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T\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Robbe-Grillet \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng; b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong b\u1ed9 ba t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft<\/i>, nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra, nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 mong mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Tinh th\u1ea7n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m chung gi\u1eefa Philippe Lejeune v\u00e0 Alain Robbe-Grillet, d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm t\u00ednh \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n
C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7: tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Robbe-Grillet ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Lejeune, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Theo \u00f4ng, t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu, l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 tham chi\u1ebfu. V\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \u201cT\u00f4i th\u1ec1 s\u1ebd n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt.\u201d [1]<\/a><\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ngay t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ba t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Robbe-Grillet \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5: c\u1ea3nh Henri de Corinthe t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfc g\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u. T\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u2026 Henri de Corinthe \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i c\u1ee7a con ng\u1ef1a cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea5t ng\u00e3 \u00f4ng ta v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c \u00f4ng ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 xoay x\u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1i v\u1eadt huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta s\u1ebd soi v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Sau nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, Henri de Corinthe c\u0169ng l\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o b\u1edd v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u00f3 g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb h\u00f4n th\u00ea, Marie-Ange, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t gi\u1edd l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u00e1y g\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng mang h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. Sjef Houppermans[2]<\/a> c\u00f3 l\u00fd khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng. T\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef c\u00e1c k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m, k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u1ecb nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft. Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh b\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh trong g\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ef1c ra nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh qua ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n, qua h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, qua k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng khi n\u00f3 mang h\u00ecnh b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c: ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Henri de Corinthe t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed9i \u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd anh ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i. V\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u n\u00e0y, anh ta tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh ra c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ee7a Corinthe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp: m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i \u00e1c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i trong gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1, do v\u1eady, \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tham chi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 trong truy\u1ec7n. Robbe-Grillet c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1eadt\u201d n\u00e0y: cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u01a1n, trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a Fran\u00e7ois Mauriac: \u201cCh\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i ; n\u00f3 h\u00e9 m\u1edf tr\u00ean cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda b\u00ed m\u1eadt qua \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n m\u00e0 anh ta ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft l\u00e9n nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o, ngo\u00e0i m\u1ecdi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.\u201d [3]<\/a> Robbe-Grillet c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c: h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi th\u00fa nh\u1eadn c\u1ed1 \u00fd. V\u1eady n\u00ean t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1n T\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/i>, Robbe-Grillet \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xem l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft. V\u1edbi \u00f4ng, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p, m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u00f4 danh. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp xem x\u00e9t m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng qua trung gian c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fac c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u1ea9n ng\u1ea7m \u201cl\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ?\u201d tr\u1edf n\u00ean quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u201cc\u1ee9u v\u00e3n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi\u201d [4]<\/a>, th\u00ec Robbe-Grillet vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00f4ng ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o \u201cc\u00e1i t\u00f4i\u201d c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Trong t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. Khi \u0111\u1ecdc xong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh dung t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00e2m l\u00fd\u2026 \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n dung trung th\u00e0nh, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf l\u00f4 gic v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. T\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n dung ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ef1c, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 theo m\u1eabu t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u1edf ngo\u00e0i v\u0103n b\u1ea3n (mod\u00e8le hors-texte), theo c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Lejeune. T\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1i \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n dung t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1edd l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng xung \u0111\u1ed9t. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Robbe-Grillet c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111ang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf trang 47 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n T\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1,<\/i> anh ta s\u1ebd ho\u00e0i nghi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u1ec7m sinh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 (kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a th\u1ee3 ti\u1ec7n trong nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Maschinenfabrik-Ausgsburg-N\u00fcrnberg, kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, v.v\u2026), v\u00ec t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng: \u201cNh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i r\u00f5 l\u00e0, kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y\u201d (TGTV, 47). S\u1ef1 th\u00fa nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh dung c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 tan th\u00e0nh m\u00e2y kh\u00f3i.<\/p>\n T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0m \u201cph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n\u201d ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t sau \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh, nh\u1eefng m\u1ea9u n\u1ed5i tr\u00f4i tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef. T\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt \u1edf t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i t\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u0129nh c\u1eedu: vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00f4i, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1ebd gi\u00fap n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i sau khi ch\u1ebft: \u201c \u2026 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft\u2026 k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u2013theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c – nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3.\u201d (TGTV, 27)<\/p>\n Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n th\u1ef1c ra c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 Robbe-Grillet c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1ng m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00f4ng: nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh suy s\u1ee5p c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn, v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t-x\u00edt\u2026Tuy nhi\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb ph\u1ea3i ra \u0111\u1eddi. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u201ch\u1eadu di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng\u201d [5]<\/a>. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc t\u1ea9y<\/i> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 Robbe-Grillet \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m Sophocle v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem Wallas nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a \u0152dipe. Nh\u1eefng \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Robbe-Grillet tho\u00e1t thai t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Sophocle. Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Robbe-Grillet, v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Wallas, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u0152dipe m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi anh ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Sophocle, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft \u201ccha \u0111\u1ebb\u201d c\u1ee7a anh ta, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201ccha \u0111\u1ebb\u201d \u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, \u201ck\u1ebb gi\u1ebft cha\u201d th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Trong s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean t\u1ea9y,<\/i> t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0152dipe \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u201cv\u1ee5 gi\u1ebft cha\u201d n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n vinh: ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u1edd v\u1eady m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u00eam.<\/p>\n D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u0169 nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00eam c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u0169. V\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft trong tinh th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y, kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u0169, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft\u2026K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n T\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, m\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u h\u1edf ho\u00e1c (organisation des b\u00e9ances) d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, Robbe-Grillet \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi Sophocle. \u00d4ng t\u1ef1 hu\u1ef7 v\u00e0 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed7ng, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 thi\u1ebfu khuy\u1ebft. Thi\u1ebfu khuy\u1ebft tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i: \u201cV\u1eady l\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ; h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, khi ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a\u201d [6]<\/a>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra v\u00e0 soi s\u00e1ng ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 che khu\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea5u \u0111i. Ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u1ea9n tr\u1ed1n gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, ch\u00fang lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thi\u1ebfu m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c. V\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00eau. Robbe-Grillet gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ecb th\u1ee3 th\u00eau, anh ta th\u00eau c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1ed7, c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ed7 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft s\u1ebd d\u1ec7t n\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c, nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9, nh\u1eefng k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m, nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 v\u0103n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n, \u0111\u1ee9t qu\u00e3ng, r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00f4 g\u00edc. S\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n c\u00f3 l\u00f4 g\u00edc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 : l\u00f4 g\u00edc c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed nh\u1edb v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch.<\/p>\n Trong T\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, <\/i>Robbe-Grillet \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaby c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft. T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0: \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. Vi\u1ebft, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t \u1ea9n ng\u1eef, \u1ea9n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu khuy\u1ebft l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee9t qu\u00e3ng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, n\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con qu\u1ef7 trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng. Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u. Thi\u1ebfu khuy\u1ebft tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeba v\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng[7]<\/a>. L\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft thi\u1ebfu khuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1eaby cho m\u1ecdi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed cho c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau th\u00edch c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a\u201d. Robbe-Grillet kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng khao kh\u00e1t hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 khao kh\u00e1t t\u1eb7ng cho v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u201cv\u00f4 t\u01b0\u201d n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7y lo \u00e2u, cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 \u201cv\u00f4 t\u01b0\u201d), v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho ph\u00e9p nh\u00e0 v\u0103n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n dang d\u1edf. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00fac n\u00e0o n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thi\u1ebfu khuy\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u00eau. Gi\u1eefa m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng kh\u00edt. Lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh trong kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady vi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eafc m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi, thay v\u00ec k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i hai b\u1edd c\u1ee7a v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n Trong ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn Nh\u1ecb ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh hai m\u1eb7t trong nh\u1eefng \u201ct\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft\u201d c\u1ee7a Robbe-Grillet<\/i>, Roger-Michel Allemand \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Robbe-Grillet \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong hai cu\u1ed1n T\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/i> v\u00e0 Ang\u00e9lique hay l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u<\/i>[8]<\/a> v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Philippe Lejeune. \u0110\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Robbe-Grillet, khi m\u00e0 Henri de Corinthe \u2013 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n \u2013 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a Robbe-Grillet, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt: \u201cT\u00f4i l\u00e0 ai\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cHenri de Corinthe l\u00e0 ai ?\u201d. Trong khi truy t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111i t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. D\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i v\u00e0 hai m\u1eb7t: Henri de Corinthe, b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ed1 – Gaston Robbe-Grillet -, b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 – Alain Robbe-Grillet -, b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong s\u1ef1 nh\u1ecb ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Gaston Robbe-Grillet v\u00e0 Henri Robin Robbe-Grillet. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 g\u1ecdi hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ed1 t\u00f4i\u201d, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u1ecd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, ng\u00e0y sinh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n Nh\u1ecb ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh hai m\u1eb7t khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00e2n dung t\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1edd, v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3. Trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a, b\u1edfi v\u00ec:<\/p>\n Khi t\u00f4i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1, t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n s\u1ee3 l\u00e0 s\u1ebd k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1edd m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua, v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0o t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5, m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t gi\u1ed1ng t\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00f4i.<\/i> (AHL\u0110KD, 28)<\/p>\n Truy t\u00ecm ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3n sao n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt m\u00e0 ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm.<\/p>\n T\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u0169ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u1ed7 t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u1edf gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eddi, khi m\u00e0, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, anh ta ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn h\u1ed3i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 bao qu\u00e1t. V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Philippe Lejeune nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Faulkner, Butor, Simon\u2026 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt. Khi t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00fac t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. T\u1ea1i sao t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ? V\u00ec: \u201cTa ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt n\u1ebfu ta \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ta.\u201d C\u00e2u n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Lejeune \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Robbe-Grillet d\u1eabn l\u1ea1i trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi<\/i>, d\u1eabn l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf n\u00f3. Quy t\u1eafc hi\u1ec3u c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u:<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean t\u00f4i, v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed1n <\/i>T\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, th\u00ec l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00f4i n\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/i>[9]<\/a> <\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1i m\u1edbi m\u00e0 Robbe-Grillet mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1eddi gian h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn h\u1ed3i c\u1ed1 hay l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf v\u00e0o \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i, hay l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ta t\u1eebng c\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 trong Ch\u00ednh Gradiva g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3<\/i> t\u1eebng n\u00f3i, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, nh\u1eb1m d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, ta vi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec ta \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u00ec ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh; m\u00e0 v\u00ec ta s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n T\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ch\u01b0a c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m m\u1edbi. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng ta, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi gi\u1ea5y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu. Robbe-Grillet vi\u1ebft T\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1<\/i> n\u0103m 1976, v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 2007. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i cu\u1ed1i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn h\u1ed3i c\u1ed1. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u00fd hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 trong hai c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i: \u201ct\u00f4i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u1eady ?\u201d, \u201ct\u00f4i \u0111ang l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u1eady ?\u201d<\/p>\n Trong cu\u1ed9c truy t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n lu\u00f4n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft cha, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c\u2026 \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i. N\u1ebfu t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng tham chi\u1ebfu trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u00ec d\u0129 nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i \u00e1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra, v\u00ec th\u1ebf tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. V\u00ec c\u00e1c tham chi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd:<\/p>\n T\u00f4i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng con qu\u1ef7 ban \u0111\u00eam, nh\u1eefng con qu\u1ef7 \u0111e do\u1ea1 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i l\u00fac t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 ch\u00fang c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0ng<\/i> [\u2026] m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1edd b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng : \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta <\/i>[\u2026] nh\u01b0ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ; v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1eeb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, l\u1eabn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u1ea9n d\u1ea5u trong \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00f4i, ho\u1eb7c trong gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i <\/i>[\u2026] V\u1eady n\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c truy t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3.<\/i> (TGTV,<\/i> 17-18)<\/i><\/p>\n T\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u1eb1m trong ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u00e0y. C\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u00f3, c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm n\u00f3. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n (souci de soi), m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y m\u00e0 Michel Foucault ph\u00e2n t\u00edch trong cu\u1ed1n Th\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3<\/i>[10]<\/a>. Foucault suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u, trong v\u00e0i n\u00e9t t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. \u00d4ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cb\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n\u201d, v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u201cch\u0103m lo cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n\u201d, v\u00e0 \u201clo l\u1eafng cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n\u201d. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hy l\u1ea1p: epimeleia heautou<\/i>; v\u00e0 n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua n\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft: \u201ch\u00e3y t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh\u201d (gn\u00f4ti seauton<\/i>). Foucault n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Delphes, kh\u1edfi thu\u1ef7 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi \u00fd ngh\u0129a, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0: s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n linh\u2026, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 c\u00f3.<\/p>\n Hai m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, theo Foucault, s\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u201ch\u00e3y bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u1ebf b\u1ed5 sung cho \u201cb\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n\u201d. N\u1ebfu m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung, th\u00ec m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung n\u00e0y v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u1ed7i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n Khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Socrate trong T\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n<\/i> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, Foucault nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Socrats trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 m\u00e0 th\u1ea7n linh giao ph\u00f3 cho \u00f4ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. Ngo\u00e0i ra n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 hi sinh : khi ch\u0103m lo cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i hy sinh nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng\u2026 Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Foucault nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00fac ta t\u1eeb gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec n\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u00edch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i day d\u1ee9t, v\u00e0 day d\u1ee9t l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 duy l\u00fd. \u00d4ng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, v\u1edbi Platon, Epicure, S\u00e9n\u00e8que, Epict\u00e8te, Plotin, Gr\u00e9goire de Nysse\u2026<\/p>\n Foucault th\u1eed gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec sao kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201ch\u00e3y t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh\u201d r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean, trong khi \u201cb\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n\u201d l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb th\u1edd \u01a1. L\u00fd do th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u201cb\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n\u201d ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i: m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3: \u201cch\u0103m s\u00f3c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n\u201d, \u201cch\u0103m ch\u00fat cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n\u201d, \u201ct\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ni\u1ec1m vui trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n\u201d, \u201ct\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n\u201d, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 g\u1ee3i l\u00ean cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. Ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u201cm\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ba hoa, m\u1ed9t mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng t\u1eed b\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n, s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u2013 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua n\u1ed5i\u201d [11]<\/a> ; ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ta th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 u s\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y kh\u00eau g\u1ee3i li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn: \u201cthu l\u1ea1i trong ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh\u201d, \u201c\u1ea9n n\u00e1u trong ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh\u201d, \u201ctr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i\u201d\u2026 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i, c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t, t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd trong khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec v\u1edbi Socrate, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. Ti\u1ebfp theo, l\u00fd do th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c : nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Socrat b\u1ecb coi nh\u1eb9 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ki t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng \u00edch k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd phi ki t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u2013 d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p, hay l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c\u201d[12]<\/a>. \u201cTh\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Descartes\u201d l\u00e0 l\u00fd do th\u1ee9 ba khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u201ch\u00e3y bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean so v\u1edbi \u201cb\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n\u201d, ngo\u00e0i ra theo Foucault \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. \u201cTh\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Descartes\u201d \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ebf tru\u1ea5t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cb\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n\u201d v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u201ch\u00e3y t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh\u201d. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Descartes, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Socrate th\u00e0nh \u201cm\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt\u201d. Tuy nhi\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn cho nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Socrate b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n Khi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i t\u01b0 duy nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, Foucault nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cth\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Descarte\u201d c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u201ctinh th\u1ea7n\u201d. Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tinh th\u1ea7n: ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban th\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, trong khi l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, s\u1ebd g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 thanh t\u0129nh.<\/p>\n \u201cTh\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Descartes\u201d l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00fac l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u00fac m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 duy nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi cho ph\u00e9p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u1edd h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft gia v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft gia v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. V\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh v\u00f4 t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng.<\/p>\n D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m di\u1ec5n ra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1t c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t; s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u00f4n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa tinh th\u1ea7n lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc trong su\u1ed1t m\u01b0\u1eddi hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 V \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 XVII ; v\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1t c\u1eaft d\u1ee9t \u0111i\u1ec3m. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u1edf m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/p>\n Theo nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a Foucault, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 trong quan ni\u1ec7m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00ab th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Descartes \u00bb, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tinh th\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Robbe-Grillet l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n Tr\u00edch t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1n \u201cAlain Robbe-Grillet: s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i\u201d, Daivietbooks & NXB H\u1ed9i Nh\u00e0 V\u0103n, 2009.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n —-<\/p>\n Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/p>\n – Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y tr\u00edch t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cT\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng-s\u1ef1-th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n\u201d, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt trong s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Robbe-Grillet, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 ba t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m mang t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt: \u201cT\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1\u201d, 1985, \u201cAng\u00e9lique hay \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u\u201d, 1988, v\u00e0 \u201cNh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Corinthe\u201d, 1994. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, r\u1eb1ng, Robbe-Grillet tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea9n tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng truy \u0111u\u1ed5i n\u00f3, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n n\u00f3. Khi g\u1ee3i l\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u00f4ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o cho ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i nguy c\u01a1 m\u00e0 Sartre g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cngu\u1ef5 t\u00edn\u201d (mauvaise foi): con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 t\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n [1]<\/a> Philippe Lejeune, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt, <\/i>s\u0111d, tr. 36<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> Sjef Houppermans, Alain Robbe-Grillet, nh\u00e0 t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt<\/i>, <\/b>Rodopi, Amsterdam-Atlanta, Ga, 1993<\/b><\/p>\n [3]<\/a> Fran\u00e7ois Mauriac, D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u00ab Nh\u1eefng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi\u00bb, trong cu\u1ed1n \u00ab C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt\u201d,<\/i> Gallimard, Pl\u00e9iade, 1990, tr.67<\/p>\n [4]<\/a> Alain Robbe-Grillet, k\u1ebb l\u1eef h\u00e0nh, <\/i>s\u0111d, tr. 295<\/p>\n [5]<\/a> Alain Robbe-Grillet, k\u1ebb l\u1eef h\u00e0nh, <\/i>s\u0111d, tr. 294<\/p>\n [6]<\/a> Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr.296<\/p>\n [7]<\/a> Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a<\/i> Marguerite Duras c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. Trong lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u ph\u00e1t tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i France Culture n\u0103m 2003, Robbe-Grillet \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft thi\u1ebfu khuy\u1ebft: c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng huy\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd. Theo c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. (Xem: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng<\/i>, in trong Alain Robbe-Grillet, l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 v\u0103n.<\/i>)<\/p>\n [8]<\/a> hai trong ba t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Allemand vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, n\u0103m 1991.<\/p>\n [9]<\/a> Alain Robbe-Grillet, l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 v\u0103n<\/i>, Seuil, 2005, tr. 159<\/p>\n [10]<\/a> Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Michel Foucault n\u0103m 1982, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, do nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Seuil v\u00e0 Gallimard \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 2001.<\/p>\n
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