{"id":104885,"date":"2026-01-30T09:46:13","date_gmt":"2026-01-30T09:46:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damau.org\/?p=104885"},"modified":"2026-02-05T01:42:00","modified_gmt":"2026-02-05T01:42:00","slug":"nguyen-anh-va-su-kien-tao-dan-toc-viet-nam-mot-doi-thoai-tu-ly-luan-cua-stalin-ky-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/104885\/nguyen-anh-va-su-kien-tao-dan-toc-viet-nam-mot-doi-thoai-tu-ly-luan-cua-stalin-ky-1","title":{"rendered":"Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam – m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i t\u1eeb l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Stalin (k\u1ef3 1)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam – m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i t\u1eeb l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Stalin<\/strong><\/p>\n

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“Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh — \u201ck\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i\u201d trong huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng — nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Stalin, \u00f4ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m n\u00ean d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 \u201ccon c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi\u201d, \u201cvua c\u1ee7a c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d<\/em>1<\/sup><\/strong>, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7y ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd \u2013 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

T\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/strong><\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a r\u00e0nh r\u1ecdt h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 Gia Long v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n. \u00d4ng t\u1eeb k\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua khai qu\u1ed1c, m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3: \u201ct\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c ngo\u1ea1i bang, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed quay l\u01b0ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u0169 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t \u2026\u201d<\/em>2<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh (vua Gia Long) b\u1ecb bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u2013 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem \u00f4ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u201cph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c coi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t giang s\u01a1n\u201d. Thay v\u00ec ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i hai c\u1ef1c \u1ea5y, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn: Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh \u201cph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d, khi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u2013 theo ngh\u0129a Marxism \u2013 ch\u01b0a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i TK XVIII? C\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u201cD\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d c\u1ee7a Joseph Stalin (1913) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Marxism and the National Question.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a J. Stalin, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed1i s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi l\u00fd lu\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ernest Renan, Benedict Anderson, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ernest Gellner, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Anthony D. Smith v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn L\u00e0ng \u2013 Li\u00ean L\u00e0ng \u2013 Si\u00eau L\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Gs H\u00e0 V\u0103n T\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII\u2013\u0111\u1ea7u XIX v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Joseph Stalin (1913), c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c l\u00fd lu\u1eadn kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: (1) Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1802 m\u1edbi \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n S\u1eafc t\u1ed9c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c b\u1ec1 ngang<\/em>. (2) kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u201cchi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c<\/em>\u201d trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam trung \u0111\u1ea1i. (3) c\u1ea3 phong tr\u00e0o T\u00e2y S\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cd\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111o\u1ea1t thi\u00ean m\u1ec7nh \u2013 thi\u00ean h\u1ea1. (4) c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1802 m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam theo ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Stalin.<\/p>\n

D\u1eabn lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng vua Gia Long (Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh) l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed dai d\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng k\u1ebft \u00e1n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebb “ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c” (r\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1ea1i bang can thi\u1ec7p n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9), l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho vi\u1ec7c “ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c th\u1eafng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c”<\/em>. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eeb sau n\u0103m 1986 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabu c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 “v\u1ecb vua khai qu\u1ed1c”, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t giang s\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. Tuy gi\u1edbi h\u00e0n l\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 c\u1edfi m\u1edf, nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c: Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. <\/em><\/p>\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i hai c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp tr\u00ean, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, mang t\u00ednh ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn: Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi “ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c” khi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (Nation) \u2013 hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u2013 ch\u01b0a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3 (cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX)?<\/em><\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ecdn l\u00fd lu\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Joseph Stalin kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Stalin kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

L\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Joseph Stalin (1913) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong Marxism and the National Question<\/em>. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p chuy\u1ec3n cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c sang ph\u00e2n t\u00edch khoa h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u01b0: kinh t\u1ebf, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Ernest Renan, Benedict Anderson, Ernest Gellner, hay Anthony D. Smith c\u00f9ng ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u201cL\u00e0ng \u2013 Li\u00ean L\u00e0ng \u2013 Si\u00eau L\u00e0ng\u201d c\u1ee7a Gs H\u00e0 V\u0103n T\u1ea5n. Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u th\u1eddi Trung \u0111\u1ea1i (nh\u01b0 Lam S\u01a1n Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c<\/em>, Kh\u00e2m \u0110\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed<\/em>, L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u t\u1ea1p k\u1ef7, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c, <\/em>H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Pierre Poivre t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong\u2026<\/em>). Th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc: Qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c b\u1ec1 ngang, Pre-Nation v\u00e0 Nation.<\/p>\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i m\u1edf t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng tr\u0103n tr\u1edf\/\u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed1i, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 Gs. Phan Huy L\u00ea. Gs t\u1eebng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eebng “v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u1ea1m nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c”<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eadp trung gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft 5 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n

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  1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c: t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng trong v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn H\u00e1n, t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean Latinh, H\u00e1n – Nh\u1eadt, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i s\u00e1nh v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/li>\n
  2. Cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam ra \u0111\u1eddi khi n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Marxism<\/li>\n
  3. Kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1o gi\u00e1c Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/li>\n
  4. Th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: \u0110\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Stalin \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, \u1edf v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh.<\/li>\n
  5. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 Xung \u0111\u1ed9t: Qua c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Trung \u0111\u1ea1i (Lam S\u01a1n, T\u00e2y S\u01a1n) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t\u2014kinh t\u1ebf (g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng t\u00f4 thu\u1ebf, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng “gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c” tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n
  6. Gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ea3i huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o h\u1eadu k\u1ef3, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u00e0i “H\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e1nh Thanh” (v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u th\u01a1 \u0110\u00e1nh cho \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0i t\u00f3c\/\u0111\u00e1nh cho \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111en r\u0103ng<\/em>) th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Nho s\u0129 n\u0103m 1922, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1eed li\u1ec7u th\u1eddi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    T\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: Vua Gia Long, th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf chung n\u0103m 1802, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. L\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c – nh\u1eefng soi chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam trung \u0111\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      1.1 T\u1eeb nguy\u00ean D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb ph\u00eda ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 \u2013 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. V\u00e0o k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean Minh Tr\u1ecb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb d\u00e2n (\u6c11) v\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u1ed9c (\u65cf) \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef Nation. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (Nation) truy\u1ec1n sang Trung Hoa, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb Trung Hoa theo T\u00e2n th\u01b0 v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t m\u1edbi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u1eadn ra \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam (ho\u1eb7c An Nam). Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

      V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean. T\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Nation \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Latinh l\u00e0 natio. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chung ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p d\u00e2n ch\u00fang chung xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n danh t\u01b0\u1edbng \u2013 ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 Julius Caesar khi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gaul \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cTo\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gauls \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nghi l\u1ec5 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u2026<\/em>\u201d3<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

      Trong v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn c\u1ed5 Trung Hoa, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (\u6c11\u65cf) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng theo ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Trong b\u00e0i \u201cDi H\u1ea1 Lu\u1eadn\u201d (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ti\u00eau T\u1eed Hi\u1ec3n ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i trong Nam T\u1ec1 Th\u01b0), C\u1ed1 Hoan \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201cKim ch\u01b0 hoa s\u0129 n\u1eef d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch nhi l\u1ed9 th\u1ee7 thi\u00ean c\u1ee9\u201d<\/em>4<\/sup><\/strong> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: \u201cNay c\u00e1c nam n\u1eef qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ea7n ng\u1ed3i nghi\u00eang l\u1ec7ch\u201d. \u00dd c\u1ee7a Ti\u00eau T\u1eed Hi\u1ec3n ch\u00ea k\u1ebb c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa gi\u1edd l\u1ea1i theo phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ea7n, ng\u1ed3i nghi\u00eang ng\u1ea3 x\u00f4 l\u1ec7ch. Trong Th\u00e1i B\u1ea1ch \u00c2m Kinh c\u1ee7a L\u00fd To\u00e0n, c\u00f3 c\u00e2u: \u201cK\u1ebb ngu si m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3, s\u1ebd l\u00e0m nghi\u00eang \u0111\u1ed5 t\u00f4ng mi\u1ebfu x\u00e3 t\u1eafc, di\u1ec7t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d5<\/sup><\/strong><\/em>. <\/strong><\/p>\n

      Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (\u6c11\u65cf – Nation) trong c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ea3 \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang chung m\u1ed9t xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 (people ho\u1eb7c group of people), ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a mang \u00fd ni\u1ec7m D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u2013 Qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (Nation \u2013 State).<\/p>\n

      \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 v\u1edbi D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y d\u00f9ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m S\u1eafc t\u1ed9c (Ethnie). Ethnie l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 Ethnos. Ethnos ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7ng, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra. Anthony D. Smith cho bi\u1ebft trong c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ethnos c\u00f3 \u201cm\u1eabu s\u1ed1 chung d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng nhau v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng nhau m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i thu\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c\u201d<\/em>6<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Theo Anthony D. Smith, c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 (nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7) 6 c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n, g\u1ed3m: danh x\u01b0ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed chung, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a chung \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd 6 c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y m\u00e0 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Anthony D. Smith cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cc\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec c\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c chung). \u00dd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed chung g\u1eafn k\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau <\/em>\u2026\u201d 7<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

      Tuy nhi\u00ean r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i n\u1ea3y sinh khi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c” trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t ng\u00e0y nay ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh hai ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o.<\/p>\n

      + Ngh\u0129a Nation-State: D\u00e2n (\u6c11) ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia. T\u1ed9c (\u65cf) chung m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng, chung m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc, chung m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0103n h\u00f3a, chung m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y nay d\u1ecbch Nation th\u00e0nh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed9c (\u570b\u65cf).<\/p>\n

      + Ngh\u0129a t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi: Ethnic group, ho\u1eb7c Ethnicity (s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c). C\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m: d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c H\u00e1n, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Mi\u00eau\u2026 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Kinh, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c M\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Th\u00e1i, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c M\u1ea1 \u2026  <\/em><\/p>\n

      Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp nh\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eaby t\u01b0 duy, khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a S\u1eafc t\u1ed9c Kinh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam (theo ngh\u0129a Nation). \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd tham chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u2013 qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

      1.2. N\u0103m 1882, Ernest Renan: d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 “Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tinh th\u1ea7n”<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1882, t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Sorbonne, trong ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn \u201cQu\u2019est-ce qu\u2019une nation?\u201d, Ernest Renan \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 \u201cd\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d: \u201cD\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tinh th\u1ea7n. C\u00f3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, th\u1ef1c ra ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t n\u1eb1m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, m\u1ed9t trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. C\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc di s\u1ea3n k\u00fd \u1ee9c phong ph\u00fa; c\u00e1i kia l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chung s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed bi\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t\u201d<\/em>8<\/sup><\/strong>. <\/em>B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c theo Ernest Renan l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb chung v\u00e0 \u2026 \u201cqu\u00ean\u201d \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u. Renan khi \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Consent (\u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn) trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u1eadu C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 Renan v\u00ed von (metaphor) l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y \u2013 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng chung, m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa \u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

      \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ta t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn ta thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea5y, c\u00e1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1ea5y. V\u1eady th\u00ec c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng nhau” c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV? V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a context \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc \u00c1 nh\u00e0 vua l\u00e0 con tr\u1eddi (thi\u00ean t\u1eed) \u2013 v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f2n l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean t\u1eed (ho\u1eb7c Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng). H\u1ecd l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf V\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u2026 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng nhau. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 vua h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n duy nh\u1ea5t \u2026 l\u00e0m lo\u1ea1n v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n \u2026 \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m vua, thua l\u00e0m gi\u1eb7c\u201d v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t b\u1edfi uy tr\u1eddi. Bi\u1ec3u d\u00e2ng t\u1ea5u xin vua L\u00ea C\u1ea3nh H\u01b0ng xu\u1ea5t binh, b\u00ecnh T\u00e2y nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Danh Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Doanh n\u00f3i: \u201cK\u1ef3 n\u00e0y gi\u1eb7c Ng\u0169 \u1edf c\u00f5i T\u00e2y l\u00e0m tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1eddi, l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 t\u1ed9i \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh \u2026 Xin \u0111em uy tr\u1eddi, tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t k\u1ebb hung b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 thu c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d9<\/sup>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

      S\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (Nation). Ho\u00e0ng gia, hay t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi (c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng) b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n uy c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean m\u1ec7nh (Vua l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean T\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eafc phong cho c\u1ea3 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i (tr\u01b0\u1edbc uy tr\u1eddi) v\u00e0 k\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng (tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9c l\u1edbn), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n chung s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady theo Renan, ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn (D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Ti\u1ec1n T\u01b0 B\u1ea3n).<\/p>\n

      1.3. N\u0103m 1913, J. Stalin: “Th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u0103n h\u00f3a” c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00fd lu\u1eadn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 1913, trong \u201cMarxism and the National Question\u201d, Joseph Stalin \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cD\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf chung, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 chung, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u00e2m l\u00fd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a chung\u201d<\/em>10<\/sup><\/strong>. \u00d4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh: \u201ckh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t ri\u00eang l\u1ebb s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ebfu \u0111i m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa\u201d11<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n

      Soi chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam: \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 “b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng” ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m “d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh s\u1edbm”. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd, trong th\u1eddi Trung \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh, m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c b\u00ean r\u00eca; th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia Kinh v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea1i. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n H\u00e1n nh\u00e2n, trung ch\u00e2u (\u0111\u1ea5t c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh L\u1ed9) l\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a chung v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tr\u1ea1i (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Thanh Ngh\u1ec7, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai th\u1ea5p bao l\u1ea5y ph\u00eda T\u00e2y \u2013 T\u00e2y Nam ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

      Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1eefa v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Thi\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u2013 T\u1ee9c M\u1eb7c (h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n) v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Hoa L\u01b0. B\u00ean Thi\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n vui v\u1edbi phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ed5 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh: \u201cT\u1ee9c M\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ed5 Gi\u1ea3n Tri\u1ec1n\/D\u00e2n hi t\u1ee5c c\u1ed5 th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh ni\u00ean\u201d<\/em>12<\/sup><\/strong>. Gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Tri\u1ec1n l\u00e0 t\u00ean hai con s\u00f4ng ch\u1ea3y qua L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng (t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam, Trung Qu\u1ed1c), v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kinh k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Chu. Ph\u1ea1m S\u01b0 M\u1ea1nh v\u00ed T\u1ee9c M\u1eb7c (qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n) v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u0103n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa cho th\u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i v\u00e0 v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn \u2013 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh L\u1ed9. \u1ede Hoa L\u01b0 \u2013 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e2u, theo l\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n Phi Khanh v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ee5c t\u1ea1p Li\u00eau Di d\u00e2n th\u00e1i c\u1ed5\u201d<\/em>13<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/em> \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, Li\u00eau Di (\u7360\u5937) l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn H\u00e1n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1eafc d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a”. Trong \u0111\u00f3, “Li\u00eau” (hay L\u00e3o -\u7360) th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u01b0 d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Th\u00e1i – Kadai; “Di” (\u5937)ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi H\u00e1n \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, Nam\/T\u00e2y Nam, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng s\u0103n b\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

      Vi\u1ec7c Ph\u1ea1m S\u01b0 M\u1ea1nh coi \u0111\u1ea5t Thi\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u00f9ng kinh k\u1ef3 nh\u00e0 Chu; Nguy\u1ec5n Phi Khanh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00f9ng Hoa L\u01b0 (c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4 x\u01b0a) mang t\u1ee5c “Li\u00eau Di” cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc gi\u1eefa v\u00f9ng Kinh L\u1ed9 v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng xa. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t “n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a chung” th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 trung \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft, trong ch\u00ednh s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia s\u00e2u s\u1eafc b\u1edfi Nam \u2013 B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u, \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u2013 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t v\u1ec1 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u00e2m l\u00fd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a chung \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi s\u1eed h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o d\u1ea7n \u0111i v\u00e0o ng\u00f5 c\u1ee5t. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a J. Stalin \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng \u201ct\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e1ch s\u1eaft\u201d ch\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1c ra \u0111\u1eddi s\u1edbm c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam (D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Ti\u1ec1n T\u01b0 B\u1ea3n).<\/p>\n

      1.4. Benedict Anderson (1983): D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Benedict Anderson trong Nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng Eric Hobsbawn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c khi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cc\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Marxist c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng mang t\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mang t\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d<\/em>14<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/em> Tr\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cN\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ed1n d\u0129 v\u1eeba h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n (limited) v\u1eeba c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n (sovereign)<\/em>\u201d15<\/sup><\/strong>. Anderson ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i, t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c: \u201cd\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra v\u00ec th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u2026\u201d<\/em>16<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Soi chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u1ede th\u1eddi trung \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Tr\u1ea1i (Thanh H\u00f3a) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, hay m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia \u0111\u1ea5t Kinh L\u1ed9 (ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng). Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, ch\u00fang ta b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a L\u00fd Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Di\u1ec5n Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Th\u0103ng Long, h\u1ecd \u201ckh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a\u201d, \u201cngu b\u1ea1o l\u00e0m c\u00e0n\u201d, \u201ct\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang d\u00e2n\u201d17<\/sup><\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m n\u1ed3ng n\u00e0n m\u00e0 ta th\u1ea5y trong v\u0103n th\u01a1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam trung \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c l\u00f2ng trung qu\u00e2n, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (Nationalism) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp to\u00e0n d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

      Ti\u1ec3u k\u1ebft:<\/strong> Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng ngh\u0129a ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (t\u1eeb kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m g\u1ed1c Latinh \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef H\u00e1n Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y (Renan, Stalin, Anderson), kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c (Ethnie) l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y “d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c” kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng, hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean sinh ra m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. V\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

      V\u1edbi b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta quay l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: Vi\u1ec7t Nam cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi mang t\u00ednh ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft: D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 mang t\u00ean “D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam” \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay ch\u01b0a? \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh\u2014kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 k\u1ebb “ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i” m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i xem gi\u1edbi s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng loay hoay nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc nan \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam: Cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 l\u1eddi k\u1ebft<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi. V\u1edbi n\u1ec1n s\u1eed h\u1ecdc XHCN, c\u00f3 hai lu\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau. Lu\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t cho r\u1eb1ng D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Phong ki\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7. Lu\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 2 cho r\u1eb1ng D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (n\u0103m 1945).<\/p>\n

        2.1. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean: T\u1eeb \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u1ea7n Huy Li\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/p>\n

        N\u0103m 1956, trong T\u1eadp san \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc S\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m s\u1ed1 4, 5, \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201c\u2026 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ngay trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng phong ki\u1ebfn, Trung- qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ebfn sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n Minh, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 L\u00ea\u201d<\/em>18<\/sup><\/strong>. <\/em>Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00edch cho r\u1eb1ng \u201ckh\u1ed1i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ngay t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 10 v\u00e0 11\u201d<\/em>19<\/sup><\/strong>. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Tr\u1ea7n Huy Li\u1ec7u cho r\u1eb1ng D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: \u201cTrong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1edbi n\u00f3i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t-nam h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o qu\u00e3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 18, khi m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng phe phong ki\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 c\u00e1t c\u1ee9, ph\u00e2n tranh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n t\u1eeb B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Nam… \u201d<\/em>20<\/sup><\/strong>. <\/em>C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n Tr\u1ea7n Huy Li\u1ec7u cho r\u1eb1ng D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1eeb v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u T\u00e2y S\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

        B\u00e1m s\u00e1t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Stalin, Ho\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n Nh\u1ecb cho r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam ra \u0111\u1eddi sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng 8\/1945: \u201cC\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t-nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 ra \u0111\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t-nam. Xi\u1ec1ng x\u00edch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u00e2u k\u1ebft v\u1edbi phong ki\u1ebfn b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 tung. Tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ecm h\u00e3m t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn bi\u1ebft bao l\u00e2u, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta, t\u1eeb B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Nam trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng gian kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y tr\u1eddi h\u1ea1n g\u1eb7p m\u01b0a, v\u1ee5t l\u1edbn l\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhanh, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u01b0\u01a1n m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t-nam ph\u01a1i ph\u1edbi n\u1edf hoa\u201d<\/em>21<\/sup><\/strong>. <\/em><\/p>\n

        2.2. H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o 1980: Khi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e2m s\u1ea7m v\u00e0o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/strong><\/p>\n

        N\u0103m 1980, k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 20 n\u0103m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, Vi\u1ec7n S\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u201ccu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d. Khung l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft cho bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a J. Stalin (1913). T\u1ea1i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 hai hai lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m, lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t cho r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh s\u1edbm, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 X, XV ho\u1eb7c XVIII. Lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 2 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1945. Trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, GS Phan Huy L\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t tinh t\u1ebf khi d\u00f9ng c\u1ee5m uy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef: \u201cc\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1945\u201d<\/em>22<\/sup><\/strong>. T\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, Gs Phan Huy L\u00ea cho bi\u1ebft: \u201cM\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ecf \u00fd t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh s\u1edbm tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n\u201d<\/em>23<\/sup><\/strong>. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, ta th\u1ea5y Gs Phan Huy L\u00ea tinh t\u1ebf khi \u2026 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng uy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef \u201ct\u1ecf \u00fd t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh\u201d<\/em> ch\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. \u00d4ng khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o: \u201c\u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa\u201d<\/em>24<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

        \"\"B\u00e1o c\u00e1o H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ee7a Gs Phan Huy L\u00ea.
        \n(Ngu\u1ed3n \u1ea3nh: Gs. Liam Kelley)<\/em><\/p>\n

        Trong \u201cV\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d,<\/em> Gs Phan Huy L\u00ea vi\u1ebft: \u201cD\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam ra \u0111\u1eddi trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111ang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, giai c\u1ea5p phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d<\/em>25<\/sup><\/strong>. Tuy nhi\u00ean Gs kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng: \u201cC\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1945 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u2013 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1975. Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d<\/em>26<\/sup><\/strong>. <\/em><\/p>\n

        2.3. Khi nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc “l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n h\u00f3a” m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/strong><\/p>\n

        M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf l\u1ef1c khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 “l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n h\u00f3a” c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi s\u1eed h\u1ecdc. Trong \u201cV\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d, Gs Phan Huy L\u00ea l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, \u201cd\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam… \u0111\u1ec1u coi nhau l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o ru\u1ed9t th\u1ecbt c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n, chung m\u1ed9t v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh”<\/em>27<\/sup><\/strong>. \u00d4ng vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Pierre Poivre th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong – \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i “\u0111\u1ec1u n\u00f3i chung m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t phong t\u1ee5c”<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Theo ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, Gs Phan Huy L\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Ethnie) m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t n\u00f3 v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (Nation).<\/p>\n

        – V\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn: “t\u00ecnh c\u1ed1t nh\u1ee5c”, “chung phong t\u1ee5c” m\u00e0 Gs m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Ethnie (C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi\/v\u0103n h\u00f3a) theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Anthony D. Smith. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c Nation \u2013 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a (theo Stalin) hay s\u1ef1 cam k\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng chung c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n (theo Renan).<\/p>\n

        – V\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf: Truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0o v\u0103n b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c \u201cM\u00f4 t\u1ea3 x\u1ee9 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong\u201d, ta th\u1ea5y Pierre Poivre n\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u00ec g\u1ed1c t\u00edch \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u0103m gh\u00e9t \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i: \u201ch\u1ec5 g\u1eb7p nhau l\u00e0 gi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn hay th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh\u201d, \u201cc\u1ea5m nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean nhau\u201d28<\/sup><\/strong>. K\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c t\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 t\u00e2m l\u00fd thu\u1ed9c Ethnie. V\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c gia (Nation) th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00e9 l\u00e0m hai, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong th\u00f9 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i. M\u1ed9t “D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c” kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n hai \u0110\u00e0ng n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf cho hai ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c nhau; c\u0103m gh\u00e9t, th\u00f9 gi\u1ebft l\u1eabn nhau.<\/p>\n

        Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Gs Phan Huy L\u00ea ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a – m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c (chung m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam – d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII. S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t “t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n” m\u00e0 Gs n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho s\u1ef1 chia c\u1eaft “v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t”. V\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Gia Long l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0n g\u1eafn s\u1ef1 chia c\u1eaft v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1i “t\u00ecnh c\u1ed1t nh\u1ee5c” kia c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 chung th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mang t\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u2013 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

        2.4. G\u00f3c nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i: Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc M\u00e1c-x\u00edt<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Kh\u00e1 l\u00fd th\u00fa l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: \u201cD\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ti\u1ec1n T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cD\u00e2n t\u1ed9c X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh danh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u00f3a m\u1ed1c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn? S\u1ef1 l\u00fang t\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tinh t\u1ebf trong s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng uy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef, vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho th\u1ea5y n\u1ed9i l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (Nation), Pre-Nation, hay s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c (Ethnie), … N\u0103m 2008, Gs Phan Huy L\u00ea than th\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u201ct\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ebf t\u1eafc trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng thi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y\u201d<\/em>29<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n

        S\u1ef1 l\u00fang t\u00fang v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c “h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u00f3a” l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh A Global History of Modern Historiography<\/em> (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u), c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Georg G. Iggers v\u00e0 Q. Edward Wang \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00fa v\u1ecb: C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc M\u00e1c-x\u00edt Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c “ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt” l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 dung h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u Stalin v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

        Theo \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1eed h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n (v\u1ed1n coi Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n sao “k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi” c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa) v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, gi\u1edbi s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Marxism \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh 5 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n (C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, Chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, phong ki\u1ebfn (ho\u1eb7c n\u00f4ng n\u00f4), T\u01b0 B\u1ea3n, X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\/C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a J. Stalin:<\/p>\n