{"id":10641,"date":"2010-01-20T01:20:00","date_gmt":"2010-01-20T01:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/archives\/10641"},"modified":"2019-02-27T06:44:54","modified_gmt":"2019-02-27T06:44:54","slug":"huong-ve-haiti-vai-net-ve-lich-su-am-nhac-nghe-thuat-va-van-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/10641\/huong-ve-haiti-vai-net-ve-lich-su-am-nhac-nghe-thuat-va-van-hoc","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 Haiti – Vài nét v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, âm nh\u1ea1c, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, và v\u0103n h\u1ecdc"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Tap-Tap\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Jan Sochor, H\u00ecnh ch\u1ee5p c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng xe \u0111\u00f2 tap tap (xe \u0111\u00f2 Haiti v\u1ebd h\u00ecnh s\u1eb7c s\u1ee1) <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Junot Diaz b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quy\u1ec3n truy\u1ec7n d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Pulitzer, Cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1eddi Ng\u1eafn Ng\u1ee7i Tuy\u1ec7t V\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Oscar Wao<\/em>, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t giai tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 fuk\u00fa. Fuk\u00fa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd b\u1ecb kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1eddi. Tuy quy\u1ec3n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf x\u1ee9 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Dominic nh\u01b0ng Dominic v\u00e0 Haiti l\u00e0 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng c\u00f9ng c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o Hispaniola. T\u00f9y th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m, c\u00f3 l\u00fac c\u1ea3 hai qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng chung s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb Hoa K\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng, v\u00e0 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i giai tho\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 giai tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Anacaona. C\u00e1i fuk\u00fa m\u00e0 Junot Diaz n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e8 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Dominic. N\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean tr\u00e0n qua b\u00ean x\u1ee9 l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Haiti v\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3 t\u00e1c y\u00eau t\u00e1c qu\u00e1i l\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n. Haiti l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n Caribbean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y trung b\u00ecnh chi ph\u00ed cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn hai \u0111\u00f4 la. V\u00ec fuk\u00fa, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin v\u00e0o fuk\u00fa, v\u1eadn v\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c gia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Haiti \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u tai \u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1ecb T\u00e2y Ban Nha b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t r\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec1n tay qua Ph\u00e1p, Hoa K\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng, b\u1ecb cai tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u0103m 2004, b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n b\u1ecb b\u00e3o l\u1ee5t n\u0103m 2008, v\u00e0 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Port-Au-Prince, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Haiti.<\/p>\n

Columbus kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea3o Hispaniola v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1492 v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Haiti chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Hispaniola, l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec trong qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Greater Antilles. Th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf tr\u00ean qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Taino Indian, n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Arawakan. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Taino s\u1ed1ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3o bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng m\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01a1i xa l\u1ea1 l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu thu\u1ed1c men. Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u0169ng gi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Taino b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft h\u1ecd l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n Taino d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c khai th\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, m\u1ecf v\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e3 mang n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1eeb Phi ch\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3o. Cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1510 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea3o Hispaniola. H\u1ecd tr\u1ed3ng thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1660 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha. N\u0103m 1697 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Ryswick chia c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea3o Hispaniola. Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 1\/3 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Saint- Domingue hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 Haiti. N\u0103m 1790 Saint-Domingue l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u00e0 indigo. Vua Louis XIV cho th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n

\"Haiti<\/a><\/p>\n

D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean Ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p ra \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1789, d\u00e2n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 Phi ch\u00e2u tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o tranh \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00f2i t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean, t\u1eeb 1791 cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1803. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Haiti, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb. Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd b\u1ecb chia ra nhi\u1ec1u giai c\u1ea5p g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do da m\u00e0u \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 da \u0111en \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Phi ch\u00e2u. Giai c\u1ea5p n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 da \u0111en c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t, b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt n\u00ean c\u00f3 con s\u1ed1 t\u1eed vong r\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n m\u00eda th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung b\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Phi ch\u00e2u. N\u0103m 1793 chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p x\u1ea3y ra. N\u0103m 1794, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o r\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, trong khi s\u1ed1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f4ng g\u1ea5p t\u00e1m l\u1ea7n d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 giai c\u1ea5p cai tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi sinh m\u1ea1ng, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n da tr\u1eafng, Ph\u00e1p tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u v\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 t\u1eed vong r\u1ea5t cao, 100,000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en v\u00e0 24,000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng. Tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Haiti b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 mulattoes, c\u00f3 m\u00e0u da tr\u1eafng h\u01a1n do s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n da tr\u1eafng, n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Haiti trong cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Toussaint L\u2019Ouverture.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1804 \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng Dessalines, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Haiti, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ra l\u1ec7nh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u00e2m m\u01b0u t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3. Dessalines \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t n\u0103m 1806. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y b\u1ecb chia l\u00e0m hai ph\u1ea7n Christophe chi\u1ebfm ph\u00eda B\u1eafc v\u00e0 P\u00e9tion bi\u1ebfn mi\u1ec1n Nam th\u00e0nh C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Haiti. P\u00e9tion t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 khi \u00f4ng ch\u1ebft ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Jean Pierre Boyer. Khi Christophe qua \u0111\u1eddi, Boyer th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Haiti v\u00e0 gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 n\u0103m 1843. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh Boyer \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n ti\u1ec1n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 n\u00e0y \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i vay ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia Haiti ph\u1ea3i mang n\u1ee3. Trong 200 n\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Haiti b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00e1nh thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 32 l\u1ea7n. Quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb trong n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i phi\u1ec7t ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c, Hoa K\u1ef3, Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m 1912 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Syrians s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Haiti d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00e1nh ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y c\u1ea3 dinh T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. Nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp ti\u1ec1n trong ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Haiti. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch l\u01b0u vong Haiti \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y. Th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang n\u0103m 1914, Anh, \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed5 Th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n l\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Haiti b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Hoa K\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng Haiti t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1915 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1934. Charlemagne P\u00e9ralte l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 cacos, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng n\u00e0y. Thi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng Hoa K\u1ef3 George Barnett cho ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra l\u1eddi vu c\u00e1o l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i l\u00ednh Th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n l\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea3o. \u00d4ng ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u00e0 3250 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 98 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady n\u00e0y. N\u0103m 1922, Hoa K\u1ef3 gi\u00fap x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng 1600 k\u00ed l\u00f4 m\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, gai s\u1ee3i, v\u00e0 b\u00f4ng v\u1ea3i. Tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00ec Haiti b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Kho\u1ea3ng 40,000 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Haiti \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi Cuba t\u1eeb 1913 \u0111\u1ebfn 1931. N\u0103m 1932 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Roosevelt ra l\u1ec7nh r\u00fat qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 ra kh\u1ecfi Haiti. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n x\u1ee9 Haiti gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u0169, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c gia sau khi M\u1ef9 r\u00fat qu\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi Haiti. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t l\u00e0 sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Haiti c\u00f3 v\u1ebb s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a h\u01a1n tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0a Haiti \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 suy s\u1ee5p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Haiti v\u00e0 Dominic, m\u00e0 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang tranh gi\u00e0nh, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Dominic cho Haiti. Sau khi Hoa K\u1ef3 r\u00fat qu\u00e2n, n\u0103m 1937 Trujillo, nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Dominic xua qu\u00e2n tr\u00e0n qua qua bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Haiti. Trong ba ng\u00e0y qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Dominic \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft t\u1eeb 10,000 \u0111\u1ebfn 20,000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Haiti trong cu\u1ed9c t\u00e0n s\u00e1t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c Parsley. Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1eddi Ng\u1eafn Ng\u1ee7i Tuy\u1ec7t V\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Oscar Wao, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Junot Diaz c\u0169ng bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1eaft \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i t\u00e0n \u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec3u trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Dominic v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Haiti.<\/p>\n

Haiti nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Ayiti c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00fai cao do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Taino \u0111\u1eb7t cho v\u00f9ng n\u00fai \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Hispaniola. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Haiti l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p, Phi ch\u00e2u, Taino, v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Tranh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Haiti n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi m\u00e0u s\u1eafc linh \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vodou. N\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Phi ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 theo ch\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn Hispaniola t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15, Haiti l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. V\u1ec1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Jean-Michel Basquiat, Saincilus Ismael, v\u00e0 D\u00e9louis Jean-Luis l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u. John James Audubon, nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1ecda s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, sinh n\u0103m 1875 \u1edf Les Cayes, Saint-Domingue, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng s\u01b0u t\u1eadp, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i chim \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c B\u1eafc M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

N\u1ec1n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Haiti ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi qua nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c di d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh n\u1ec1n \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c Ph\u00e1p, nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Haiti c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1ea1c T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111i qua ng\u00f5 Cuba v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Dominic. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Haiti g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c t\u1eeb t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng vodou v\u00e0 Compas l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea1c merengue r\u1ea5t th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh. Lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 meringue \u1edf C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Dominic. D\u00f2ng nh\u1ea1c n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i T\u00e2y Ban Nha tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t M\u1ef9. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c hip hop n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 Wyclef Jean.<\/p>\n

Haiti s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef v\u00e0 Creyol. Do t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1ea5t an ng\u01b0\u1eddi Haiti s\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u l\u1ea1c \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, Canada, Cuba, Dominic, Turks v\u00e0 Caicos, Venezuela, France, French Antilles, French Guiana. Michaelle Jean, Governor General of Canada l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n Haiti \u0111\u1ebfn Canada khi 11 tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 Alexandre Dumas, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 Ba Ch\u00e0ng Ng\u1ef1 L\u00e2m<\/em> v\u00e0 B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc Monte Cristo<\/em>, c\u00f3 m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Haiti v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en cho d\u00f9 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1eeda d\u00f2ng m\u00e1u Ph\u00e1p. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 Ba 12 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang n\u0103m 2010 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u0103n t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Haiti \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Georges Anglade. Theo tri\u1ebft gia v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn gia John Ralston Saul, Georges Anglade l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng minh \u0111\u00e1ng qu\u00ed tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn tranh \u0111\u1ea5u cho t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 gh\u00ea g\u1edbm khi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ti\u00ean phong \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Haiti v\u00e0 Canada, Anglade c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Quebec \u1edf Montreal. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia Haiti c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i, Georges Anglade l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa c\u1ea3 hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Haiti v\u00e0 Canada, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i lodyan<\/em>, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn, t\u00f9y b\u00fat, hay thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh, ng\u1eafn, kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i, th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn, v\u00e0 d\u1eef d\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng lodyan<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 Castro, \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ai ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1, tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec, v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 cho ai, \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m Cuba c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng Cuba c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Canada. Anglade l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho qu\u1ed1c gia Haiti. B\u1ecb t\u00f9 n\u0103m 1974, b\u1ecb l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y xa x\u1ee9 hai l\u1ea7n, s\u1ed1ng hai n\u01a1i Canada v\u00e0 Haiti, tham gia n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c Haiti v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 x\u00e2y \u0111\u1ef1ng PEN- Haiti v\u00e0 PEN-Quebec k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Haiti. M\u1ea5t \u00f4ng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i l\u1edbn lao cho Haiti v\u00e0 Canada.<\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Haiti l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u, tranh \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 no c\u01a1m \u1ea5m \u00e1o. B\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng, b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c r\u00fat lui l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n Haiti tr\u01a1 x\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa Haiti g\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eady, tuy thoi th\u00f3p nh\u01b0ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i. Madison Smartt Bell, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 d\u1ea1y m\u00f4n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Goucher (ti\u1ec3u bang Maryland) v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Haiti d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Toussaint L\u2019Ouverture, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a Haiti sau tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng \u1edf Haiti kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o ch\u1ebft th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3. H\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8 b\u1eb9p h\u01a1i th\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t v\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t v\u00ec h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u1edf trong tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1eeba qua, s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch theo quan ni\u1ec7m Vodou c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Haiti, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1. Linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Haiti \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft – sa nou pa we yo, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u2013 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ra \u0111i nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng k\u1ec1 c\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng, v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi song song \u1edf b\u00ean kia c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o, ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, hay ch\u1ec9 \u1edf ph\u00eda sau b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u1ea5m m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 che ch\u1eafn c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 (tr\u00edch t\u1eeb Haiti in Ink and Tears- A Literary Sampler<\/em> (Haiti Trong M\u1ef1c v\u00e0 Nu\u1edbc M\u1eaft \u2013 M\u1ed9t M\u1eabu V\u0103n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>) \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean t\u1edd New York Times<\/em>).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"edwidge<\/a><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Edwidge Danticat<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Haiti \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Edwidge Danticat. Sinh ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang n\u0103m 1969 b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn Brooklyn n\u0103m 12 tu\u1ed5i, \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 v\u1edbi b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e3 di d\u00e2n t\u1eeb m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Edwidge Danticat b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u tay c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 d\u00e0nh cho thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi \u1ea5y. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Haiti \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a g\u00e0 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Breath, Eyes, Memory<\/em> (H\u01a1i Th\u1edf, M\u1eaft v\u00e0 K\u00fd \u1ee8c<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Oprah\u2019s Book Club gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u. Quy\u1ec3n Krik? Krak!<\/em> v\u00e0o chung k\u1ebft v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n The Farming Bones<\/em> (X\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ea7y<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng the National Book Award. B\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a\u00a0 McArthur Foundation.<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec3n h\u1ed3i k\u00fd Brother, I\u2019m Dying<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng National Book Critics Circle Award n\u0103m 2008. Trong quy\u1ec3n h\u1ed3i k\u00fd n\u00e0y (xin t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch Em \u01a1i, anh \u0111ang ch\u1ebft d\u1ea7n m\u00f2n<\/em>) nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 81 tu\u1ed5i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1c, Joseph, n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i b\u00e0, l\u00fac \u1ea5y m\u1edbi 2 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 em trai c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 trong khi b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 b\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf M\u1ef9. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Danticat, \u00f4ng b\u00e1c n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. V\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c s\u01b0, n\u0103m 2004 \u00f4ng t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n sang M\u1ef9 v\u00ec b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u00ednh m\u1ec7nh. Tuy c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y th\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh h\u1eb3n hoi, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c men v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nghi ng\u1edd \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n. \u00d4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi trong l\u00fac b\u1ecb giam. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Yvonne Zipp, trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cN\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 tuy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m \u1ea5m l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Brother, I\u2019m Dying<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eefng s\u1edd kinh ng\u1ea1c. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec3n truy\u1ec7n d\u00e0i r\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t The Dew Breaker<\/em> (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e1nh V\u1ee1 Gi\u1ecdt S\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>) b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 2004, Danticat d\u00f9ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a di s\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c gia. Tuy th\u1ebf, b\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 gi\u1eadn d\u1eef cay \u0111\u1eafng \u2013 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi \u2013 ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1c b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed khi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y gi\u1eadn s\u00f4i gan. \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n h\u1ed3i k\u00fd n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a cha v\u00e0 b\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00f3 c\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho c\u1ea3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u201d<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a CNN b\u00e0 cho bi\u1ebft v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft tin t\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ed3ng sau v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. B\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u201cr\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u00f4i c\u0169ng m\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c gia t\u00f4i\u201d v\u00ec ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Haiti l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft g\u00e2y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh.\u201d<\/p>\n

Edwidge Danticat n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ki\u00ean tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Haiti nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Haiti c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u1eadt \u00fd (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) v\u1ec1 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Nou led, Nou la. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i x\u1ea5u x\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y trong phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Haiti, c\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Haiti quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn nhan s\u1eafc. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ca ng\u1ee3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, cho d\u00f9 tr\u1ea3i qua bao nhi\u00eau ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef khi h\u1ecd ch\u00e0o nhau \u1edf nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00ea b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef n\u00e0y, tinh t\u00fay c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng khi kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, c\u1ea3 hai x\u1ee9 Haiti v\u00e0 Dominic \u0111\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 Anacaona, b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh \u0110\u00f3a Hoa V\u00e0ng[1]<\/a>. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Indian \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Anacaona l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Caonabo, m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m caciques<\/em> (tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f9ng ) \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o Hispaniola v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ckh\u00e1m ph\u00e1.\u201d Theo Bartolom\u00e9 de l\u00e1 Casas, b\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef r\u1ea5t th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh, r\u1ea5t qu\u00fd ph\u00e1i; c\u1eed ch\u1ec9, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng.\u201d Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c, ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn h\u01a1n. B\u00e0 ta r\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, v\u00e0 can \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn s\u0129. Khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tainos, h\u1ecd gi\u1ebft ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a Anacaona tr\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u1eef chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, b\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi d\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u t\u00e0n s\u00e1t h\u1ebft t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. L\u00fac b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, Anacaona c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1eed thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: \u201cGi\u1ebft ch\u00f3c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e1ng ca ng\u1ee3i, b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c danh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Xin h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng nhau x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00f9ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y.\u201d Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha ch\u1eb3ng mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y c\u1ea7u y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c x\u1eed \u00e1n gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o, h\u1ecd treo c\u1ed5 Anacaona \u1edf Santo Domingo d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong quy\u1ec3n Cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1eddi Ng\u1eafn Ng\u1ee7i Tuy\u1ec7t V\u1eddi<\/em> c\u1ee7a Oscar Wao c\u1ee7a Junot Diaz).<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nhi\u1ec1u, tai \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng l\u1eafm, \u0111\u00f4i khi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Haiti b\u1ecb d\u1ed3n v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n<\/em>:
\n<\/strong>T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb Wikipedia, Democracynow.org, theglobeandmail.com, The New York Times, cnn.com, v\u00e0 csmonitor.com.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Hoa b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng, Golden Flower, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Haiti c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u1eadt \u00fd (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) v\u1ec1 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Nou led, Nou la. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i x\u1ea5u x\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef khi h\u1ecd ch\u00e0o nhau \u1edf nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00ea b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef n\u00e0y, tinh t\u00fay c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n, chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn nhan s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":714,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,153,183,177],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10641","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-lich-su","category-nhan-van","category-van-hoa"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10641","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/714"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10641"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10641\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":53250,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10641\/revisions\/53250"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10641"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10641"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10641"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}