{"id":10956,"date":"2010-02-23T01:05:00","date_gmt":"2010-02-23T01:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/archives\/10956"},"modified":"2022-02-27T01:41:24","modified_gmt":"2022-02-27T01:41:24","slug":"nghien-cuu-van-hoc-va-xa-hoi-dien-giai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/10956\/nghien-cuu-van-hoc-va-xa-hoi-dien-giai","title":{"rendered":"NGHIÊN C\u1ee8U V\u0102N H\u1eccC và XÃ H\u1ed8I DI\u1ec4N GI\u1ea2I"},"content":{"rendered":"

YVES CITTON <\/em>(1) — CH\u00c2N PH\u01af\u01a0NG d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/p>\n

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Cu\u1ed1i h\u00e8 2009 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed <\/em>LA QUINZAINE LITT\u00c9RAIRE (2) ra s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 <\/em>\u201c La Critique Litt\u00e9raire en question\u201d(Ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc) g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o, ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u0103n gia, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u1edf <\/em>Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 Marc Fumaroli, Jacques Dubois, Jean Bellemin-Noel, G\u00e9rard Dessons, Dominique Mainguenau\u2026
<\/em>B\u00e0i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/em> \u201cEtudes Litt\u00e9raires et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de l\u2019Interpr\u00e9tation\u201d c\u1ee7a Yves Citton n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1m k\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

  <\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c m\u00f4n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t ng\u00e3 r\u1ebd. V\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. Ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f2n ai ti\u1ebfc nu\u1ed1i c\u00e1i th\u1eddi khi th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ee9ng chung v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c? Ai m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i – nh\u1eefng ph\u1ebf t\u00edch l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 n\u1eb7ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00f5i nh\u00e2n gian th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n? <\/strong>(3)<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh\u201d , v\u1ec1 \u201csuy gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3\u201d, v\u1ec1 \u201cv\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00ec \u0103n li\u1ec1n (instantan\u00e9)\u201d \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 s\u00fang th\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng th\u1eb3ng n\u00f2ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 di v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u1ea1 m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 h\u00f4m nay, ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2100 hay 2050 ( v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1edbm h\u01a1n l\u00e0 2010) s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 \u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e1o, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o, ho\u1eb7c d\u00e0nh ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ee5c c\u00e1 nguy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0i b\u00e0i th\u01a1 Rimbaud hay m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Diderot.C\u00e1c m\u00f4n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 linh thi\u00eang h\u00f3a v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 tr\u00f2 d\u1ecb \u0111oan huy\u1ec5n ho\u1eb7c.<\/p>\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed1i b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 kho c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn v\u0103n c\u0169 c\u00e0ng? Li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau c\u00f3 ba \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 m\u1edf ra h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i kh\u00e1c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t ta n\u00ean nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c n\u1eb1m trong l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i m\u1edbi<\/em> ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eebng ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 20. C\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ed1ng so\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u201clao \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d,\u201cph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201d, \u201cth\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta tr\u1eadt nh\u1ecbp ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang (v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ebd) t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n tri th\u1ee9c<\/em>(capitalisme cognitive) \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh.(4) K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t s\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u00f4 g\u00edc c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng\/truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1i phi-v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t <\/em>( logique de la communication de l\u2019immat\u00e9riel); trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u01b0 th\u1eeba ( d\u01b0 th\u1eeba t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i do ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng) c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i to\u00e1n v\u1ec1 khan hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u00f9y v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd <\/em>(captation de l\u2019attention) h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t \u201c\u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eebng n\u00ean m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng tin theo c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c\u201d , \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin\u201d, \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t\u201d , th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi t\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u00f4g\u00edc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi. Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129 s\u00e1o m\u00f2n do m\u1ea5y t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u1ea5y chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn, \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111ang n\u1ed5i l\u00ean hi\u1ec7n gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c\u201d, \u201cth\u00f4ng tin\u201d, \u201ctruy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i<\/em> (interpretation). Theo \u0111\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh (ghi nh\u1edb, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a, sao ch\u00e9p, nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n-nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng), kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p cao c\u1ea5p, \u0111a chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch, gi\u00e0u s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn, <\/em>ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu mang t\u00ednh d\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng<\/em> (une activit\u00e9 \u00e9minemment complexe, multidimensionnelle, inventive <\/em>et essentiellement projective<\/em>). M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc<\/em> c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n (\u201cth\u00f4ng tin\u201d), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/em> ch\u00fang (\u201cki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c\u201d), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t<\/em> ch\u00fang (\u201ctruy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng\u201d) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i<\/em> ch\u00fang \u2013 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 suy t\u01b0<\/em> tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00ednh th\u00edch \u1ee9ng <\/em>v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch <\/em>v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngh\u0129a l\u00fd, n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/em> v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n (r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir<\/em> en termes de pertinence <\/em>et de style <\/em>sur la signification, les connotations, la valeur <\/em>et l\u2019applicabilit\u00e9<\/em> d\u2019un ensemble de signes dans le cadre d\u2019une pratique et d\u2019une situation donn\u00e9es).<\/p>\n

Sau c\u00f9ng n\u00ean c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1ed9ng ra — c\u00e1c \u201ckhoa nh\u00e2n v\u0103n\u201d — t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa nh\u1ea5t. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb\/\u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac (\u00e9conomie de l\u2019attention et des affects), c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 phong c\u00e1ch, ngh\u0129a l\u00fd, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f9ng t\u00ednh th\u00edch \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u1ea3 hai vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 hoa ti\u00eau trong m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, l\u00e0m sao kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec gi\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3ng kh\u00f3a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u1eb1m ngay t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m sinh t\u1eed nh\u1ea5t<\/em> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta? Thay v\u00ec ch\u1ecbu chung b\u1ea3n \u00e1n v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb v\u1ee9t v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 kho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00e1c m\u00f4n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng ngay trung t\u00e2m<\/em> c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, khi m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea5y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ecbp v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi y\u00eau s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi gi\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c suy x\u00e9t v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Kh\u00f4ng x\u1ebfp c\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng c\u00e1c \u201cb\u1ed9 m\u00f4n\u201d (discipline) kh\u00e1c (\u0111ang c\u00f2n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc hay c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh nghi\u00eam t\u00fac th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng), c\u00e1c m\u00f4n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3 phi chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh (une plate-forme indisciplinaire)<\/em> c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 li\u00ean k\u1ebft, h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, l\u00e0m b\u1eadt tung v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4i (faire rebondir et bifurquer) c\u00e1c tri ki\u1ebfn b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n \u201ckhoa h\u1ecdc\u201d. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y: kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/em> (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3) m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 g\u1ee3i t\u01b0\u1edfng\/suggestivit\u00e9<\/em> (n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 kh\u00e1c).<\/p>\n

Sau ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eafng th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a duy s\u1eed lu\u1eadn \/historicisme ( nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fac ng\u1ed9t ng\u1ea1t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng cho h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n (v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c phi-v\u0103n h\u1ecdc) ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e3 r\u1ebd: b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ec1n n\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m\/th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng (savoir positiviste) \u0111ang d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i b\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; b\u00ean tr\u00e1i l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng phi chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ho\u1ea1t kh\u1edfi\/lectures actualisantes l\u1ea5y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u00ednh v\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i cho c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch C.P.<\/strong>, Xu\u00e2n Canh D\u1ea7n, Cambridge, Massachusetts.<\/p>\n

 <\/em><\/p>\n

CH\u00da TH\u00cdCH<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Sinh n\u0103m 1962 \u1edf Gen\u00e8ve, nay l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stendhal-Grenoble, Yves Citton l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t rising star<\/em> v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. Chuy\u00ean tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 tu\u1edfng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 Khai S\u00e1ng Ph\u00e1p v\u1eeba l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 Spinoza, \u00f4ng v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. B\u00e0i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u1eafn \u201cNghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i\u201d t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ea5y n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y LIRE,INTERPR\u00c9TER,ACTUALISER,<\/em> Paris, Ed. Amsterdam,2007.<\/p>\n

2. Do nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p Maurice Nadeau s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng La Quinzaine Litt\u00e9raire (B\u00e1n Nguy\u1ec7t San V\u0103n H\u1ecdc)<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb h\u01a1n b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m qua b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 Critique, Esprit, Magazine Litt\u00e9raire, Le D\u00e9bat, Les Temps Modernes, Nouvelle Revue Francaise\u2026<\/em>Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ,t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u00e1ch khoa v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

3. \u0110o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ban bi\u00ean t\u1eadp La Quinzaine Litt\u00e9raire <\/em>cho b\u00e0i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Yves Citton. M\u1ea5y \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1c quan n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n khoa v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t sinh vi\u00ean, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c suy tho\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u-M\u1ef9. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111en t\u1ed1i h\u01a1n \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 , n\u01a1i m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecf (trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0i ba ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u00f4 la m\u1ed7i n\u0103m) c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 huynh tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 English Studies, <\/em>ho\u1eb7c Comparative Literature\u2026<\/em>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed The American Scholar <\/em>(m\u00f9a thu 2009) v\u1eeba \u0111\u0103ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a William M. Chace, \u201cThe Decline of the English Department\u201d<\/strong> ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u1edf M\u1ef9 \u0111ang xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p (decline) c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u1eabn s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh vi\u00ean. S\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng trong h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t ng\u00e2n qu\u0129 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111ang k\u00e9o c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n khoa Anh v\u0103n v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i v\u0103n \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

4. Capitalisme cognitive<\/em><\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc m\u00e1c x\u00edt Ph\u00e1p, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u1eeb knowledge economy<\/em><\/strong> \u1edf M\u1ef9. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cao c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y nay, li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m nh\u01b0 trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tin h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

5. T\u1eebng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u1edf M\u1ef9 ( t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale v\u00e0 Pittsburg), Citton \u0111\u1ec1 ra m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p m\u1edbi cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc (reader-response v\u00e0 reception), m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p minh gi\u1ea3i lu\u1eadn (herm\u00e9neutique) c\u1ee7a Gadamer v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i (interpretive community) c\u1ee7a Stanley Fish, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb Ecole de Gen\u00e8ve(Poulet, Starobinsky\u2026)v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Barthes trong kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111ang g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfng vang trong h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, Lire, Interpr\u00e9ter, Actualiser,<\/em><\/strong> Pourquoi les \u00c9tudes Litt\u00e9raires? <\/em>v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m then ch\u1ed1t lecture actualisante.<\/em>C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ho\u1ea1t kh\u1edfi (lecture actualisante) l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1eb1ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7m sinh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc minh gi\u1ea3i m\u00e0 Yves Citton \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 ontologie herm\u00e9neutique,<\/em> khi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng c\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch xuy\u00ean qua n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c trang vi\u1ebft ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u \u00fd ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e3 r\u1ebd: b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ec1n n\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m\/th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng (savoir positiviste) \u0111ang d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i b\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; b\u00ean tr\u00e1i l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng phi chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ho\u1ea1t kh\u1edfi \/lectures actualisantes l\u1ea5y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh l\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ea5t ….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1501,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,26,25,42],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10956","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-dich-thuat","category-nhan-dinh","category-sang-viet-ngu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10956","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1501"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10956"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10956\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":55614,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10956\/revisions\/55614"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10956"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10956"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10956"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}