5p l\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n Xi\u00eam tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Cao Mi\u00ean m\u00e0 mang t\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t: Tr\u1ea5n T\u00e2y Th\u00e0nh. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c, H\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ee3i nhi\u1ec1u hi v\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean can b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cqu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch\u201d, m\u1ea5t h\u1ecd vua: T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t B\u1eadt, ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1ch t\u1ed9i khi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft (1854), c\u00f2n l\u00fac s\u1ed1ng (tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1852) th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7y quy\u1ec1n uy c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u201ct\u00f4n th\u1ea5t\u201d. M\u1ed9t \u0110\u00e0o Tr\u00ed Ph\u00fa b\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u0103ng tr\u00ec (\u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i con ch\u00e1u sau n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u00f9a theo lo\u1ea1n \u1edf S\u01a1n T\u00e2y 1859), \u00f4ng quan \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u00ean \u0111i t\u00e0u bi\u1ec3n \u0111em ti\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 cho vua \u2013 nh\u00e2n ti\u1ec7n cho c\u1ea3 m\u00ecnh \u201cgia t\u00e0i h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n\u201d, t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 chi ti\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc v\u00ec l\u00ed do \u201cth\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i\u201d, c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd c\u1eady. \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi khi \u00f4ng t\u00ednh chuy\u1ec7n tr\u1ed1n \u0111i, mong \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o, l\u1edbp d\u00e2n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ee5 lo\u1ea1n \u0110inh \u0110\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u201cgi\u1eb7c Ch\u00e0y V\u00f4i\u201d (1866) x\u1ea3y ngay \u1edf Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh l\u00e0m \u00f4ng vua y\u1ebfu \u1edbt, gi\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh b\u1edbt th\u00eam s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh n\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n quan chen v\u00e0o ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch. Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ec1n vua nh\u01b0 \u0110o\u00e0n Tr\u01b0ng m\u00e0 v\u0103n th\u01a1 bi\u1ec7n minh cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh mang ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cTrung ngh\u0129a ca\u201d c\u00f2n gi\u1eef cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng vua n\u00f3i chung b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n khi c\u00f3 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng vua \u201cc\u00f3 t\u00ec t\u00edch\u201d nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p D\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ee9c. T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t Thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n T\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c D\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft Hi\u1ec7p Ho\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e0 ho\u00e3n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea7n. Vua kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00ec v\u1ea1ch mi\u1ec7ng vua \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ebft vua v\u1ec1 sau ch\u1ebft trong ng\u1ee5c v\u00ec t\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c!<\/p>\n<p>Ngay khi ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean ngai, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c, \u00f4ng vua c\u0169ng v\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 g\u00e2y s\u1ef1 l\u00fang t\u00fang cho c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn phe ph\u00eda theo s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf x\u1ea3y ra. K\u00ed ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p, k\u1ebb theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng, ai c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i m\u1ea1ng hay ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m, \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh c\u1edd. N\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n khoa b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf x\u1ee9 Nam K\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3ng Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Phan Hi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1o. \u00d4ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u0110\u1ed1c h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1eebng m\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, khi \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft t\u00ecm c\u00e1c tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u v\u1ec1 d\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u201ctheo th\u1eddi\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 treo c\u1edd T\u00e2y, m\u1eb7c \u00e1o qu\u1ea7n T\u00e2y. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u00f4ng Kh\u00e2m sai Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan kh\u00e1c t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o. Nghe tin bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i, tuy bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng v\u1edbi t\u1edbi m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed3 cha th\u1eaft c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 thanh minh, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau, k\u1ebb n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi con m\u1eaft khoan dung h\u01a1n, th\u1ea5y ra m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p xung \u0111\u1ed9t bi \u0111\u00e1t c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n<p>Ho\u00e0ng K\u1ebf Vi\u00eam ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng xong c\u00f2n ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hu\u1ebf sau tr\u1eadn m\u1ea5t H\u01b0ng Ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m quan. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c \u00f4ng quan kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh: tu\u1ea7n v\u0169, t\u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed&#8230; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Thanh gi\u1ebft th\u00ec theo th\u1eddi th\u1ebf l\u00e3nh quan ch\u1ee9c Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p, ch\u1ebft tr\u00ean tr\u1ea1n ti\u1ec1n hay l\u01b0u l\u1ea1c theo c\u00e1c to\u00e1n qu\u00e2n lui v\u1ec1 b\u00ean kia bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ebft n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1ch, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0u vong nh\u01b0 T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t Thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 sau. Ch\u00fat v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, gi\u00fap h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau h\u1eb7c t\u1ed9i l\u00e3nh quan ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t phe, kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi c\u00f3 l\u00fac l\u00e0 phe \u0111\u1ecbch. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Phan Li\u00eam, con Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n, ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p, b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 Hu\u1ebf, l\u00e3nh quan ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p C\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trung gian ph\u1ea3i tan r\u00e3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t \u00fd ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng Gia T\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ph\u00e2n ho\u00e1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo hai phe r\u00e0nh r\u1ebd m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u1ea1ch ra nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. C\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u00e1i th\u1ebf h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ch\u00f4ng ch\u00eanh: Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0a bao nhi\u00eau b\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u nay \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tham d\u1ef1 x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t S\u00e0i G\u00f2n m\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 c\u1edb c\u00f4ng k\u00edch. D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o\u201d kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 s\u00e2u k\u00edn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng kia. Ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng d\u1eabn th\u1eddi sau m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa \u201cC\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng theo T\u00e2y\u201d, t\u1eeb 1874, gi\u1eefa tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u S\u00e1t t\u1ea3 r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u201cNgh\u0129a khuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n t\u00e2n c\u1ef1u ca\u201d c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Di Trung khuy\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c Nam K\u00ec (Cao T\u1ef1 Thanh 1999). C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. <em>Th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c <\/em>1839 ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh t\u1ec9nh Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn Hu\u1ebf k\u00eau c\u1ea7u: \u201c\u00d4ng cha ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4, n\u0103m ngo\u00e1i ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1ea3y qua gi\u00e1 th\u1eadp \u00e1c l\u00e0 do quan t\u1ec9nh b\u1eaft \u00e9p, nay v\u1eabn xin theo \u0111\u1ea1o \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0m con\u201d. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef Hi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam ni\u1ec1m tin, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbp t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng danh d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, qu\u00e1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m nghi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabm kinh s\u00e1ch. Tr\u1ea7n B\u00e1 L\u1ed9c, \u201cb\u1ed3i\u201d c\u1ee7a Philastre, theo th\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ea3 \u1ea5n Kh\u00e1nh Thu\u1eadn T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c Quan ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh, Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean. L\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c to\u00e1n l\u00ednh t\u1eadp, m\u00e3 t\u00e0 Nam K\u00ec tham d\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch B\u1eafc K\u00ec t\u1eeb 1984, nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n 27-4-1883 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p 3000 l\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n chinh c\u00f3 \u201c1000 l\u00ednh An Nam\u201d.<em> <\/em>Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 mang trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trung th\u00e0nh m\u1edbi, hay \u00edt ra, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00f4ng vua trong \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eefa. Ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u01b0\u1ee3t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac d\u00f9 sao c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00f2n tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng b\u00ean l\u1ec1 (Penang, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n), c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n (Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n) \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a c\u0169 n\u1eefa. N\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ecb lung lay \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 theo v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi xen v\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee9 so s\u00e1nh hai n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Kampuchia v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau 1945 th\u00ec th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t do b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Norodom Sihanouk v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i Pol Pot c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd c\u1eady \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, c\u00f2n \u00f4ng B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u00ec khi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fat h\u00e0o quang qu\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o ngay trong v\u00f9ng m\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u2013 s\u1ef1 sa s\u00fat c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c cha \u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n m\u1eafng ch\u1eedi t\u00e0n t\u1ec7 (Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u1ee9c K\u1ebf: <em>Ai v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1ee7 h\u1ecfi Gia Long, Kh\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e1u \u00f4ng\u201d<\/em>, Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh: <em>Th\u01b0 Th\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/em>) m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eddi thay, v\u1eabn l\u00e0 do ch\u00fat b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o oai quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, nh\u1edd h\u1ecd t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi vua v\u1edbi d\u00e2n!<\/p>\n<p>\u1ea4y th\u1ebf m\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh, xung \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 lu\u1ef5 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong v\u00f9ng. S\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 qu\u00e1 gay g\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 va ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh s\u00e2u k\u00edn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u qua n\u0103m th\u00e1ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. \u0110\u00e3 n\u00f3i, khi c\u00f2n y\u00ean v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c m\u01b0\u1ee3n qu\u00e2n Thanh d\u1eb9p lo\u1ea1n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng khi qu\u00e2n Thanh sang v\u1ec1 sau (1882) d\u00e2n B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed3n r\u1eb1ng \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 tranh B\u1eafc K\u00ec v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p\u201d, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 n\u1ed7i lo s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00ec T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1ea1t \u0111i, b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cL\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng k\u1ebb ti\u1ec3u nh\u00e2n \u0111o b\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e2n t\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc Thanh \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf!\u201d Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1o c\u00e1o s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c, Tu\u1ea7n v\u0169 H\u01b0ng Ho\u00e1 Nguy\u1ec5n Quang B\u00edch, sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e3nh quan ch\u1ee9c Thanh \u0111\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi vua d\u1ea1y. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda kh\u00e1c, l\u1eddi T\u1ed5ng tr\u00fa s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Rheinart g\u1edfi cho Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Nam K\u00ec Thomson t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u gay g\u1eaft nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng cho nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfng s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh m\u00e1u \u0111\u1ed5 x\u01b0\u01a1ng tan: \u201cTri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf ch\u1eafc c\u0169ng h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn chuy\u1ec7n n\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e0u nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e0u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ta b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ta cho h\u1ecd nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 trong vi\u1ec7c cai tr\u1ecb. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u l\u00e0 ch\u00fa ho\u1eb7c anh, ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi r\u1ee3. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 T\u00e0u s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan, c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u1ee5c nh\u00e3 c\u00f2n kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u1eed\u201d. Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Rheinart c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c \u00f4ng quan th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n kinh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c \u1ea9n t\u00e0ng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 khi tr\u1ecdng n\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t anh \u201cTi\u1ebfn s\u0129\u201d Trung tri\u1ec1u (Th\u00e1i \u0110\u00ecnh Lan, ch\u1ec9 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ed7 C\u1eed nh\u00e2n) b\u1ecb b\u00e3o d\u1ea1t, lang thang v\u1ec1 x\u1ee9 (1835-36), m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u1ec9nh kh\u00fam n\u00fam \u0111\u01b0a ti\u1ec5n ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c cung ph\u1ee5ng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 l\u00fac l\u1ee1 \u0111ang ph\u01a1i \u00e1o b\u1eaft r\u1eadn! Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 Rheinart, hay th\u1ed1t l\u1eddi t\u1ef1 th\u00fa b\u00ean trong nh\u01b0 T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan Thi\u00ean tri\u1ec1u phi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n vong c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u201cTh\u00e2n T\u00e0u\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n minh c\u1ee7a l\u00ed tr\u00ed xen v\u00e0o. V\u00e0 tuy l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ra nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n chu\u1ec7nh cho\u1ea1ng \u0111ang \u0111i t\u00ecm l\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n<p><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>PH\u1ee4 L\u1ee4C<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>HO\u00c0 v\u00e0 CHI\u1ebeN <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00dd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Kh\u00e2m sai \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 Nghi sau khi th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1eddng:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean, <\/em>vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1ng 4\u00e2l. 1861 (b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch, t\u1eadp VII, tr. 715-717):<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 th\u1ebf Nam K\u00ec. duy vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng ho\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c lo ng\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c&#8230; (T\u1edd t\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i): T\u00f4i v\u1eabn nghe ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 binh n\u00f3i: ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e0u th\u00ec ch\u1edf \u0111i nh\u01b0 bay, s\u00fang th\u00ec b\u1eafn su\u1ed1t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0i <em>nh\u1eadn,<\/em> b\u1eafn xa h\u01a1n 100 d\u1eb7m. C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i th\u1ee9 binh kh\u00ed \u1ea5y, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e1nh kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd, mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00f2ng t\u00f4i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a tin. M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb th\u1ee9 7 thuy\u1ec1n T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 5 chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n b\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y v\u00e0i kh\u1eafc. L\u00fac \u1ea5y t\u00f4i quy\u1ec1n B\u1ed1 ch\u00e1nh Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, ch\u00ednh m\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1edbi tin l\u00e0 th\u1eadt. T\u1eeb 3-4 n\u0103m nay, l\u00ednh ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, s\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1nh, th\u00e0nh lu\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00ec thuy\u1ec1n s\u00fang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ea1n s\u00fang b\u1eafn \u0111i xa m\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea5y th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c quan \u1edf qu\u00e2n th\u1ee9, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh s\u1ee9c gi\u1eb7c, mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn nay m\u1edbi c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u1ea5y. T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn Bi\u00ean Ho\u00e0, x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nguy b\u00e1ch. B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1ch h\u1ecfi vi\u00ean nguy\u00ean so\u00e1i c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1eabu r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1m l\u00e0m k\u1ebf ho\u00e3n binh nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0 gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c. Kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>L\u1ea1i xem kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m Minh M\u1ea1ng, Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c Kh\u00f4i, Xi\u00eam La, Cao Mi\u00ean&#8230; th\u1ebf m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y to\u00e0n l\u1ef1c&#8230; \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t gi\u1eb7c Kh\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i ba n\u0103m m\u1edbi xong vi\u1ec7c, d\u1eb9p m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Cao Mi\u00ean c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i hai n\u0103m m\u1edbi gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i xong. Nay hai t\u1ec9nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i qu\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa trong 6 t\u1ec9nh, tr\u00ean t\u1eeb b\u1ecdn S\u01a1n Man, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3, c\u00f2n 3 t\u1ec9nh V\u0129nh Long, An, H\u00e0 th\u00ec c\u00e1ch tr\u1edf kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng, Bi\u00ean Ho\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec1n s\u00e1p v\u1edbi n\u00f3&#8230; Tuy 4 t\u1ec9nh \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 thuy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1edbi t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Cho n\u00ean t\u00f4i c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng d\u1eabu c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thuy\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3. Hi\u1ec7n nay T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1eddng, ho\u00e0 hay kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y ta \u0111\u00e3 thua thi\u1ec7t r\u1ed3i. N\u1ebfu ho\u00e0 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i hai t\u1ec9nh \u1ea5y th\u00ec ta ch\u1ec9 thua thi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau th\u00f4i, m\u00e0 Bi\u00ean Ho\u00e0, V\u0129nh Long, An Giang, H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ta, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u c\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft m\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 sau. N\u1ebfu ta cho th\u1ebf l\u00e0 thua thi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0 th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu ng\u1ed3i y\u00ean \u0111\u00e2u, c\u1ea3 6 t\u1ec9nh Nam K\u00ec r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eef, ch\u1ec9 ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, ch\u1ec9 cho gi\u1eb7c ch\u00f3ng sinh l\u00f2ng m\u00e0 th\u00eam t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i th\u00f4i. Cho n\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1ed3n lu\u1ef9, b\u1edbt vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00ednh, l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u1edb \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Duy qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng, t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 s\u1ee9c bi\u1ec7n b\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn 4 l\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 kh\u00ed th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t g\u0103ng, gi\u1edf gi\u1ecdng d\u00e3 man. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, cho l\u00e0 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ed3i ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i, cho n\u00ean ch\u01b0a d\u00e1m y theo. \u0110\u00e3 ph\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a th\u01b0. Vi\u00ean quan T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5y n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u201cVi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ee3i m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0y n\u1eefa s\u1ebd b\u00e0n l\u1ea1i\u201d. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, c\u1ee9 ph\u00e1i nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 n\u00f3i th\u00ec xem gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i, c\u00e1ch kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ea5y l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh \u00fd g\u00ec kh\u00e1c. Xem th\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 bi\u1ebft ta kh\u00f4ng sinh s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi h\u1ecd th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a v\u1ed9i l\u1ea5n \u00e1t ta. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ee3i h\u1ecd xem tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, s\u1ebd tu\u1ef3 c\u01a1 m\u00e0 l\u00e0m. Hi\u1ec7n nay s\u1ef1 th\u1ebf 6 t\u1ec9nh Nam K\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef \u201cho\u00e0\u201d c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0 th\u00ec m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t ta \u0111\u00e3 thua thi\u1ec7t. B\u1edfi h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i, h\u1ecd nh\u1ea5t v\u1ecb c\u1ed1 gi\u1eef, ta c\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfm l\u1eddi bi\u1ec7n b\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng kh\u00f3. C\u00f2n c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c, ta l\u1ea5y l\u1eddi bi\u1ec7n b\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1edbt \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c. C\u00fai mong Ho\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n m\u00e0 l\u00e0m&#8230;\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 chi\u1ebfn<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Trong khi tr\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 Nghi c\u0169ng chen l\u1eddi ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch ph\u00e1i \u201cch\u1ee7 chi\u1ebfn\u201d ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft h\u00f4 h\u00e0o: \u0110\u00e1nh! Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0 Gi\u1ea3n, ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch \u0110\u00ea ch\u00ednh \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u00ec, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c l\u00ednh-ngo\u1ea1i-bi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng ho\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn quan C\u01a1 m\u1eadt: Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u0103ng Qu\u1ebf, Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n, khi\u1ebfn T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng: \u201cH\u1eafn \u1edf ngo\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u vi\u1ec7c, cho n\u00ean c\u00e2u n\u00f3i th\u00e0nh ra b\u1ef1c t\u1ee9c, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00f3i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n s\u0129 nh\u01b0 (t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c [Nam]\u0110\u1ecbnh [H\u01b0ng]Y\u00ean) Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh T\u00e2n th\u00f4i&#8230;\u201d M\u00e0 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1nh th\u00ec c\u00e0ng thua, c\u00e0ng th\u00fac qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng khu v\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng, n\u00ean theo Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 Nghi l\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ho\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f2n \u201ct\u00ednh (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) c\u00e1ch (n\u00e0o) v\u1ec1 sau\u201d. Th\u1eadt ra, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh h\u00f4i trong nh\u1eefng s\u1eed lu\u1eadn th\u1eddi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c \u00f4ng quan l\u00e0m theo ch\u1ee9c ph\u1eadn, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec3m nguy tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m theo b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, theo s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tri\u1ebft l\u00ed, quan ni\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh n\u1ebfp, th\u00e0nh ni\u1ec1m h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ee7i nh\u1ee5c l\u00e0m b\u00f9ng l\u00ean n\u1ed7i t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng l\u00ed l\u1ebd g\u00ec k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mang t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh \u201cy\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nay v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e3 th\u1ea5y quan ni\u1ec7m Di Man t\u1eeb tr\u00ean tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, theo m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m cao v\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0 c\u00e1i Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1eabn c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 ngay t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. V\u0103n t\u1eeb, t\u1ea5u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn v\u1ebd ra m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng tr\u1eddi Nghi\u00eau Thu\u1ea5n tuy c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00edch h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft th\u00ec x\u1ee9 s\u1edf v\u1eabn c\u00f3 vua th\u00e1nh t\u00f4i hi\u1ec1n, lo cho d\u00e2n an c\u01b0 l\u1ea1c nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1n th\u00ec b\u00ecnh tr\u1ecb, c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o th\u00ec \u0111i ch\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p, bi\u1ebft bi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n, ti\u1ebft ph\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i&#8230; Khung tr\u1eddi an l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea3o v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e3i r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u00f3. Th\u00f3i quen n\u00f3i \u201cch\u1eef\u201d, n\u00f3i theo th\u1eddi th\u1ebf, th\u1eadt ra c\u0169ng che ch\u1eafn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u1ea5u xa, n\u00f3i nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u1ea5u nhi\u1ec1u chung quanh h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng quan Phan Th\u00fac Tr\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. Di Man r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ta. \u00dd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u0103ng Qu\u1ebf khi \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi v\u1ee5 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng 1858 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00ecnh, t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p x\u1ebfp \u00f4ng v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1i x\u1ea5u che \u0111\u1eady b\u00ean trong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f9n \u0111\u1ea9y ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, g\u00e1n cho nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ecdn D\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ef7\u201d. V\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 di man khi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn \u2013 th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u2013 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 toan t\u00ednh b\u00e0i b\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 trong cu\u1ed9c thi \u0110\u00ecnh 1847 c\u00f3 h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf \u201ctr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda nung nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 chi\u1ebfn, ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i n\u1ea5ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ec3 khi c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng v\u1eabn t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a c\u00f9ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1: Th\u00e2n Bao T\u01b0 k\u00eau kh\u00f3c \u1edf s\u00e2n T\u1ea7n, m\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng quan Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0 Gi\u1ea3n t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n \u0111i l\u00e0m \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c xa x\u00f4i, n\u01a1i ch\u1eafc \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed1n n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<p><em>M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1 trong cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn\/ho\u00e0 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft <\/em>Th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c <em>n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 Nghi \u0111\u00e3 g\u1edfi v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u0103n th\u01b0 qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa \u00f4ng v\u1edbi So\u00e1i ph\u1ee7 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n nh\u01b0ng nay th\u00ec ta ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi trong t\u1edd tr\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1edb ch\u1ee9ng li\u1ec7u v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t \u00edt g\u1ea7n tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u00f4ng gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0ng (m\u01b0\u1ee3n ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh: \u201ch\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u01b0\u201d) BAVH, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nay, c\u00e1c<\/em> Ch\u00e2u b\u1ea3n <em>l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh khu\u1ea5t l\u1ea5p, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ai khai th\u00e1c th\u00eam trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. N\u1ec1n s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ta ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay c\u0169ng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n kh\u1ed1, m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m gi\u1eef g\u00ecn th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch, ch\u1ee9ng li\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1eddi sau. Mu\u1ed9n m\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Ch\u00e2u b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 nay c\u0169ng b\u1ecb r\u01a1i r\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u. V\u00e0 h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1eeba qua. Nh\u1eefng phe th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i b\u1ecb hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf ch\u1ee9ng t\u00edch, ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec, ngay \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng ng\u0103n tr\u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u201cv\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m\u201d, g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng ch\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng t\u1eeb tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 d\u1ea5u t\u00edch v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a phe m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u. <\/em>Nh\u1eadt k\u00ed \u0110\u1eb7ng Thu\u1ef3 Tr\u00e2m <em>m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qua M\u0129, r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00fang lu\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u00f4 b\u00e1c s\u0129 ti\u1ec3u t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n kia ch\u1eafc c\u0169ng v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m thui th\u1ee7i \u1edf ngh\u0129a trang n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u00ean b\u1ec7nh x\u00e1, c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch bestseller \u201cm\u00e3i m\u00e3i tu\u1ed5i hai m\u01b0\u01a1i\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean phim \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0103n-ch\u1eafc. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee9 s\u00e1ch v\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c danh gia trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec v\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi r\u1ed5n r\u1ea3ng, x\u01b0ng t\u1ee5ng trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1i khung V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u2013 hay c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n mang t\u00ednh trung th\u1ef1c th\u00ec v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb \u201cy\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d, \u201cy\u00eau qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang\u201d \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thi\u00ean t\u00ednh th\u1ee9 hai \u1ea9n n\u1ea5p t\u1eeb trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i! Cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n : T\u1ea1i sao Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc x\u1ee9ng t\u1ea7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0110\u1ea1o ngh\u0129a l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb kinh s\u00e1ch tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ch\u00ea bai ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u00f4m \u1ea5p khi b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. C\u1ee9 ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t anh T\u00fa t\u00e0i m\u00f9, v\u0103n th\u01a1 tri\u1ebft l\u00ed th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh qu\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh qu\u0103ng ra gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng: \u201c\u0110\u00e2m m\u1ea5y th\u1eb1ng gian b\u00fat ch\u1eb3ng t\u00e0&#8230;\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1207,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[152,153],"tags":[396],"class_list":["post-16558","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoc-thuat","category-lich-su","tag-ta-chi-dai-truong"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16558","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1207"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16558"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16558\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":71655,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16558\/revisions\/71655"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16558"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16558"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16558"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}